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  • General Chemistry  (77,717)
  • Air Transportation and Safety
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  • 1
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    Quantification of bone surface textures: exploring a new method of ontogenetic ageing (2023)
    In:  Journal of Analytical Science and Technology vol. 14 no. 1
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-26
    Description: Identifcation of ontogenetic age classes plays an important role in the felds of zoology, palaeontology and archaeology, where accurate age classifcations of (sub)fossil remains are a crucial component for the reconstruction \nof past life. Textural ageing\xe2\x80\x94the identifcation of age-related bone surface textures\xe2\x80\x94provides a size-independent \nmethod for age assessment of vertebrate material. However, most of the work so far is limited to qualitative results. \nWhile qualitative approaches provide helpful insights on textural ageing patterns, they are heavily subject to observer \nbias and fall short of quantitative data relevant for detailed statistical analyses and cross-comparisons. Here, we present a pilot study on the application of 3D surface digital microscopy to quantify bone surface textures on the long \nbones of the grey heron (Ardea cinerea) and the Canada goose (Branta canadensis) using internationally verifed \nroughness parameters. Using a standardised measuring protocol, computed roughness values show a strong correlation with qualitative descriptions of textural patterns. Overall, higher roughness values correspond to increased numbers of grooves and pits and vice versa. Most of the roughness parameters allowed distinguishing between diferent \nontogenetic classes and closely followed the typical sigmoidal animal growth curve. Our results show that bone \ntexture quantifcation is a feasible approach to identifying ontogenetic age classes.
    Keywords: General Physics and Astronomy ; General Environmental Science ; General Biochemistry ; Genetics and Molecular Biology ; General Materials Science ; General Chemistry ; Roughness ; Surfaces ; Taphonomy ; Topography ; Bone ; Ontogeny ; Digital microscopy
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: application/pdf
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    PAPER (OA)
  • 2
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    Pattern-Based Genetic Algorithm for Airborne Conflict Resolution (2006)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-24
    Description: NASA has developed the Autonomous Operations Planner (AOP) airborne decision support tool to explore advanced air traffic control concepts that include delegating separation authority to aircraft. A key element of the AOP is its strategic conflict resolution (CR) algorithm, which must resolve conflicts while maintaining conformance with traffic flow management constraints. While a previous CR algorithm, which focused on broader flight plan optimization objectives as a part of conflict resolution, had successfully been developed, new research has identified the need for resolution routes the users find more acceptable (i.e., simpler and more intuitive). A new CR algorithm is presented that uses a combination of pattern-based maneuvers and a genetic algorithm to achieve these new objectives. Several lateral and vertical maneuver patterns are defined and the application of the genetic algorithm explained. A new approach to defining a conflicted fitness function using estimates of the local conflict region around a conflicted trajectory is also presented. Preliminary performance characteristics of the implemented algorithm are provided.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: NF1676L-LARC , AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference and Exhibit; Aug 21, 2006 - Aug 24, 2006; Keystone, CO; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Conflict Detection Using Variable Four-Dimensional Uncertainty Bounds to Control Missed Alerts (2006)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-24
    Description: Decision-support tools for maintaining pairwise aircraft separation rely on conflict detection to alert the operator when the predicted trajectories of aircraft will result in a loss of separation. But aircraft frequently do not follow their predicted trajectories exactly. This can cause missed alerts and the failure of strategic separation procedures. We present a technique for modeling a bounded region of uncertainty around a four-dimensional predicted trajectory and an algorithm for detecting conflicts between trajectories modeled in this way that avoids missed alerts as long as the aircraft remain within the specified regions of uncertainty. In addition, we present an algorithm for detecting the intrusion of a trajectory modeled in this way into an area hazard modeled as a polygonal region. The size of the region of uncertainty can vary along the trajectory continually and independently in the along-path, cross-track, and vertical dimensions, providing an opportunity to reduce the likelihood of false alerts while protecting against typical prediction errors. The algorithm has been implemented in the Autonomous Operations Planner, a NASA Langley prototype decision support tool for airborne self-separation.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: NF1676L-LARC , AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference and Exhibit; Aug 21, 2006 - Aug 24, 2006; Keystone, CO; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    EOIR Operational Suitability Metrics Analysis (2020)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-24
    Description: The presentation discusses operational suitability metrics computed from the closed-loop simulations of EO/IR and DAA systems.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN77133 , SC-228 (Minimum Performance Standards for Unmanned Aircraft Systems) Working Group 1 EO/IR Subworking Group; Jan 14, 2020; Washington, DC; United States
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    NASA ASRS: Reports of HazMat Incidents (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-22
    Description: This presentation reviews voluntary safety reports received by NASA's Aviation Safety Reporting System pertaining to Hazardous Materials.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN74687 , Aviation Safety InfoShare; Oct 30, 2019; Bellevue, WA; United States
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
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    NASA Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-18
    Description: This presentation presents an overview of NASA's Aviation Safety Reporting System including report processing metrics and outreach activities.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN75565 , International Confidential Aviation Safety Systems (ICASS); Nov 18, 2019 - Nov 19, 2019; Seol; Korea, Republic of
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 7
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    TCL3 UTM (UAS Traffic Management) Flight Tests, Airspace Operations Laboratory (AOL) Report (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-16
    Description: The Technology Capability Level-3 (TCL3) flight tests were conducted at six different test sites located across the USA from March to May of 2018. The campaign resulted in over 830 data collection flights using 28 different aircraft and involving 20 flight crews. Flights not only varied in duration, but also in the environments and terrains over which they flew. The TCL3 tests highlighted four different types of tests: three tests focused on Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS); six tests focused on Sense and Avoid (SAA) technologies; six tests focused on USS Data and Information Exchange (DAT); and five tests focused on exploring fundamental Concepts of the project (CON). This document presents data collected during the TCL3 tests that informed the operators experiencesthe quality of the unmanned aerial system (UAS) Service Supplier (USS) information that the operator was provided with, the usefulness of this information, and the usability of the automation, both while airborne and on the ground. It is intended to complement the reports written by the test sites and the quantitative reports and presentations of the UAS Traffic Management (UTM) project. With the goal of instructing what the minimum information requirements and/or best practices might be in TCL3 operations, the driving enquiry was: How do you get the information you need, when you need it, to successfully fly a UAS in UTM airspace? This enquiry touches on two requirements for displays, which are to provide adequate situation awareness (SA) and to share information through a USS. The six test sites participating in the TCL3 tests flew a subset of the 20 tests (outlined above), with most sites working on a subset of each of the four types: Communications, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS); DAT; CON; and Sense and Avoid (SAA). The, mainly qualitative, data addressed in this report was collected by the AOL (Airspace Operations Laboratory) both on-site and remotely for each test. The data consists of the contents of end-of-day debriefs, end-of-day surveys, observer notes, and flight test information, all submitted as part of the Data Management Plan (DMP).
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: NASA/TM-2019-220347 , ARC-E-DAA-TN65414
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 8
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    The TASAR Project: Launching Aviation on an Optimized Route Toward Aircraft Autonomy (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-16
    Description: The Traffic Aware Strategic Aircrew Request (TASAR) concept applies onboard automation for the purpose of advising the pilot of route modifications that would be beneficial to the flight. Leveraging onboard computing platforms with connectivity to avionics and diverse data sources on and off the aircraft, TASAR introduces a new, powerful capability for in-flight trajectory management to the cockpit and its flight crew that is anticipated to induce a significant culture change in airspace operations. Flight crews empowered by TASAR and its derivative technologies could transform from todays flight plan followers to proactive trajectory managers, taking an initial critical step towards increasing autonomy in the airspace system. TASAR was developed as a catalyst for operational autonomy, a future vision where the responsibilities and authorities of trajectory management reside with the aircraft operator and are distributed among participating aircraft, thus fulfilling a vision dating back decades and enabling a fully scalable airspace system. This NASA Technical Paper maps TASAR to its foundational vision and traces its research and development from initial concept generation to an operational evaluation by a U.S. airline in revenue service, the final stage before technology transfer and commercialization.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: NASA/TP–2019-220432 , NF1676L-34474
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 9
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    Benefit Assessment of the Integrated Demand Management Concept for Multiple New York Metroplex Airports (2020)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-14
    Description: Benefits of the Integrated Demand Management (IDM) concept were assessed utilizing a newly developed automated simulation capability called Traffic Management Initiative Automated Simulation (TMIAutoSim). The IDM concept focuses on improving traffic flow management (TFM) by coordinating the FAAs strategic Traffic Flow Management System (TFMS) with its more tactical Time-Based Flow Management (TBFM) system. The IDM concept leverages a new TFMS capability called Collaborative Trajectory Options Program (CTOP) to strategically pre-condition traffic demand flowing into a TBFM-managed arrival environment, where TBFM is responsible for tactically managing traffic by generating precise arrival schedules. The IDM concept was developed over a multi-year effort, focusing on solving New York metroplex airport arrival problems. TMIAutoSim closely mimics NASAs high-fidelity simulation capabilities while enabling more data to be collected at higher speed. Using this new capability, the IDM concept was evaluated using realistic traffic across various weather scenarios. Six representative weather days were selected after clustering three months of historical data. For those selected six days, Newark Liberty International Airport (EWR) and LaGuardia Airport (LGA) arrival traffic scenarios were developed. For each selected day, the historical data were analyzed to accurately simulate actual operations and the weather impact of the day. The current day operations and the IDM concept operations were simulated for the same weather scenarios and the results were compared. The selected six days were categorized into two groups: clear weather for days without Ground Delay Programs (GDP) and convective weather for days with GDP and significant weather around New York metroplex airports. For the clear weather scenarios, IDM operations reduced last minute, unanticipated departure delays for short-haul flights within TBFM control boundaries with minimal to no impact on throughput and total delay. For the convective weather scenarios, IDM significantly reduced delays and increased throughput to the destination airports.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: AIAA 2020-1400 , ARC-E-DAA-TN75814 , AIAA SciTech 2020 Forum; Jan 06, 2020 - Jan 10, 2020; Orlando, FL; United States
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 10
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    Independent Configurable Architecture for Reliable Operation of Unmanned Systems with Distributed Onboard Services (2018)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-10
    Description: This paper presents the development of ICAROUS-2 (Independent Configurable Architecture for Reliable Operation of Unmanned Systems with Distributed Onboard Services), the second generation of a software architecture that integrates several algorithms as distributed onboard services to enable robust autonomous UAS applications. In particular, the ICAROUS architecture defines a framework to perform detect and avoid, geofencing, path monitoring, path planning, and autonomous decision making to ensure safety and mission progress. Most of the core algorithms implemented in ICAROUS are formally verified using an interactive theorem prover. These algorithms are composed together using a plan execution engine, whose operational semantics is formally specified. A description of the integrated architecture, services currently available, and flight test results highlighting the capability of ICAROUS are presented.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: NF1676L-31344
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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