ALBERT

Notes: A panel of speakers, knowledgeable in the problems of photogrammetry in the Third World, led a discussion which considered the place of sophisticated photogrammetric equipment in the Third World, problems of technician and management training, the desire for self reliance, and the needs of map revision.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméUne confrontation entre photogrammètres sur le sujet photogrammétrie et tiers-monde; équipement, instruction des techniciens, problèmes d'organisation, désir d'autonomie, révision des cartes.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEin Forum von Kennern der Probleme der Dritten Welt führte eine Diskussion über den Platz moderner Geräteausrüstungen in diesen Ländern, über Probleme der Ausbildung von Technikern und Führungskadern und erörterte den Wunsch nach Selbstbestätigung und die Notwendigkeit zur Laufendhaltung von Karten.

Notes: The problems associated with the depiction of a particular irrigation area by both line map and orthophotomap are described and the results compared.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméDes problèmes soulevés par la description d'une aire d'irrigation à l'aide d'une carte ou d'une ortho-photocarte: comparaison des résultats.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBeschreibung der Probleme, die bei Auswahl sines Bewässerungsgebietes an Hand von Strich- und Orthophotokarten auftraten und Vergleich der Ergebnisse.

Notes: In 1981, a metric camera will be launched into space on a European Space Agency Spacelab mission. This paper examines the specification for this mission and the expected results. Other developments are also considered. These include the American large format camera and long focal length imaging systems.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméEn 1981, une chambre métrique sera lancée dans l'espace (mission Spacelab de l'organisation européenne spatiale). On examine ici les buts et les résultats attendus, ainsi que de futurs développements; chambre américaine à grand format, systèmes à longues focales.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIm Jahre 1981 soll sich an Bord des Europäischen Spacelab-Satelliten eine Messkammer befinden. Im Artikel werden die Anforderungen an dieses Projekt und die zu erwartenden Ergebnisse diskutiert. Desgleichen werden auch andere Entwicklungen, worunter sich die amerikanische Grossformat-Kammer und langbrennweitige Systeme befinden, erörtert.

Notes: Many attempts have been made to use various types of photography for traffic studies. The problems most frequently encountered are the expense involved in obtaining the photography and the time consuming and, hence, expensive operation of collecting the required data from the photography. This paper discusses the problems associated with various types of photography and describes a study which has been carried out to evaluate the potential of 16 mm and 35 mm time lapse photography taken from a helicopter. The accuracy of two dimensional co-ordinate transformation systems for collecting the required data from the photography is also described. Finally, recommendations are made regarding the most suitable type of photography and the most convenient and accurate transformation system to use when it is required to analyse the traffic flow data at complex urban and suburban intersections.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméBeaucoup de tentatives ont déjàété faites pour étudier les problèmes de circulation par photographie: les difficultés sont le coût de la photographie, les délais d'obtention et le coût du dépouillement. On examine ici les possibilités offertes par divers types de photographies et on donne les résultats d'une étude entreprise pour évaluer l'intérêt de la solution; camera 16 mm ou 35 mm plus hélicoptère. On précise ici l'exactitude requise pour les transformations de coordonnées. On conclut par toute une série de recommandations.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEs gibt sehr viele Versuche zur Verwendung verschiedener Arten der Photographie für Verkehrsstudien. Die am häufigsten auftretenden Probleme sind die Kosten und der Zeitaufwand der Photographie, wodurch die Datenerfassung aus Photos teuer wird. Im Artikel werden die Probleme beschrieben, die bei Anwendung verschiedener photographischer Aufnahmen auftraten. Ferner wird ein Versuch mit 16 mm und 35 mm Zeitrafferaufnahmen aus dem Hubschrauber erörtert. Beschreibung der Genauigkeit zweidimensionaler Koordinatentransformationen zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Daten aus Photos. Abschliessend werden Empfehlungen bezüglich der am besten geeigneten photographischen Methode und zur Transformation der Daten gegeben, wenn Verkehrsströme an komplexen Kreuzungen in Städten und Vororten analysiert werden sollen.

Notes: On 17th January, 1978, the Secretary of State for the Environment announced the establishment of a Committee, chaired by Sir David Serpell, with the following terms of reference: “Taking account of the views of users and other interested parties, in the context of national surveying and mapping needs, to consider and make recommendations about the longer term policies and activities of the Ordnance Survey and ways of financing them.” Interested organisations, among them The Photogrammetric Society, were invited to submit evidence to the Committee. The Society's submission is reproduced in full. The Secretary of State has asked the Committee to report, if possible, early in 1979.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉SummaryAs has been stated the national survey, comprising as it does the horizontal and vertical control frameworks and the basic scales mapping based upon it, represents (assuming completion of the last named) a priceless national asset, but it is not “money in the bank”. It is an ephemeral and fragile asset which will have been frittered away unless it is constantly maintained, repaired and refurbished; even so it will not last forever. At one time or another the various components will all require replacement eventually. What must be avoided at all costs is a repetition of such culpable neglect that it all needs replacement at the same time. This summarises what is now, and must remain, the prime objective of the Ordnance Survey. Superimposed upon this are the needs to make the survey available, in various forms, to users; to produce small scale mapping; and to collect and disseminate various other forms of topographic data.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Le 17 Janvier 1978, le secrétaire d'Etat à l'environnement anonçait la création d'une commission, présidée par Sir David Serpell: les objectifs étant précisés de la manière suivante; “Tenant compte des besoins des utilisateurs et des autres parties intéressées aux activités cartographiques, proposer une orientation à long terme de la politique de l'établissement et revoir les modes de financement de l'Ordnance Survey.”Les organisations concernées, et parmi elles la Photogrammetric Society, étaient invitées à entrer en relation avec la commission: on reproduit ici in extenso la déposition de la Photogrammetric Society. Le secrétaire d'Etat a demandéà la commission de remettre son rapport début 1979 si possible.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Am 17.1.1978 kündigte der Staatssekretär für Umweltfragen die Gründung eines Komitees unter Vorsitz von Sir David Serpell an, dasfolgende Aufgabe erfüllen soll: “Analyse der Ansichten von Nutzern und anderen interessierten Gruppen bezüglich der nationalen Anforderungen an Vermessungswesen und Kartographie, um daraus Empfehlungen für die längerfristigen Aktivitäten des Ordnance Survey und die Möglichkeiten zur Finanzitrung abzuleiten.” Interessierte Organisationen, darunter die Photogrammetric Society, wurden eingeladen, die Tätigkeit des Komitees zu unterstützen. Für Anfang 1979 soll ein Bericht vorgelegt werden.

Notes: Professor F. Ackermann was specially invited to contribute an article to mark the 50th issue of The Photogrammetric Record. As the only photogrammetrist to have received both the Brock and von Gruber awards of the International Society for Photogrammetry, he is particularly well qualified to express his views on the past and future development of photogrammetry.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméLe professeur Ackermann a été invitéàécrire un article pour fêter la sortie du 50ème numéro. Seul photogrammètre cumulant médaille de Brock et médaille de von Gruber, il était particulièrement qualifié pour juger du passé et préjuger de l'avenir de la photogrammétrie.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Professor Ackermann wurde gezielt eingeladen, um einen Beitrag anlässlich des Erscheinens der 50. Ausgabe des Photogrammetric Record beizusteuern. Als einziger Photogrammeter, der sowohl den Brock- als auch v. Gruber-Preis der ISP erhalten hat, ist er besonders qualifiziert, seine Ansichten über Vergangenheit und Zukunft der Photogrammetrie zu äussern.

Notes: The author describes his experiences of working with Professor E. H. Thompson on the design and construction of the Thompson-Watts plotter and he relates several anecdotes of incidents which took place at the Hilger and Watts factory.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOù on décrit l'expérience d'années passées à travailler avec le professeur Thompson sur le projet du restituteur Thompson- Watts avec de nombreuses anecdotes sur la vie à l'usine Hilger and Watts.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDer Autor schreibt über seine Erfahrungen, die er bei der Zusammenarbeit mit Professor E. H. Thompson beim Entwurf und der Konstruktion des Thompson–Watts-Plotters sammelte. Er erwähnt dabei einige Anekdoten über Vorfälle, die sich bei der Firma Hilger und Watts ereigneten.

Notes: A history and analysis of stereoplotting instrument design and construction in the United Kingdom is given, beginning with the earliest instruments of F. V. Thompson dating from 1907 and 1908 and covering all known designs up till the late 1960s. In the first part of the paper, the instruments built in the 1920s and 1930s are described, much new information having come to light recently in the archives of Ban and Stroud Ltd. and in the papers of the late Professor E. H. Thompson. In the second part of the paper, the instruments which were produced during and after the Second World War are discussed in detail, with an emphasis on those designs which are less well known rather than those which were produced in quantity. The ideas and designs of Deville, F. V. Thompson, Fourcade and E. H. Thompson have been the dominating influences throughout the period and a strong thread of continuity can be established between them.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn fait l'histoire du restituteur analogique en Grande Bretagne, depuis ses balbutiements (F. V. Thompson 1907–1908), jusq'aux années 60. On décrit en particulier les appareils conçus dans les années 20 et 30, en tenant compte d'une masse d'informations inconnues à ce jour tirées des archives de M. Barr et Stroud, et de celles de feu le professeur Thompson. Puis on passe à ceux qui ont été produits pendant et après la guerre, en s'attachant surtout à ceux qui sont moins connus parce que n'ayant pas été produits en série. Ce sont les idées et projets de Deville, F. V. Thompson, Fourcade et E. H. Thompson qui ont dominé cette période, et le fil qui les relie reste très perceptible.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEs wird ein Überblick und eine Analyse über den Entwurf und die Konstruktion von Stereoauswertegeräten im Vereinigten Königreich gegeben, wobei der Autor, beginnend mit den ersten Geräten von F. V. Thompson aus den Jahren 1907 und 1908 alle bekannten Entwürfe bis Ende der 60iger Jahre behandelt. Im 1. Teil werden die Geräte der 20iger und 30iger Jahre beschrieben, wobei viel neue Informationen aus dem Archiv der Firma Barr und Stroud und den Beiträgen des verstorbenen Professor E. H. Thompson entstammen. Im 2. Teil werden die während des 2. Weltkrieges und danach produzierten Geräte diskutiert, wobeisolche hervorgehoben werden, die weniger bekannt wurden als die in grossen Stückzahlen produzierten. Die Ideen und Entwürfe von Deville, F. V. Thompson, Fourcade, E. H. Thompson hatten einen bedeutenden Einfluss während dieser Zeit, und es kann eine starke kontinuierliche Verbindung zwischen ihnen aufgezeigt werden.

Notes: Book review in this ArticleTHE UNITED KINGDOM FROM SPACE (2). By D. J. Carter and H. J. P. Arnold. Space Frontiers Ltd. Havant, Hampshire, 1977.SURVEYS FOR DEVELOPMENT. Edited by J. J. Nossin. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co. Amsterdam, Oxford, New York, 1977.REMOTE SENSING OF THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT. Edited by R. F. Peel, L. F. Curtis and E. C. Barrett. Butterworths, London, 1977.MAPPING FOR FIELD SCIENTISTS. By W. Ritchie, D. A. Tait, M. Wood and R. Wright. David and Charles, Newton Abbot, Devon, 1977.SURVEYING AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY. COMPUTATION FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS. By D. E. Murchison. Newnes–Butterworths, London, 1977.RESOURCE SENSING FROM SPACE: PROSPECTS FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on Remote Sensing for Development. US National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1977.MISSION TO EARTH: LANDSAT VIEWS THE WORLD. By N. M. Short, P. D. Lowman, S. C. Freden and W. A. Finch. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C., 1976.REMOTE SENSING IN GEOMORPHOLOGY. By H. Th. Verstappen. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, Oxford, New York, 1977.

Notes: The development of remote sensing techniques for land use studies is briefly reviewed and some problems of interpretation of aerial and satellite photography considered. The need for a ground based data collection system is indicated and a prototype system developed at the University of Bristol is described. Some preliminary results obtained with this system are presented.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn passe en revue les progrès des techniques de télédétection en matière d'étude des sols et on examine certains problèmes d'interprétation des photographies aériennes et satellitaires. On insiste sur la nécessite d'établir une banque de données pour l'interprétation; on décrit le prototype qu'on met au point à l'université de Bristol, et certains résultats qu'il a déjà permis d'obtenir.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDie Entwicklung der Fernerkundungsverfahren für Landnutzungsstudien wird kurz eingeschätzt und einige Probleme der Interpretation von Luftbildern und Satellitenphotos werden analysiert. Dabei wird die Notwendigkeit zur Schaffung eines Datenerfassungssystems im Gelände aufgezeigt und ein Prototyp eines solchen Systems, das an der Universität Bristol entwickelt wurde, beschrieben. Einige hiermit erhaltene vorläufige Ergebnisse werden angegeben.

Notes: Following the installation of the Wildmap digital mapping system, B.K.S. Surveys Ltd. has successfully completed a number of digital mapping projects in Europe, the Middle East and the United States. As a result of experience gained through meeting clients’requirements, carrying out market research and making in house developments the company has updated its original conceptual approach to digital mapping to meet current demands for a land information system. At present B.K.S. is involved in creating a database that is composed of utility, cadastral and topographical data designed for both graphical output and digital processing for resource planning.

Notes: The development and operation of a remote control system for a camera rig and for the camera attached to it are described. Now there is the possibility of reducing the crew from three to two for many tasks and to use the extra payload to collect contemporaneous data using a second airborne system.

Notes: In spite of the striking progress in block adjustment techniques, it is widely assumed that their application continues to be out of reach for a large part of the photogrammetric community that cannot afford expensive computer systems. The COBLO program performs rigorous block adjustment with models and can be implemented even on inexpensive microcomputers. The first COBLO versions are in operation in several places in South America and Europe and the latest versions, which are considerably more efficient, are now being introduced. This paper describes the main features of different COBLO versions and presents the experience of some users.

Notes: In this paper, the author discusses some of his experiences of the past 20 years as a lecturer in photogrammetry and surveying. Comment is made upon the relationship between training and education but with some greater emphasis on the educational topic, and on the role of the lecturer. The final section discusses those elements of a course in photogrammetry which have a strong educational content.

Notes: This paper describes briefly the survey and photogrammetric work carried out for the detailed recording of the Minoan Palace of Cnossos, a project undertaken by a group of three private survey firms (N. Perdikaris, Dimopoulos and Associates and Stambouloglou and Associates) for the Archaeological Service of the Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Science.

Notes: Analytical plumbline and serf calibration techniques are applied to the calibration of two underwater cameras: a Rolleifex SLX réseau camera with an Aquamarin WKD-SLX/6006 submarine housing and a Nikonos V underwater camera. The Rolleiflex was fitted with a 50 mm Distagon f/4 lens and the Nikonos with a 28 mm Nikkor-UW f/3.5 lens. Comparisons of the results from the two methods of camera calibration are described. Theoretical differences are predicted for in-air versus in-water values for radial distortion. When these are compared to the actually observed values of distortion, an insight is provided of the precisions claimed for each method of camera calibration.

Notes: Stimulated by promising overseas results with colour aerial photography and encouraged by its potential for solving local problems, the Forests Commission, Victoria, embarked on a series of trials with colour photography in 1965. Early results showed great promise and resulted in further work. This paper describes the methods and results of 70 mm and 35 mm trials concerned with the evaluation of various photographic films. An important aim of the study was to build up a working knowledge of the techniques of using aerial films other than conventional panchromatic black and white and to assess their value under Australian conditions.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Stimulés par les résultats obtenus outre-mer en matière de photo aérienne en couleur, et disposant d'un potentiel adéquat, le Forests Commission, Victoria a entrepris en 1965 une série d'essais, dès le départ très encourageants. On décrit ici les essais d'évaluation de différents types de film (70 mm et 35 mm); le but était de se familiariser avec la couleur et d'en étudier les conditions d'emploi sous les latitudes australiennes.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungAngeregt durch erfolgversprechende Ergebnisse mit Farbluftbildern in Übersee und ermutigt durch die Möglichkeiten zur Lösung lokaler Probleme unternahm die Forstkommission in Viktoria (Australien) eine Reihe von Versuchen mit Farbaufnahmen im Jahre 1965. Diese Versuche erwiesen sich vielversprechend und wurden fortgesetzt. Im Artikel werden die Verfahren und Ergebnisse von Versuchen mit 70 mm und 35 mm Aufnahmen zur Bewertung verschiedener photographischer Materialien beschrieben. Ein wichtiges Ziel der Untersuchung war das Erlangen von Kenntnissen über die Verfahren zur Verwendung nichtkonventioneller panchromatischer Schwarz-Weiss-Filme und deren Bewertung unter australischen Bedingungen.

Notes: A short review is given of photogrammetric methods in use for the test recording of petroglyphs and archaeological sites. Two simple field methods employed by archaeologists to record petroglyphs are also described in order to highlight the complexity of photogrammetric techniques and to query their validity.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméBrève revue de méthodes photogrammétriques en usage pour enregistrer pétroglyphes et sites archéologiques. On décrit en sus deux méthodes employees par les archéologues dont la simplicité contraste avec la complexité des méthodes photogrammétriques.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungKurzer Bericht über die photogrammetrischen Verfahren zur versuchs-weisen Aufzeichnung von Petroglyphen und archäologischen Fundstätten. Zwei von Archäologen zur Aufzeichnung von Petroglyphen verwendete einfache Feldverfahren werden ebenfalls beschrieben, um die Komplexität der photogrammetrischen Methoden zu beleuchten und ihre Richtigkeit zu überprüfen.

Notes: The CP1 plotter has been employed to produce, from low altitude aerial photography, a detailed map at a scale of 1: 1000 of a major landslide which occurred in an urban area of Hong Kong with extreme relief differences. Geomorphological features of the landslide could be interpreted easily from the aerial photographs and shown on the map which provided an accurate record of the disaster. Experiments with computer mapping of the landslide using a limited number of height points obtained by the CP1 plotter have also been carried out and the results indicated that useful data could be obtained rapidly to meet urgent needs for the preliminary stage of investigation and the planning of reconstruction works after the disaster.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméA partir d'une couverture aérienne à faible altitude, on a restitué au CP1 et à l'échelle du 1: 1000 une carte détaillée d'un important glissement de terrain survenu à Hong Kong et présentant d'extrêmes variations de relief. Les caractéristiques géomorphologiques du glissement aisément perçues sur les photos aériennes ont été reportées sur la carte. On a mené d'autre part des essais de cartographie numérique à partir de semis produits par le CP1, qui prouvent qu'on peut ainsi obtenir rapidement des données utiles aux enquêtes et mise sur pied des travaux de reconstruction.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDer CP1 Plotter wurde zur Herstellung einer detaillierten Karte im Massstab 1: 1000 nach Luftbildern aus geringer Flughöhe verwendet, um einen grösseren Erdrutsch mit extremen Höhenunterschieden im Stadtgebiet von Honkong zu kartieren. Die geomorphologischen Erscheinungen des Erdrutsches konnten leicht an Hand der Luftbilder interpretiert und auf der Karte dargestellt werden, die eine genaue Aufzeichnung der Katastrophe vermittelte. Es wurden auch Versuche mit einer rechnergesteuerten Kartierung des Erdrutsches mit Hilfe einer begrenzten Menge von Höhenpunkten, die mit dem CP1 Plotter gemessen wurden, durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse besagten, dass dadurch wichtige Daten schnell ermittelt werden können, um dringende Anforderungen für eine vorläufige Einschätzung sowie die Planung des Wiederauf baus nach dem Unglück zu befriedigen.

Notes: A close range photogrammetric system, developed around a 35 mm Pentax camera fitted with a wide angle lens (f = 21 mm) and an early Zeiss wide angle multiplex, has proved useful for both instruction and research. Student exercises involve all phases of photogrammetry, from establishing ground control to plotting, and permit the integration of useful statistical routines for data analysis. Research applications have centred on the topographic mapping of microscale landforms at scales of 1: 1 to 1: 10 with accuracies of ± 1 mm to ± 5 mm.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméUn système mis au point pour la photogrammétrie à courte distance, et dont les éléments essentiels sont une chambre Pentax (f = 21 mm) et un Zeiss grand angle multiplex, a fait la preuve de son utilité tant pour l'instruction que pour la recherche. Les exercices proposés aux étudiants comportent toutes les phases réelles, depuis l'établissement d'un canevas d'appui jusqu'à la restitution. Les applications à la recherche sont centrées sur la cartographie des microreliefs à des échelles variant de 1: 1 à 1: 10 avec des exactitudes variant de ± 1 mm à± 5 mm.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEin Aufnahme- und Auswertesystem zur Nahphotogrammetrie, bestehend aus einer 35 mm Pentax Kamera, die mit einem Weitwinkelobjektiv (f= 21 mm) ausgerüstet war, und ein alter Weitwinkel-Multiplex von Zeiss haben sich bei der Ausbildung und Forschung als nützlich erwiesen. Bei den studentischen Übungen werden alle Phasen der Auswertung von der Passpunktbestimmung im Gelände bis zur Stereokartierung erfasst, wobei es auch möglich ist, statistische Tests zur Datenanalyse einzubeziehen. Die Forschungsarbeiten konzentrierten sich auf die Herstellung topographischer Karten von kleinmassstäbigen Geländeformen in den Massstäben 1: 1 bis 1: 10 mit Genauigkeiten von ± 1 mm bis ± 5 mm.

Notes: A model of a multiple box girder bridge, constructed at a scale of 1: 12, was subjected to an ultimate load test. Deformations were measured photogrammetrically using the method of false parallax. Modifications to the method are described which were necessary to accommodate the three dimensional object and to allow for the fact that the camera stations were not constant from one load stage photograph to the next. An accuracy of ± 0·2 mm in the measured deformations was achieved.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméUn modèle de boîte de vitesse à l'échelle 1: 12 est soumis à des essais de rupture; on mesure les déformations par photogrammétrie, en utilisant la méthode de la “pseudo-parallaxe”; des modifications ont dûêtre apportées à la méthode pour tenir compte du volume de l'objet et de la variation des points de vue entre les différents états de charge. On a obtenu une exactitude de ± 0·2 mm.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEin Modell einer Hohlkasten-Balkenbrücke im Masstab 1: 12 wurde einem maximalen Belastungstest unterworfen. Die Deformationen wurden dabei photogrammetrisch mit Hilfe von Pseudoparallaxen gemessen. Beschreibung der Veränderungen der Methode, die wagen der Anpassung an das dreidimensionale Objekt notwendig waren und der Tatsache Rechnung trugen, dass die Kammerstandpunkte bei den Belastungen nicht konstant blieben. Die Deformationen konnten mit einer Genauigkeit von ± 0·2 mm bestimmt werden.

Notes: This paper describes the modification, calibration and testing of a non-metric Linhof Technika View camera for use in the stereophotogrammetric mapping and analysis of dental features. The importance of correcting for errors of convergence in very short range stereophotogrammetry is stressed.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn décrit les modification, étalonnage et test d'une chambre non métrique Linhof-Technika en vue de photogrammétrie dentaire; on insiste sur la nécessité qu'il y a de corriger l'erreur de convergence pour de telles études.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBeschreibung des Umbaus, der Kalibrierung und der Testung einer nichtmetrischen Linhof-Technika-Kamera für die stereophotogrammetrische Kartierung und Analyse von Zahnstrukturen. Betonung der Bedeutung der Korrektur von Konvergenzfehlern bei der Nahphotogrammetrie mit sehr geringen Aufnahmeentfernungen.

Notes: The fourth biennial symposium of the Photogrammetric Society was held at the University of Birmingham on 22nd to 24th April and was dedicated to the memory of the late Professor E. H. Thompson. Nine papers were delivered. The first three were concerned with the life and work of Professor Thompson. Other speakers dealt, in turn, with future instrumentation in photogrammetry; aerial triangulation and film stability; photomaps and tests related to the perception of map users; map revision; and the recording of archaeological information. The majority of the papers are published in this issue of The Photogrammetric Record.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Le quatrième symposium biannuel de la Photogrammetric Society s'est tenu à l'université de Birmingham du 22 au 24 avril et était dédiéà la mémoire de feu le professeur Thompson. Il y eut neuf exposés, dont les trois premiers portaient sur la vie et l'oeuvre du défunt. D'autres orateurs traitèrent: de l'évolution prévisible des appareillages en photogrammétrie; de l'aérotriangulation et de la stabilité des films; des photoplans et de la manière dont Us sont accueillis par les utilisateurs de cartes; de la révision; et des cartes archéologiques. On trouvera ici la plupart de ces exposés.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDas 4. alle zwei Jahre stattfindende Symposium der Britischen Photogrammetrischen Gesellschaft wurde vom 22. bis 24. April an der Universität Birmingham durchgeführt und war dem Gedenken an Professor E. H. Thompson gewidmet. Insgesamt wurden 9 Vorträge gehalten. Die ersten 3 befassten sich mit dem Leben und Wirken von Professor Thompson. Andere Referenten behandelten: künftige photogrammetrische Geräte, Aerotriangulation und Filmstabilität, Kartenergänzung, Bildkarten und Tests über die Auffassung der Kartennutzer, Aufzeichnung archäologischer Informationen. Die Mehrzahl der Beiträge wird im vorliegenden Heft veröffentlicht.

Notes: During 1985, the opportunity arose to make some test flights with the Wild RC10A and the Zeiss (Oberkochen) RMK A 15/23 with forward motion compensation. This paper outlines the changes incorporated in modern cameras, summarises the Ordnance Survey's photogrammetric tasks, describes the test flights which were achieved and illustrates the results obtained.

Notes: . Membrane protein phosphorylation in Plasmodium berghei-infected erythrocytes was studied by incubating intact cells with (32P)orthophosphate and incubating isolated membrane with (γ-32P)ATP. Phosphorylated proteins were detected by autoradiography after sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or isoelectric focusing followed by gel electrophoresis. New phosphorylated proteins were found in membrane from infected erythrocytes, including a protein with electrophoretic mobility identical to band 5, with M, 43,000. The molar ratio of phosphate to protein ranged between 0.1 and 0.5. Isoelectric focusing-SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, peptide mapping, extractability properties, and reduction of susceptibility to DNase I inhibition suggested that this protein is phosphorylated actin. In contrast, spectrin phosphorylation in infected erythrocytes was mostly unchanged.

Notes: . Vairimorpha invictae n. sp. infects the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, in Brazil. The parasite is dimorphic, producing two morphologically distinct types of spores, which develop sequentially in the same fat cells or oenocytes in the fat body. The binucleate free spores develop from disporous sporonts; the uninucleate octospores develop from multinucleate sporonts within a sporophorous vesicle. Infected cells are transformed into large sacs which contain both types of spores in mature adult hosts. Mature free spores are often present by the time the larvae pupate, but mature octospores are found only in adult hosts. Masses of spores may be seen through the intact cuticle by low power phase-contrast microscopy; there are no other physical signs and no behavioral signs of infection. Attempts to transmit the infection in the laboratory failed.

Notes: . Ameba to flagellate transformation in Naegleria fowleri (Lovell strain) was affected by growth temperature, phase of growth, strain of ameba, culture agitation, enflagellation temperature, enflagellation diluent, and cell concentration. Amebae transformed best when they were grown without agitation and enflagellated with agitation. Regardless of growth temperature (23°, 30°, 37°, and 42°C were tested), amebae transformed best at 37°C. Enflagellation was greatest for cells harvested between 24 h (mid-exponential) and 84 h (late stationary) of growth.

Notes: . Sporozoites of Sarcocystis capracanis and S. tenella (Apicomplexa) penetrated all four cell types tested (bovine monocytes, BM; bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells, CPA; Madin-Darby bovine kidney; and ovine monocytes). Sporozoites of S. tenella developed to meronts in BM and CPA; those of S. capracanis developed to meronts in BM only. Both species of Sarcocystis developed to large first-generation meronts followed by small meronts. At 40 to 50 days after inoculation (DAI) of sporozoites, considerably more merozoites of S. tenella were harvested from CPA (24.9 × 106 merozoites/75-cm2 flask; n = 4) than from BM (1.9 × 106 merozoites/75-cm2 flask; n = 4). Merozoites of S. capracanis were most numerous in BM at 88 to 100 DAI during which time 2.1 × 106 merozoites/75-cm2 flask (n = 4) were harvested.

Notes: . Membrane-specific monoclonal antibodies generated against promastigotes of New World Leishmania species were used in Western blot, ELISA, and flow microfluorometric assays to characterize their antigen specificity and to determine the external surface distribution of the reactive epitopes. Three major membrane antigens of molecular weight 72 KD, 55 KD, and 42 KD were identified as well as a dominant antigen that migrated as a broad band on SDS-PAGE, corresponding to a molecular weight of 10–15 KD. By dot-ELISA this antigen was also found to be excreted by promastigotes into their culture medium. One minor membrane antigen of 25 KD and a triplet component of 66, 58, and 56 KD were also identified. While assays performed on air-dried promastigotes revealed the almost ubiquitous presence of the 72 KD and 55 KD antigens, indirect immunofluorescent staining of live promastigotes followed by flow cytometric analysis revealed that these antigens had no external exposure. Antibodies binding the 55 KD component were also reactive toward purified mammalian tubulin. The remaining antigens had a variable distribution on the eight isolates utilized, and these quantitative differences could be used to distinguish isolates of the Leishmania mexicana complex from those belonging to the Leishmania braziliensis complex.

Notes: . A new species of Herpetomonas was isolated from the intestinal tract of a mosquito, Haemagogus janthinomys, in French Guiana (South America). Ultrastructure, growth in various culture media, and morphological changes are presented. The name, Herpetomonas dedonderi, is proposed for this new species of lower trypanosomatid.

Notes: . The ciliate Loxodes has a faint yellow-brown coloration due to large numbers of electron-dense granules located in the pellicle. Absorption and action spectra both indicate the presence of a blue-light receptor, which may be a flavin. Absorbance is minimal at wavelengths greater than 500 nm; there is a major peak at 360 nm and a pronounced shoulder at 435 nm. An action spectrum based on light-induced escape from oxic water shows a peak at 435 nm and a peak or shoulder at 360 nm. The pigment will generate superoxide when illuminated in the presence of oxygen. Loxodes living in an oxygen gradient in a spectrophotometer cell swims into and remains in anoxic water at light levels ≤10 Wm-2. Loxodes can be exposed to light levels of 2–20 Wm-2 in stratified lakes so its photobehavior can explain its periodic absence from oxic water. Photosensitivity in Loxodes may function as part of a predator-avoidance strategy.

Notes: . We have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the coding region of the small subunit rRNA gene expressed by bloodstream stages of the apicomplexan Plasmodium berghei. It is 2059 nucleotides long. Elements contributing to its relatively large size are all concentrated in regions known to be variable in length among eukaryotes. In a phylogenetic tree constructed from pairwise comparisons of eukaryotic small subunit rRNA sequences, the apicomplexan line branches at a rather early point in eukaryotic evolution before any multicellular kingdoms had yet appeared.

Notes: . This paper reviews the taxonomy of the microsporidia of the family Mrazekidae Léger & Hesse, 1922, based on reexamination of slides in the collection of Prof. O. Jirovec, Prague, and discusses the available type material of Mrazekia argoisi and Bacillidium criodrili. Mrazekia argoisi differs prominently from the other species, and the genus Mrazekia is restricted to this species. The aberrant cytology and development exclude the species from the phylum Microspora. The genus Bacillidium is resurrected for the type species B. criodrili and for four other species. The genus Jirovecia is retained, and five species are transferred to this genus. A new family is erected for Bacillidium and Jirovecia. As B. criodrili does not exhibit octosporoblastic, pansporoblastic sporogony, the recent taxonomic treatment of the genus Bacillidium by Issi is rejected. Mrazekia jiroveci Sprague, 1977, the new name for B. limnodrili Jirovec, 1936, is rejected.

Notes: . The apostomatous ciliate Hyalophysa chattoni, an ectosymbiont of the grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio, encysts and dedifferentiates within 48 h from the migratory tomite to a phoretic stage devoid of complex ciliary fields. The presettlement crawling and pivoting of the tomite may play a role in its initial attachment to the shrimp. Metamorphosis of exuviotrophic apostomes has been previously observed to take place immediately prior to host ecdysis. The study has found that Hyalophysa's metamorphosis to the feeding stage on grass shrimp is initiated by a cue from the premolt host and begins during earlier stages of the molt cycle (D0 and D1). Due to the long premolt stage of the host's diecdysic molt cycle, metamorphosis is initiated well before ecdysis (over six days). Hyalophysa was able to encyst and metamorphose within 41/4 h when exposed to shrimp in a late premolt stage, indicating that the control of apostome metamorphosis is solely host-dependent.

Notes: . The fine structure of the paraxial rod of Phytomonas davidi and Herpetomonas megaseliae was analyzed in thin sections of Triton X-100-extracted, tannic acid-glutaraldehyde-fixed cells and in replicas of quick-frozen, freeze-fractured, deeply etched and rotary shadowed cells. The paraxial rod is formed by a complex array of filaments. Two regions, designated as proximal and distal, are formed by two and at least 11 plates, respectively, composed of an association of 25-nm and 7.0-nm-thick filaments which are oriented at an angle of-50° in relation to the major axis of the axoneme. The intermediate region is less dense and is formed by thin filaments. Short single and Y-shaped filaments connect the proximal plate to doublets numbers 4 and 7 of the axoneme. Based on the images obtained in stereopairs as well as in photographs obtained before and after inclination of the specimen, a three-dimensional model of the paraxial rod is proposed.

Notes: . The spatial distributions of five zoochlorellae-bearing ciliate species (Euplotes daidaleos, Frontonia vernalis, Acaryophrya sp., Disematostoma bütschlii, and Stokesia vernalis) were investigated in a productive freshwater pond. The vertical profiles of all species were compared to the levels of O2, CO2, light, temperature, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, and the availability of particulate food sources. In the stratified water column, Stokesia remained close to the water surface: all other species reached peak abundance close to the oxic-anoxic boundary. The latter behavior probably accommodated the ciliates’requirements for aerobic respiration and particulate food and their dependance on the essential resources of light and dissolved nutrients, which came from opposite directions. With the collapse of stratification, Euplotes and Frontonia returned to the sediment where they reverted to a heterotrophic nutrition although they retained some zoochlorellae. Acaryophrya and Disematostoma also became heterotrophic, but they remained evenly distributed in the water column and they lost their zoochlorellae. Stokesia disappeared, presumably because it encysted. There was some evidence for vertical spatial separation of the five species in the water column.

Notes: . An amoeba isolated from a wheatfield and a forest soil in Australia has been identified as Trichamoeba mycophaga n. sp. Trophozoites of this amoeba are palmate to elongate and measure 45–136 μm in length and 25–94 μm in width. Amoebae in continuous locomotion may be limax with a villous-bulb uroid. Both the lobose pseudopodia and the advancing margin of a limax trophozoite bear an ectoplasmic crescent. The plasma membrane is coated with an electron-dense amorphous layer ca. 100 nm thick. Endoplasm is granular with elongate to bipyramidal crystals and contains bacterial endosymbionts. Trophozoites have a single, spherical to oval nucleus, 4–10 μm in diameter, which contains a centrally located, spherical to oval nucleolus, 2.8–5.0 μm in diameter. The nucleoplasm contains aggregations of filaments distributed radially within the nuclear membrane. Cysts are 21–60 μm in diameter, with ecto- and endocyst walls separated by an amorphous layer.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Jordan, P. 1985. Schistosomiasis: The St. Lucia Project.Jackson, J. B. C., Buss, L. W. & Cook, R. E., eds. 1986. Population Biology and Evolution of Clonal Organisms. Specifications for Pesticides Used in Public Health.

Notes: . Spinal and cranial ganglia of American angler fish, Lophius americanus, are often infected with microsporidia. This protozoon elicits the formation of large, spore-filled, hypertrophied host cells, cysts. Previous reports of microsporidia in European lophiids identify the parasite as Spraguea lophii, a genus which has recently been shown to be dimorphic. The spores from L. americanus are monomorphic (2.8 × 1.5 μm) and uninucleate. Each spore contains a polar tube that forms six to nine coils. Spraguea lophii differs from the microsporidium described in L. americanus in several ways. Spraguea lophii has two spore types: a large spore (4.0 × 1.25 μm) containing a diplokaryon and three to four polar tube coils and a smaller uninucleate spore (3.5 × 1.5 μm) with five to six polar tube coils. Because of these major differences, the microsporidium from L. americanus is removed from the genus Spraguea and returned to its original genus, Glugea, as a new species, G. americanus n. sp. Other ultrastructural characteristics of G. americanus are included: the posterior vacuole encloses two distinct membranous structures; one is tubular and resembles a “glomerular tuft” and the second is lamellar and composed of concentric membrane whorls, additionally, the straight or manubroid portion of the polar tube proceeds beyond the posterior vacuole before it turns anteriorly and begins to coil.

Notes: . Monoclonal antibodies specific for mammalian β-tubulin recognized the microtubule cytoskeleton of the flagellated protozoon Trichomonas vaginalis. Of seven antibodies, two demonstrated the axostyle, costa, recurrent flagellum, and anterior flagella by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. The remaining five stained a hazy reticular pattern in the cytoplasm of formaldehyde-fixed, detergent-extracted organisms. Western immunoblots of whole T. vaginalis extracts treated with protease inhibitors and electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate showed a major band at molecular weight 50,000 when probed with only one of the antibodies which stained the axial cytoskeleton. The antibodies which stained only the cytoplasm showed a different western blot pattern with a major doublet band at MW 58,000–60,000. Another antibody, which stained both the axial cytoskeleton and the reticular cytoplasmic pattern showed major bands at MW 58,000–60,000 and also at MW 40,000–42,000. The recognition of microtubule populations in T. vaginalis by these monoclonal antibodies was different than we found earlier with Leishmania donovani and Toxoplasma gondii, where all seven antibodies recognize cytoskeletal microtubules and produce western blots characteristic of tubulin. Only one of these seven antibodies recognizes tubulin in T. vaginalis by immunoblot. The microtubules of T. vaginalis do not demonstrate all epitopes recognized by monoclonal antibodies specific for mammalian β-tubulin; one of the antibodies appears to recognize an epitope which is morphologically associated with microtubules but does not have the characteristic MW of tubulin.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Mehlhorn, H. & Piekarski, G. 1985. Grundriss der Parasitenkunde. Parasiten des Menschen und der Nutztiere.

Notes: . Actin, the major protein of amebae of Naegleria gruberi, proved to be strongly immunogenic in rabbits. The resulting precipitating antibodies are specific to actin of Naegleria. In a competitive solid-phase radioimmunoassay, these antibodies bound similarly to Naegleria G- and F-actin. Actins from amebae of Acanthamoeba and Dictyostelium, plasmodia of Physarum, sea urchin eggs, and vertebrate muscles gave no competition in the radioimmunoassay. Estimates of the amount of actin in Naegleria amebae ranged from a minimum of 5% of the total cell protein by radioimmunoassay to a maximum of 16% by electrophoresis. The unusual species specificity of these antibodies indicates that Naegleria actin, although conserved in many properties, is different enough to have unique antigenic determinants.

Notes: . Extracts of the pathogenic ameba Naegleria fowleri, prepared by freeze-thawing and sonication, were analyzed for their content of various hydrolytic enzymes that have acid pH optima. The organism is rich in acid phosphatase activity as well as a variety of glycosidases which include β-glucosidase, β-galactosidase, β-fucosidase, α-mannosidase, hexosaminidase, arylsulfatase A, and β-glucuronidase. The crude extract contained only negligible levels of sphingomyelinase, neuraminidase, or arylsulfatase B. All of the hydrolases exhibited higher activity at pH 5.5 than at 7.0, indicating that they are truly “acid” hydrolases. In general, after centrifugation (100,000 g, 1 h), except for arylsulfatase B, more than half of the activity of each of the various hydrolases was recovered in the supernatant fraction. The acid phosphatase in the high-speed supernatant was purified 45-fold (32% yield) by chromatography on QAE-Sephadex and Sephadex G-200 and shown to have the following properties: 1) pH optima, 5.5; 2) Km (4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate), 0.60 mM; 3) molecular weight (estimated by gel filtration chromatography), 92,000; 4) inhibited by heteropolymolybdate complexes but not by L(+) sodium tartrate (0.5 mM) or sodium fluoride (0.5 mM). In addition, unlike the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase of Leishmania donovani, the major acid phosphatase of N. fowleri is less than 5% as effective in inhibiting superoxide anion production by f-Met-Leu-Phe-stimulated human neutrophils. The finding of high levels of a number of acid hydrolases in Naegleria fowleri raises several questions that merit further study: Do the hydrolases perform a housekeeping function in this single cell eukaryote or do they play some role in the pathogenic process that ensues when the organism infects a suitable host?

Notes: . We have shown that bacteria-fed Tetrahymena express at their surface and excrete into the medium a glycoconjugate absent in axenically grown cells. A preliminary analysis of the purified molecule is given. Immunolabeling of blotted surface extracts and fixed cells shows that bacteria-fed Tetrahymena build up a surface coat whose material originates totally or in part in the mucocysts. The glycoconjugate is located externally on the coat and mediates cell immobilization and immunolabeling by the serum. The results also indicate that axenic cells are probably devoid of surface coat.

Notes: . Axenic cultures of Entamoeba histolytica strains HK-9, HM-1, and Rahman were fractionated to provide plasma membranes, internal, vesiculated membranes, and a soluble cytosol. Each particulate fraction was solubilized and all fractions were analyzed by techniques designed to demonstrate molecular complexity and serologic reactivity. The cytosol contained more antigenic moieties than either membrane fraction; however, the antigens associated with the membranes had very high reactivity and lower nonspecific activity than the cytosol.

Notes: . Zygote development and oocyst wall formation of Eimeria truncata occurred in epithelial cells in renal tubules and ducts of experimentally infected lesser snow geese (Anser c. caerulescens). Post-fertilization stages were present throughout the kidneys beginning nine days post-inoculation. Initially, a single plasmalemma enclosed the zygote, and type 1 wall-forming bodies (WF1) became labyrinthine and moved toward the surface. There, WF1 degranulated and formed the outer layer of the oocyst wall between the plasmalemma and a newly formed second subpellicular membrane. Several WF2 fused and formed the inner layer, of the oocyst wall between the third and fourth subpellicular membranes. Six subpellicular membranes were observed during wall formation. Other features of oocyst development were similar to those of other eimerian species.

Notes: . Filaments in the oral apparatus of Tetrahymena appear similar, but not identical, to the intermediate filaments of multicellular organisms. The mean diameter of filaments measured in the present study was 16.4 nm, but the range of variation was much greater than has been reported for intermediate filaments. The organization of filaments within the oral apparatus has been studied by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy and immunogold localization at the electron microscopical level using antiserum raised in rabbits against the major subunit protein of the oral filaments (87K). The filaments were found to be organized into cables, networks, and chambers or cages which encase the basal bodies. At the highest level of organization, the filaments connect into a rigid framework capable of maintaining the overall architecture in the absence of microtubules. Like intermediate filaments, the oral filaments are insoluble at high ionic strength, have evolutionarily non-conservative subunit proteins, are probably non-contractile, and serve to stabilize persistent cellular architecture.

Notes: . Microgamonts and macrogamonts of Eimeria truncata were observed in renal epithelial cells of collecting tubules and ducts and occasionally in macrophages of experimentally infected lesser snow geese (Anser c. caerulescens) beginning 8.5 days post inoculation. Intraparasitophorous vesicles in parasitophorous vacuoles of both types of gamonts appeared to originate in host cell cytoplasm and enter gamonts through micropores by budding of plasmalemma or by pinocytosis. Within the parasite's cytoplasm, the vesicles were broken down in Golgi-associated vacuoles. The surfaces of microgamonts were highly invaginated to facilitate extrusion of numerous microgametes. Formation and maturation of microgametes were similar to those of other eimerian species. Each microgamete had two flagella, a mitochondrion, and a peculiarly shaped electron-dense nucleus that was oval anteriorly in cross section and somewhat dumbbell-shaped posteriorly. A longitudinally arranged inner membrane complex lay between a portion of the mitochondrion and the plasmalemma. About five subpellicular microtubules extended the length of the microgamete body. Macrogametogony differed little from that described in other eimerian species. Type 1 wall-forming bodies (WFB) formed in Golgi complexes early in macrogametogony, and type 2 WFB formed in cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum in intermediate stages of macrogamont development.

Notes: . The intraerythrocytic development and ultrastructure of Babesiosoma stableri Schmittner & McGhee, 1961 are described from Rana catesbeiana and Rana septentrionalis from Algonquin Park, Ontario. Morphometric and chronological observations on B. stableri in an experimentally infected Rana pipiens support the hypothesis that two successive types of merogonic cycles occur within the erythrocytes of infected frogs; the first cycle gives rise to the second and the second cycle produces merozoites destined to become gamonts. Merozoites, meronts, and gamonts are described by light and electron microscopy. Merozoites are typically coccidian and have a trilaminate pellicle with micropores, approximately 40 sub-pellicular microtubules, an apical and posterior polar ring, a conoid with two accessory rings and a pair of intra-conoidal microtubules, three rhoptries and numerous micronemes, and a nucleus with a nucleolus and a paranuclear Golgi body. The gamonts are larger than merogonic stages and are isogamous. They have approximately 55 sub-pellicular microtubules and large stores of amylopectin. These observations indicate that the genus Babesiosoma should be transferred from the Family Haemohormidiidae (Piroplasmida, Piroplasmia) to the Family Dactylosomatidae (Eucoccidiida, Coccidia).

Notes: . The development of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis trophonts in gill epithelium of channel catfish was studied on the first five days post-exposure (PE) by light and electron microscopy. Trophonts increased in average diameter from 48 μm at one day PE to 248 μm at five days PE. Although theronts invaded any part of the gill epithelium, at three days PE most parasites were found adjacent to major blood vessels, particularly the afferent vessel. From one to three days PE, 70–90% of trophonts were immediately adjacent to gill epithelium, but at four and five days PE only 50% of trophonts were closely apposed by host epithelial cells. Notable ultrastructural changes in the trophonts over the five-day period occurred in the mucocysts and lipid inclusions, both of which increased markedly in number. The few crystalline mucocysts present at one day PE were near the cell periphery but rarely attached to the plasma membrane. At three days PE, crystalline mucocysts were significantly more abundant, and at five days PE, they occurred in large numbers throughout the cytoplasm as well as at the periphery. At three days PE, secretory mucocysts were first observed. Contractile vacuoles were more prominent at five days PE than earlier in development. Development of mucocysts and lipid reserves is probably essential to survival and reproduction of the ciliate after it leaves the host.

Notes: . Two generations of pre-erythrocytic schizogony occurred in skeletal and cardiac muscle of domestic turkeys infected with sporozoites of Haemoproteus meleagridis. First generation schizonts reached maturity approximately five days post-inoculation (DPI) and developed in capillary endothelial cells and myofibroblasts. The schizonts ranged from 12 to 20 μm in diameter and produced long (5–6 μm), slender merozoites. Early second generation schizonts were first detected in capillary endothelial cells between 5 and 8 DPI. They were cylindrical and ranged in size from 5 to 8 μm in diameter and up to 28 μm in length. Second generation schizonts which reached maturity by 17 DPI were surrounded by a thick, hyaline wall and were packed with numerous spherical merozoites less than 1 μm in diameter. Mature megaloschizonts were fusiform, ranged from 30 to 113 μm in diameter, and extended as much as 465 μm along the long axis of muscle fibers. Merozoites developed as buds from cytomeres that formed between 8 and 14 DPI. Infected turkeys developed a moderate to severe myositis within 5 DPI and were lame in one or both legs. The myositis was associated with the necrosis of scattered groups of muscle fibers. Muscle fibers surrounding mature megaloschizonts were swollen and hyaline. Megaloschizonts were surrounded occasionally by fibroblasts and infiltrates of mononuclear cells. The morphology and site of development of mature megaloschizonts of Haemoproteus meleagridis are contrasted with those of other avian haemosporidians.

Notes: . Periodically, stocks of Tetrahymena vorax, which normally yield 70–90% macrostomes when subjected to heat shock or other induction methods, become low-transformers and yield ≥30% macrostomes. The addition to the post-heat-shock wash buffer (pH 6.8) of 2.7 × 10-4 M Fe3+, 1.6 × 10-5 M Cu2+, 1 × 10-4 M retinol palmitate or the adjustment of the buffer to a pH of 4 to 5 boosts transformation significantly over controls in inorganic medium alone. The addition of Fe2+ or Cu1+ has a similar, but less pronounced effect on transformation. Ferric ion (2.7 × 10-4 M) will significantly increase transformation in starved non-heat-shocked cells, whereas Fe2+, copper, retinol palmitate, and hydrogen ion concentration have no effect. The agents that boost transformation appear to act by delaying cell division in pre-transformants. Membrane fluidity, as inferred by fluorescence polarization measurements of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene, is altered in a consistent manner by starvation and heat shock. Enhancing agents, including compounds previously shown to boost heat-shock-induced macrostome formation, produce diverse shifts in membrane fluidity. Their effect on transformation of these low-transforming cells therefore appears to be attributable to some mechanism or mechanisms other than a direct alteration of membrane physical properties.

Notes: . A new amoeba, isolated from well water in Gambia, West Africa, is described and named Phreatamoeba balamuthi n. g., n. sp. Requiring anaerobic conditions for growth, it is easily cultured monoxenically with Escherichia coli or axenically in complex, undefined organic media. Three phenotypes have been observed in the life cycle: an amoeba, a flagellate, and a cyst. The amoeba moves by monopodia, is predominantly multinucleate, and varies from 11 to 160 μm in length. The flagellate has a single flagellum and is from 6 to 50 μm long. The cyst is surrounded by a resistant wall that lacks pores and ranges from 9 to 18 μm in diameter. The transformation from amoeba to flagellate can be induced nutritionally, the exact inducing factor(s) being unknown. Sexual reproduction has not been observed.

Notes: . Three periods in development that strongly influence population dynamics of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis were identified in experimental infections of channel catfish. The first occurred upon establishment within the host, 0 to 10 min postexposure (PE), when the parasite population that gained entrance declined 50%. Survival from 10 to 45 min PE, however, was constant. The second period identified came after I. multifiliis left the host and the free-living tomont encysted. The third occurred during reproduction. Although survival of encysting tomonts approached 100% among individuals departing after three to five days residence in the host, theront production varied significantly with parasite size, culture temperature during development, and length of residence by the trophont in the host. Theront production per tomont increased daily and on days three, four, and five PE was significantly higher for parasites developing at 24°C than for those at 21°C. At five days PE, mean production was 562 theronts/tomont and 240 theronts/tomont, respectively, and production by tomonts of equal size was greater for parasites maintained at 24°C.

Notes: . Electron microscope observations of the trophic and cyst stages of the protostelid Protostelium pyriformis Olive & Stoianovitch, 1969 indicate a perinuclear golgi-vesicular region in the amoeboid cell. Within this region is a microtubule organizing center (MTOC) and associated microtubules which radiate into the cytoplasm. The cyst wall is revealed as having three distinct regions, certain areas of the wall possibly corresponding to exit pores. Protostelium pyriformis shares many similarities in trophic cell structure with other eumycetozoans and members of the non-mycetozoan family Acanthamoebidae.

Notes: . The feeding behavior and morphology of Nuclearia delicatula, the type species within the genus, was studied. Feeding was by penetration of damaged or old cells of Spirogyra or by actively ingesting cyanobacterial filaments (of Phormidium), a form of behavior placing it in the family Nucleariidae. This confirms Cienkowski's (1865) observations that N. delicatula penetrates directly into damaged algal cells. This contrasts with the vampyrellids which penetrate healthy cells of Spirogyra. Characteristic behavior of the contractile vacuole complex complied with previous observations on Nuclearia. Mitochondria contain tubular, non-anastomosing cristae.

Notes: . A new genus of rigid, colorless, phagotrophic euglenoid is described from a standing pond on a salt marsh. The cell body measures 21–25 μm long, is about 18 μm wide, has a slight dorso-ventral flattening, and is marked by distinct pellicular ridges. The organism, described as Serpenomonas costata, has two unequal, antapically inserted, heterodynamic flagella. The shorter flagellum is anteriorly directed during swimming and the longer one trails posteriorly. Cells move along the substrate with a creeping motion. The ingestion apparatus is composed of separate ribs extending the length of the cell and is incorporated into the ventral pellicular ridge. The apparatus is independent of the canal and reservoir and is not protrusible. The taxonomic affinities of Serpenomonas with other euglenoids are discussed.

Notes: . Paramecium caudatum, reared on bacterized hay infusions at pH 6.5 to 6.9, were washed into various buffered solutions containing 0.016 mM CaCl2 and a pH of 3.5 to 10.4. Solutions of pH 4.5 to 9.5 support strong swimming of the cells for at least 24 h. At pH values acid to the culture medium, cells show an increasing frequency of spontaneous ciliary reversal episodes (“avoiding reactions”). Uninterrupted forward swimming is usually observed over the pH range of 7.1 to 8.5, and above pH 8.5, forward motion is interrupted by circular swimming. For all pH values tested, transfer of cells to a more acidic test solution than the solutions into which they were washed (adaptation solution) usually induced short duration, periodic ciliary reversal behavior. With transfer to a more alkaline test solution than the adaptation solution, the cells shift from forward left spiralling motion to forward right spiralling motion. With decreasing pH, the cells show progressively less sensitivity to KC1 stimulation, and at pH values of less than 5.0, cells fail to show significant ciliary reversal response to any KC1 concentration tested (1 - 128 mM). At alkaline pH values and higher KC1 concentrations, the cells show very pronounced ciliary reversal behaviors but usually fail to regain forward swimming behavior.

Notes: . Parentodinium africanum was observed in rumen contents of four Brazilian cattle and constituted 4.4, 0.9, 〉 0.1, and 10.0% of the total ciliates. This appears to be the first observation of the family Cycloposthiidae in the rumen habitat. Blepharoconus krugerensis, previously observed in the intestines of the elephant, and an unknown species of ciliate with many characteristics similar to the family Paraisotrichidae were each observed in a single animal. A new subspecies, Diplodinium flabellum laterospinatum n. subsp., is also described. Total number of ciliates per ml of rumen contents ranged from 9.0 to 51.2 × 104 and included an overall total of 55 species and 4 subspecies.

Notes: . A quantitative study of the seasonal distribution of thermotolerant (37°C and 45°C), small free-living amoebae (FLA) was conducted in Willard's Pond, a warm, monomictic lake in the Piedmont region of South Carolina. Correlation of physical and chemical parameters with the seasonal distribution was facilitated by partitioning the aquatic ecosystem into benthic, planktonic, and neustonic habitats. Population densities of FLA peaked in late summer in each habitat; however, species composition varied between habitats. Littoral sediment appeared to be the major habitat for FLA, with peaks in populations of Acanthamoeba and Naegleria in August, Hartmannella in July, and Vahlkampfia in May. Populations in profundal sediment underwent dramatic seasonal shifts, apparently in response to the seasonal chemical changes in the hypolimnion. Acanthamoeba was most prevalent in late summer, representing as much as 82% of the FLA in profundal sediment. Distribution patterns and species composition of FLA from surface water were similar to those from littoral sediment; however, a greater percentage of Naegleria was found in surface water. Numerous FLA were isolated from the neustonic community (surface film), and the number of FLA isolated in the surface film at the deep water station was found to be significantly (P 〉 0.05) greater than the number from subsurface (5–10 cm) samples. In the water column, FLA populations consistently were highest in the detrital layer, which persisted at a depth of 3.0–3.4 m throughout the summer period. The large percentage of Naegleria contributing to FLA in the detrital layer suggests that Naegleria amoeboflagellates sink through the layer, flagellate, and swim back up, such migrations possibly being triggered by a reduction of nutrients below the layer or by the presence of anoxic, reducing conditions in the hypolimnion. In addition, weather events were found to play a major role in the redistribution of FLA between various habitats in the aquatic ecosystem, with such changes probably due to resuspension of FLA from littoral sediment by wind action and input from the watershed via runoff.

Notes: . There has been a distinct lack of morphological, physiological, and taxonomic studies on the marine psammophilic ciliates despite their importance in the benthic biotope. These fragile ciliates are considered a problematical group, most research being attempted under inconvenient conditions on the seashore or at adjacent sites. To alleviate this problem, an apparatus has been designed to maintain psammophilic ciliate communities for periods of up to six months in the laboratory, making them freely available for detailed cytological study.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Martinez, A. Julio. 1985. Free-Living Amebas: Natural History, Prevention, Diagnosis, Pathology, and Treatment of Disease.Albert, Adrien. 1985. Selective Toxicity, The Physico-Chemical Basis of Therapy.

Notes: . Behavioral responses to light at different oxygen tensions were studied in the ciliate Loxodes striatus. In the absence of O2 it does not react to light. In the presence of O2 it reacts to light as if the pO2 had been further increased, with the induction of positive geotaxis, a transient phobic response, and finally with a permanent kinetic response (increased swimming velocity and a decreased rate of tumbling). Cells treated with cyanide behave as cells in an anoxic environment and do not react to light. It is concluded that the light response is due to the photochemical production of oxygen radicals and that the sensory receptors for O2 and for light are identical. The three types of behavioral response (geotaxis, transient, and kinetic responses) are discussed in terms of their adaptive significance for the orientation of Loxodes in the natural environment.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Beaver, P. C. & Jung, R. C. (with contributions by A. D'Alessandro-Bacigalupo, J. H. Esslinger, S. P. Katz, M. D. Little, E. A. Malek, T. C. Orihel, and R. G. Yaeger).

Notes: . This study compared the response of protozoan communities colonizing artificial substrates to complex effluents in laboratory microecosystems and validated laboratory predictions using similar sampling methods in the field. Sampling stations were established on a small stream receiving heavy metal and sewage treatment plant effluents. Water from each station was used as a test medium to test the colonization of polyurethane foam artificial substrates in laboratory microecosystems. The heterotrophic index (HI), the ratio of total community biomass to chlorophyll biomass, was also measured. Field colonization trials and HI determinations were carried out at each sampling station. There was a strong negative relationship between the number of species colonizing artificial substrates and the total metal concentration of the water at each station; protozoan colonization was severely depressed at the highest metal concentrations (〉400 μg/liter) and recovered at downstream stations where dilution had taken place. The HI differentiated stations receiving high heavy metal concentrations in the field from those recovering from heavy metal influences. Effect concentrations based on laboratory experiments predicted that the concentration of total heavy metal that would produce a 5% decrease in species number (EC5) was 18 μg/liter, approximately the background concentration found in the stream studied. These experiments demonstrated that laboratory microecosystems or microcosms can be used to predict effects in the field accurately.

Notes: . The pellicular ultrastructure of Euglena ehrenbergii and Euglena oxyuris is examined for differences that might account for their very different motile activity. Their general ultrastructure is closely similar, but the continuity between adjacent pellicular strips found in E. oxyuris would severely restrict strip sliding and contribute to this species’very limited cell-shape changes. The strips of E. ehrenbergii have plate-like projections, whose constant orientation is consistent with strips sliding without deforming obliquely on cell rounding. Some variations and constant features in pellicular ultrastructure are noted and discussed in regard to the sliding strip mechanism for euglenoid shape changes.

Notes: . Loxodes reached peak abundance close to the oxic-anoxic boundary (O2 5% atm) in two lakes, in test tube cultures, and in glass chambers with horizontal O2 gradients. Vertical profiles of CO2, pH, sulfide, and Fe2+ in a lake were not closely related to Loxodes abundance. In a laboratory experiment, Loxodes followed a retreating source of O2 and was repelled by a high pO2. This behavior was sustained when cells simultaneously swam up or down gradients of both CO2 and pH. Aggregation of cells was abolished by KCN (10-4-10-6 M). Sodium azide (10-1-10-4 M) had no effect and 2,4-DNP sharpened the aggregation. Rotenone, Antimycin A, and HOQNO had no obvious effect. Cytochrome oxidase is probably the oxygen receptor. Loxodes striatus contained low activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Extracellular production of superoxide (O-2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were probably not responsible for the exclusion of Loxodes from water with a high pO2. Continuous exposure of Loxodes to oxygen at normal atmospheric pressure at 10°C led to 50% mortality in 10 days. Cells left free to swim in an oxygen gradient doubled their number in the same period. Light exacerbated the toxic effects of O2. Behavioral responses to the dissolved oxygen tension probably controlled the spatial distribution of Loxodes.

Notes: . After formation, food vacuoles in the microstomal cell type of Tetrahymena vorax labeled with either India ink or cationized ferritin (CF) undergo three morphological stages during processing: an initial condensation with a size decrease, the appearance of a clear halo around the condensed marker that apparently results from expansion of the vacuole, and the disappearance of the halo region. These stages correspond generally to three of the four stages described previously for Tetrahymena. Fusion of older vacuoles prior to egestion may represent a fourth stage in vacuole processing. The developing vacuole has small coated regions of the membrane; two populations of vesicles, small coated vesicles and larger vesicles with electron-dense cores, are adjacent to it. During the initial condensation, tubular invaginations with CF project from the vacuole. After the disappearance of the halo, much of the vacuolar surface appears to be multilayered with extensive folds containing CF. Labeled flattened or curved disks and closed rings occur in the cytoplasm often adjacent to labeled vacuoles and in the vicinity of the cytoproct. The appearance of labeled disks and rings is identical to both labeled and unlabeled vesicles adjacent to the cytopharynx, adding additional support to the hypothesis that, like Paramecium, vesicles retrieved from food vacuoles during processing as well as after fusion with the cytoproct may be reused for vacuole formation.