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  • Articles  (4,723)
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  • Springer  (4,723)
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  • 1995-1999  (4,636)
  • 1945-1949  (87)
  • 1995  (4,636)
  • 1948  (87)
  • 1945
  • Economics  (2,396)
  • Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology  (2,327)
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  • Articles  (4,723)
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  • 1995-1999  (4,636)
  • 1945-1949  (87)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Introductory note (1995)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 20 (1995), S. 7-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01098955
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editor's note (1995)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 20 (1995), S. 5-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01098954
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Non-expected utility and the robustness of the classical insurance paradigm (1995)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 20 (1995), S. 9-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: insurance ; risk sharing ; non-expected utility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper uses the tools and techniques of generalized expected utility analysis to explore the robustness of some of the classical basic results in insurance theory to departures from the expected utility hypothesis on agents' risk preferences. The areas explored consist of individual demand for coinsurance and deductible insurance, the structure of Pareto-efficient bilateral insurance contracts, the structure of Pareto-efficient multilateral risk-sharing agreements, and self-insurance and self-protection. Most, though not all, of the basic results in this area are found to be quite robust to dropping the expected utility hypothesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01098956
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Non-expected utility and the robustness of the classical insurance paradigm: Discussion (1995)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 20 (1995), S. 51-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: non-expected utility ; insurance economics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses some aspects of the robustness of the classical insurance paradigm with respect to departures from the independence axiom of expected utility theory. The discussion focuses on the significance of the distinction between risk aversion and outcome convexity and the role of smoothness of the preferences in non-expected-utility analysis of insurance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01098957
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The comparative statics of deductible insurance in expected- and non-expected-utility theories (1995)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 20 (1995), S. 57-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: deductible insurance ; non-expected utility theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper identifies comparative statics results for insurance contracts that distinguish between various models of decision making under risk—specifically, expected utility, rank-dependent expected utility, and weighted utility. Insurance contracts offer full coverage above a deductible. Firms offer premium schedules that give the premium charged as a function of the deductible; households choose both an insurance company and a deductible to maximize utility. A competitive equilibrium requires zero expected profit for firms. We identify changes in the distribution of losses such that the optimal deductible increases for utility representations in a particular class but decreases for some representations outside that class. We give results both for the demand for insurance, as well as for the equilibrium contract.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01098958
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Risk-aversion concepts in expected- and non-expected-utility models (1995)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 20 (1995), S. 73-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: increasing risk ; risk aversion ; non-expected utility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The non-expected-utility theories of decision under risk have favored the appearance of new notions of increasing risk like monotone increasing risk (based on the notion of comonotonic random variables) or new notions of risk aversion like aversion to monotone increasing risk, in better agreement with these new theories. After a survey of all the possible notions of increasing risk and of risk aversion and their intrinsic definitions, we show that contrary to expected-utility theory where all the notions of risk aversion have the same characterization (u concave), in the framework of rank-dependent expected utility (one of the most well known of the non-expectedutility models), the characterizations of all these notions of risk aversion are different. Moreover, we show that, even in the expected-utility framework, the new notion of monotone increasing risk can give better answers to some problems of comparative statics such as in portfolio choice or in partial insurance. This new notion also can suggest more intuitive approaches to inequalities measurement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01098959
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Government action, biases in risk perception, and insurance decisions (1995)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 20 (1995), S. 93-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: risk perception ; insurance ; moral hazard ; information
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Biases in risk perception potentially have a large effect on insurance and risk-related behavior. The government can alter these perceptions either through informational programs or controlling the risk. Policies that convey a higher risk level generally have the expected effects on insurance and protective actions, whereas efforts that increase the precision of either the government risk information or private beliefs typically have ambiguous effects. In some cases, the structure of how government policies enter the risk-belief function is consequential. Ascertaining the magnitude of the effects, not simply the direction, also is an important issue. For example, misperceptions have a dramatic effect on the tradeoffs between compensating differentials and the size of the loss but a negligible effect on the tradeoff between compensating differentials and the magnitude of the probability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01098960
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of the estimates of expected utility and non-expected-utility preference functionals (1995)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 20 (1995), S. 111-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: expected utility ; non-expected-utility ; experiments ; pairwise choice ; complete ranking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper extends the literature on the estimation of expected utility and non-expected-utility preference functionals (and the consequent exploration of the superiority of non-expected-utility over expected utility preference functionals) to a comparison of two different ways (pairwise choice and complete ranking) of experimentally obtaining data on such preferences. What is revealed is that the magnitude of the subject error is clearly conditional on the elicitation method used and, rather alarmingly, that the preference functional apparently employed by the subject may also be conditional on the elicitation method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01098961
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functional form problems in modeling insurance and gambling (1995)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 20 (1995), S. 135-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: non-expected utility ; gambling ; insurance ; functional form problems ; risky activities in the national accounts ; state contingent commodities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Defining the outputs of the property insurance and gambling sectors of an economy has proved to be a difficult problem for national income accountants. It is well known that the traditional expected-utility model is not consistent with economic agents fully insuring their property. Thus the present paper adapts existing non-expected-utility theories to yield useful measures of output for the property insurance and gambling sectors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01098962
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Insurance and catastrophes (1995)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 20 (1995), S. 157-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: catastrophe ; insurance ; moral hazard ; copayment ; experience rating ; distribution distortion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Catastrophes provide a principal justification for insurance. Traditional conceptions of catastrophes miss three critical elements. (1) Many catastrophes-the liability revolution in the United States, for example-are not bolts from the blue. Rather, they develop over many years and result from human activity. (2) Conventional, experiencedbased models for assessing losses often smudge the distinction, so critical for catastrophes, between probability and magnitude of loss. (3) Normal insurance contracts, with heavy copayments for small losses but little charge at the margin for large ones, perform poorly when the insured can tradeoff probability and size of loss-a phenomenon we label distribution distortion. The structures of optimal insurance contracts are assessed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01258392
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Insurance and Catastrophes: Comment (1995)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 20 (1995), S. 185-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01258394
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Insurance and Catastrophes: Comment (1995)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 20 (1995), S. 189-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01258395
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Insurance and catastrophes: The changing role of the liability system (1995)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 20 (1995), S. 177-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: catastrophes ; torts ; asbestos ; insurance ; liability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Insurance catastrophes are increasingly the result of actions by human beings rather than nature. Chief among these insurance changes has been the surge in tort liability insurance costs. Unfortunately, the courts have misunderstood the mechanisms for transmitting these costs throughout the economy. A principal deficiency is that the structure of liability has been inconsistent with the courts' assumption that the losses could be borne by consumers or parties other than the insurer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01258393
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Beneficial changes in random variables via copulas: An application to insurance (1995)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 20 (1995), S. 191-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: demand for insurance ; risk aversion ; first-degree and second-degree stochastic dominance shifts ; copula
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract A risk-averse agent does not necessarily decrease the optimal insurance whenever a beneficial change in the distribution of final wealth occurs. This paper provides sufficient conditions to guarantee such a decrease. Beneficial changes can be induced by either a beneficial loss-distribution shift, by a modification of the dependence structure between the randomness sources, or by both of these. Conditions for each case are stated. Hadar-Seo and Meyer results turn out as special cases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01258396
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A note on increased probability of loss and the demand for insurance (1995)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 20 (1995), S. 213-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: demand for insurance ; loss probability ; FSD shifts ; symmetric information
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract It is shown that the effect of increased probability of loss on the demand for insurance depends on whether both insured and insurer are aware of the change. When both insurer and insured share the same beliefs about the probability of loss (symmetric information), an increase in the loss probability may lead risk-averse agents to demandless insurance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01258398
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Demand for insurance in a portfolio setting (1995)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 20 (1995), S. 203-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: insurance ; insurable assets ; expected utility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper takes an additional step toward analyzing the demand for insurance in the context of a portfolio model. An investor is endowed with a portfolio containing a risky and riskless asset that can be augmented by purchasing insurance. Here, insurance is paid for by reducing the quantity of the risky insurable asset, holding the quantity of the riskless asset fixed. In the standard insurance demand model, insurance is paid for by reducing the amount of the riskless asset. This distinction leads to a different insurance demand function because the opportunity cost of purchasing insurance is now random.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01258397
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    AMPL (1995)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 1-3 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01719723
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    (Pre)kernel catchers for cooperative games (1995)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 23-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Cooperative game ; (pre)kernel ; strong ɛ-core ; upper and lower bounds ; Kooperative Spiele ; (Prä-)Kern ; starkes ɛ-Mark ; untere und obere Schranken
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine äußere Approximation des (Prä-)Kerns vorgestellt. Diese liefert eine bessere untere Schranke ɛ*** derart, daß der Kern in jedem starken ɛ-Mark mit ɛ≥ɛ*** enthalten ist.
    Notes: Abstract The paper provides a new (pre)kernel catcher in that the relevant set always contains the (pre)kernel. This new (pre)kernel catcher gives rise to a better lower bound ɛ*** such that the kernel is included in strong ɛ-cores for all real numbers ɛ not smaller than the relevant bound ɛ***.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01719727
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computing transient performance measures for the M/M/1 queue (1995)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 19-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: M/M/1 queue ; transient queue length ; transient moments ; computational methods ; M/M/1-Warteschlangen ; nichtstationäre Warteschlangenlängen ; nichtstationäre Momente ; numerische Methoden
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein für die Praxis bedeutsames Problem besteht in der numerischen Berechnung nichtstationärer Leistungsmaße für M/M/1-Warteschlangensysteme. Für diesen Zweck sehr gut geeignet sind trigonometrische Integral-Darstellungen. Der vorliegende Aufsatz enthält einen Überblick über eine Anzal in der Literatur zu findenden Ergebnisse und gibt dem Praktiker einfache Empfehlungen zur routinemäßigen Berechnung der M/M/1-Leistungsmaße.
    Notes: Abstract A practically important problem is the computation of transient performance measures for the M/M/1 queue. Trigonometric integral representations are very well suited for that purpose. This paper reviews a number of results that can be found scattered in the literature and also provides the practitioner simple recommendations for calculating routinely the M/M/1 performance measures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01719726
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lot sizing in capacitated production planning and control systems (1995)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 5-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Production planning and control systems ; MRP ; multi-level lot sizing ; capacity constraints ; Produktionsplanungs- und -steuerungssysteme ; MRP ; mehrstufige Losgrößenplanung ; Kapazitätsrestriktionen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In den zur Zeit praktisch eingesetzten Produktionsplanungs- und -Steuerungssystemen (PPS-Systemen) wird die Materialbedarfsrechnung häufig getrennt von der Kapazitätsplanung durchgeführt. Daraus ergeben sich regelmäßig undurchführbare Produktions-pläne, die sich in unvorhersehbaren Durchlaufzeiten und einem niedrigen Lieferservice niederschlagen. Der Aufsatz beschreibt zunächst die Struktur eines hierarchischen PPS-Systems, das die Produktionskapazität auf allen Stufen des Planungsprozesses explizit berücksichtigt. Die Beziehung zwischen der Sicherheit der Nachfragedaten und der Integration von Losgrößen- und Reihenfolgeentscheidungen wird untersucht. Für den Fall sich verändernder Nachfragedaten wird ein Entscheidungsmodell vorgeschlagen, in dem die Ressourcen je nach der Relevanz von Losgrößenentscheidungen unterschiedlich modelliert werden. Die Arbeit vergleicht Lösungsverfahren für die Losgrößenplanung in mehrstufigen Produktionssystemen mit mehrfachen Kapazitätsrestriktionen, Rüstzeiten und dynamischen Nachfragedaten, die zur Lösung des Entscheidungsmodells herangezogen werden können.
    Notes: Abstract Current production planning and control (PPC) systems often separate material requirements from capacity planning. As a result, practitioners often complain about the infeasibility of production schedules regarding capacity, which causes long and unpredictable lead times and poor customers service. This paper describes a hierarchically structured PPC system that explicitly considers production capacity at each stage of the planning process. The impact of the certainty of demand data on the integration of lot sizing and sequencing decisions is discussed. A decision model for lot sizing applicable to changing demand data is proposed. It distinguishes between resources that are critical or uncritical with respect to batching decisions. Several currently available solution procedures are discussed and compared that support lot sizing decisions in multi-level production systems subject to multiple capacity constraints, setup times and dynamic demand rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01719725
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Buchbesprechungen (1995)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 36-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01719730
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Maximizing pseudoconvex transportation problem: a special type (1995)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 27-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Non-concave fractional programming ; transportation problem ; ranking in ‘indefinite’ quadratic programming ; Pseudo-konvexe Optimierung ; Transportproblem ; Enumeration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der Arbeit betrachten wir ein Transportproblem mit nicht-konkaver, peudo-konvexer Zielfunktion, die sich als Quotient des Produktes zweier linearer Funktionen und einer linearen Funktion ergibt. Man kann zeigen, daß die Optimallösung für dieses Problem in einer Ecke des zulässigen Bereichs angenommen wird. Die betrachtete Problemstellung ist verwandt mit der Problemstellung der indefiniten quadratischen Optimierung. Für diese Probleme ist jedes lokale Optimum auch global optimal und die Optimallösung liefert zunächst eine obere Schranke für unser Ausgangsproblem. Durch ein „Ranking“ der Ecken des Quadratischen Programms erhalten wir dann die Optimallösung für das pseudo-konvexe Transportproblem.
    Notes: Abstract The paper discusses a non-concave fractional programming problem aiming at maximization of a pseudoconvex function under standard transportation conditions. The pseudoconvex function considered here is the product of two linear functions contrasted with a positive valued linear function. It has been established that optimal solution of the problem is attainable at an extreme point of the convex feasible region. The problem is shown to be related to ‘indefinite’ quadratic programming which deals with maximization of a convex function over the given feasible region. It has been further established that the local maximum point of this quadratic programming problem is the global maximum point under certain conditions, and its optimal solution provides an upper bound on the optimal value of the main problem. The extreme point solutions of the ‘indefinite’ quadratic program are ranked to tighten the bounds on the optimal value of the main problem and a convergent algorithm is developed to obtain the optimal solution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01719728
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tagungen (1995)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 51-52 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01719733
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  • 24
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    Einsatz von Lagerhaltungsmodellen bei Handelsunternehmen (1995)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 31-35 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Lagerhaltung ; Handelsunternehmen ; optimale Bestellpolitiken ; Umfrage ; Inventory control ; trade companies ; optimal inventory policies ; enquiry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Inventory control is one of the most studied fields of Operations Research. There exists an extensive theory based on a great number of mathematical models and algorithms. This paper investigates the application of these models and algorithms by trading companies where stock is an essential part of the business. After a brief presentation of the problem the results of an enquiry are discussed. Starting with an analysis of the framework for inventory control of trading companies we examine the extent to which models and algorithms are actually applied. We further discuss future application and possible developments.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Lagerhaltung gehört zu den am häufigsten untersuchten Problemstellungen des Operations Research und es existiert hierfür eine umfangreiche Theorie mit einer Vielzahl mathematischer Modelle und Lösungsverfahren. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der Frage nachgegangen, inwieweit bei Handelsunternehmen, bei denen die Lagerhaltung ein wesentlicher Bestandteil ihrer geschäftlichen Tätigkeit ist, dieses Planungsinstrumentarium zum Einsatz kommt. Nach einer kurzen Einführung in die Problemstellung werden die Ergebnisse einer Umfrage diskutiert. Aufbauend auf einer Analyse der dortigen Rahmenbedingungen für die Lagerhaltung wird untersucht, in welchem Umfang Lagerhaltungsmodelle und Verfahren von Handelsunternehmen eingesetzt werden. Weiterhin werden ihr zukünftiger Einsatz sowie ihre Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten eingeschätzt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01719729
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Liste der zur Besprechung eingegangenen Bücher (1995)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 53-53 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01719734
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  • 26
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    Methodical support for elaborating emission reduction strategies (1995)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 41-50 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Energy-Emission Modelling ; linear programming ; international environmental policy ; emission reduction strategies ; Energie-Emissions-Modellierung ; lineare Programmierung ; internationale Umweltpolitik ; sionsminderungsstrategien
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Diese Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über methodische Ansätze zur Herleitung nationaler und internationaler Emissionsminderungsstrategien. Zu diesem Zweck werden häufig sogenannte integrierte Energie-Emissions-Modelle (lineare Programme) eingesetzt. Das EG-EFOM-ENV Modell wird vorgestellt und seine prinzipielle Anwendung aufgezeigt. Konkrete Ergebnisse werden anhand des Beispiels Litauens angegeben. Einschränkungen der verwendeten Methodik sowie deren mögliche Erweiterungen werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract This paper provides an insight into the elaboration of strategies for emission reduction at present internationally requested by applying energy-emission models. One of these models, the EC-EFOM-ENV LP-model is presented in detail. Its application is shown in principle as well as to the special situation of countries in transition from a centrally planned to a market economy. The limitations of this approach and further applications on an international level are assessed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01719732
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    Buchbesprechungen (1995)
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    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 54-54 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01719735
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    Unscharfe Entscheidungshilfen für die Ästung von Waldbäumen (1995)
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    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 37-40 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Unscharfe Mengen ; schlecht strukturierte Situationen ; unscharfe Entscheidungsunterstützung ; Grünästung in der Forstwirtschaft ; Fuzzy sets ; ill structured situations ; fuzzy decision aid ; pruning ; forestry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The decision to prune trees in fast growing timber plantations is mainly based upon the experience of the decision maker, i.e. on mathematically ill structured knowledge. It is shown that this ill structured knowledge can be adequately modelled with fuzzy set-theoretic mathematics. Aggregation of the pruning decision criteria is achieved using fuzzy aggregation operators in analogy to a fuzzy decision support and fuzzy decision aid, respectively, resulting in a plausible ranking of the pruning decision alternatives.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Entscheidung zur Grünästung in schnellwachsenden Plantagenwäldern beruht weitgehend auf Erfahrungswissen, welches mathematisch relativ schlecht strukturiert ist und in Form einer Regel vorliegt. Es wird ein auf der Theorie unscharfer Mengen beruhendes Verfahren vorgestellt, welches eine mathematische Modellierung des Entscheidungsproblems ermöglicht und über unscharfe Aggregation bei multiattributiver Problemstruktur plausibel zur Ordnung mehrerer Ästungsalternativen genutzt werden kann.
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    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 112-112 
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01719253
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    Local search with memory: benchmarking RTS (1995)
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    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 67-86 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Heuristic algorithms ; local search ; reactive tabu search ; N-K model ; multi-knapsack problem ; Heuristics ; local search ; reactive tabu search ; N-K Modell ; Multiknapsack Problem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Diese Arbeit entwickelt eine Variante der sogenannten „Reactive Tabu Search“ Methode (RTS), die auch für Optimierungsprobleme mit Nebenbedingungen geeignet ist. Das Verhalten dieser RTS Variante wird anhand einer Reihe von kombinatorischen Optimierungsproblemen mit und ohne Nebenbedingungen ausgetestet. Die Benchmark besteht aus einigen Beispielen des N-K Modells und des Multiknapsack Problems mit verschiedenen Größen und Schwierigkeitsstufen, die mit portablen Zufallszahlgeneratoren definiert werden. Ein Vergleich zwischen der Leistung der RTS Variante und der Leistung von Repeated Local Minima Search, Simulated Annealing, genetischen Algorithmen und neuronalen Netzen wird durchgeführt. Anschließend werden die Auswirkungen verschiedener Hashingschemata und eines ‚aspiration‘ Kriteriums im RTS Algorithmus untersucht.
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this work is that of presenting a version of the Reactive Tabu Search method (RTS) that is suitable for constrained problems, and that of testing RTS on a series of constrained and unconstrained Combinatorial Optimization tasks. The benchmark suite consists of many instances of the N-K model and of the Multiknapsack problem with various sizes and difficulties, defined with portable random number generators. The performance of RTS is compared with that of Repeated Local Minima Search, Simulated Annealing, Genetic Algorithms, and Neural Networks. In addition, the effects of differenthashing schemes and of the presence of a simple “aspiration” criterion in the RTS algorithm are investigated.
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    A local search approach for two-dimensional irregular cutting (1995)
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    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 93-98 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Packing ; cutting ; irregular shapes ; tabu search ; polygon placement ; Packproblem ; Zuschnittproblem ; irreguläre Formen ; Tabu Search ; Unterbringung der Vielecken
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt ein zweidimensionales irreguläres Zuschnittproblem. Zwei neue Approximationsalgorithmen in Anlehnung an Tabu Search und Simulated Annealing wurden in [7] vorgeschlagen und realisiert. Die Überlegenheit der Tabu Methode über Gurel, Albano-Sapuppo und Simulated Annealing hinsichtlich der Lösungsqualität wurde in [5, 7] dargestellt. Dieser Artikel enthält eine Übersicht über verschiedene Versionen der Tabu Search Methode zur Lösung des Problems. Die erreichten Ergebnisse für verschiedene Algorithmen werden präsentiert und zusammengestellt.
    Notes: Abstract A two-dimensional irregular cutting problem is considered. Two new approximation algorithms based on tabu search and simulated annealing, have been proposed and implemented in [7]. The advantage, in terms of the solution's quality, of the tabu method over Albano-Sapuppo's, Gurel's and simulated annealing ones has been shown in [5,7]. This paper provides a study of the various versions of the tabu search approach used for the problem. The results obtained for different methods are presented and compared.
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    Strategies with memories: local search in an application oriented environment (1995)
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    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 55-66 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Local search ; simulated annealing ; tabu search ; genetic algorithms ; machine learning ; knowledge based information systems ; Lokale Suche ; Simulated Annealing ; Tabu Search ; Genetische Algorithmen ; Maschinelles Lernen ; Wissensbasierte Informationssysteme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Aus drei Gründen stellen wir diesem Sonderheft „Applied Local Search“ ein erweitertes Vorwort voran. Erstens sollen die mittlerweile bereits als klassisch zu bezeichnenden Strukturen und Ideen von dem, was derzeit unter lokaler Suche verstanden wird, vorgestellt werden. Simulated Annealing, Tabu Search and Genetische Algorithmen werden somit in ihren Grandelementen beschrieben, wobei der Schwerpunkt bewußt auf Tabu Search liegt, das sich derzeit als beste Strategie zur Lösung kombinatorischer Optimierungsprobleme etabliert hat. Neuere und mittlerweile sehr erfolgreiche aber immer noch wenig bekannte Ideen, wie die Reverse Elimination Methode und Ejection Chains, werden ebenfalls im Rahmen von Tabu Search vorgestellt. Zweites Anliegen ist, die Einbettung von lokalen Suchverfahren in einem allgemeineren Kontext wissensbasierter Informationssysteme zu beschreiben. Lokale Suche wird dabei als ein Paradigma maschinellen Lernens betrachtet. Schließlich soll dieses Vorwort ebenfalls einen kurzen Überblick der in diesem Heft enthaltenen Arbeiten geben und sie aufgrund der Verfahren und Modelle gruppieren.
    Notes: Abstract The idea of this extended foreword to the special issue on applied local search is threefold. Firstly, we provide a brief and fundamental description of what is nowadays called local search. Components which have meanwhile become an integral part of the classical aspects on simulated annealing, tabu search and genetic algorithms are reviewed. Furthermore, today tabu search can be considered as the major pillar of local search. Hence, attention is drawn to a couple of tabu search issues more recently developed such as the reverse elimination method and ejection chains. Secondly, local search based knowledge engineering is developed to constitute a substantial part of knowledge based information systems. Within this general setting local search will be considered as one particular paradigm of machine learning. Thirdly, we are going to introduce what is considered to be the main subject of this issue, local search applications. We briefly embed the contents of the subsequent papers and group them with respect to their particular methods and models within the above mentioned framework.
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    A generalized permutation approach to job shop scheduling with genetic algorithms (1995)
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    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 87-92 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Genetic algorithms ; job shop scheduling ; permutation operators ; Genetische Algorithmen ; Maschinenbelegungsplanung ; permutationsbewahrende Operatoren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird ein neuer Ansatz zur genetischen Repräsentation des Maschinenbelegungsproblems vorgestellt. Der Ansatz basiert auf dem bekannten Konzept der Repräsentation von Rundreiseproblemen durch Permutationen. In Erweiterung dieses Konzepts werden „Permutationen mit Wiederholung“ zur Kodierung von Lösungen eingesetzt. Die zentrale Schwierigkeit vorangegangener Ansätze, nämlich die Behandlung unzulässiger Genotypen, entfällt vollständig. Permutationen mit Wiederholung repräsentieren grundsätzlich zulässige Lösungen des betrachteten Problems. Aus einer Generalisierung der permutationsbewahrenden Order-Crossover Technik (OX) wird der KreuzungsoperatorGOX (GeneralisiertesOX) für Permutationen mit Wiederholung abgeleitet. In einer Testreihe wird die mit dem neuen Konzept zu erreichende Lösungsgüte untersucht. Es zeigt sich, daß die kooperative Komponente der genetischen Suche durch die Repräsentation und ihren Kreuzungsoperator verstärkt wird. Ein einfacher genetischer Algorithmus erzielt Lösungsgüten, die zuvor nur von stark hybriden Algorithmen erreicht wurden.
    Notes: Abstract In order to sequence the tasks of a job shop problem (JSP) on a number of machines related to the technological machine order of jobs, a new representation technique — mathematically known as “permutation with repetition” is presented. The main advantage of this single chromosome representation is — in analogy to the permutation scheme of the traveling salesman problem (TSP) — that it cannot produce illegal operation sequences. As a consequence of the representation scheme a new crossover operator preserving the initial scheme structure of permutations with repetition will be sketched. Its behavior is similar to the well known Order-Crossover for simple permutation schemes. Actually theGOX operator for permutations with repetition arises from aGeneralisation ofOX. Computational experiments show, that GOX passes the information from a couple of parent solutions efficiently to offspring solutions. Together, the new representation and GOX support the cooperative aspect of genetic search for scheduling problems strongly.
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    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 124-124 
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01719255
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    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 138-138 
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01719257
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    Synchronous tabu search parallelization strategies for multicommodity location-allocation with balancing requirements (1995)
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    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 113-123 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Tabu search methods ; Parallel algorithms ; Synchronous strategies ; Multicommodity location-allocation with balancing requirements ; Tabu search ; parallele Algorithmen ; synchrone Strategien ; Mehrgüter-Location Allocation-Probleme (Standort-Einzugsbereich-Probleme) mit Ausgleichsbedingungen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Arbeit befaßt sich mit synchronen Parallelisierungsstrategien für Tabu Search. Wir zeigen die vielversprechendsten Parallelisierungsansätze auf und beurteilen deren Auswirkungen auf Leistungsverhalten und Lösungsgüte einiger wesentlicher Parameter; Länge der Synchronisationsschritte, Anzahl der Prozessoren, Art der Kommunikationsbeziehungen etc. Die Parallelisierungsansätze wurden implementiert und einander bei Anwendung eines Tabu Search-Verfahrens für Mehrgüter-Standort-Einzugsbereich-Probleme mit Ausgleichsbedingungen gegenübergestellt.
    Notes: Abstract We study and compare synchronous parallelization strategies for tabu search. We identify the most promising parallelization approaches, and evaluate the impact on performance and solution quality of some important algorithmic design parameters: length of the synchronization steps, number of processors, handling of exchanged information, etc. Parallelization approaches are implemented and compared by using a tabu search algorithm for multicommodity location-allocation problems with balancing requirements.
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    Efficient heuristics for robot acquisition planning for a CIM system (1995)
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    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 99-111 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Robot acquisition planning ; equipment selection ; mathematical programming ; heuristic search ; tabu search ; simulated annealing ; Roboter Anschaffungsplanung ; CIM ; Bin packing ; Tabu search ; Simulated annealing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Dieser Bericht beschreibt die Entwicklung eines mathematischen Programms und dreier effizienter Entscheidungsregeln für die Anschaffungsplanung von Robotern verschiedener Typen für ein CIM-System. In unserem Modell wird eine Kombination von Robotern verschiedener Typen zusammengestellt, die den operationalen Anforderungen (d.h. Zeit und Raum) einer bestimmten Anzahl von Arbeitsplätzen bei gleichzeitig minimalem Kostenaufwand gerecht wird. Im Detail bedeutet das: jeder Roboter zeichnet sich einerseits durch seinen festgesetzten Preis aus und andererseits unterliegt er zwei Kapazitätsbeschränkungen: seiner Maschinenzeit und seiner Arbeitsfläche; jeder Arbeitsplatz stellt bestimmte Anforderungen, die uns bekannt sind, sowohl an die Maschinenzeit als auch an die Arbeitsfläche und soll von nur einem Roboter bedient werden. Das Modell wird durch ein mathematisches 0–1-Programm dargestellt und hat sich als schwieriger als das bekannte NP-schwere zweidimensionale Bin Packing-Problem herausgestellt. Die drei entwickelten Entscheidungsregeln sind: ‘greedy heuristic’, ‘tabu thresholding’ und ‘simulated annealing’. Alle Entscheidungsregeln wurden anhand 450 zufällig generierter Problemfälle getestet. Die Computerergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daß alle Algorithmen für die Lösung von Problemen praktischer Größen (d.h. 50 Arbeitsplätze und maximal 20 Roboter) anwendbar und ausreichend sind. Hinsichtlich der zeitlichen Dauer und Qualität der Problemlösung hebt sich jedoch keine der Entscheidungsregeln wesentlich von den anderen beiden ab. Zukünftige Forschungsaspekte werden ebenfalls aufgeführt.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, a planning model and three efficient heuristics are developed for equipment acquisition planning for a CIM system using multiple-type robots. Our planning model considers selection of a proper mix of multiple-type robots such that operational requirements (i.e., time and space) from a given number of work stations are satisfied at minimal system cost. In specific, each robot is characterized by its fixed charge and subject to two capacity constraints on machine time and work space; and each work station has known demands for both machine time and work space, and is to be served by only one robot. The model is formulated as a pure 0–1 mathematical program and is shown to be harder than two-dimensional bin packing, a well-known NP-hard problem. The three heuristics developed are: a greedy heuristic, tabu thresholding, and simulated annealing. All heuristics are tested by solving 450 randomly generated problems. Computational results indicate that all three heuristics are effective and efficient in solving problems of a practical size (i.e., 50 work stations and a maximum of 20 robots). However, none of the heuristics are overwhelmingly better than the others in terms of both solution time and quality. Future research issues are also discussed.
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    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 158-158 
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01719260
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    Scatter search and star-paths: beyond the genetic metaphor (1995)
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    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 125-137 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Heuristics ; integer programming ; genetic algorithms ; scatter search ; Scatter search (gestreute Suche) ; genetische Algorithmen ; Sternpfade ; Projektion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Scatter Search (gestreute Suche) und genetische Algorithmen weisen eine Anzahl einander komplementärer Eigenschaften auf. Trotz verschiedenen Ursprungs haben sich in den letzten Jahren, insbesondere auch aufgrund zahlreicher Modifikationen genetischer Verfahren, zunehmend mehr Gemeinsamkeiten herausgeschält, die in erster Linie auch durch die Übertragung von Scatter Search Features in genetische Algorithmen entstanden. Einige grundlegende Aspekte von Scatter Search sind bisher jedoch in genetischen Algorithmen — im engeren Sinne — nicht berücksichtigt. Es zeigt sich, daß mittels Scatter Search Kombinationen von Lösungen generiert werden können, deren Eigenschaften entscheidend die kombinatorische Struktur der zugrundeliegenden Optimierungsprobleme widerspiegeln. Im Falle binärer Optimierungsprobleme werden durch Projektionen Lösungen zu sog. Sternpfaden (star-paths) kombiniert, von denen aus jeweils optimale Lösungen erzeugt werden können. Mögliche Ergänzungen durch Schnittebenen zur Exploration des Lösungsraumes legen nahe, der Kombination von Lösungen (vgl. etwa die Rekombination bei genetischen Algorithmen) zur Erzeugung problemspezifischen Wissens mehr Aufmerksamkeit zu schenken als bisher.
    Notes: Abstract Scatter search and genetic algorithms have originated from somewhat different traditions and perspectives, yet exhibit features that are strongly complementary. Links between the approaches have increased in recent years as variants of genetic algorithms have been introduced that embody themes in closer harmony with those of scatter search. Some researchers are now beginning to take advantage of these connections by identifying additional ways to incorporate elements of scatter search into genetic algorithm approaches. There remain aspects of the scatter approach that have not been exploited in conjunction with genetic algorithms, yet that provide ways to achieve goals that are basic to the genetic algorithm design. Part of the gap in implementing hybrids of these procedures may derive from relying too literally on the genetic metaphor, which in its narrower interpretation does not readily accommodate the strategic elements underlying scatter search. The theme of this paper is to show there are benefits to be gained by going beyond a perspective constrained too tightly by the connotations of the term “genetic”. We show that the scatter search framework directly leads to processes for combining solutions that exhibit special properties for exploiting combinatorial optimization problems. In the setting of zero-one integer programming, we identify a mapping that gives new ways to create combined solutions, producing constructions calledstar-paths for exploring the zero-one solution space. Star-path trajectories have the special property of lying within regions assured to include optimal solutions. They also can be exploited in association with both cutting plane and extreme point solution approaches. These outcomes motivate a deeper look into current conceptions of appropriate ways to combine solutions, and disclose there are more powerful methods to derive information from these combinations than those traditionally applied.
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    Solving the damper placement problem via local search heuristics (1995)
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    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 149-158 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Heuristics ; applications ; relaxations ; discrete location ; integer programming ; Heuristiken ; Anwendungen ; Relaxationen ; diskrete Standortplanung ; ganzzahlige Programmierung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Problem der Plazierung von Dämpfern für große flexible Gerüststrukturen im Raum besteht darin,p Gerüstteile der Struktur durch aktive (oder passive) Dämpfer zu ersetzen, so daß die modale Dämpfungsrate für alle signifikanten Vibrationsformen maximiert wird. Ist eine Spannungsmatrix gegeben, bei der die Zeilen den Modi und die Spalten den Gerüstteilen entsprechen, so besteht ein äquivalentes Problem darin, eine Menge vonp Spalten so zu bestimmen, daß die kleinste Zeilensumme über diep-Spalten maximiert wird. Für den Fall passiver Dämpfer wird eine Erweiterung des Modells angegeben, die als Entscheidungsvariablen die Frequenzen der maximalen Verrückung enthält. Als Formulierungen ergeben sich gemischt-ganzzahlige (0/1) LP-Probleme. Wir vergleichen das Verhalten von Tabu Search, Simulated Annealing sowie einem Branch & Bound-Verfahren für das Problem an einem im Labor entwickelten Testmodell, dem NASA Langley Controls-Structures Interact Phase I Evolutionary Model (10 Modi und 1507 Gerüstteile). Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, daß sich Tabu Search mit Startlösungen gemäß einer LP-Relaxation sowohl hinsichtlich der Lösungsgüte als auch bezüglich der Rechenzeit als am günstigsten erweist.
    Notes: Abstract The damper placement problem for large flexible space truss structures is to determine thep truss members of the structure to replace with active (or passive) dampers so that the modal damping ratio is as large as possible for all significant modes of vibration. Equivalently, given a strain energy matrix with rows indexed on the modes and columns indexed on the truss members we seek to find a set ofp columns such that the smallest row sum, over thep columns, is maximized. An extension of this model is formulated for the passive damper case. This formulation includes the frequency of maximum displacement as a decision variable for each passive damper. Each formulation can be written as a mixed 0/1 integer linear program. We compare the performance of tabu search and simulated annealing for the damper placement problem on a laboratory test article, the NASA Langley Controls-Structures Interaction Phase I Evolutionary Model (10 modes and 1507 truss members). Tabu search, coupled with the starting solution generated by rounding the solution to a linear programming relaxation, is shown to provide the highest quality solutions in the shortest amount of computing time.
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    Obtaining minimum-correlation Latin Hypercube Sampling plans using an IP-based heuristic (1995)
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    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 139-148 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Assignment problem ; computer models ; distribution sampling ; estimation ; integer programming ; large-scale modelling ; Latin hypercube ; optimization ; sampling ; sensitivity analysis ; Stichprobenverfahren ; Permutationsmatrizen ; implizite Funktionen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Lateinische Hyperwürfel Stichprobenverfahren (LHS) dienen dazu, in geeigneter Weise die Verteilungsfunktion (zumindest angenähert) der Funktionswerte einer komplexen (impliziten) Funktion, in Abhängigkeit ihrer Variablen werte, zu schätzen. Anwendungen finden sich in Modellen, in denen erforderliche Variablenumformungen nicht möglich sind und in denen die Zahl der Simulationsläufe aus zeitlichen Gründen gering zu halten oder fixiert ist. Es stellt sich die Frage, welche Werte in jedem Lauf den Variablen zuzuordnen sind. Herkömmliche Vorgehensweisen benutzen ausgefeilte, geschichtete Stichprobenverfahren, die jedoch Fehler bei der Bestimmung von Varianz und Kovarianz, aufgrund der Korrelation der Stichprobenpaare, beinhalten können. In dieser Arbeit wird eine Methode beschrieben, den absoluten Fehler zwischen dem tatsächlichen und dem korrelierenden Stichprobenpaar so klein wie möglich zu halten. Selbst für kleine Stichprobenumfänge können dabei schon optimale Pläne erzielt werden. Permutationsmatrizen haben die Eigenschaft, die Summe der Korrelationen zwischen Spaltenpaaren zu minimieren. Die vorgestellte Heuristik ist in der Lage, in allen getesteten Fällen das Optimum zu finden.
    Notes: Abstract The objective of Latin Hypercube Sampling is to determine an effective procedure for sampling from a (possibly correlated) multivariate population to estimate the distribution function (or at least a significant number of moments) of a complicated function of its variables. The typical application involves a computer-based model in which it is largely impossible to find a way (closed form or numerical) to do the necessary transformation of variables and where it is expensive to run in terms of computing resources and time. Classical approaches to hypercube sampling have used sophisticated stratified sampling techniques; but such sampling may provide incorrect measures of the output parameters' variances or covariances due to correlation between the sampling pairs. In this work, we offer a strategy which provides a sampling specification minimizing the sum of the absolute values of the pairwise differences between the true and sampled correlation pairs. We show that optimal plans can be obtained for even small sample sizes. We consider the characteristics of permutation matrices which minimize the sum of correlations between column pairs and then present an effective heuristic for solution. This heuristic generally finds plans which match the correlation structure exactly. When it does not, we provide a hybrid lagrangian/heuristic method, which empirically has found the optimal solution for all cases tested.
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    A variable-depth search algorithm for the recursive bipartitioning of signal flow graphs (1995)
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    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 159-172 
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    Keywords: Graph partitioning ; local search ; real timevideo signal processing ; Graphen-Partitionierung ; Lokale Suche ; Real-time Videosignalverarbeitung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Videoalgorithmen transformieren Videosignale, also die zur Bilderzeugung notwendigen Informationseinheiten, um Bildqualität oder die Möglichkeiten spezieller Features, wie Teletext oder Bild-in-Bild-Wiedergabe, zu erhöhen. Eigene, anwendungsspezifische und häufig nur einem Videoalgorithmus zuteilbare, schnelle Videosignalprozessoren sind für die Ausführung von Videoalgorithmen verantwortlich. Die Zuordnung der Algorithmen und Prozessoren ist, aufgrund der großen Zahl zu beachtender Restriktionen, ein NP-schweres Problem, so daß eine Aufspaltung in die drei Teilprobleme Terminierung, Partitionierung und Scheduling von Operationen sinnvoll wird. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden das Partitionierungsproblem und die Beschreibung von Videoalgorithmen mittels Signalflußgraphen betrachtet. Ein auf lokaler Suche basierendes Lösungsverfahren erzeugt rekursiv Bipartitionen des Graphen, die komplexe Nachbarschaften variabler Tiefe generieren. Rechenergebnisse zeigen, daß die vielzitierte Universalität und Flexibilität lokaler Suchverfahren erfolgreich zur Lösung schwieriger, stark restringierter Probleme genutzt werden können.
    Notes: Abstract We discuss the use of local search techniques for mapping video algorithms onto programmable high-performance video signal processors. The mapping problem is very complex due to many constraints that need to be satisfied in order to obtain a feasible solution. The complexity is reduced by decomposing the mapping problem into three subproblems, namely delay management, partitioning, and scheduling. We present the partitioning problem and the representation of video algorithms by signal flow graphs. Furthermore, we propose a solution strategy that is based on recursive bipartitioning of these graphs. The bipartitions are generated using a variable-depth search algorithm. The results demonstrate that the frequently cited flexibility of local search techniques can be successfully exploited in handling complicated problems.
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    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 192-192 
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    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 204-204 
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    A genetic search algorithm to optimize job sequencing under a technological constraint in a rolling-mill facility (1995)
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    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 183-191 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Genetic search algorithm ; job scheduling ; sequence dependent setup costs ; Genetische Algorithmen ; Maschinenbelegungsplanung ; reihenfolgeabhängige Rüstkosten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Betrachtet wird ein dynamisches Problem der Reihenfolgeplanung in einem Walzwerk. Ziel ist die Minimierung der Summe aus Lagerkosten für Halbfertigfabrikate und reihenfolgeabhängigen Rüstkosten. Zur Lösung wird ein genetischer Algorithmus benutzt. Zur Beurteilung der Leistungsfähigkeit des Verfahrens werden für kleinere Probleme exakte Lösungen herangezogen, für größere Probleme erfolgt ein Vergleich mit prioritätsregelbasierten Verfahren.
    Notes: Abstract This article presents some results from the application of a genetic search algorithm to solve a job scheduling problem where setup costs depend on the order of the jobs. An empirical study shows that, for small problems, the solutions given by the genetic algorithm are as good as those obtained with a mixed-integer linear program. For larger problems that are computationally infeasible, we benchmark the genetic solutions against traditional scheduling heuristics. We also study different population management strategies that can improve the performance of the algorithm. Finally, future research avenues are discussed.
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    Strength and adaptability of problem-space based neighborhoods for resource-constrained scheduling (1995)
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    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 173-182 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Sequencing ; project scheduling ; search neighborhoods ; genetic algorithms ; Reihenfolgeplanung ; Netzplantechnik ; Nachbarschaftssuche ; genetische Algorithmen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit behandeln wir Probleme der Netzplantechnik bzw. des Projektmanagements mit knappen Ressourcen. Dabei steht jede Ressource während des Planungszeitraumes in derselben Quantität zur Verfügung, und jede Aktivität kann zu jedem Zeitpunkt mehr als eine Ressource beanspruchen. Wir beschreiben eine Vorgehensweise, die sich leicht auf verschiedene reguläre Zielsetzungen übertragen läßt (hier werden die Minimierung der Zykluszeit sowie die Minimierung der mittleren Terminüberschreitung als Ziele betrachtet). Die Methode basiert auf einem lokalen Suchverfahren unter Verwendung problemspezifischer Nachbarschaften. Mit Hilfe einfacher Suchverfahren erhält man bereits gute Ergebnisse; weitere Verbesserungen lassen sich mit genetischen Algorithmen erzielen. In beiden Fällen haben wir für Standardprobleme aus der Literatur Lösungen erhalten, deren Zielfunktionswerte nahe an den jeweiligen Optima liegen.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, Resource Constrained Scheduling (RCS) consists of scheduling activities on scarce resources, each activity may require more than one resource at a time, and each resource is available in the same quantity throughout the planning period. This paper described a methodology for RCS that can be easily adapted to consider different regular measures of performance. The solution approach is local search using a recent development published in the literature; namely, problem-space based neighborhoods. Computational results are encouraging when searching these spaces using simple local search techniques. Further improvements are explored through the use of a genetic algorithm. In both cases, close-to-optimal solutions are found for standard problems from the literature. The adaptability of the methodology is demonstrated using makespan and mean tardiness as performance measures.
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    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 226-226 
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    Heuristic solution approaches to operational forest planning problems (1995)
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    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 193-203 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Operational forest planning ; interchange ; simulated annealing ; Tabu search ; Operationale Forstplanung ; interchange ; simulated annealing ; Tabu-Suche
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Operationale Forstplanungsprobleme sind typischerweise sehr schwierige Probleme, was durch die Problemgröße und durch die Struktur der „constraints“ gegeben ist. Dieser Artikelzeigt drei heuristische Lösungsansätze für operationale Forstplanungsprobleme auf. Wir haben Lösungsprozeduren entwickelt, die auf interchange, simulated annealing und Tabu-Suche basieren. Diese Ansätze stellen neue und andersartige Lösungsstrategien für dieses Problem dar. Ergebnisse bei Anwendung auf zwei tatsächliche Forstplanungsprobleme werden vorgestellt. Sie zeigen, daß diese Ansätze nahezu optimale Lösungen bei relativ kurzer Berechnungszeit liefern.
    Notes: Abstract Operational forest planning problems are typically very difficult problems to solve due to problem size and constraint structure. This paper presents three heuristic solution approaches to operational forest planning problems. We develop solution procedures based on Interchange, Simulated Annealing and Tabu search. These approaches represent new and unique solution strategies to this problem. Results are provided for applications to two actual forest planning problems and indicate that these approaches provide near optimal solutions in relatively short amounts of computer time.
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    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 230-230 
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01720980
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    Kolmogorov conditions for vectorial optimization problems (1995)
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    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 227-229 
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    Keywords: Vectorial optimization ; Kolmogorov conditions ; Vektoroptimierung ; Kolmogorov-Bedingungen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Effiziente, schwach effiziente und minimale Lösungen vektorieller Optimierungsprobleme werden durch Bedingungen vom Kolmogorov-Typ charakterisiert.
    Notes: Abstract Necessary and sufficient conditions of Kolmogorov type are given for characterizing efficient, weakly efficient, and minimal solutions of vectorial optimization problems.
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    A modification of threshold accepting and its application to the quadratic assignment problem (1995)
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    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 205-210 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Optimization ; local search ; heuristic ; threshold accepting ; quadratic assignment problem ; Optimierung ; lokale Suchverfahren ; Heuristik ; Threshold Accepting ; Quadratisches Zuordnungsproblem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird eine Modifizierung der Threshold Accepting Heuristik von Dueck und Scheuer vorgeschlagen. Anstelle diskreter Schwellenwerte wird eine Schwellenwertfunktion verwendet, die vom Abkühlungsplan beim Simulated Annealing inspiriert ist. Desweiteren ist die Iterationszahl auf jeder Ebene des Verfahrens nunmehr eine Funktion des aktuellen sowie des Ausgangsschwellenwertes. Anhand dieses Vorgehensschemas untersuchen wir den Trade-off von Lösungsqualität und Konvergenzgeschwindigkeit bei verschiedenen Standardbeispielen des bekannten Quadratischen Zuordnungsproblems. Auch die Qualität und Zuverlässigkeit einer Multistart-Version kurzer TA-Läufe wird mit den Ergebnissen ausführlicher Läufe bei gleichen CPU-Zeiten verglichen, um Rückschlüsse auf die sinnvollere Optimierungsstrategie zu erhalten. In der Literatur verwenden unterschiedliche Autoren häufig sehr verschiedene Anzahlen zufälliger Startlösungen in ihren numerischen Experimenten. Wir untersuchen daher auch, wie sich eine Variation dieser Anzahl auf die TA-Ergebnisse auswirkt.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we propose a modification of the threshold accepting heuristic by Dueck and Scheuer. Instead of using discrete threshold values a threshold function similar to the cooling schedule of simulated annealing is used. Furthermore, the number of iterations during each step of the heuristic is a function of the current and the initial threshold value. Using this scheme, we investigate the trade-off between solution quality and convergence speed on different instances of the well known quadratic assignment problem. In a second set of experiments the results of a multistart-version of TA are compared with the results of unique long runs at identical CPU-requirements to identify the better optimization strategy. Since, generally, in the literature the number of starting solutions for QAP-heuristics appears to be chosen on a rather arbitrary basis, we also highlight how varying this number influences the TA-results.
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    Heuristics for the generalised assignment problem: simulated annealing and tabu search approaches (1995)
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    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 211-225 
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    Keywords: Generalised assignment problem ; local search ; simulated annealing ; tabu search ; heuristics ; set partitioning ; branch and bound ; Verallgemeinertes Zuordnungsproblem ; lokale Suche ; simulated annealing ; tabu search ; set partitioning ; branch und bound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das verallgemeinerte Zuordnungsproblem (GAP) besteht darin, eine Menge von Aufträgen einer Menge von Agenten kostenminimal zuzuordnen. Jeder Auftrag wird genau einem Agenten zugeordnet; die Summe der Anforderungen der einem Agenten zugeordneten Aufträge ist durch die diesem zur Verfügung stehenden Ressourcen begrenzt. Die Arbeit gibt eine Übersicht über exakte und heuristische Lösungsverfahren zum GAP. Es wird einλ-Generierungs-Mechanismus beschrieben, wobei verschiedene Suchstrategien (ein Hybridverfahren aus Simulated Annealing und Tabu Search sowie reine Tabu Search-Verfahren) sowie Parameterkonstellationen untersucht werden. Die entwickelten Methoden beinhalten eine Anzahl von Eigenschaften, die sich für die Erzielung von optimalen Lösungen sowie guten Näherungen als geeignet erwiesen haben. Die Effektivität der Ansätze wird über den Vergleich hinsichtlich Lösungsqualität und Berechnungsanforderungen mit anderen speziellen Verfahren wie Branch und Bound, Simulated Annealing sowie Partitionierungs-Heuristiken bei Anwendung auf Standardprobleme aus der Literatur gezeigt.
    Notes: Abstract The generalised assignment problem (GAP) is the problem of finding a minimum cost assignment of a set of jobs to a set of agents. Each job is assigned to exactly one agent. The total demands of all jobs assigned to any agent can not exceed the total resources available to that agent. A review of exact and heuristic methods is presented. Aλ-generation mechanism is introduced. Different search strategies and parameter settings are investigated for theλ-generation descent, hybrid simulated annealing/tabu search and tabu search heuristic methods. The developed methods incorporate a number of features that have proven useful for obtaining optimal and near optimal solutions. The effectiveness of our approaches is established by comparing their performance in terms of solution quality and computional requirement to other specialized branch-and-bound tree search, simulated annealing and set partitioning heuristics on a set of standard problems from the literature.
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    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 234-234 
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    A note on equalized proper equilibria (1995)
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    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 231-233 
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    Keywords: Proper equilibria ; bimatrix games ; perfect equilibria ; Propere Gleichgewichte ; perfekte Gleichgewichte ; Bimatrix-Spiele
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der Arbeit wird das Konzept des properen Nash-Gleichgewichts verfeinert: Möglichkeiten der Abschwächung von Annahmen, die in Garcia Jurado und Prada Sanchez (1990) gemacht wurden — wo egalisierte propere Gleichgewichte definiert wurden — werden untersucht. Die Voraussetzung, daß die Spieler alle Bayesäquivalenten (“best reply equivalent”) Strategien gleich gewichten, lassen wir fallen. Dies führt zum Konzept des quasi-egalisierten properen Gleichgewichts. Es wird gezeigt, daß diese Verfeinerung zwischen properem und egalisiertem properen Gleichgewicht einzuordnen ist.
    Notes: Abstract This short note is devoted to a remark on a refinement of proper equilibria: it considers the possibility of relaxing the assumptions made in Garcia Jurado and Prada Sanchez (1990), where equalized proper equilibria are defined. We do not insist on the requirement that players should put exactly the same probability on all strategies which are best reply equivalent for them: in this way we obtain what we call quasi-equalized proper equilibria. It is shown that this refinement is an intermediate one between proper and equalized proper equilibria.
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    Approximations for multiserver queues with balking/retrial discipline (1995)
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    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 239-244 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: M/M/c system ; retrial discipline ; BedienungssystemM/M/c ; wiederholte Zugangsversuche
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für die Planung von Kommunikationssystemen sind Warteschlangenmodelle von großer Bedeutung, welche die Möglichkeit eines wiederholten Zugangsversuchs abgewiesener Kunden zulassen. In dieser Arbeit untersuchen wir nicht nur den Fall, daß Kunden in Abhängigkeit von der Schlangenlänge auf direkten Zugang zum System verzichten, um später einen erneuten Zugangsversuch zu unternehmen. Dabei setzen wir voraus, daß die Wiederholintensität gering ist, um geeignete Approximationsverfahren einsetzen zu können.
    Notes: Abstract Queueing models including the effects of repeated attempts have wide practical use in designing communication systems. The model studied in this paper not only takes into account retrials due to congestion but also considers the effects of balking discipline. Two approximations are considered in order to study the system behaviour for low retrial intensity.
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    Weakly strict equilibria in finite normal form games (1995)
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    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 235-238 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Nash equilibrium ; strict equilibrium ; weakly strict equilibrium ; normal form games ; random games ; Nash-Gleichgewicht ; Gleichgewicht ; schwach-striktes Gleichgewicht ; Spiele in Normalform ; Zufallsspiele
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit führen wir das schwach-strikte Gleichgewicht für die gemischte Erweiterung von endlichenn-Personen-Spielen ein. Für diese Spiele zeigen wird, daß dieses Konzept eine echte Verfeinerung des Nash-Gleichgewichts ist. Wir weisen nach, daß die Menge der schwach-strikten Gleichgewichte derartiger Spiele nicht leer ist und mit der Menge der strikten Gleichgewichte übereinstimmt, falls letztere nicht leer ist. Außerdem vergleichen wird das neue Konzept mit anderen in der Literatur vorgeschlagenen Gleichgewichtsbegriffen.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we introduce the weakly strict equilibrium for (mixed extensions of) finiten-person games. For those games we prove that our new concept is a strict refinement of the undominated Nash equilibrium concept. We show that their set of weakly strict equilibria is nonempty and coincides with their set of strict equilibria (when the latter is also non-empty) and we study the relation between our refinement and other noncooperative concepts.
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    Lineare Anreizverträge und Poisson-Prozesse in ökonomischen Agency-Modellen (1995)
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    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 245-251 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Agency-Theorie ; lineare Anreizverträge ; Poisson-Prozesse ; Warteschlangentheorie ; Agency theory ; linear incentive schemes ; Poisson processes ; theory of queues
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The goal of this paper is to show the potential optimality of linear incentive schemes under certain stationarity conditions when the agent (exactly or “approximately”) controls the rate of jump in a Poisson process over time. To do so earlier work by Holmström and Milgrom (1987) is used. An example from the theory of queues is taken to illustrate the derived linearity results.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In diesem Beitrag wird auf der Grundlage einer Arbeit von Holmström/Milgrom (1987) der Nachweis geführt, daß sich lineare Entlohnungsverträge in ökonomischen Agency-Modellen unter bestimmten Stationaritätsannahmen als optimal erweisen können, wenn der vom Agenten erwirtschaftete Output(-pfad) während eines bestimmten Betrachtungszeitraums (exakt oder „näherungsweise“) einem Poisson-Prozeß gehorcht, dessen Intensitätsrateλ in jedem Zeitpunkt durch den Arbeitseinsatz des Agenten determiniert wird. Als praktische Anwendung des abgeleiteten Linearitätsergebnisses wird ein Beispiel aus der Warteschlangentheorie vorgestellt.
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    Dank den Referenten (1995)
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    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 252-252 
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    Tagungen (1995)
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    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 253-253 
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    Liste der zur Besprechung eingegangenen Bücher (1995)
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    OR spectrum 17 (1995), S. 254-254 
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    A neoclassical model of acreage response for labor-intensive agriculture: The case of Egypt (1995)
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    Empirical economics 20 (1995), S. 19-48 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: C5 ; D2 ; O13 ; Q11
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Acreage response studies of both developed and less developed countries have consistently misspecified the neoclassical model of profit maximization by relying onad hoc models which failed to account properly for the effects of input prices, yield changes and total acreage scale. Using Egyptian aggregate time-series data and maximum-likelihood estimation techniques (of dynamic systems), the present study attempts to model and test the full implications of cultivators rational behaviour as well as the technical and institutional peculiarities of Egyptian agriculture, in the spirit of neoclassical production theory. In addition to prices and government controls, the model introduced the wage rate, productivity changes and total agricultural area as determinants of acreage mix; these variables gain special importance (policy-wise) as we deal with the process of agricultural development in LDCs with labor-intensive agriculture. The estimates obtained are remarkably stable, econometrically sound and, as such, are believed to have come closer to avoiding specification bias than previous studies.
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    A factor analysis approach to measure the biased effects of retail fruit juice advertising (1995)
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    Empirical economics 20 (1995), S. 93-107 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: C53 ; D12 ; M37
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This study presents a structural factor analysis approach to measure the impact of advertising on consumer demand. It is assumed that advertising affects the latent perception of consumers, which in turn influences their purchasing behavior. This study investigates the relationship between consumer purchases and retail store advertising (i.e., newspaper advertising, in-store display, and point-of-purchase display) of three fruit juices using an extended Rotterdam model. The results show that the demand for orange juice and grapefruit juice was affected by their own advertising, while the demand for apple juice was only affected by advertising of competitive juices.
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    Seasonality and stochastic trends in German consumption and income, 1960.1–1987.4 (1995)
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    Empirical economics 20 (1995), S. 109-132 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: C22 ; C32
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The quarterly time series of German consumption and income are analyzed with respect to seasonality and stochastic trends. It emerges that both variables can be appropriately described by a periodically integrated autoregression. An implication is that the stochastic trend and the seasonal fluctuations are not independent for each of the univariate series. In order to test for cointegration across the two series, we propose several methods which take account of the relationship between seasons and trends in the univariate series. Some of these methods boil down to extracting the stochastic trend from the univariate series in a first step and to relating these trends using cointegration techniques in a second step. Another method is an extension of the Johansen cointegration testing approach to periodic vector autoregressions. Monte Carlo simulations are used to evaluate the empirical performance of the various methods. The main empirical result is that only in the first quarter there seems to be cointegration between German consumption and income.
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    The combined estimator approach to model transferability and updating (1995)
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    Empirical economics 20 (1995), S. 167-175 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: C ; C13
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The idea of transferability is to employ in model estimation, fitted model parameters computed from a different data set. Thecombined estimator approach to the transferability problem is expressed as a linear combination of the unbiased direct estimators on the two data sets. The major gain is in variance reduction. The combined estimator is shown to have superior accuracy, in a Mean Square Error sense, to a unbiased direct estimator whenever the transfer bias is relatively small. A test that indicates if the combined estimator is superior to the direct estimator is provided. Variances of the direct estimators are assumed to be known. Monte Carlo experiments are performed to assess the quality of the approximations. The results show that the approximations used are highly conservative. An empirical example of the combined estimator applied to a discrete choice problem is presented.
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    A sensitivity analysis of the impact of democracy on economic growth (1995)
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    Empirical economics 20 (1995), S. 197-215 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Democratic freedom ; economic growth ; sensitivity analysis ; O40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Often it is maintained that democracy is a luxury which comes at a price in terms of subsequent slower increases in national living standards. However, various recent cross-section studies on economic growth have found evidence that lack of civil and political liberties is negatively correlated with economic growth. Using various measures of democracy the robustness of previous research is examined. Both direct and indirect effects of lack of civil and political liberties are analysed. Our main conclusion is that the relationship between democracy and economic growth is not robust.
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    Trade liberalization and industrial structure in Spain: An applied general equilibrium analysis (1995)
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    Empirical economics 20 (1995), S. 1-18 
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    Keywords: D58
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We empirically evaluate the aggregate welfare effects and structural adjustment for the Spanish economy that would follow from trade liberalization with the European Economic Community. Recent theory suggests that the classical gains form more liberal trade relations could be amplified substantially if EEC liberalization permits Spanish industries to realize economies of scale. These effects depend upon the extent of trade creation and trade diversion resulting from preferential liberalization, which in turn depend on the existing patterns of Spanish resource allocation, trade, and comparative advantage. The estimated results are derived from disaggregated microeconomic model of the Spanish economy. We find that increasing returns can actually be beneficial or detrimental, depending upon the interactions between trade and policy toward domestic industry.
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    Political preference functions, trade wars, and trade negotiations (1995)
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    Empirical economics 20 (1995), S. 49-73 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: C68 ; C70 ; D58 ; D78 ; F13 ; Q17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The integration of elementary political considerations into computable general equilibrium models is considered, and an extended illustration to agricultural trade negotiations provided. The application involves an evaluation of the payoffs of alternative support levels to agricultural and non-agricultural interests in the EC and the US. A government political preference function for each region is calibrated as a CES aggregation of the payoffs to the two interest groups, with weights corresponding to their benchmark political influence. The political preference function is presumed to be employed by each government to determine the level of agricultural support. The analysis illustrates how sensitive such computable general equilibrium models can be to elementary political considerations, mainly due to the flatness of the implied Pareto frontier. It also illustrates how one can modify the traditional political preference function approach to accommodate possible convexities of the Pareto frontier in empirical models.
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    Alcohol content and demand for alcoholic beverages: A system approach (1995)
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    Empirical economics 20 (1995), S. 75-92 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: C32 ; O12
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines how alcohol content affects the consumption of alcoholic beverages in Finland. Three different quality hypotheses are studied and compared: Fisher and Shell, Theil, and an additive one. The comparison of the hypotheses is based on quality elasticities implied by the hypotheses. The results show that, under all hypotheses, alcohol content positively affects the demand for alcoholic beverages, and this effect depends negatively on income. The results of the comparison of the hypotheses show that the additive fits the data best. However, the other hypotheses are almost as good: Fisher and Shell's hypothesis better than Theil's. I would like to thank K. Koskela, A. Nyberg, M. Salo, M. Stenius, and I. Suoniemi for their useful comments and suggestions. The author bears sole responsibility for any remaining errors.
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    The wage effects of investments in enterprise-related training (1995)
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    Empirical economics 20 (1995), S. 133-147 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: J24 ; J31
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we calculate the rate of return to enterprise-related training (ERT) using a simultaneous equations self-selection model of investment in ERT and wages. For participants the expected rate of return to a year of ERT is approximately 28%. For non-participants the rate of return is negative. Although the average rate of return is high, the marginal rate of return is zero or negative. We further find that investments in ERT are not significantly determined by expected returns.
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    Finnish GNP-series 1954/I–1990/IV: Small shock persistance or trend stationarity? Some evidence with variance ratio estimates (1995)
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    Empirical economics 20 (1995), S. 333-349 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: C22 ; C14 ; E32
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The “shock persistance” of Finnish adjusted quarterly real GNP series in logarithms from 1954/QI to 1990/QIV is analyzed using variance ratio estimators. The results indicate that the random walk component of the series is not big. The small sample properties of variance ratio estimators are studied using empirical distribution derived from simulations. The persistence measures calculated via the ARIMA modelling of the lnGNPt series are biased upwards. The sampling properties show that the simple random walk model is not an alternative model for the lnGNP. A trend stationary alternative, an AR(2) process, gives almost the same “shock persistence” measures as the assumed unit root processes.
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    The existence of factor substitution in the primary aluminium industry: A multivariate error-correction approach using Norwegian panel data (1995)
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    Empirical economics 20 (1995), S. 361-383 
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    Keywords: Factor demand ; Translog cost function ; Dynamic specification ; Aluminium industry ; C33 ; D21 ; L61
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents an econometric analysis of factor demands in the Norwegian primary aluminium industry using annual plant-level panel data. The translog cost function approach is applied, and a multivariate error-correction model of the cost shares of labour, raw materials and electricity is estimated. Capital is assumed tobe quasi-fixed. The hypothesis of fixed input coefficients is rejected for this industry, but the estimated own-price and cross-price elasticities suggest that relative price variations have limited effect on conditional factor demands.
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    On the forecastability of share prices on the Viennese stock exchange (1995)
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    Empirical economics 20 (1995), S. 415-433 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Random Walk Hypothesis ; Forecasting ; ARMA ; GARCH ; BDS ; Viennese stock exchange ; S&P 500 ; C22 ; C52 ; Q14
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper the Viennese stock exchange data are analysed by using ARMA and GARCH technology. After using AIC and BIC for estimating the linear structure of the time series, to the resulting innovations a GARCH(1,1) model is fit. The resulting residuals are then tested for serial independence and constancy of its distribution to check whether the models are reasonable. Main result is that the residuals of this ARMA-GARCH(1,1)-model are reasonably iid (which is checked by BDS and classical independence tests) for index data and significantly less well-behaved for stock data. Second, there is considerable autocorrelation in the data (especially in the Viennese indices WBK and ATX) which can be exploited even with 1.25% transaction costs (which is checked by a posteriori analysis of a strategy which exploits an underlying time-varying AR(1) model), however, much higher profit can be made with 0.5% transaction costs. Furthermore, the same techniques are applied to US Standard & Poor 500 index and the results for both data sets are compared giving the result that the US-market looks much more “mature” than the Viennese one.
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    The time series behaviour of spot exchange rates in the German hyper-inflation period: (Was the process chaotic?) (1995)
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    Empirical economics 20 (1995), S. 455-471 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract A discrete time approximation to the continuous time hyper-inflation model of Sargent and Wallace (1993) in which the authorities finance a given budget deficit by printing money appears to admit the possibility of chaotic solutions. In this paper we investigate the time series properties of daily observations on the Pound Reichsmark spot exchange rate in the inter-war hyper-inflation period. Our empirical analysis is suggestive that spot rates were generated by a non-linear possibly chaotic process.
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    On the determination of real interest rates in Europe (1995)
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    Empirical economics 20 (1995), S. 479-500 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Real interest rates ; investment demand ; desired saving ; capital mobility ; E43 ; E44 ; F21
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper a loanable funds model is estimated over the period 1959–1990 for the determination of after-tax expected real interest rates using aggregated data for four European countries under the assumption that high capital mobility in Europe implies a common capital market. It is concluded that real interest rates in the European Community were mainly driven by movements in temporary income, expected inflation, lagged investment, money growth, and the oil price. Moreover, our aggregate, model appears to be reasonably stable. Finally, individual country rates are shown to depend on the European rate as well as some country-specific variables, suggesting a limited degree of isolation from international financial markets for the countries concerned.
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    A reexamination of the Nelson-Plosser data set using recursive and sequential tests (1995)
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    Empirical economics 20 (1995), S. 501-518 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Trend breaks ; recursive tests ; rolling tests ; sequential tests ; unit root ; C12 ; C22
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The present paper applies to the Nelson-Plosser data set the recursive, rolling, and sequential tests proposed by Banerjee, Lumsdaine and Stock (1992) for unit roots in the presence of mean or trend breaks. Unlike Perron's method, these three types of test endogenize the break point in the mean or trend and thus are more appealing in empirical studies. The (reverse) recursive test indicates rejection of the unit root null in industrial production and unemployment rate. The sequential test indicates that nominal GNP and common stock prices are stationary with a break in the mean.
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    Empirical economics acknowledges the cooperation of (1995)
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    Empirical economics 20 (1995), S. vii 
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    A model for technical inefficiency effects in a stochastic frontier production function for panel data (1995)
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    Empirical economics 20 (1995), S. 325-332 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: C12 ; C13 ; C23 ; C24 ; C87
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract A stochastic frontier production function is defined for panel data on firms, in which the non-negative technical inefficiency effects are assumed to be a function of firm-specific variables and time. The inefficiency effects are assumed to be independently distributed as truncations of normal distributions with constant variance, but with means which are a linear function of observable variables. This panel data model is an extension of recently proposed models for inefficiency effects in stochastic frontiers for cross-sectional data. An empirical application of the model is obtained using up to ten years of data on paddy farmers from an Indian village. The null hypotheses, that the inefficiency effects are not stochastic or do not depend on the farmer-specific variables and time of observation, are rejected for these data.
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    New tests for stationarity and parity reversion: Evidence on New Zealand real exchange rates (1995)
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    Empirical economics 20 (1995), S. 599-613 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Fractionally integrated models ; purchasing power parity ; stationarity tests ; unit roots ; C22 ; F31
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The present paper discusses the stochastic stationarity of New Zealand exchange rates in light of new time series methods and new tests. The question of whether the real exchange rates have a unit root or are mean reverting is set in the general framework of fractionally integrated models. The estimates sustain the claim that New Zealand real exchange series are not stationary. However, it is shown that nonstationarity is compatible with parity reversion in the framework of fractional unit-root models.
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    Interest rate linkages in Europe before and after the introduction of the European Monetary System (1995)
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    Empirical economics 20 (1995), S. 435-454 
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    Keywords: E43 ; C32 ; F33
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, possible interest rate linkages between the U.S. and Europe and within Europe are investigated with special reference to the EMS. We use three-month domestic money market rates from 1974 to 1979, from 1983 to 1989, and from 1990 to 1994 for Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland, the U.K., and the U.S. For all periods, we find a strong German influence on the development in the other European countries and, for the first two periods, at best a very weak direct influence from the U.S. However, Germany does not dominate the other countries totally. There are significant relations between the EMS member countries which are not influenced by Germany, and there are relations to other EMS members than Germany from outside this system. Revised Version, March 1995. — Earlier versions of this paper wer presented at seminars at the Universities of Zürich, Bielefeld and Leuven, and at the Konstanzer Seminar on Monetary Theory and Monetary Policy. We thank the participants of these seminars as well as two anonymous referees for helpful comments and suggestions. — We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft by Grant No. 322 147. We thank Wilhelm-Johannes Jaenicke for performing the computations and Anna Rushing-Jungeilges for editing the paper in English.
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    The probability of a “gross” violation of an efficient markets variance inequality (1995)
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    Empirical economics 20 (1995), S. 473-478 
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    Keywords: G12 ; G14 ; C13
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This note considers the small sample bias of the empirical variances of observed and ex-post-rational prices of financial assets, and shows that this can be much more severe than has previously been thought.
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    A family of inverse demand systems and choice of functional form (1995)
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    Empirical economics 20 (1995), S. 519-530 
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    Keywords: C51 ; D12 ; Q11
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Barten's (1992) analysis of choice of functional form for quantity-dependent demand systems is extended to price-dependent or inverse demand systems. Alternative inverse demand systems combining the features of the Rotterdam inverse demand and almost ideal inverse demand systems are examined. Choice of functional form is made through a synthetic model which under appropriate restrictions yields the different inverse demand systems. The synthetic model itself can also be considered a more flexible specification.
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    Comparing structural efficiency of unbalanced subsamples: A resampling adaptation of data envelopment analysis (1995)
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    Empirical economics 20 (1995), S. 531-542 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: C14 ; D24 ; C15
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper investigates the performance of a bootstrapping enhanced DEA to measure the relative structural efficiency of unbalanced subsamples. Although this issue plays an important role in applied DEA, it is often ignored, resulting in misleading conclusions concerning relative efficiency. It is shown, that a reasampling approach to DEA can cope with this problem and also allows the use of pooled samples. The distribution of a statistic to test the hypotheses of equal structural efficiency is derived from Monte Carlo simulations and compared with the corresponding statistic calculated from standard DEA results. While the resampling variant of DEA justifies the use of the normal approximation, this is not the case for standard DEA.
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    Specification and testing of count data recreation demand functions (1995)
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    Empirical economics 20 (1995), S. 543-550 
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    Keywords: Recreation demand ; count data ; specification tests ; Poisson ; negative binomial ; C12 ; Q26
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article examines the effects of alternative formulations of count data recreation demand models on parameter estimates, model selection, and consumer surplus. The results indicate that large parameter and consumer surplus differences exists across the various count model formulations. More importantly, the results show that distributional assumptions, heteroscedastic functional forms, and overdispersion can have a substantial effect on consumer surplus estimates.
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    Modelling nonlinearity in U.S. Gross national product 1889–1987 (1995)
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    Empirical economics 20 (1995), S. 577-597 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Linearity testing ; nonlinear time series ; smooth transition autoregressive model ; structural change ; univariate time series ; C22 ; E32 ; E37
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper considers modelling the annual logarithmed per capita gross national product of the United States in 1889–1987. Some authors have suggested that the parameters of the process generating the data have changed over time but formal parameter constancy tests do not support this argument. The series turns out to be nonlinear and can be adequately characterized by an exponential smooth transition autoregressive model. For comparison, a detrended series is also considered, found nonlinear and modelled using a logistic smooth transition autoregressive model. The behaviour of the estimated models is discussed, and it is seen that nonlinearity is needed to describe the response of the process to exceptionally large exogenous shocks. The properties of the models are further investigated by forecasting several years ahead, and the forecasts are compared with those from other linear and nonlinear models.
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    The impact of environmental regulation on productivity in German industries (1995)
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    Empirical economics 20 (1995), S. 615-633 
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    Keywords: L50 ; O47 ; Q20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this paper is to adjust a traditional total factor productivity (TFP) measure for the direct effect of environmental regulation on material and capital input. For this purpose we consider the fact that part of material input and pollution abatement capital have not been used to increase output but to cover the cost of using the environment as a factor of production. Therefore TFP growth rates are lower if part of the material input is allocated to abatement activities instead of producing output. We propose to treat compliance with environmental regulation as an unproductive input linked to the use of productive material input. Our aim is to answer and discuss two questions: How to measure the effect of environmental regulation on TFP, and does the effect matter. We examine data from 1975–1991 for ten pollution intensive German industries.
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    Capital-skill complementarity in West German manufacturing (1995)
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    Empirical economics 20 (1995), S. 651-665 
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    Keywords: J21 ; J23 ; C23
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Capital-skill complementarity is tested for two different definitions of skill, using data from 32 West German manufacturing industries from 1975–1990. Using the Kmenta approximation for the CES function provides strong support for complementarity between white collar workers and capital. On the other hand, when “skill” is defined as skilled white collar and blue collar workers, we find essentially no evidence for complementarity. This surprising result suggests that the official classification of skilled production workers does not capture the planning activity most complementary to increasing capital intensity and technological progress.
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    Price determination and dynamic adjustments: An inverse demand system approach to meat products in the United States (1995)
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    Empirical economics 20 (1995), S. 681-698 
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    Keywords: Q11
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this study the process of retail meat price determination is depicted in the form of an inverse demand system taking into consideration the dynamic adjustments present in monthly consumption data. The general dynamic framework identifies both long run and short run effects in a systematic manner and allows direct estimation of the long run price and scale flexibilities that are consistent with theory. The empirical application based on monthly U.S. meat products data provides reasonable and promising results.
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    Insider-outsider forces in wage and employment determination: The case of Sweden (1995)
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    Empirical economics 20 (1995), S. 699-716 
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    Keywords: E24 ; J23 ; C52
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper applies a statistical approach used by Andersen & Hylleberg (1993) in their study of insider-outsider effects in wage-employment determination in the Danish manufacturing sector, to analyse insider-outsider effects in the Swedish private sector. Focusing on the univariate and multivariate trend properties of the data, a bivariate wage-employment error correction model is used as an explicit test-bed for the theoretical predictions of adjustments to anticipated and unanticipated shocks. According to the Blanchard & Summers (1986) insider-outsider model, the former changes are absorbed entirely by wages while the latter changes are reflected fully in employment. As in the case of analysis on Danish manufacturing data, it is found that the evidence based on data related to the Swedish private sector also fails to accept the Blanchard & Summers insider-outsider model in its unqualified version. Nonetheless several important traits of insider-outsider mechanisms seem to be in accordance with the observed evolution of the data.
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    From the editor... (1995)
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    Adsorption 1 (1995), S. 5-5 
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    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Controlled gas adsorption properties of various pillared clays (1995)
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    Adsorption 1 (1995), S. 49-59 
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    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Keywords: measurement method ; mathematical model ; zeolite ; intraparticle diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Microporous pillared clays (PILC) were prepared by the intercalation of montmorillonite with particles of titania (Ti-PILC), zirconia (Zr-PILC), alumina (Al-PILC), iron oxide (Fe-PILC) and mixed lanthania/alumina (LaAl-PILC). Nitrogen adsorption isotherms (77 K) and XRD data provided information on the porosity, surface area, micropore volume and interlayer distance of these samples. The surface area varied between 198 and 266 m2/g for Ti- and Fe-PILC, respectively. The titania pillared clay had also the highest micropore volume (0.142 cc/g) and interlayer spacing (16–20 Å), compared to the Zr-PILC, which had the smallest spacing between the layers (max, 4 Å). Despite this fact, Zr-PILC always showed a high adsorption capacity for gases such as N2, O2, Ar or CO2, due to its high adsorption field in the very small micropores. From gas adsorption experiments on these various PILCs, it became clear that their adsorption properties depend on the pillars in three ways: (i) the pillar height, (ii) the distribution of the pillars between the clay layers and (iii) the nature of the pillaring species. The incorporation of other elements in the pillars leads to specific adsorption sites in the pores. This was demonstrated by the preparation of mixed Fe/Cr and Fe/Zr pillared clays. Compared to the parent Fe-PILC, the incorporation of chromium and zirconium in the iron oxide pillars had a positive influence on the adsorption capacity. Also the modification of a PILC with cations increases both capacity and selectivity for gases. This was confirmed by the increased adsorption of N2, O2 and CO2 at 273 K on a Sr2+ exchanged Al-PILC.
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    Adsorption of gas mixtures on solid surfaces, theory and computer simulation (1995)
    Springer
    Adsorption 1 (1995), S. 7-16 
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    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract A treatment of the thermodynamics of mixed gas adsorption is presented in which the gas-solid interface is three dimensional. Such a treatment yields an additional term as compared to two dimensional approaches. This additional term has significant consequences for the derivation of adsorbed solution theories, particularly at higher temperatures. Results are presented for a Grand Canonical Monte Carlo study of a model methane-ethane mixture in a carbonaceous slit pore. Comparison of single component and mixture results provides an unambiguous means of testing theories of adsorbed solutions and bears out the thermodynamic treatment presented in the previous section of the paper.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00704142
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    A simulation model of a high-capacity methane adsorptive storage system (1995)
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    Adsorption 1 (1995), S. 17-27 
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    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract A two-dimensional model is developed to describe the hydrodynamics, heat transfer and adsorption phenomena associated with the adsorptive storage of natural gas (NG) in cylindrical reservoirs. Intraparticle and film resistances to both heat and mass transfer are neglected. In the momentum equation, Ergun's law is considered locally valid and is extended to two dimensions. These assumptions are fully justified in the paper. Numerical results are presented concerning the pressurization and blowdown of an ultra-lightweight 50 litre cylinder, commercially available for the storage of compressed NG, if it were filled with an activated carbon having a good adsorptive storage capacity. A simple formula is also proposed to predict the filling times for fast charges. The predicted temperature changes in the packed-bed are in good agreement with those reported in the literature for an experimental charge/discharge.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00704143
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    Determination of transport coefficients in microporous solids (1995)
    Springer
    Adsorption 1 (1995), S. 29-48 
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    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Keywords: measurement method ; mathematical model ; zeolite ; intraparticle diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Macroscopic transient methods are reviewed with respect to their applicability to the investigation of molecular transport in microporous sorption systems. Various levels of sophistication of data evaluation for nonequilibrium sorption results obtained by means of batch methods are identified and characterised. Special attention is paid to the characterisation ofFickian (intracrystalline) diffusion as well as to the identification and quantification of additional rate mechanisms that, in general, may simultaneously occur in molecular sieve systems. A state-of-art determination of transport coefficients is exemplified for the systems benzene/microporous gallosilicate of MFI-type, n-hexane/silicalite-I and p-ethyltoluene/ZSM-5. Their sorption rate behaviour can be understood either byFickian diffusion or byFickian diffusion and intracrystalline molecular immobilisation/mobilisation and surface barrier penetration, respectively. To analyse complex sorption rate patterns in microporous systems, the method oftotal curve fitting with full parameter region consideration becomes mandatory.
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  • 94
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    Monolayer cuprous chloride dispersed on pillared clays for olefin-paraffin separations by π-complexation (1995)
    Springer
    Adsorption 1 (1995), S. 61-75 
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    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Keywords: π-complexation sorbents ; pillared clays ; olefin-paraffin separations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract New adsorbents containing cuprous chloride dispersed on pillared interlayered clays (PILC) have been prepared and studied for olefin-paraffin separations. High surface-area PILC's were synthesized with different metal oxide (Al2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2 and ZrO2) as the intercalating pillars. Cuprous chloride was dispersed in a submonolayer form on these PILC's. Pure-component isotherms were measured for C2H4, C2H6, C3H6 and C3H8 at 25°C and 60°C. All sorbents exhibited high C2H4/C2H6 and C3H6/C3H8 ratios with significantly high amounts of olefins adsorbed. The best sorbent was CuCl/TiO2-PILC which showed a C2H4/C2H6 ratio of 5.3 and C3H6/C3H8=2.9 at 25°C. In all cases, olefins adsorbed by π-complexation with Cu(I) ion, reflected by heats of adsorption in the range 10.7–13.7 kcal/mol, as compared to 4.8–6.9 kcal/mol for the physical adsorption of the paraffins. The π-complexation was fully reversible, limited only by the rates of pore diffusion. Diffusion of C2's was rapid while for C3's the diffusion reached 60% completion in approximately 6 min. Comparing these results with those of CuCl/γ-Al2O3, the olefin/paraffin adsorption ratios were not as high as those of the later. However, the olefin isotherms on the PILC-supported CuCl displayed the desirable feature of having a steeper portion above the knee of the isotherm (the knee occurred at below 0.1 atm). This was a useful feature for separation because it yielded a larger working capacity. The steeper isotherm was attributed to a higher degree of energy heterogeneity as the PILC contained both surfaces of pillars and clay layers as opposed to only γ-Al2O3.
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    Physisorption of alcohols and water vapour by MCM-41, a model mesoporous adsorbent (1995)
    Springer
    Adsorption 1 (1995), S. 77-82 
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    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Adsorption isotherms of methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, butan-1-ol and water vapour have been determined on MCM-41, a model mesoporous adsorbent. The isotherms of the alcohols are all of Type IV, whereas the water isotherm is of Type V in the IUPAC classification. Each adsorption isotherm exhibits a sharp step, indicative of capillary condensation within a narrow distribution of mesopores. The isotherms are reversible in the monolayer-multilayer region, but distinctive hysteresis loops are associated with the condensation-evaporation cycle. The area within the loop is dependent on the adsorptive, increasing in scale from methanol to butan-1-ol and water. It is evident that the large internal surface of MCM-41 is somewhat hydrophobic and that its mesopore structure is remarkably uniform and stable.
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    Activity coefficients of adsorbed mixtures (1995)
    Springer
    Adsorption 1 (1995), S. 103-112 
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    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Keywords: adsorption ; mixtures ; activity coefficients ; zeolites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Experimental and simulated data for adsorption of gas mixtures on energetically heterogeneous surfaces like activated carbon and zeolites exhibit negative deviations from ideality. The deviations are large in some cases, with activity coefficients at infinite dilution equal to 0.1 or less. Similar molecules form ideal mixtures, but molecules of different size or polarity are nonideal. Equations for bulk liquid mixtures (Wilson, Margules, etc.) do not apply to isobars for adsorbed mixtures. A two-constant equation for activity coefficients as a function of composition and spreading pressure is in good agreement with theory, simulation, and experiment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00704999
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    Optimum isotherm equation and thermodynamic interpretation for aqueous 1,1,2-trichloroethene adsorption isotherms on three adsorbents (1995)
    Springer
    Adsorption 1 (1995), S. 113-132 
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    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Keywords: adsorbent properties ; liquid phase adsorption isotherms ; activated carbon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Aqueous 1,1,2-trichloroethene (TCE) adsorption isotherms were obtained on Ambersorb1® 563 and 572 adsorbents and Filtrasorb2® 400 granular activated carbon (GAC). The data for Ambersorb 563 adsorbent covers TCE concentrations from 0.0009 to 600 mg/L. The data for each adsorbent was fit to 15 isotherm equations to determine an optimum equation. The best equation for the TCE adsorption isotherms is the Dubinin-Astakov (DA) isotherm. The DA isotherm coefficients were used to estimate the TCE micropore volume and the adsorption potential distribution. For each adsorbent, the TCE micropore volume is equivalent to the N2 porosimetry micropore volume. The mean adsorption potential is 18.8, 13.0, and 8.9 kJ/mol, with coefficients of variation of 0.37, 0.53, and 0.67, for Ambersorb 563 and 572 adsorbents and Filtrasorb 400 GAC, respectively. Thus, Ambersorb 563 adsorbent has the most energetic and most homogeneous adsorption volume, while Filtrasorb 400 GAC has the least energetic and most heterogeneous adsorption volume. For these reasons, Ambersorb 563 adsorbent has the highest TCE capacity at low concentrations, whereas Filtrasorb 400 GAC has the highest TCE capacity at high concentrations. The performance of Ambersorb 572 adsorbent is generally intermediate to the other two adsorbents.
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    Adsoprtion and adsorptive separations: A bibliographical update (1992–1993) (1995)
    Springer
    Adsorption 1 (1995), S. 83-97 
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    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract This article provides a bibliographic listing of published journal papers concerned with adsorptive separations during 1992–1993. The references are taken from the 40 most important chemical engineering journals. This paper provides an update to the literature as provided in previous bibliographic papers [1, 2]. These previous papers also included membrane-type separations, however due to the number of papers and the diversity of membrane and associated processes, this material is to be published separately [3]. Other bibliographic papers covering the more traditional unit operations, e.g. distillation [4], and equilibrium-staged separations in general [5, 6] have been published. Liquid-liquid extraction [7] is the subject of a separate bibliography (for 1992–1993), due to the number of publications on this topic. A bibliography detailing supercritical extraction from 1980–1993 is also to be published separately due to the current interest in this relatively new technology [8]. A complete bibliography of the chemical engineering journal literature from 1967–1993 has been published by the author [9–12]. An earlier bibliography [13] provides access to the literature prior to 1967.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00704148
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    Upcoming adsorption meetings (1995)
    Springer
    Adsorption 1 (1995), S. 175-176 
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    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00705004
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  • 100
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    Density of He adsorbed in micropores at 4.2K (1995)
    Springer
    Adsorption 1 (1995), S. 165-173 
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    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Keywords: He adsorption ; micropore ; ultramicroporosity ; N2 adsorption ; zeolite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The density of He adsorbed in the cylindrical micropores of zeolites NaY and KL has been determined by He adsorption at 4.2K. He adsorption isotherms were then compared with N2 adsorption isotherms at 77K. Crystallographic considerations of the micropore volumes gave the density of the He adsorbed layer, which is necessary for assessment of ultramicroporosity of less-crystalline microporous solids, such as activated carbons. The determined density of He adsorbed in the cylindrical micropores of the zeolite was in the range 0.22 to 0.26 gml−1, greater than that of He adsorbed on a flat surface (0.202 gml−1). A value for the density of He between 0.20 to 0.22 gml−1 is recommended for evaluation of ultramicroporosity of a slit-shaped microporous system such as activated carbon.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00705003
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