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  • Articles  (15,880)
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  • 2010-2014
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ASS volume 29 issue 4 Cover and Back matter (1995)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 29 (1995), S. 1-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00016140
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
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    Opium Smoking in Late Imperial China: A Reconsideration (1995)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 29 (1995), S. 765-794 
    Details
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: A social problem in one country may often be held up as an example to others, but it is rare for it to bring forth an internationally coordinated response with a world-wide application. One of these rarities is the campaign against ‘hard’ drugs. While liquor laws differ widely from country to country, the modern system of laws against cocaine and the opiates have been established by international convention. These arrangements evolved out of the measures taken to help imperial China with its opium problem, which was regarded, at least in part, as a foreign responsibility arising out of the vast quantities of Indian opium which had been imported by foreigners into China throughout the nineteenth century, often in questionable circumstances. The behaviour of the opium merchants and their governments seemed all the more reprehensible because of the encouragement which it gave to the Chinese to break their own government's laws against opium smoking and poppy cultivation. The first International Opium Commission met in Shanghai in 1909 and passed a number of resolutions to help China; it also laid down principles of co-operation between producing and consuming countries which tended logically to expand in scope and force, leading to a global system of control of all narcotic substances, and to the institutionalization of these arrangements under the League and the United Nations.
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  • 3
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    Loyalty, Locality and Authority in Several Opinions (Faāwā) Delivered by the Muftī of the Jami'ah Nizāmiyyah Madrasah, Hyderabad, India (1995)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 29 (1995), S. 893-927 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: During an evening's conversation in September of 1989 in Hyderabad, two educated men: onea retired professor of economics, the other a civil servant whose avocation was lexicography, entered into a spirited and lengthy debate over the proper way of translating ‘fundamentalist’ into Urdu. The lexicographer argued that ‘bunyād-parast (lit: one who loves the basics)’ was the most accurate as it conveyed not only the English meaning, but also the reality of what a fundamentalist Muslim believed. In opposition, the economist held that ‘mullah-yī (lit: like a mullah)’ was culturally more correct. The ‘foundation’ implied by bunyad was not specifically religious. It could apply to the fundamentals of anything: grammar, for example. In addition, he argued that what fundamentalists really did was to dress, act and talk like mullahs. In a sense, both were correct, because each was struggling over the transfer of a notion alien to traditional Islam into the vocabulary of a living language through which Muslims interact.
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  • 4
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    Armed Incidents and Unpaid Bills: Anglo—Dutch Rivalry in the Banda Islands in the Seventeenth Century (1995)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 29 (1995), S. 705-740 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The purpose of this study is to shed light on an aspect of seventeenth century Anglo-Dutch relations that has hitherto been virtually neglected: the rivalry over the Banda Islands. I will point out how economic antagonism between England and the Dutch Republic, a topic that as a rule is mainly regarded in a European context, also erupted in the East-Indian sphere of expansion, even in remote areas such as Banda. Unlike in Europe, in Asia conflicting economic interests immediately and repeatedly resulted in open violence. This was stopped in 1619 by a treaty of cooperation that paradoxically enabled the Dutch to establish themselves even more firmly in these islands, and in the Indonesian Archipelago as a whole, in a way detrimental to the English.
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  • 5
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    Assuaging the Sikhs: Government Responses to the Akali Movement, 1920–1925 (1995)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 29 (1995), S. 655-703 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: In 1920, Sikhs in the Punjab started a campaign aimed at freeing their principal gurdwaras (temples) from the control of their hereditary incumbents. The campaign quickly gathered momentum, and, within a few months, it developed into a non-violent anti-government movement. Unlike the rather shortlived 1919 Disturbances and the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat movement in the Punjab, the Sikh agitation, which came to be known as the Akali movement, did not cease until 1925 and caused considerable concern to the Punjab authorities, as well as the Government of India. The Akali movement was not limited, as in past cases of anti-British agitation involving the Sikhs, to small groups of disaffected Sikhs, returned emigrants, or Congress sympathizers; at its height in 1922, the unrest encompassed the bulk of central Punjab's Jat Sikh peasantry, one of the most militarized sections of Punjabi society. The Sikh community's martial traditions, fostered by their religious doctrines and culture, had been kept alive during British rule by the recruitment policies of the Indian Army, where, in 1920, one in every fourteen adult male Sikhs in the Punjab was in service. This meant that the abiding allegiance of the Sikh community to the Raj was a matter of considerable importance, and their estrangement, especially that of the Jat Sikh peasantry, would adversely affect the Sikh regiments of the Indian Army. It also meant that if the community as a whole was provoked into open rebellion, British hold on the Punjab could well nigh prove untenable.
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  • 6
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    Hierarchy and Power in Pre-National Buddhist States (1993)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 27 (1993), S. 843-870 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Since the Second World War, an important school of social science scholarship in Southeast Asia has explained pre-national social hierarchy in terms of religious cosmology, or religious beliefs in the ordering principles of merit and karma (Heine-Geldern, 1956; Geertz, 1980; Errington, 1989). With respect to Siam/Thailand, Tambiah (1970, 1976, 1984) exemplifies this approach in its strong form—he has attempted to explain all religious practices of the ‘Thais’ as expressions of Buddhist orthodoxy. For these writers, religious and cosmological meaning is fundamental, and subsumes the economic dimension. Their emphasis on cultural coherence contrasts with a second school of thought exemplified by Scott (1977, 1985) which focuses on slippage or difference between the ‘great traditions’ represented in Thailand by Buddhism, and little traditions of peasantries, based on local experience, pre-existing little traditions or the appropriation of past ‘great traditions’.
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  • 7
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    Clifford, Nicholas R.: Spoilt Childern of Empire: Westerners in Shanghai and the Chinese Revolution of the 1920s : Hanover and London, Middlebury College Press, University Press of New England, 1991 (1993)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 27 (1993), S. 911-913 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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  • 8
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    ASS volume 27 issue 3 Cover and Front matter (1993)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 27 (1993), S. 1-2 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00010866
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  • 9
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    Rivals and Rituals in Jambi, South Sumatra (1858–1901) (1993)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 27 (1993), S. 573-591 
    Details
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Political rituals can be seen as non-verbal expressions of an existing or desired political reality. Whether ritual is defined with the emphasis on the cremonial aspect (Tennekens), with attention to emotional meaning (Lukes) or with regard to repetitions (Kertzer), all definitions stress this symbolic function. Rituals are about the expression of a wish or a fact in symbolic form, in other words they refer to another reality behind the directly observable. Rituals are a form of communication about deeper values, norms and relationships. Political rituals thus convery messages about political relationships and the configurations and exercise of power.
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  • 10
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    Local Integration and Eurasian Analogies: Structuring Southeast Asian History, c. 1350—c. 1830 (1993)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 27 (1993), S. 475-572 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The historiography of precolonial Southeast Asia remains remarkably fragmented and inaccessible, even by the standards of that variegated region. We have a limited number of country monographs. But no systematic overview of Southeast Asian political or economic history has been attempted for all, or even part, of the period between the waning of the classical states in the fourteenth century and the onset of high colonialism in the early nineteenth. Scholarly surveys, like the magisterial and still standard magnum opus of D. G. E. Hall, make discretion the better part of valor by providing separate country chapters without integrative theme or comment.
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  • 11
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    The T'i—Yung Dichotomy and the Search for Talent in Late-Ch'ing China (1993)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 27 (1993), S. 253-279 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: It is a commonplace in modern Chinese history that the twin-concept of t'i–yung espoused a doctrine of cultural conservatism in late-Ch'ing China. Briefly, the dichotomy is seen as a call to preserve the ‘substance’ (t'i) of the Chinese cultural tradition by adopting the ‘function’ (yung) of Western technology, or simply, to strengthen Confucian China by implementing Western-inspired reforms; hence, the famous slogan, ‘Chinese learning for fundamental principles and Western learning for practical application’ (Chung-hsueh wei-t'i Hsi-hsueh weiyung). Both the slogan and the position it reflects have long come under criticism. An early, influential critic was Yen Fu, the well-known interpreter of Social Darwinism in late-Ch'ing China. In 1902, in a published open letter to the editor of Wai-chiao pao (Foreign affairs magazine), Yen expanded on an earlier view of a contemporary schlar, Ch'iu T'ing-liang, that the notion of t'i-yung, when properly applied, refers to the two complementary aspects of a single entity and not to attributes from two different juxtaposed objects. To drive home his point, Yen cites an analogy. An ox as t'i has its yung, which is to carry heavy loads, whereas a horse as t'i has its yung, which is to go long distances. Now the attempt to combine a t'i with an extraneous yung is like ascribing a horse's function to an ox's body, or vice versa, and the result could only be a bizarre mismatch, an affront to nature's purposes.
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  • 12
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    The Manchurian Crisis and Moderate Japanese Intellectuals: The Japan Council of the Institute of Pacific Relations (1992)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 507-544 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Ever since its occurrence, the ‘Manchurian Incident’ of September 1931 has been interpreted, by both Japanese and non-Japanese writers, as a crucial event in modern Japanese and, indeed, world history. Not least, it has been identified as the beginning of Japan's ‘fifteen-year war’. Whether or not such judgements are accepted, it must be recognized that the Manchurian Incident and subsequent events significantly affected the workings of Japanese politics in the 1930s, the relationship between civil and military authorities and Japan's international image in the years leading up to the Pacific War.
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  • 13
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    Winks, Robin W.; Rush, James R.Embree, Ainslie T.; Juergensmeyer, MarkInden, Ronald: Asia in Western FictionImagining India. Essays on Indian HistoryImagining India : Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1990Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1989Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1990 (1992)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 609-621 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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  • 14
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    ASS volume 26 issue 2 Cover and Front matter (1992)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 1-2 
    Details
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00009744
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  • 15
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    Big Fish in Small Ponds: The Exercise of Power in a Nineteenth-century Philippine Municipality (1992)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 679-700 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The basic administrative unit in the Spanish Philippines was the pueblo or municipal township. The pueblo encompassed both settled and unsettled districts within its geographical boundaries. The town centre Known as the población was the largest single residential zone within the municipality but was surrounded by smaller satellite communities. Beyond these areas of settlement were the sparsely populated regions of swamp, forest, plain or mountain. Size varied enormously both in geographical extent and population density from a few hundred families clustered in a single village or barangay in frontier areas to many tens of thousands of persons spread over a number of settlements in the lowland provinces of Luzon and the central Visayas.2 The administrative boundaries of one pueblo, however, bordered upon another so that all areas under Spanish suzerainty fell within one or other of these municipalities.
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  • 16
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    Parīksāguru (1882): The First Hindi Novel and the Hindu Elite (1992)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 763-790 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: This paper attempts to examine Śrīnivāsdās's Parīksāguru ‘Experience is the only teacher’ (1882) generally considered to be the first novel in Hindi,as a novel which draws its subject matter from the extravagant life-styles of the traditional Hindu elites, the rich Hindu bankers and traders, rather than from the peculiar traits of the middle class as is generally asscrted by Hindi scholars.
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  • 17
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    Visions of Salvation: a Thai Buddhist Experience of Ecumenism (1992)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 31-47 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: AbstractMigration from the countryside to urban provincial centres and capital cities is a major reason why rural communities in southeast Asia suffer extensively from acute poverty and ill health. In Thailand, as elsewhere, it is principally the young and able who move to the cities in search of jobs, and whose departure impoverishes even more their home communities. The Thai Sangha has traditionally accommodated this pattern of migration by providing educational opportunities for those who ordain at an early age, but in recent years a variety of schemes has enabled monks to learn secular skills which equip them to become ‘practitioners of development’ in their home regions. This training has gone hand in hand with attempts by leading scholar monks to reformulate Buddhist teaching to emphasize the importance of living in self-reliant communities which are alert to the most up-to-date scientific information available on health care and environmental protection.
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  • 18
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    Yang Xianzhen's Critique of the Great Leap Forward (1992)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 591-608 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Kang Sheng—a veteran counter-intelligence official and close political ally of Mao Zedong's—is said to have remarked in the winter of 1959 that among the critics of the Great Leap Forward (GLF) there was ‘One soldier’ and ‘One civilian’ whose criticisms were ‘in close harmony’. The soldier was Peng Dehuai, China's Minister of Defence, who had clashed with Mao at the Lushan Conference that summer, and whose criticism of the GLF had subsequently been denounced by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Central Committee as an ‘attempt at splitting the Party´ and ‘a ferocious assault on the Party Center and Comrade Mao Zedong's leadership’. The civilian was Yang Xianzhen, the President of the Central Party School, who had aroused Kang's wrath by condemning the GLF as hopelessly Utopian, and by claiming that it already had brought on starvation and might yet bring about the collapse of the CCP.
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  • 19
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    The Politics of Indian Secularism (1992)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 815-853 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Indian newspapers and academic journals assault their readers with stories of large-scale communal violence and of the communalization of India's political institutions. These stories are frequently accompanied by pious editorials which enact the well-known Indian ritual of paying lip-service to the concept of ‘secularism’. Secularism is one question on which intellectuals have made common cause with social workers and politicians, joining them in meetings and seminars, even participating in the peace marches which are commonly organized in the aftermath of communal riots. There have even been occasions in which individuals who are known to have been involved, directly or otherwise, in communal battles, have participated in these rites of secularism.
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  • 20
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    ASS volume 26 issue 3 Cover and Front matter (1992)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 1-2 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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  • 21
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    Soekarno: The Man and the Myth: Looking Through a Glass Darkly (1992)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 495-506 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: With the current and continuing collapse of marxist-stalinist structures occurring in the eastern part of our European world and the ensuing debate now circulating about personal cultship and the mythologies surrounding it, I feel I must congratulate the convenor of this 1990 Oxford Trinity College lecture programme for the title he chose to bestow upon the small part I am responsible for discussing.
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  • 22
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    Fang Zhimin, Jingdezhen and the Northeast Jiangxi Soviet (1992)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 569-589 
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    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: In June 1930, units of the 10th Red Army, which had been formed in northeastern Jiangxi by Fang Zhimin and Shao Shiping, entered the ancient porcelain town of Jingdezhen. The capture of the town brought the modern revolutionary politics of the Chines Communits Party (CCP) into contact with the local government and trades union organizations of a conservative, traditionally-minded town. Jingdezhen remained under the influence of the Red Army from 1930 until the strategic withdrawal from the Northeast Jiangxi Soviet in 1933 which was the forerunner of the complete withdrawal from the Jiangxi base areas and the Long March. There is ample information on the organization of the N.E. Jiangxi Soviet base and its best-known leader, Fang Zhimin, but most studies concentrate on the political structure of the Soviet government, the career and personality of Fang and the peasant milieu in which the Soviet emerged.1 Jingdezhen was not a peasant society or a major city: it was an intermediate small town world with part of the population permanently resident and many seasonal workers from the rural areas who provided a link with peasant communities.
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  • 23
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    Rawson, Jessica: Western Zhou Ritual Bronzes from the Arthur M. Sackler Collections : Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Arthur M. Sackler Museum, 1990 (1992)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 634-639 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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  • 24
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    Jawaharlal Nehru and Planning, 1938–41: India at the Crossroads (1992)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 275-287 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The modern state is interventionist, and planning is an effective means to ascertain its control over the entire social process. As an operational tool, planning seems formidable to structure the role of the state in accordance with its ideological underpinning. Therefore, not only is planning as an instrument tuned to economic regeneration, it is inextricably tied to the regime's political preference as well. The aim here is not to argue for a deterministic network between planning and the ideological slant of the regime and its leadership and viceversa, but to show the complex interdependence which entails, at the same time, an interplay of various pulls and pressures in a rapidly changing social fabric. Colonial India provides us with a political system embedded in both the age-old and primordial value system and various other cultural influences which, inter alia reflected the system's absorption of alien value preferences. This obviously was not a smooth process, for India which drew on loyalties based on primordial ties strove to absorb new stimuli which had their roots in a completely different socio-political and economic environment; the result being tension among those presiding over the destiny of the country which had its reflection in the political discourse of the day. By concentrating on planning which, among other things, strove to transform India from a traditional to a modern society, the paper seeks to explain the difficulty facing the Congress stalwarts, Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose in particular, despite their confidence in planning as the only instrument to rejuvenate India after the British withdrawal.
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  • 25
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    ASS volume 26 issue 1 Cover and Back matter (1992)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 1-4 
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    Brotherhood of the Pure: The Poetics and Politics of Cultural Transgression (1992)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 157-197 
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    Notes: The spring month of Māgh heralds festivals, pilgrimages and popular rituals in the north Indian countryside. In 1872, the small village Bhaini, in Ludhiana district, was the scene of feverish activity. Participants in a millenarian community popularly known as Kukas had collected there in connection with the spring festivities on the 11 and 12 of January. They had, however, very little to celebrate. In the past four months nine of their numbers had been hanged by the colonial authorities on charges of attacking slaughter houses and killing butchers, others had been imprisoned, and many more were subjected to increasing surveillance and restrictions. British officials nervously shifted their views of the Kukas. Earlier seen as religious reformers within the Sikh tradition, they were now deemed to be political rebels. As those present felt heavily suspect in the eyes of the administration, the atmosphere at Bhaini must have been tense and unnerving.
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    Chang, Shelley Hsueh-Lun: History and Legend, Ideas and Images in the Ming Historical Novels : Ann Arbor, The University of Michigan Press, 1990 (1992)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 205-206 
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    Origins and Development of the Malayan Communist Movement, 1919–1930 (1991)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 25 (1991), S. 625-648 
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    Notes: Communism as an ideology was first introduced to Malaya by Chinese anarchists, and not by Kuomintang Left, Indonesian communists or Chinese communists as claimed in existing scholarship.1 A handful of Chinese anarchists arrived in British Malaya during the First World War to take up positions as Chinese vernacular school teachers or journalists. These Chinese intellectuals harboured not only anarchism but also communism, commonly known then as anarcho-communism.
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    Rulership and Divinity: The Case of the Modern Hindu Prince and Beyond (1991)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 25 (1991), S. 765-790 
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    Notes: The former rulers of Princely India present to many people a simple stereotype. Surrounded by pomp and luxury, they are thought to have headed autocratic and tradition-based regimes in which their word was law and their desires untrammeled, since they were considered to be in some way divine because of their descent from such deities as the sun and moon. Moreover this view, by implication, contrasts with the democratic regime which followed the accession and merging of their States into the Indian Union in 1948.
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    ASS volume 25 issue 3 Cover and Back matter (1991)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 25 (1991), S. 1-7 
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    Alavi, Hamza; Harriss, John: Sociology of ‘Developing Societies’: South Asia : Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1989 (1991)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 25 (1991), S. 621-623 
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    Socio-Economic Development Through the Informal Credit Market (1991)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 25 (1991), S. 209-225 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: While a number of in-depth studies have been carried out on the role of the formal financial market (Gurley and Shaw, 1955; Patrick, 1966; Porter, 1966; Goldsmith, 1969; McKinnon, 1973; Shaw, 1973, to mention a few), the informal or unorganized financial sector has largely been neglected. While discussions about the operations of the informal market were popular about 20 years ago (Geertz, 1962; Ardener, 1964; Anderson, 1966; Kurtz, 1973) they have gradually been relegated to the side-lines and this is despite the fact that the said market is neverthel ess of significant size and importance (as will be illustrated elsewhere in the paper).
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    From Crisis to Community Definition: The Dynamics of Eighteenth-Century Parsi Philanthropy (1991)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 25 (1991), S. 303-320 
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    Notes: India's Parsis as a group have long been noted for their entrepreneurial talent. Parsis have played an important role in the growth of Indian industry in the nineteenth century, pioneering cotton textile industries in western India. Parsis were first described by early European visitors like J. Ovington as the principal weavers of Gujarat who worked primarily in ‘silks and stuffs’. In the late seventeenth century, Parsis began to participate in trade as ‘a large number of Parsi merchants began to operate in Swally and some of them like Asa Vora bought pinnaces (small coastal ships) to transport their goods to Basra and other ports in the area.’
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    Japanese Modernization and the Emergence of New Fictwn in Early Twentieth Century China: A Study of Liang Qichao (1995)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 29 (1995), S. 817-840 
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    Notes: Inspired by Japanese influences among others the late Qing period saw a great surge in the writing of fiction after 1900. The rate of growth was unprecedented in the history of Chinese literature. The great surge coincided with rapid socio-political changes that China underwent in the last fifteen years of the Qing Dynasty. At the psychological level, the humiliating defeat by Japan in 1895 gave rise to a feeling of urgency for reform among some progressively minded Chinese intellectuals. Those reformers came to view fiction as a powerful medium to further their reform causes and to arouse among the people the awareness of the changes they believed China most urgently required. Fiction was no longer considered as constituting insignificant and trivial writings. It was no longer the idle pastime of retired literati composed to entertain a small circle of their friends, or written by a discontented recluse to vent a personal grudge through a brush. The role of fiction came to be defined in relation to its utility as an influence on politics and society and its artistic quality was subordinated to such a definition.
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    ASS volume 29 issue 3 Cover and Back matter (1995)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 29 (1995), S. 1-3 
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    Asian Capital in the Age of European Domination: The Rise of the Bazaar, 1800–1914 (1995)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 29 (1995), S. 449-554 
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    Notes: There was a time when the economic confrontation between East and West was perceived as a confrontation between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft. ‘East is East and West is West, and never the twain shall meet,’—thus wrote J. H. Boeke, quoting Rudyard Kipling with warm approval. The notion has since been undermined by deeper explorations into the history of the Chinese and Indian merchant bankers, and the Jews of the Islamic world. Over large parts of Java, with which Boeke was most familiar, there was indeed a sharp contrast between the local communal economy and the sophisticated capitalism of the Dutch colonists. It appeared an inevitable process of history that the Dutch corporations should subjugate the petty Javanese communities of princes, peasants and pedlars. It was also taken for granted that the phenomenon was general and that European gesellschaft did not confront and conquer such petty gemeinschaften in Java alone. But when the individual studies of the Chinese, Indian and Islamic—Jewish long-distance trade and credit networks are seen in over-all perspective, the impression that emerges is one of confrontation, at the higher level, between two gesellschaften: one of European origin, the other Eastern. Nor does it appear to be the sort of outright collision that simply resulted in the latter being broken up and relegated to a corner. The idea nevertheless persists that the ‘bazaar economy’ of the East was a debased, fragmented and marginal sector absorbed and peripheralized within the capitalist world economy of the West.
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    Warrior, Peasant and Brahmin (1995)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 29 (1995), S. 637-654 
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    Notes: It may be expected of the Kingsley Martin lecturer that he addresses a theme of topical relevance. This is as it should be, for the modern history of South Asia offers an exceptionally wideranging choice of themes for reflection and inquiry. It will, then, seem strangely inappropriate to go to the other end of the time scale, to the early beginnings of Indian civilization. It would be vain to try and advance an excuse for this turn-about — such excuses would be too easily tainted by special pleading. It is just the romantic lure of a world that was irredeemably lost long ago. Or was it? It may be nearer to us than we care to admit.
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    International Trade in Bengal Silk and The Comparative Role of Asians and Europeans, circa. 1700–1757 (1995)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 29 (1995), S. 373-386 
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    Notes: It is almost common knowledge by now, thanks to the penetrating research by several scholars in the field, that Bengal silk was an important commodity in international trade in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. But the general assumption so far has been that it was the Europeans rather than the Asians who played the major role in the export of raw silk from Bengal.As a corollary to thi and taking into consideration the dominant position of the European Companies in Bengal textile trade, historians have maintained even in recent studies that around the mid-eighteenth century, European trade was the most important factor in Bengal's commercial economy. 1 There is no denying the fact that the Companies were the most dominant factor in Bengal's seaborne trade but that does not necessarily imply that they were far ahead of Asians in Bengal's export trade as a whole. For the above does not take into account Bengal's export trade by overland routes which had always been extremely significant. It is generally assumed that with the fall of the great empires–Mughal, Safavid and Ottoman–and the consequent decline of ports like Surat, the overland trade was doomed. The reason for this sort of assumption, it seems, was mainly the lack of data regarding India's overland trade compared to the abundance of quantitative material in the Company archives on European exports from Bengal. It is also possible that the fascination of the sea and preoccupation with the European market, as also the nature of the surviving evidence, have obscured the significance of the traditional and continuing trade through the overland route from India. Moreland thought that India's overland trade in the seventeenth century was of small importance and that the important development took place at sea.2
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    The French in Laos, 1887–1945 (1995)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 29 (1995), S. 111-139 
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    Notes: Laos constituted one of the five territorial entities making up French Indochina—comprising in addition the colony of Cochinchina and the protectorates of Annam, Tonkin and Cambodia. It was never, however, one among equals. Even before the annexation of Lao territories east of the Mekong river in 1893, Laos was perceived as little more than an extension of Vietnam west towards Siam (Thailand), a much more significant potential prize. The addition of minor extensions west of the Mekong demarcated by treaty in 1904 and 1907 still gave France no more than half the former Lao Kingdom of Lan Xang. Any possibility of reconstituting a greater Lao state was thereafter lost.
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    The Cross Battles the Crescent One Century of Missionary Work Among Chinese Muslims (1850–1950) (1995)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 29 (1995), S. 203-221 
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    Notes: Much has been written and published about Christianity in China, less has been known about the particular interest that the Mission had evinced toward the Muslims of China, much less has been recorded about the Muslim reactions to this activity, and almost nothing has been concluded in terms of the dialectical interaction between Christianity and Islam in that part of the world.
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    ASS volume 27 issue 4 Cover and Front matter (1993)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 27 (1993), S. 1-2 
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    Nationalism and Feminism in Late Colonial India: The Rani of Jhansi Regiment, 1943–1945 (1993)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 27 (1993), S. 741-760 
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    Notes: Between 1943 and 1945, 1,500 Indian women in Burma, Malaya and Singapore exchanged their colorful saris for the khakis, breeches, half caps and boots of the Rani of Jhansi Regiment, the all-female brigade of the Indian National Army (INA). Under the leadership of Subhas Chandra Bose, Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs, members of the moneyed elite and the daughters of rubber plantation laborers shared the same food and fate to fight a jungle war for India's freedom.
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    The Mughal Fiscal System in Surat and the English East India Company (1993)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 27 (1993), S. 711-718 
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    Notes: In this paper an attempt is made to outline the basic structure of taxes on trade and commerce at the Mughal port of Surat during the seventeenth century. This is explored chiefly from documents relating to the English East India Company. By the very nature of the Company being a foreign corporate body, it did not represent a typical ‘peddling’ tax-payer. But the system in so far as the ordinary merchants were concerned, can be restored for us indirectly by considering how far the Company was favoured in taxation matters. We may also reconsider the common view that the English enjoyed ‘invidious trading privileges’ by virtue of the orders of the imperial court, and that it was their privileges that explain their ultimate success in India.
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    The Transformation of Authority in Rural India (1993)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 27 (1993), S. 805-842 
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    Notes: Who or what constitutes the dominant power and/or authority in village India today? This sort of question is hardly ever amenable to any generally agreed answer for any society, and the Indian case is no exception. But to say this is already to have made a comment on the main stream of post-independence scholarship on agrarian India. Very soon after independence an academic orthodoxy hardened as to the character of agrarian social structure and power. The argument of this paper is that this orthodoxy is no longer valid and that it obscures what is a profound transformation in the character of agrarian India.
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    Public Housing in Colonial Indonesia 1900–1940 (1993)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 27 (1993), S. 871-896 
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    Notes: The Provision of housing for the urban poor has been a problem of long standing in the Third World. In some countries efforts at housing supply go beyond events which began forty years ago after World War II when large numbers of people began moving to the cities of Latin Amercia, Africa, and Asia giving rise to uncontrolled urban settlements and causing crowded living conditions in the already built-up areas. In Southeast Asia some colonial governments recognized the housing problem at the beginning of the twentieth century and began programs to ameliorate housing shortages and to improve living conditions for the urban masses. The investigative housing commissions in Singapore beginning in 1907 and the faltering efforts of the Singapore Improvement Trust perhaps are the best known examples. They were the precursors of the Housing and Development Board established in i960 in whose structures live some 85 percent of the Singapore population today. Urban officials in colonial Indonesia, the former Dutch East Indies, also had concerns for the housing of the masses. The Dutch colonial government eventually passed legislation which in a mild way supported housing and- was concerned to some extent with housing construction. For their part, the large cities on Java were more active.
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    Bartlett, Beatrice S.: Monarchs and Ministers: The Grand Council in Mid-Ch'ing China, 1723–1820 : Berkeley, University of Califorina Press, 1991 (1993)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 27 (1993), S. 917-920 
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    ASS volume 27 issue 3 Cover and Back matter (1993)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 27 (1993), S. 1-7 
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    ‘Communities at the Polls’: Electoral Politics and the Mobilization of Communal Groups in Travancore (1993)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 27 (1993), S. 643-665 
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    Notes: Modern Kerala presents us with a paradox: the state, best known to the outside world for its association with communism, is also where communalism has, arguably, found its most complex political expression. This raises tantalizing questions about the part considerations of class and community have played in the evolution of state politics. The aim of this paper is shed light on a little explored aspect of the background to the Kerala conundrum—the way in which politicians before independence mobilized communal support in elections.
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    European Community Development Assistance to Asia: Policies, Programs and Performance (1992)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 1-29 
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    Notes: The European Community is distinctive among the donors of international development assistance. Although it is categorized officially as a multilateral aid institution, the Community differs in structure, purpose and role compared to other, more familiar organizations of that genre. Like other multilaterals, the European Community derives its aid budget, as well as its other financial resources, from the fiscal contributions of its Member states (each of which provides its own bilateral assistance to developing countries). Yet, to be sure, the Community represents more than just a multilateral economic union, since it also constitutes a supra-European governmental authority in the making. Indeed, the European Community has begun to evolve a common foreign policy, which is reflected in its role in Official Development Assistance (ODA). Its aid effort, in giving expression to the Community's common international purpose, has taken on most of the attributes of government-to-government assistance. It is this combination of multilateral and quasi-bilateral characteristics that sets the European Economic Community (EEC, as the Community is styled in its ODA role) apart as a uniquely meta-national participant in international development cooperation.
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    The Invention of the ‘Jummas’: State Formation and Ethnicity in Southeastern Bangladesh (1992)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 95-128 
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    Notes: This paper deals with socio-cultural innovation in the hills of southeastern Bangladesh. Outsiders have always been struck by the ethnic diversity of this area. The literature—written mainly by British civil servants, Bengali men of letters, and European anthropologists—presents a picture of twelve distinct ‘tribes’, all practising swidden or shifting agriculture, locally known as jhum cultivation. In addition, there are Bengali immigrants who do not engage in swidden cultivation.
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    Leake, David: Brunei: The Modern Southeast Asian Islamic Sultanate : Mcfarland, Jefferson and London, 1990 (1992)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 199-202 
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    ASS volume 25 issue 4 Cover and Back matter (1991)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 25 (1991), S. 1-7 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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    Health and Nationalist Reconstruction: Rural Health in Nationalist China, 1928–1937 (1992)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 395-415 
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    Notes: In 1928, the newly established Nationalist government faced the formidable task of rebuilding the country after years of political disintegration. The central concern was national strengthening and modernization, and the government embarked on various programs of political, social and economic reconstruction. Medical modernization was part of this process. A study of the Nationalist efforts in this area is crucial to our understanding of the complexity of health developments in modern China since the Nationalist decade of 1928–1937 was the only period in pre-1949 China when a central government was able to assert some measure of control over the nation and preside over the construction of a modern health system. This process would include not only the initiation of new programs but also the consolidation and coordination of efforts on the part of individual reformers and groups. The examination of the evolution of such a system will illuminate a much neglected but important aspect of social and institutional developments in the Republican period. It will also lend historical perspective to the understanding of health developments after 1949. This essay focuses on the development and implementation of rural health programs in the Nationalist decade as well as the factors affecting the establishment of a viable health care system in the countryside.
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    ASS volume 25 issue 2 Cover and Front matter (1991)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 25 (1991), S. 1-2 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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    Crime in the Social Order of Colonial North India (1991)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 25 (1991), S. 227-261 
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    Notes: The necessary vocabulary has not yet been created to encompass both the ‘informing spirit’ and ‘whole social order’ of British India. In part, at least, this is because research has generally concentrated on either British or Indian realms of action, rather than the interaction between them. But British colonial rule shaped a distinctive social system in India, one that drew on both British and indigenous values as well as notions of authority. This essay analyzes aspects of this colonial social order by focusing on its legal system, particularly that portion designed to deal with what the British identified as ‘extraordinary’ crime. Indeed, criminal law may be among the most revealing aspects of a social order. For, as Douglas Hay has observed for a similar elaboration of the English legal structure, ‘criminal law is as much concerned with authority as it is with property ... the connections between property, power and authority are close and crucial.’
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    Inden, Ronald: Imagining India : Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1990 (1991)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 25 (1991), S. 403-406 
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    Ahmed, Akbar S.: Pakistan. The Social Sciences' Perspective : Oxford, New York, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1990 (1991)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 25 (1991), S. 408-414 
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    Secular Trends in Burmese Economic History, c. 1350–1830, and their Implications for State Formation (1991)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 25 (1991), S. 1-31 
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    Notes: Scholars of Burma cannot, in good conscience, invoke the usual justification — lack of adequate primary materials — for failing to construct an economic history of the precolonial era. By comparison with Siam, Cambodia, the Malay principalities, or indeed any Indianized Southeast Asian society with the possible exception of Java, Burma offers a uniquely continuous and voluminous array of documents bearing on patterns of cultivation, monetization, taxation, and domestic and foreign trade from at least the fourteenth through the nineteenth centuries.
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    Reform, Nationalism and Internationalism: The Opium Suppression Movement in China and the Anglo-American Influence, 1900–1908 (1991)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 25 (1991), S. 101-142 
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    Notes: Of the late Ch'ing reforms, perhaps none is more surprising than the opium suppression movement. Beginning in late 1906, it had by the end of 1908 succeeded in markedly curtailing the cultivation and consumption of opium at home and in obtaining formal assurance from the British to terminate gradually opium imports. These startling achievement are further magnified when we consider the setting within which they occurred.
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    The Control of Fate and Fortune: The Origins of the Market Mentality in British Administrative Thought in South Asia (1991)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 25 (1991), S. 737-764 
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    Notes: One basic phenomenon characterized administrative development in the Bombay Presidency between 1800 and 1820: a fundamental transformation in the British administrative mentality. In brief, this transformation amounted to a shift, completed by 1813, from a cautious conservatism to one of innovation for the sake of administrative regularity. This shift can in part be explained as the natural product of the territorial cessions by the Marathas to the Bombay Government in 1802–3: Bombay ceased from that date to be solely a commercial presidency and became a government with territorial responsibility. It took about a decade for this new role to be fully accepted and to be reflected in the attitudes of Bombay administrators.
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    Social Support Base and Electoral Politics: The Congress in Colonial Southeast Punjab (1991)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 25 (1991), S. 811-831 
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    Notes: The weakest hold of the Indian National Congress in the colonial period was in the province of Punjab. The strength and domination of the National Unionist Party and the limited support and response afforded to the various nationalist movements highlight the weakness of the Congress especially in its southeast region, now known, after being carved out as a separate state on the 1st of November 1966, as Haryana.
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    ‘The Habitual Nobility of Being’: British Officers and the Social Construction of the Bengal Army in the Early Nineteenth Century (1991)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 25 (1991), S. 545-569 
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    Notes: The ethnocentric and racialist overtones of the Victorian empire have long been acknowledged. Most work in this field has generally centred on the mid to late nineteenth century and, by emphasizing the intellectual and cultural currents in domestic society, has focused our attention on the metropole. This reveals only part of the equation; British attitudes towards the outside world arose from a complex matrix of ideas, assumptions and contacts that linked the metropole and colonial environments. In order to understand more fully British responses to non-European societies, and the impact these had on imperial developments, this paper will examine the Bengal army in the 1820s and demonstrate that it was during this period, and under this institution, that many of the assumptions were established under which the later Raj would operate. Of great importance were experiences in the Burma War (1824–26) and the simultaneous mutiny at Barrackpore which, by bringing to the surface doubts about the loyalty and reliability of the Bengal army, hastened a transition from an army modelled on caste lines to one that rested principally on race. This transformation from a caste-based army to an army of martial races was not fully completed, although the foundations were laid, in the years before the Indian Mutiny of 1857, largely because even those who rejected Bengal's dependence upon the highest castes could not bring themselves to argue for the recruitment of the lowest castes no matter what ‘race’ they were drawn from.
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    Emancipation for Survival: Access to Land and Labour of Thandans in Kerala (1991)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 25 (1991), S. 599-619 
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    Notes: Landless labourers often cultivate relations of patronage as part of survival strategies even though such relations severely curtail the scope for their emancipationin the long run. In the past decennia, however, the possibilities to maintain relations of patronage or get into new ones have been dwindling fast (Breman 1974). New forms of dependency, such as political clientelism, have proven to be relevant to only a selected minority. To which strategies for survival does the mass of the landless take resort in this situation? Are these more conducive to their emancipation than patronage relations?
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    Philosophy and Reality in Riparian South Asia: British Famine Policy and Migration in Colonial North India (1991)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 25 (1991), S. 263-279 
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    Notes: The assumption of the passive peasant in Indian history has been existent at least since the time of Max Weber, and continues to return, phoenix-like in its appearance, every few decades. Its importance, however, lies in the responses the generality spawns. Morris D. Morris refuted Max Weber's thesis, detailed in The Religions of India, in 1967, while Barrington Moore, Jr.'s Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy was aptly rebutted by Kathleen Gough in 1974. Since then, the concept of the rational peasant, particularly during colonial times, has undergone a metamorphosis. Various modes of peasant dynamics have been amply demonstrated in recent works, stepping into the realms of peasant rebellion, desertion, banditry, and the like. Of particular import, in terms of peasant consciousness, has been the rise of the ‘Subaltern School’ of study. Beginning with Ranajit Guha's seminal work, Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency in Colonial India, and continuing with volumes of articles by a variety of authors, the Subaltern Studies group has attempted, in their own words, to offer an alternative to historical writing ‘that fails to acknowledge, far less interpret, the contributions made by the people on their own, that is independently of the elite....’ These scholars thus use the term subaltern for those social groups which they believe have been ignored through the course of history.
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    The Eighteenth-Century Social Order in Surat: A Reply and an Excursus on the Riots of 1788 and 1795 (1991)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 25 (1991), S. 321-365 
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    Notes: The Banias of eighteenth-century Surat, whom Michelguglielmo Torri earlier treated with indifference if not innocence, have invited his wrath since they were brought into focus by the publication of my essay on the Banias and the Surat riot of 1795. In his ‘rejoinder’ to my article, he seeks to wish away their existence altogether (to him there was no specific Bania community, the term merely signifying traders of all communities engaged in the profession of brokerage), and seeks to provide what he regards as an ‘alternative’ explanation of the Muslim–Bania riot of 1795. the Muslim-Bania riot of 1795. It shall be my purpose in this reply to show that his alternative explanation is neither an alternative nor even an explanation, and is based on a basic confusion in his mind about the Banias as well as the principal sources of tension in the social structure of Surat. I shall treat two main subjects in this reply to his misdirected criticisms. First, I shall present some original indigenous material as well as European documentation to further clarify the identity, position and role of the Banias, whom Irfan Habib in a recent article has identified as the most important trading group in the trading world of seventeenth and eighteenth-century India. It is also my purpose to show how the social order of Surat operated under stress by presenting some archival material, the existence of which Torri seems to be completely unaware of, on the Parsi-Muslim riot of 1788.
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    Lazard, Naomi: Faiz Ahmed Faiz. The True Subject: Selected Poems of Faiz Ahmed Faiz : Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, 1988 (1991)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 25 (1991), S. 414-416 
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    The Nineteenth-Century Indo-American Ice Trade: An Hyperborean Epic (1991)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 25 (1991), S. 53-89 
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    Notes: Thus it appears that the sweltering inhabitants of Charleston and New Orleans, of Madras and Bombay and Calcutta, drink at my well. In the morning I bathe my intellect in the stupendous and cosmogonal philosophy of the Bhagvat Geeta [sic], since whose composition years of the gods have elapsed, and in comparison with which our modern world and its literature seem puny and trivial; and I doubt if that philosophy is not to be referred to a previous state of existence, so remote is its sublimity from our conceptions. I lay down the book and go to my well for water, and lo! there I meet the servant of the Bramin [sic], priest of Brahma and Vishnu, and Indra, who sits in his temple on the Ganges reading the Vedas, or dwells at the root of a tree with his crust and water jug. I meet his servant come to draw water for his master, and our buckets as it were grate together in the same well. The purc Walden water is mingled with the sacred waters of the Ganges. With favouring winds it is wafted past the site of the fabulous islands of Atlantis and the Hesperides, makes the Periplus of Hanno, and floating by Ternate and Tidore and the mouth of the Persian Gulf, melts in the tropic gales of the Indian seas, and is landed in ports of which Alexander only heard the names.
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    ASS volume 29 issue 3 Cover and Front matter (1995)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 29 (1995), S. 1-2 
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    Ecological and Cultural Anatomy of Taishan Villages (1995)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 29 (1995), S. 555-572 
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    Notes: The peasant farmers of Taishan County in southern China's Guangdong Province have created a pattern of village settlement which, using very limited resources, has produced an agricultural landscape and village environment that is a model of ecological integration. The pattern serves both the social and functional needs of the inhabitants by taking advantage of simple microclimatic modifications and the efficient use and recycling of resources. The result is a pattern of small dense villages set in a landscape that is highly evolved both aesthetically and ecologically.
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    ASS volume 29 issue 2 Cover and Front matter (1995)
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    Modern Asian studies 29 (1995), S. 1-2 
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    Women Warriors and Amazons of the mid Qing Texts Jinghua yuan and Honglou meng (1995)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 29 (1995), S. 225-255 
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    Notes: Many cultures include in their narrative discourse tales of women who have gone to war or joined the hunt and indeed Chinese culture has produced a plethora of tales which relate the deeds of such strong and exceptional women. The general opinion from Western academics about these women is that they are rebelling against restraints imposed upon their sex by patriarchal society and ‘under the guise of patriotism or wifely devotion [find] an understandable motive for rejecting hearth and home.’ That patriarchal discourse should perpetuate through history and literature a subversive mode of thinsimply because it was duped by the invocations of patriotism an loyalty appears less than convincing. Certainly, if these are the woman warrior's motives then they have been exceptionally well disguised by the literary redactions of the deeds of the women warriors in Chinese culture. It is the intention of this article to explicate the complexity of the woman warrior in Chinese culture and reveal the multiplicity of discursive functions she fulfils by using the specific case of two mid Qing texts, Honglou meng and Jinghua yuan. The contradictions embodied in the recurring form of the woman warrior and her Amazonian sisters hold a key to understanding the complex and ambiguous signifying systems of sexual ideology in mid Qing Chinese culture. In this respect I will be invoking an Althusserian notion of the specific relationship between ideology and literature whereby the particular feelings or perceptions generated by the literature are regarded as being produced by the ideology within 'which it bathes, from which it detaches itself as art, and to which it alludes' through an internal distanciation from that very same ideology.2 In Honglou meng and Jinghuayuan this internal distanciation is made apparent by the elaborate use of myth in the former and irony in the latter.
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    Paternalism and Freedom: The Evangelical Encounter in Colonial Chhattisgarh, Central India (1995)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 29 (1995), S. 171-201 
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    Notes: This paper traces aspects of the evangelical encounter in Chhattisgarh, a large region bound through linguistic ties in Central India. Evangelical missionaries, bearing the Cross and signs of civilization, arrived in Chhattisgarh in the 1860s. Oscar Lohr, the pioneer missionary of the German Evangelical Mission Society, chanced upon a group of heathens, the Satnamis, whose faith enjoined them to believe in one god and to reject idolatory and caste. Was this not the hand of ‘divine providence’? The missionary, it seemed, had only to reveal the evangelical ‘truth’ to the Satnamis before they would en masse‘witness’ and be redeemed by Christ-the-Saviour. The group did not see the coming of the millennium. It did not go forward to meet its destiny. The missionaries persevered. The halting enterprise of conversion in the region grew primarily through ties of kinship among indigenous groups and the prospects of a better life under the paternalist economy of mission stations.
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    Curzon and Indian Reform (1993)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 27 (1993), S. 719-740 
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    Notes: Lord Curzon was the imperial gatekeeper who opened the way to parliamentary government in India by composing Edwin Montagu's declaration of 20 August 1917. He defined British policy as ‘the increasing association of Indians in every branch of the administration and the gradual development of self-governing institutions, with a view to the progressive realization of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British Empire’. Curzon himself acknowledged his authorship in an endorsement on his own printed copy of the declaration. On the eve of the War Cabinet's agreement to the declaration he included his proposed key words in a letter to Montagu, a document strangely overlooked in all of the many accounts of the matter. The only Cabinet departure from Curzon's key words was the substitution of ‘progressive’ for ‘fuller’. Montagu questioned the latter term and Curzon proposed the former. There was nothing impromptu about the drafting. For months variations on it had been floated in correspondence between the authorities in India and London. The use and meaning of ‘self-government’ had been widely canvassed. It is generally understood that ‘responsible government’ went beyond ‘self-government’, for in constitutional parlance it must mean a parliamentary system (with a responsible executive), whereas ‘self-government’ might be achievable in non-Westminster forms. The justification for dyarchy, the essence of the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms, lay in its apparent satisfaction of the declaration's espousal of the principle of responsiblity.
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    State and Concentration in Korea's First Republic, 1948–60 (1992)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 701-718 
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    Notes: AbstractRapid growth among a few large firms distinguished the early years of cotton manufacture in South Korea. A review of expansion and concentration in the industry, and case studies of the T'aech'ang and Kyungbang firms, provide evidence of extensive structural support managed by the state, and also of favoured access to such support for the larger cotton mills. In contrast to earlier studies critical of the state role, I argue that the agencies and protectionist legislation of the state under Syngman Rhee played a productive, indeed decisive, role in promoting concentration and productivity among the early mills.
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    European Exiles, Renegades and Outlaws and the Maritime Economy of Asia c.1500–1750 (1992)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 641-661 
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    Notes: For centuries Europeans were fascinated by rumours and legends of the wealth and wonders of the Orient and by stories of the supposed existence there of realms free from all those tiresome taboos and restrictions that prevailed in the West. Long before the arrival of Vasco da Gama, renegades were serving the Mongols in Iran and Marco Polo had been in the entourage of the Grand Khan himself. The Portuguese pioneers were disconcerted to encounter in 1501 a certain Benvenuto de Abano who had spent the previous twenty-five years sailing the seas of Asia, and his contemporary, the Muslim Khoja Safar Salmâni, an erstwhile Genoese or Albanian. But this was nothing compared with the flow that followed western penetration of the maritime economy of the East, scattering European adventurers and outlaws throughout the Orient anywhere from the shores of the Persian Gulf to those of the Pacific Ocean. And very soon these hopefuls were joined by European pirates, some working from ports in their mother countries, some from the Caribbean and North America, and some from bases in the Indian Ocean, of which Madagascar was, according to taste, the most celebrated or the most notorious. Such men, frequently of remarkable skills and fearsome abilities, exercised a considerable influence on the maritime history of the East in the early modern centuries, and it is with the origins, aspirations and activities of these elusive—indeed often anonymous—but nevertheless highly significant figures that this paper is concerned.
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    Political Mobilization in the Localities: The 1942 Quit India Movement in Midnapur (1992)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 791-814 
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    Notes: Following the adoption of 8 August resolution at Gowalia tank in Bombay, Indian masses rose to revolt, which became famous as the Quit India movement. It was a call for freedom. ‘Nothing less than freedom’, to quote Gandhi. Unlike the 1920–21 Non-cooperation and 1930–32 Civil Disobedience movements which were basically peaceful campaigns against the British rule in India, the Quit India movement was the ultimatum to the British for final withdrawal, a Gandhi-led un-Gandhian way of struggle since the Mahatma exhorted the people to take up arms in self-defence, and resort to armed resistance against a stronger and well-equipped aggressor.
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    Faure, David: The Rural Economy of Pre-Liberation China: Trade Increase and Peasant Livelihood in Jiangsu and Guangdong, 1870 to 1937 : Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1989 (1992)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 861-864 
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    Australian Defence Contacts with Burma, 1945–1987 (1992)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 451-468 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: To most Australians, Burma is still associated with the Second World War, and in particular the infamous ‘death railway’ from Thailand. In May 1942 some 3,000 Australian prisoners of war (POWs) were sent from Singapore, to provide labour for the construction of an airfield at Tavoy. They were subsequently joined by another 1,800 or so Australians from Java, making a total in southern Burma of 4,851 men. Together with other Allied prisoners and Burmese levies they were later put to work building a railway line over Three Pagodas Pass, to link Burma with the Siam-Malaya railway system. Before the project was completed in November 1943, 771 Australian POWs (nearly 16 per cent of those on the Burma side of the border) had died from disease, malnutrition and the brutality of their Japanese captors. Casualties among the POWs working on the railway in Thailand were even higher.
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    Azad Dastas and Dacoit Gangs: The Congress and Underground Activity in Bihar, 1942–44 (1992)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 417-450 
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    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: This paper attempts to examine the nature of underground activity in Bihar in the 1940s. It outlines, for the first time, the dynamics of the Congress underground movement as it emerged after the imprisonment of Gandhi and the established Congress leadership in 1942. No historian has, to my knowledge, attempted to study the nature of the underground activity and its implications for the Congress organization in Bihar, or elsewhere, in this period. Most of the studies of the Quit India movement examine only the few days in August when the mass movement erupted with full force and then neglect the more significant following period. This includes the studies of Stephen Henningham and Max Harcourt who have examined the nature of popular protest in Bihar in some detail. This neglect is surprising, for the underground movement was very active and proved to be a major ‘law and order’ problem to the British well into 1944. As an underground activist, Havildar Tripathi, told me in an interview in Patna in March 1986, ‘The mass movement lasted for only 2 weeks in August, we carried it much beyond that’.
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    British Policy in the Far East 1933–1936: Treasury and Foreign Office (1992)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 545-568 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The nature of British interests in the Far East in the 1930s meant that both the Treasury and the Board of Trade were necessarily closely involved with the making of foreign policy. While Foreign Office officials resented this intrusion into their domain, they were themselves disdainful of so-called ‘technical’ considerations connected with tariffs or currency reform, and were willing to leave them to the specialists. Under the dynamic impetus of the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Neville Chamberlain, and the Permanent Secretary to the Treasury, Sir Warren Fisher, the Treasury, encouraged by the apparent abnegation of the Foreign Office, made a bold and aggressive foray between 1933 and 1936 into realms of foreign policy-making hitherto regarded as the exclusive sphere of the professional diplomat.
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    Gordon, Leonard A.Chakrabarty, Bidut: Brothers against the Raj: A Biography of Sarat and Subhas Chandra BoseSubhas Chandra Bose and Middle Class Radicalism: A Study in Indian Nationalism 1928–1940 : New Delhi, Viking, 1989London, I. B. Tauris, 1990 (1992)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 621-626 
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    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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    Jalal, Ayesha: State of Martial Rule: The Origins of Pakistan's Political Economy of Defence : Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990 (1992)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 626-631 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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    ASS volume 26 issue 2 Cover and Back matter (1992)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 1-2 
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    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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    ASS volume 29 issue 4 Cover and Front matter (1995)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 29 (1995), S. 1-2 
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    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00016139
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    The Composition of the Nineteenth-Century Political Elite of Pre-Colonial Nguyen Vietnam (1802–1883) (1995)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 29 (1995), S. 741-764 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Until 1971, when Alexander Woodside published his ground- breaking study, Vietnam and the Chinese Model, western scholarship on late traditional Vietnam was still locked within the narrow confines of French colonial understanding. Woodside's work, which drew extensively on Vietnamese historical sources, became an instant classic. So thoroughly did it dominate the field that two decades later it remains today the sole detailed discussion in English of the first half of the nineteenth century. Such is its stature that no-one has ever seriously questioned its findings, or challenged the author's vision of early nineteenth-century Vietnam. However, such a critique is long overdue. Despite the breadth of Woodside's scholarship, his conceptual framework assumes a continuity in Vietnamese history, culture, and politics from the Le to the early Nguyen that distorts the historical dynamic of the nineteenth cen tury, as well as contradicting some of his own evidence. His image of the nineteenth-century political elite provides a case in point. Like every scholar before or since, Woodside's conclusions about elite composition are extrapolated from the Sinic structures of its mandarinal organization, buttressed by anecdotal evidence and generalized impressions. But these are poor substitutes for quantification when enough readily-available biographical data exist to profile elite composition statistically. This article presents such an analysis. Its results contradict venerable French colonial views and Woodside's ideas alike; and do so in a way that suggests our present historical understanding of the late pre-colonial Vietnam needs serious revision.
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    Cleary, Mark; Eaton, Peter: Borneo. Change and Development : Singapore, Oxford University Press, 1992 (1993)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 27 (1993), S. 913-917 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00001372
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    Scarcia Amoretti, Biancamaria: Sguardi sulla Cultura Sciita nel Deccan: Glances on Shi'ite Deccan Culture : Rivista Degli Studi Orientiali, 1990 (1993)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 27 (1993), S. 920-921 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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    ASS volume 27 issue 2 Cover and Front matter (1993)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 27 (1993), S. 1-2 
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    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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    The Company Army and Rural Society: The Invalid Thanah 1780–1830 (1993)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 27 (1993), S. 147-178 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Historians have generally explained the consolidation of Company power in terms of the superior fiscal base which it came to acquire in north India. Bayly argues that in the eighteenth century the ‘commercialisation of royal power’, begun under the Mughals, extended to meet the needs of military organization and growing bureaucratizationof the numerous small polities that succeeded the Mughals. He argues that in this perio Indian merchant capital was redeployed in the search for greater control over labour productivity through control over revenue collections of all sorts; and the unified merchant class met in the new qasbahs and the small permanent markets (ganjs) attached to them. It was here that theinfrastructure for Europea trade in, and ultimate dominion over, India was constructed.1 The efficiency and wide scale on which the Company could exercise and extend the pre-colonial practice of military fiscalism2 has provided another explanation for the dominant position it came to occupy more specifically, in south India.3 Yang highlights the role ofthe Indian elite in facilitating the Company's revenue collection and thereby contributin to its political dominance and stability in the Saran district of Bihar. He constructs a model of'limited Raj', to explain the a free flow of revenue. He analyses the dynamics ofthis 'limited Raj' by explaining its functioning at the lowest level where the power of the colonial state tapered off and the landholders' system of control took over. Yang argues that these two control systems collectively sustained British rule in the region.4 More recently the Company's superior power in north Indian politics has been explained in terms of its exclusive right to violence. R. Mukherjee, analysing the 1857 mutiny, arguesthat 'British rule in India, as an autocracy, had meti meticulously constructed a monopoly of violence. The revolt of 1857 shatteredthat monopoly by matching an official, alien violence by an indigenous violence of the colonised
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    ASS volume 26 issue 4 Cover and Front matter (1992)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 1-2 
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    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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    ASS volume 26 issue 1 Cover and Front matter (1992)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 1-2 
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    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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    Decomposition of Income Inequality in Rural Bangladesh (1992)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 83-93 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Until the recent past, the analysis of economic inequality in a country was essentially a macro level exercise. Currently, it has been well recognized that macro level inequality measure is inadequate for assessing a country's economic development and its distributional pattern. To have a clear understanding of the nature, structure and factors responsible for inequality decompositions of aggregate inequality into sectors, sources and determinants of income are essential. The concept of decompositions of inequality signifies that if the population of income recipients is partitioned into a number of subpopulations, the total inequality of the population can be expressed as sum of the inequality within the sub-populations and of the inequality between them.
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    Jackson, Robert H.: Quasi-states: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World : Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991 (1992)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 202-205 
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    ASS volume 25 issue 4 Cover and Front matter (1991)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 25 (1991), S. 1-2 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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    South Asian Muslims in Hong Kong: Creation of a ‘Local Boy’ Identity (1991)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 25 (1991), S. 417-453 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: South Asian Muslims migrating throughout the world usually establish tight-knit communities in which most of their socioeconomic and religious activities occur. The social organization of South Asian Muslims in Hong Kong is unique in that their separation and isolation into a cohesive ethnic group is a relatively recent phenomenon. Communal orientations have undergone substantial change over time, often paralleling the kinds of changes occuring in Hong Kong as a result of its relationship to the British Empire. This paper seeks to understand the characteristics of the early South Asian Muslim community in Hong Kong and contrast these with social themes which are found in the contemporary community so as to discover the principles underlying social cohesion and cultural identification within this group.
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    ‘Bravest of the Brave’: Representations of ‘The Gurkha’ in British Military Writings (1991)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 25 (1991), S. 571-597 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The legendary Gurkhas have inspired a considerable literature about their character, quality and exploits under British command. Some years ago, after I returned from fieldwork in an area of east Nepal inhabited by the Limbu people, many of whom had served in Gurkha regiments, I began to read some of this literature for background purposes. It struck me then, although not nearly so forcibly as it did later when I had read Edward Said (1978), and returned to the Gurkha material after a long absence, that these writings have a very distinctive character, constituting a particular mode of ‘orientalist’ discourse.
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    ASS volume 25 issue 2 Cover and Back matter (1991)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 25 (1991), S. 1-6 
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    Mass Movement, Famine and Epidemic A Study in Interrelationship (1991)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 25 (1991), S. 281-301 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Meenakshipuram is a small, dusty village in Tamilnadu's Tinnevelly (Tirunelveli) district, very close to the south Kerala border. In 1981 this inconspicuous place, and several other villages in its immediate vicinity, made big headlines in the Indian daily papers when thousands of harijans or ex-untouchables decided to leave Hinduism and to embrace Islam. This spectacular case of mass conversion created a terrible shock among caste Hindus and threatened to upset the always precarious communal balance. Rumours circulated about Arabian sheikhs who had come to give tangible expression to the immense richness of Islamic belief by handsome distributions of oildollars. More serious investigation, however, showed that the harijans in this region had been suffering from oppression by aggressive landlords, harassment by police authorities and acute prejudices by caste Hindus for a very long time. A growing awareness of this social degradation has led many of these harijans to convert to Islam.
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    Trapped inside the Colonial Order: The Hindu Bankers of Surat and their Business World during the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century (1991)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 25 (1991), S. 367-401 
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    Notes: During the second half of the eighteenth century, Surat was still a large city and an important centre of trade. One of the most successful sectors of its merchant class was made up by shroffs, namely businessmen specializing in money-exchanging, money-lending and the giving and discounting of bills of exchange. By the late 1770s, the fortunes of the shroffs, who were mainly Hindu, were on the rise. According to knowledgeable observers, the Hindu businessmen, but most particularly the shroffs, had become the wealthiest sector of the Surat merchant class.
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    ASS volume 25 issue 1 Cover and Front matter (1991)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 25 (1991), S. 1-2 
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    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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