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  • Articles  (21)
  • agroforestry  (21)
  • Springer  (21)
  • American Society of Civil Engineers
  • Cambridge University Press
  • Thomas Telford
  • 2010-2014
  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (21)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1945-1949
  • 1991  (21)
  • 1951
  • 1948
  • 1945
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (20)
  • Ethnic Sciences  (1)
  • Sociology
Collection
  • Articles  (21)
Source
Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (21)
  • American Society of Civil Engineers
  • Cambridge University Press
  • Thomas Telford
Years
  • 2010-2014
  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (21)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1945-1949
Year
Topic
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The indigenous knowledge of ecological processes among peasants in the People's Republic of China (1991)
    Springer
    Agriculture and human values 8 (1991), S. 59-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Keywords: indigenous knowledge ; agroforestry ; proto-science ; shamu ; Cunninghamia lanceolata ; ethnoecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A decision-tree model of an indigenous forest management system centered around shamu (Cunninghamia lanceolata),an important timber species in China, was constructed from extensive interviews with peasants in two villages in Fujian Province, China. From this model additional interviews were conducted to elicit from these peasants their reasons for selecting among decision alternatives. Those reasons that were of an ecological nature were discussed in detail with the peasants to elicit indigenous interpretations of ecological processes in order to test an hypothesis that a strong analogy exists between traditional indigenous and scientific knowledge of ecological processes. Three cases are presented that test this hypothesis. These three cases concern the effect of intercrops on the growth of shamu,the relative merits of seedlings and root collar sprout cuttings for forest regeneration, and the effects of repeated plantings of shamuon soil chemistry. All three cases provide strong support for the research hypothesis and suggest that, even in the absence of a formalized scientific method, humans exercise mental processes typical of scientific thinking. This phenomenon is called proto-science.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01579657
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Residual effects of natural bush, Cajanus cajan and Tephrosia candida on the productivity of an acid soil in southeastern Nigeria (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 134 (1991), S. 31-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: agroforestry ; fallow management ; humid forest ; intercropping ; legumes ; nutrient cycling ; ultisol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An experiment was established in 1986 to examine the contribution of Tephrosia candida and Cajanus cajan shrubs to improving the productivity of an acid soil. The main treatments were N levels (0 and 60 kg ha-1) with subplots of maize/natural bush, maize/Tephrosia candida, maize/Cajanus cajan, maize + cassava/natural bush, maize + cassava/Tephrosia candida, and maize + cassava/Cajanus cajan. In 1988, all plots were cleared and maize uniformly planted to study the residual effects of the treatments. No residual effects of N application were observed. Tephrosia candiada and Cajanus cajan increased surface soil organic carbon and total N levels over the natural bush. However, only Tephrosia candida plots produced improved maize grain and stover yield. Highly significant correlations were found between maize grain yield and earleaf N (r=0.73**), grain N (r=0.51**), and stover N (r=0.54**) contents. These results suggest that Tephrosia candida increased N availability in the soil. Therefore, the shrub has potential for improving the productivity of acid soils under traditional systems, where N is limiting due to the absence of N2-fixing legumes in the natural bush fallow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010714
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Indigenous agroforestry of Pohnpei (1991)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 16 (1991), S. 139-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Pacific islands ; Micronesia ; agroforestry ; species diversity ; cultivars ; indigenous agriculture ; low-input agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plant species and cultivars of the indigenous agroforestry system of Pohnpei were surveyed in transects through 54 randomly-selected farms. The agroforestry system was characterized by extensive cultivation of yams (Dioscorea), aroids (Alocasia), and Piper methysticum under a permanent overstory of breadfruit, coconut, and forest remnant trees and a middle canopy of Hibiscus tiliaceus, Musa spp., and Morinda citrifolia. In the 10 ha of survey plots, 161 species were found, of which 102 were trees, shrubs, and crops and 59 were uncultivated herbaceous plants. Numbers of tree, shrub, and crop species per farm ranged from 16 to 37 with an average of 26. Twenty-eight breadfruit and 38 yam cultivars were found in the survey plots, showing that cultivar diversity is an important component of the biological diversity maintained and utilized in Pohnpeian agroforests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00129745
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Agroforestry systems in North America (1991)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 16 (1991), S. 95-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: North America ; agroforestry ; intercropping ; livestock grazing ; forest farming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Agroforestry systems in North America vary widely in terms of components (tree, forb, graminoid, and shrub species) and outputs. Most of the agroforestry systems used in North America have emphasized wood and livestock production. The objective of each system has been to produce annual and long term economic returns and sustainable yields. Inputs such as fossil fuels, fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides are relatively low compared to those used in conventional agriculture. Major agroforestry system types in each of eight North American regions are described. The major species used as vegetational components in each system are enumerated by region. The numerous variations in how these components are mixed have created an almost endless number of actual systems. Management problems and solutions, economic concerns, and system comparisons have also been addressed for each region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00129742
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Indigenous agroforestry of Pohnpei (1991)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 16 (1991), S. 159-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Pacific islands ; Micronesia ; agroforestry ; traditional agriculture ; low-input agriculture ; spatial pattern ; succession
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A vegetation survey of 54 randomly-selected Pohnpeian land holdings quantified agroforest vegetation patterns in terms of horizontal distribution in the landscape and changes over time. Spatial distribution of species, expressed as distance from the main household, varied greatly with successional stages to produce the characteristic pattern of the Pohnpeian agroforest. Food crops, bananas, and Piper methysticum were planted around the house compound first, then gradually planted further away over time. Upland forest and secondary successional trees were removed by girdling, and gradually replaced by annual and perennial crops and breadfruit and other trees. A fallow or reduced management stage was discerned, characterized by low densities of early successional crops and higher densities of weedy secondary successional species; this stage resulted from a reduction in management intensity, mainly due to a variety of socioeconomic factors. Although the indigenous Pohnpeian agroforestry system is permanent and thought to be sustainable, it is dynamic in space and time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00129746
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of spacing on growth and biomass production of Gliricidia sepium (jacq) walp in an alley cropping system in Sierra Leone (1991)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 16 (1991), S. 213-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Gliricidia sepium ; spacing ; biomass ; agroforestry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a study into the influences of spacing on the early performance and biomass production of Gliricidia sepium in an alley cropping system in southern Sierra Leone. Four between-row spacings of 2, 4, 6 and 8 m were combined with three within-row spacings (0.25, 0.50 and 1.00m) in a split plot experimental design. Survival, tree height and leaf nitrogen content were not affected by between- or within-row spacings. For the other parameters measured, namely root-collar diameter, branch production, total biomass and nitrogen yields per hectare, it was found that for equivalent tree densities, the lower the rectangularity of planting, the better the performance of the individual trees, and consequently the greater the yields per hectare. Total biomass production per unit area was, expectedly, greatest where the spacings between hedgerows were closest, while production per plant decreased with closer within-row spacings. The total fresh and dry weights of leaves and stems, as well as leaf nitrogen yields per unit area were strongly influenced by between-row spacing and less so by within-row spacing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00119318
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of young Leucaena leucocephala (Lam) De Wit hedges on the growth and yield of maize, sweet potato and cowpea in an agroforestry system in Sierra Leone (1991)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 16 (1991), S. 203-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Leucaena leucocephala ; agroforestry ; intercropping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An investigation was undertaken at Senehun — Kamajei, a high rainfall region in Sierra Leone, to assess the effects of Leucaena leucocephala, on the growth and productivity of maize, cowpea and sweet potato. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomised design with four replicates of each treatment. The treatments and controls were: (i) pure crops of maize, cowpea, sweet potato, Leucaena clean weeded and unweeded and (ii) intercrops of Leucaena with the food crops, both (iii) with and without applied fertilizers after the first year. The growth of Leucaena was slow but nevertheless tended to reduce grain yields of maize, and tuber and vine yields of sweet potato in the rows in the immediate vicinity of the trees, especially in the nitrogen-treated plots. The maize, in particular, caused an improvement in the early height growth of the trees.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00119317
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Benefit-cost analysis of selected agroforestry systems in Northeastern Thailand (1991)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 16 (1991), S. 83-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; benefit-cost analysis ; competition ; Thailand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Potential productivity and financial returns from selected agroforestry systems and traditional monocrops located in the Phu Wiang watershed were estimated from limited trials of cropping alternatives using cost-benefit analysis. The agroforestry systems studied consisted of combinations of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala), or Acacia (Acacia auriculiformis) inter-cropped with cassava (Manihot esculenta) or mungbean (Vigna radiata). Evidence from trials at short, 3-year rotations, demonstrate that early supplementary and complementary relationships between some system components can imply synergistic financial gains. Although these biological interactions turn competitive over time, in this case, the gains should be sufficient to make early adopters consider the agroforestry systems financially preferable to traditional monocrops.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00053198
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of cutting height and cutting interval on dry matter yield of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam) De Wit (1991)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 16 (1991), S. 129-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Leucaena leucocephala ; agroforestry ; cutting height ; cutting interval
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of cutting height and cutting interval on dry matter production of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam) De Wit was investigated at Njala, Sierra Leone using three year old Leucaena trees. Four cutting heights, (25, 50, 75 and 100 cm), and two cutting intervals (one and three months), were adopted. Dry matter yields were highest at the 75 and 100 cm cutting heights, especially at the longer, three-monthly, cutting interval. They were significantly reduced by more frequent cutting, probably due to the increased number of recovery phases. Leaf nitrogen yields per tree for trees cut at three-monthly intervals were over twice as high as the total yields obtained from monthly cutting over the same period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00129744
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A bordered matrix approach to the bioeconomic modeling of agroforestry systems (1991)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 14 (1991), S. 81-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; bioeconomic modeling ; bordered matrix approach
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A bordered matrix approach was developed as a technique designed to model multi-canopied agricultural or forestry production systems to find the optimal planting pattern and density meeting specified economic criteria. The approach uses monocultural production functions as a base from which to estimate polycultural production levels. A banana-cassava mixture is modeled to demonstrate how the technique can be applied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00141598
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Refining a previous analysis of the economics of a eucalyptus/agricultural crop combination (1991)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 14 (1991), S. 145-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: economics ; agroforestry ; India ; infinite time frame ; joint production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract When evaluating the economics of a joint production agroforestry system two rules should be followed: (1) all benefits and costs need to be included and (2) revenue streams over time should be compared using the net present value of an infinite set of rotations. To illustrate both points, previously presented data on the economics of eucalyptus plantings around agricultural fields are reevaluated below.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00045729
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bioeconomic modeling in agroforestry: a rubber-cacao example (1991)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 14 (1991), S. 163-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; bioeconomic modeling ; bordered matrix approach
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Programación En agrosilvicultura, una combinación caucho-cacao se modeló bioeconómicamente para un ciclo de cuarenta años. Se simuló un número de guiones para hallar las densidades de plantación y estrategias de utilización que conllevan la mejor producción y niveles de aprovechamiento en cada situación. Este ejemplo pretende demostrar las posibilidades y ventajas del método de simulación en modelaciones agrosilviculturas.
    Notes: Abstract A rubber-cacao agroforestry combination was bioeconomically modeled for a forty year cycle. A number of scenarios were simulated to find the planting densities and management strategies that achieve best production and profit levels for each situation. This example is presented to demonstrate the possibilities and advantages of a simulation approach to agroforestry modeling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00045731
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rooting systems of western and southern African Faidherbia albida (Del.) A. Chev. (syn. Acacia albida Del.) —a comparative analysis with biogeographic implications (1991)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 14 (1991), S. 233-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Faidherbia albida ; agroforestry ; ecotypes ; rooting systems ; West Africa ; provenance trials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumé Faidherbia albida est une espéce agroforestiére bien connue et répandue dans la zone soudano-sahélienne de l'Afrique de l'ouest. Des prospections et évaluations récentes ont visé, entre autres, à introduire au Sahel des semences provenant d'Afrique orientale et australe. Ces tentatives ont généralement échoué. Malgré une excellent croissance juvénile, le taux de mortalité des introductions a été élevé durant les deux premiéres années. Des essais conduits au Centre sahélien de l'ICRISAT, au Niger, ont montré que cette mortalité pourrait être associée à un profil d'enracinement distinct entre les arbres d'Afrique occidentale et ceux d'Afrique australe. Une division de l'espéce en deux écotypes — celui des zones de plateaux (Afrique de l'ouest) et celui des zones ripicoles (Afrique de l'est, du sud et du sud-ouest) est proposée. La région Soudan/Ethiopie pourrait alors être considérée comme le centre d'origine de cette espéce.
    Notes: Abstract Faidherbia albida is a well-known and widespread agroforestry species of the Sudano-Sahelian zone of West Africa. Recent collection and testing efforts have included attempts to introduce seed origins from eastern and southern Africa into the Sahel. These have generally met with failure. Despite superior early growth, mortality is severe by the first or second year. Trials conducted at the ICRISAT Sahelian Center in Niger have demonstrated that this is probably due to differences in rooting patterns between southern and western Africa origins. A separation of the species into two ecotypes, i.e., upland (western Africa) and riparian (eastern, southern and southwestern Africa) is proposed. Based on this argument, the Sudan/Ethiopia region is identified as a possible center of origin for the species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00115738
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Productivity of annual cropping and agroforestry systems on a shallow Alfisol in semi-arid India (1991)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 15 (1991), S. 51-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: perennials ; agroforestry ; alley cropping ; hedgerow intercropping ; Leucaena ; pearl millet ; pigeonpea ; castor ; semi-arid tropics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An experiment was conducted at ICRISAT Center, Patancheru, India from June 1984 to April 1988 on a shallow Alfisol to determine whether the productivity of annual crop systems can be improved by adding perennial species such as Leucaena leucocephala managed as hedgerows. Except in the first year, crop yields were suppressed by Leucaena due to competition for moisture. The severity of competition was high in years of low rainfall and on long-duration crops such as castor and pigeonpea. Based on total biomass, sole Leucaena was most productive; even on the basis of land productivity requiring both Leucaena fodder and annual crops, alley cropping had little or no advantage over block planting of both components. Application of hedge prunings as green manure or mulch on top of 60 kg N and 30 kg P 2 O 5ha−1 to annual crops did not show any benefit during the experimental period, characterized by below average rainfall. Indications are that (i) alley cropping was beneficial in terms of soil and water conservation with less runoff and soil loss with 3 m alleys than with 5.4 m alleys, and (ii) root pruning or deep ploughing might be effective in reducing moisture competition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00046278
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Implementing on-farm agroforestry research: lessons learned in Talamanca, Costa Rica (1991)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 15 (1991), S. 229-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; boundary planting ; farmer selection ; on-farm research ; Piper nigrum ; shade trees ; Theobroma cacao ; timber production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The rapid appraisal and farmer selection procedures, preceding the establishment of over fifty agroforestry research trials on farms in Talamanca, Costa Rica are described. The highest probability of success and impact of these long-term collaborative trials is obtained by selecting innovative, experienced, motivated and locally respected farmers. The methodological lessons learned from implementing three types of researcher managed trials (shade-cacao; black pepper on living support posts; timber production in boundary lines) are discussed. The importance of fitting farmer selection criteria to project objectives, experimental designs to on-farm limitations, and project goals to farmers' goals, are emphasized.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00120190
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of agroforestry-pasture associations on groundwater level and salinity (1991)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 16 (1991), S. 13-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; groundwater ; salinity ; reforestation ; Pinus radiata ; Eucalyptus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Stream and land salinisation brought about by rising groundwater levels due to the clearing of native forest for agricultural development is a major environmental and resource problem in Western Australia and several other semi-arid regions of the world. One potential approach to reclamation with simultaneous economic benefits is agroforestry. To determine the effects of agroforestry on groundwater level and salinity, two experiments were carried out in Western Australia. In Experiment I a pinius-pasture agroforestry covering 58% of the cleared area with final stem densities of 75–225 stems ha−1 was successful in lowering a saline groundwater table. Over the period 1979–1989, groundwater levels decliend by 1.0 m relative to groundwater levels beneath a nearby pasture site. In Experiment II the eucalyptus-pasture agroforestry covering 57% of farmland at a final density of 150–625 stems ha−1 was found to successfully lower the yearly minimum groundwater level by 2.0 m relative to a pasture site over seven years. The salinity of the groundwater beneath agroforestry decreased by 9% and 6% for Experiments I and II respectively, which was contrary to some early expectations. The design of agroforestry for controlling saline groundwater tables needs further evaluation with respect to species, stem densities and proportion of cleared area planted.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00053194
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Fuelwood production from Leucaena leucocephala established in fodder crops at Mtwapa, Coast Province, Kenya (1991)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 16 (1991), S. 119-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: fuelwood ; Leucaena leucocephala ; agroforestry ; intercropping ; single-lines ; double-lines ; fodder production ; yields
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fuelwood production from a high density leucaena-based fodder production experiment at Mtwapa, Coast Province, Kenya is reported. Leucaena with and without other fodder crops namely, Cassava, Bana and Napier grass, formed the main-plot treatments while leucaena densities ranging from 6,250 to 100,000 ha−1 planted in single- or double-line planting arrangements formed the sub-plot treatments of the split-plot design used. Each treatment was replicated four times. The experiment was established and maintained without the use of fertilizer, pesticides, irrigation. Hand weeding was done only during the first year. After 2.7 years growth, height and diameter measurements were taken before cutting back the leucaena stems to 0.5 m above ground. Utilizable fuelwood (twigs greater than 0.5 mm diameter) was then sun-dried for 3 months and dry weights taken. Fuelwood yields were significantly reduced by the fodder intercrops. Yield from leucaena intercropped with fodder crops were, on average, 30% lower than yield from sole stands of leucaena. Mean yields of the single-line plantings ranged from 13.7 to 21.2 tons ha−1. Yield from the double-line plantings were lower (on average 10%) than that of single-line plantings and were as well highly variable. Unlike tree heights, diameters in the single-line planting arrangement were not affected significantly by the fodder intercrops. In the single line plantings, yield of fuelwood from sole stand of leucaena was higher at all in-row spacings than the yield from intercropped leucaena. Increase in in-row spacing of leucaena generally led to reduced yield of fuelwood. Fodder yields of intercropped Cassava, Bana and Napier grasses were near normal in the first year but zero or negligible in the remaining 1.7 years. Implications of the prolonged tree establishment period on fodder yields after opening of the canopy are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00129743
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  • 18
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    Traditional tree crop based agroforestry in coffee producing areas of Harerge, Eastern Ethiopia (1991)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 16 (1991), S. 257-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; Harerge ; coffee (C. arabica) ; chat ; shade trees ; cash crop
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A preliminary survey of seven coffee producing Awrajas (Provinces) in eastern Ethiopia revealed that there is a traditional tree crop based agroforestry system being practised by the farmers. Coffee (C. arabica) was found to grow under the shade of several trees, 16 species, usually intercropped by one or several, a total of 15, important grain, fruit, vegetable, stimulant, oil-seed and spice crops. The majority of the trees, 69%, is leguminous and Ficus spp. The system is characterized by the integration of crops, livestock and sometimes apiculture. Recommendations are made for future studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00119322
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  • 19
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    Analysis and evaluation of agroforestry as an alternative environmental design in the Philippines (1991)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 14 (1991), S. 39-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; analysis and evaluation ; environmental design ; agroecosystem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tabora, Panfilo C. Analysis and evaluation of agroforestry as an alternative environmental design in the Philippines. Agroforestry as a land-use concept and an environmental design was analyzed and evaluated from the Philippines setting. A historical perspective of agroforestry was presented and the study explores the direction that agroforestry has taken in recent years as a socio-economic tool, a conservation strategy and a political expediency. The concepts of agroforestry were analyzed and used as the bases for evaluation. Five general socially-oriented concepts were examined: social relevance (appropriateness); profitability; balance (equilibrium); versatility and creativity; and longevity and reliability. These were related to five agroecosystem principles: ecological integrity; productivity; stability; flexibility and resiliency; and sustainability and conservation. All these were interrelated to many attributes under a unified ‘Agroecosystem Analysis Framework’. Seven current programs in the Philippines which promote agroforestry were also examined and evaluated based on the Agroecosystem Analysis Framework. A closer look at the impacts of the programs was done and ratings were given for each program. The Multiple Cropping Program and the Integrated Social Forestry Program came out with the most positive results. For a closer focus, a site was selected and five cases from the site were evaluated based on a reconstruction of the events and experience in the area over 14 years. The Mixed-Crops Agroforestry (representing the ideal agroforestry) came out with a rating equivalent to the Coconut and Abaca-based Agroforestry. The Industrial Tree Plantation came out with the lowest rating. The study concludes that agroforestry has a role as an environmental design, but that its usefulness has limitations due to some physical constraints and social and economic values that have to be overcome. Recommendations are provided for policy-making for agroforestry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00141596
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  • 20
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    Electronic Resource
    People, trees and projects: a review of CARE's activities in West Africa (1991)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 15 (1991), S. 65-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; Sahel ; desertification ; natural resource management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract CARE, in collaboration with a range of government agencies, has been active for over 15 years in agriculture, agroforestry and natural resource management projects in West Africa. Many of these projects evolved from emergency food distribution activities during the drought years of the 1970s and 80s. A number of valuable lessons are now emerging, particularly in relation to agricultural and agroforestry activities in the Sahelo-Sudanian and Sahelian zones. In the context of CARE's orientation and capabilities as a non-governmental development agency, these lessons are used to construct a framework for prioritizing future agriculture and natural resource management activities in the region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00046279
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Indigenous Kikuyu agroforestry: A case study of Kirinyaga, Kenya (1991)
    Springer
    Human ecology 19 (1991), S. 1-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: agroforestry ; forests ; firewood ; indigenous technical knowledge ; common property ; conservation ; Kikuyu ; Kenya
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract This article analyzes agroforestry practices among the Ndia and Gichugu Kikuyu of Kirinyaga, Kenya, at the turn of the century, before the onset of colonial rule. It describes ways in which people adapted to competing pressures for retaining and removing tree cover. It shows how religious beliefs, tenure relations based on a communal property-rights regime, and farm forestry practices contributed to the conservation of trees. Such strategies were not aimed at reversing deforestation, but mitigating its impact by incorporating valued trees into local sociocultural and household production systems. The article points out that indigenous agroforestry practices need to be viewed in the context of local socioeconomic and ecological differences. It also considers the impact of the caravan trade on land use during the late 1800s. Tree scarcity in the late precolonial era is briefly contrasted with the area's “woodfuel crisis” of the 1980s.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00888974
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