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  • Springer  (116,483)
  • American Institute of Physics  (15,645)
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  • 2020-2024
  • 2020-2020
  • 2015-2019  (129,193)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1945-1949  (2,935)
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  • 1
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    In:  EPIC3Marine Animal Forests, Marine Animal Forests, Switzerland, Springer, 35 p., ISBN: 978-3-319-17001-5
    Publication Date: 2017-09-26
    Description: The Chilean fjord region, situated between 42 and 56 °S, forms one of the most ragged shorelines and belongs to the ecologically and biogeographically least understood marine regions of the world. A labyrinth of fjords, channels, and islands extends over 240,000 km2 and creates a coastline of more than 80,000 km. Due to strong abiotic gradients, numerous habitats are created, which are further diversified by temporal dynamics (tidal cycle, seasonal changes in precipitation, temperature, radiation, etc.). The region is a biodiversity hotspot hosting unique and fragile ecosystems. Among the species living here, several are species forming habitats in the ecosystem. These organisms can reach high densities conforming the so-called marine animal forests. Examples are marine animal forests dominated by cold-water stony corals, gorgonians, hydrocorals, brachiopods, polychaetes, giant barnacles, sponges, and ascidians. Many of these communities have been discov- ered only recently. There is also a singular characteristic in this area: exceptionally low pH levels of the waters of Patagonian fjords provide the opportunity to study calcifying organisms in an environment with pH conditions in the same range as the ones predicted by the IPCC for the world oceans in 2100. Despite the scarce ecological and biogeographical knowledge of this area, it encounters an unparalleled economic development including high-impact industry-scale salmonid farming, ambitious infrastructure and industrialization projects, and increasing extractive activities. Baseline research on the abiotic and biotic environment of the region is needed to reach sustainability in the use of the marine resources. Management plans including the establishment of marine protected areas to preserve benthic diversity and ecosystem services are urgently needed.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2016-10-24
    Description: Marine microbial biogeography has been studied intensively; however few studies address community variation across temporal and spatial scales simultaneously so far. Here we present a yearlong study investigating the dynamics of the free-living and particle-attached bacterioplankton community across a 100 km transect in the German Bight reaching from the Elbe estuary towards the open North Sea. Community composition was assessed using automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis and linked to environmental parameters applying multivariate statistical techniques. Results suggest that the spatial variation of the bacterioplankton community is defined by hydrographic current conditions, which separate the inner German Bight from the open North Sea and lead to pronounced differences in the coastal and offshore bacterioplankton community. However this spatial variation is overwhelmed by a strong temporal variation which is triggered by temperature as the main driving force throughout the whole transect. Variation in the free-living community was predominantly driven by temperature, whereas the particle-attached community exhibited stronger spatial variation patterns.
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  • 3
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    In:  EPIC3Marine Animal Forests: The Ecology of Benthic Biodiversity Hotspots, Marine Animal Forests: The Ecology of Benthic Biodiversity Hotspots, Switzerland, Springer
    Publication Date: 2017-01-23
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  • 4
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    In:  EPIC3Marine Animal Forests: The Ecology of Benthic Biodiversity Hotspots, Marine Animal Forests: The Ecology of Benthic Biodiversity Hotspots, Switzerland, Springer
    Publication Date: 2017-01-23
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  • 5
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    In:  EPIC3Springer
    Publication Date: 2017-03-06
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 6
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    In:  EPIC3Biology and Ecology of Antactic Krill, Advances in Polar Ecology, Springer, 30 p., pp. 145-174, ISBN: 978-3-319-29277-9
    Publication Date: 2016-09-23
    Description: Since the 1920s, E. superba is one of the best studied species in the Southern Ocean in terms of their general biology. The main driver for this research focus has been the fisheries’ requirements for stock forecasting and conservation measures. Nowadays this is joined by concerns over climate change effects and the requirement to take a more holistic over view to understand food web structures. So far, however, we do not have a clear understanding of the physiological response of krill and hence their adaptability to cope with ongoing environmental changes, caused by the anthropogenic carbon emissions. This is due to the extreme lack of intense studies on krill physiology, especially of their larval stages in relation to their seasonal environment. A major aim of this book chapter is on the one hand to summaries how physiological functions such as lipid accumulation and utilisation, metabolic activity and growth change with ontogeny and season and to demonstrate which environmental factors are the main drivers for seasonal variability of these functions in adult and larval krill. On the other hand, we draw the attention to the importance of photoperiod (day length) as an entrainment cue for endogenous rhythms and clocks in the life cycle of krill. Furthermore, we give an overview of the current knowledge on the impact of elevated seawater temperature and ocean acidification on krill.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2019-10-01
    Description: Over the last decade, our understanding of cli- mate sensitivity has improved considerably. The climate system shows variability on many timescales, is subject to non-stationary forcing and it is most likely out of equi- librium with the changes in the radiative forcing. Slow and fast feedbacks complicate the interpretation of geolog- ical records as feedback strengths vary over time. In the geological past, the forcing timescales were different than at present, suggesting that the response may have behaved differently. Do these insights constrain the climate sensitiv- ity relevant for the present day? In this paper, we review the progress made in theoretical understanding of climate sensitivity and on the estimation of climate sensitivity from proxy records. Particular focus lies on the background state dependence of feedback processes and on the impact of tipping points on the climate system. We suggest how to further use palaeo data to advance our understanding of the currently ongoing climate change.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 8
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    In:  EPIC3Handbook of the Protists, Handbook of the Protists, Springer, pp. 1-61, ISBN: 978-3-319-32669-6
    Publication Date: 2016-11-17
    Description: Haptophyta are predominantly planktonic and phototrophic organisms that have their main distribution in marine environments worldwide. They are a major component of the microbial ecosystem, some form massive blooms and some are toxic. Haptophytes are significant players in the global carbonate cycle through photosynthesis and calcification. They are characterized by the haptonema, a third appendage used for attachment and food handling, two similar flagella, two golden-brown chloroplasts, and organic body scales that serve in species identification. Coccolithophores have calcified scales termed coccoliths. Phylogenetically Haptophyta form a well-defined group and are divided into two classes Pavlovophyceae and Coccolithophyceae (Prymnesiophyceae). Currently, about 330 species are described. Environmental DNA sequencing shows high haptophyte diversity in the marine pico- and nanoplankton, of which many likely represent novel species and lineages. Haptophyte diversity is believed to have peaked in the past and their presence is documented in the fossil record back to the Triassic, approximately 225 million years ago. Some biomolecules of haptophyte origin are extraordinarily resistant to decay and are thus used by geologists as sedimentary proxies of past climatic conditions.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 9
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    In:  EPIC3Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences, Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences, Heidelberg, Springer, 2 p., pp. 792-792, ISBN: 978-94-007-6237-4
    Publication Date: 2016-12-04
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2016-04-07
    Description: The maintenance of ion and pH homeostasis despite changes in ambient temperature is crucial for ectothermic organisms. Thermal sensitivity of Na+/K+ ATPase mRNA expression, protein expression and activity was determined in gills of North Sea cod (NC) and Northeastern Arctic cod (NEAC), acclimated for 6 weeks at 4 and 10 °C and compared to field samples of North Sea cod (sNC), acclimatized to early spring (4 °C) and summer (18 °C) conditions. The same analyses were conducted in gills of the confamiliar whiting, acclimated at 4 and 10 °C. Branchial Na+/K+ ATPase capacities remained uncompensated at functional and protein levels in NC and NEAC at both acclimation temperatures. Na+/K+ ATPase mRNA expression in NEAC acclimated at 10 °C was about twofold higher compared to NC, indicating some population-specific differentiation at this level. Lower Na+/K+ ATPase capacities in gills of warm-acclimatized sNC at common assay temperatures indicate thermal compensation between seasonal extremes, and post-translational modifications contributed to this mitigation at high assay temperature. Together, cod compensates Na+/K+ ATPase capacities on the warm edge of the thermal window and below 4 °C, respectively. In contrast, whiting Na+/K+ ATPase capacities were cold compensated at 4 °C, supported by 1.5-fold higher mRNA and protein expression. Besides, capacities were lower in whiting compared to NC and NEAC at optimum temperature, which may be advantageous in terms of reduced maintenance cost, but at temperatures ≤4 °C, compensation may represent an energy trade-off to maintain homeostasis. The species-specific response of gadid Na+/K+ ATPase indicates certain threshold temperatures beyond which compensation of the pump is elicited, possibly related to the different biogeography of these species.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 11
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    In:  EPIC3Listening in the Ocean, New York, Springer, pp. 257-308
    Publication Date: 2018-02-13
    Description: New developments and applications of autonomous Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) technology in polar regions have come at time of increased interest in the Arctic and Antarctic due to predictions of global climate change. Information gained with autonomous PAM systems has provided new information on polar pinniped communication, mating systems, distribution, and the relationships between these species and their environment. Although new discoveries continue to be made, there is still much that remains to be learned about these species. This chapter is organized into a review of species specifi c information known prior to 2000, case studies describing new knowledge gained through the use of autonomous PAM systems since 2000, and future projection on how autonomous PAM systems can be used to address and fi ll data gaps related to polar pinnipeds.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2016-09-19
    Description: The key role of the South Atlantic Anticyclone (SAA) on the seasonal cycle of the tropical Atlantic is investigated with a regionally coupled atmosphere–ocean model for two different coupled domains. Both domains include the equatorial Atlantic and a large portion of the northern tropical Atlantic, but one extends southward, and the other northwestward. The SAA is simulated as internal model variability in the former, and is prescribed as external forcing in the latter. In the first case, the model shows significant warm biases in sea surface temperature (SST) in the Angola-Benguela front zone. If the SAA is externally prescribed, these biases are substantially reduced. The biases are both of oceanic and atmospheric origin, and are influenced by ocean–atmosphere interactions in coupled runs. The strong SST austral summer biases are associated with a weaker SAA, which weakens the winds over the southeastern tropical Atlantic, deepens the thermocline and prevents the local coastal upwelling of colder water. The biases in the basins interior in this season could be related to the advection and eddy transport of the coastal warm anomalies. In winter, the deeper thermocline and atmospheric fluxes are probably the main biases sources. Biases in incoming solar radiation and thus cloudiness seem to be a secondary effect only observed in austral winter. We conclude that the external prescription of the SAA south of 20°S improves the simulation of the seasonal cycle over the tropical Atlantic, revealing the fundamental role of this anticyclone in shaping the climate over this region.
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  • 13
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    In:  EPIC3Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences, Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences, Heidelberg, Springer, 2 p., pp. 746-747, ISBN: 978-94-007-6237-4
    Publication Date: 2016-12-04
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  • 14
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    In:  EPIC3Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences, Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences, Heidelberg, Springer, 7 p., pp. 87-93, ISBN: 978-94-007-6237-4
    Publication Date: 2016-12-04
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: A complex system of electric currents flowing in the ionosphere and magnetosphere originates from the interaction of the solar wind and the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) with the Earth’s magnetic field. These electric currents generate magnetic fields contributing themselves to those measured by both ground observatories and satellites. Here, low-resolution (1 Hz) magnetic vector data recorded between 1 March 2014 and 31 May 2015 by the recently launched Swarm constellation are considered. The core and crustal magnetic fields and part of that originating in the magnetosphere are removed from Swarm measurements using CHAOS-5 model. Low- and mid-latitude residuals of the geomagnetic field representing the ionospheric and the unmodelled magnetospheric contributions are investigated, in the Solar Magnetic frame, according to the polarity of IMF B y (azimuthal) and B z (north–south) components and to different geomagnetic activity levels. The proposed approach makes it possible to investigate the features of unmodelled contributions due to the external sources of the geomagnetic field. Results show, on one side, the existence of a relation between the analysed residuals and IMF components B y and B z , possibly due to the long distance effect of high-latitude field-aligned currents. On the other side, they suggest the presence of a contribution due to the partial ring current that is activated during the main phase of geomagnetic storms. The perturbation observed on residuals is also compatible with the effect of the net field-aligned currents. Moreover, we have quantitatively estimated the effect of these current systems on computed residuals.
    Description: Published
    Description: 108
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Swarm magnetic vector data ; Interplanetary Magnetic Field ; Magnetic models ; Field-aligned currents ; Partial ring current ; 01. Atmosphere::01.03. Magnetosphere::01.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.03. Magnetosphere::01.03.02. Magnetic storms ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.03. Global and regional models ; 05. General::05.07. Space and Planetary sciences::05.07.01. Solar-terrestrial interaction
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 16
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    In:  EPIC3Parallel Processing and Applied Mathematics, Parallel Processing and Applied Mathematics, Switzerland, Springer, 10 p., pp. 570-580, ISBN: 978-3-319-32151-6
    Publication Date: 2016-06-14
    Description: eVolutus is a new software platform designed for modeling evolutionary and population dynamics of living organisms. Single-celled eukaryotes, foraminifera, are selected as model organisms that have occupied the marine realm for at least 500 Ma and left an extraordinary fossil record preserved in microscopic shells. This makes them ideal objects for testing general evolutionary hypotheses based on studying multiscale genotypic, phenotypic, ecologic and macroevolutionary patterns. Our platform provides a highly configurable environment for conducting evolutionary experiments at various spatiotemporal scales.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2017-01-12
    Description: During the austral summer expedition PS81, ANT-XXIX/3 with the German research ice breaker Polarstern in 2013, research was carried out to investigate the role of environmental factors on the distribution of benthic communities and marine mammal and krill densities around the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula. For these studies collated in this special issue and studies in this area, we present a collection of environmental parameters with probable influence on the marine ecosystems around the Antarctic Peninsula.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 18
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    In:  EPIC3Marine Animal Forests, Marine Animal Forests, Switzerland, Springer, 26 p., pp. 1-26, ISBN: 978-3-319-17001-5
    Publication Date: 2017-01-27
    Description: Cold-water coral ecosystems differ from each other greatly in structure, faunal makeup, and ecological function. Attributes such as substrate type, 3-D complexity, biological community, and nutrient supply also change over small temporal and spatial scales. In this chapter, we present an overview of food gathering strategies employed by a range of cold-water corals. Furthermore, the importance of corals as habitat providers for associated fauna and thus biodiversity is discussed. The coral habitats support ecosystems at various spatial scales ranging from local exposed skeleton patches on gorgonian branches to the various zones on a reef. Comparison is made between many types of animal forests made up by cold-water corals, including several types of coral gardens and coastal and offshore reefs from a wide range of environmental settings. The trophic ecology of reef types is compared, and the variation in feeding behavior across particular reefs is also discussed.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2016-06-16
    Description: A comprehensive expert consultation was conducted in order to assess the status, trends and the most important drivers of change in the abundance and geographical distribution of kelp forests in European waters. This consultation included an on-line questionnaire, results from a workshop and data provided by a selected group of experts working on kelp forest mapping and eco-evolutionary research. Differences in status and trends according to geographical areas, species identity and small-scale variations within the same habitat where shown by assembling and mapping kelp distribution and trend data. Significant data gaps for some geographical regions, like the Mediterranean and the southern Iberian Peninsula, were also identified. The data used for this study confirmed a general trend with decreasing abundance of some native kelp species at their southern distributional range limits and increasing abundance in other parts of their distribution (Saccharina latissima and Saccorhiza polyschides). The expansion of the introduced species Undaria pinnatifida was also registered. Drivers of observed changes in kelp forests distribution and abundance were assessed using experts’ opinions. Multiple possible drivers were identified, including global warming, sea urchin grazing, harvesting, pollution and fishing pressure, and their impact varied between geographical areas. Overall, the results highlight major threats for these ecosystems but also opportunities for conservation. Major requirements to ensure adequate protection of coastal kelp ecosystems along European coastlines are discussed, based on the local to regional gaps detected in the study.
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  • 20
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    In:  EPIC3Geodynamic Evolution of the Southernmost Andes Connections with the Scotia Arc, Springer Earth System Sciences, Springer, pp. 75-108, ISBN: 978-3-319-39725-2
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Study of the tectonic development of the Scotia Sea region started with basic lithological and structural studies of outcrop geology in Tierra del Fuego and the Antarctic Peninsula. To nineteenth- and early twentieth-century geologists, the results of these studies suggested the presence of a submerged orocline running around the margins of the Scotia Sea. Subsequent increases in detailed knowledge about the fragmentary outcrop geology from islands distributed around the margins of the Scotia Sea, and later their interpretation in the light of the plate tectonic paradigm led to large modifications in the hypothesis such that by the present day the concept of oroclinal bending in the region persists only in vestigial form. Of the early comparative lithostratigraphic work in the region, only the likenesses between Jurassic–Cretaceous basin floor and fill sequences in South Georgia and Tierra del Fuego are regarded as strong enough to be useful in plate kinematic reconstruction by permitting the interpretation of those regions’ contiguity in mid-Mesozoic times. Marine and satellite geophysical data sets reveal features of the remaining, submerged, 98 % of the Scotia Sea region between the outcrops. These data enable a more detailed and quantitative approach to the region’s plate kinematics. In contrast to long-used interpretations of the outcrop geology, these data do not prescribe the proximity of South Georgia to Tierra del Fuego in any past period. It is, however, possible to reinterpret the geology of those two regions in terms of the plate kinematic history that the seafloor has preserved.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2017-06-05
    Description: In the Kongsfjorden–Krossfjorden system (Spitsbergen), increasing temperatures enhance glacier melting and concomitant intrusion of freshwater. These altered conditions affect the timing, intensity, and composition of the phytoplankton spring bloom in Kongsfjorden; yet, the effects on prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) are not well understood. The aim of this study was to examine springtime prokaryote communities in both fjords as a function of hydrographic and phytoplankton variability. Prokaryote community composition was studied in two consecutive years by molecular fingerprinting of the 16S rRNA gene. In addition, we measured bacterial abundance, productivity (3H-Leucine uptake), and single-cell activity using catalyzed reporter deposition fluorescence in situ hybridization combined with microautoradiography. Differences in bacterial and archaeal communities were found etween Kongsfjorden and Krossfjorden. Furthermore, an increase in productivity, abundance, and proportion of active bacterial cells was observed during the course of spring. Bacteroidetes were the most abundant bacterial group among the assessed taxa in both Kongsfjorden and Krossfjorden. Multivariate analysis of the microbial community fingerprints revealed a strong temporal shaping of both the bacterial and archaeal communities in addition to a spatial separation between the two fjords. A significant part of the observed bacterial variation could be explained by cyanobacterial biomass, as deduced from pigment analysis, and by phosphate concentration. Archaea were mainly controlled by abiotic factors. We speculate that the bacterial response to hydrographic changes and glacier meltwater is mediated through shifts in phytoplankton abundance and composition, whereas archaea are directly influenced by abiotic environmental variables.
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2015. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Theoretical Ecology 8 (2015): 449-465, doi:10.1007/s12080-015-0261-0.
    Description: Breaking the core assumption of ecological equivalence in Hubbell’s “neutral theory of biodiversity” requires a theory of species differences. In one framework for characterizing differences between competing species, non-neutral interactions are said to involve both niche differences, which promote stable coexistence, and relative fitness differences, which promote competitive exclusion. We include both in a stochastic community model in order to determine if relative fitness differences compensate for changes in community structure and dynamics induced by niche differences, possibly explaining neutral theory’s apparent success. We show that species abundance distributions are sensitive to both niche and relative fitness differences, but that certain combinations of differences result in abundance distributions that are indistinguishable from the neutral case. In contrast, the distribution of species’ lifetimes, or the time between speciation and extinction, differs under all combinations of niche and relative fitness differences. The results from our model experiment are inconsistent with the hypothesis of “emergent neutrality” and support instead a hypothesis that relative fitness differences counteract effects of niche differences on distributions of abundance. However, an even more developed theory of interspecific variation appears necessary to explain the diversity and structure of non-neutral communities.
    Description: The research was funded by NSF grant ECCS-0835847 and a postdoctoral scholarship from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
    Keywords: Neutral theory ; Niche difference ; Relative fitness difference ; Demographic stochasticity ; Species abundance distribution
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science China Life Sciences 59 (2016): 811-824, doi:10.1007/s11427-016-5094-6.
    Description: In order to develop a novel method of visualizing possible Ca2+ signaling during the early differentiation of hESCs into cardiomyocytes and avoid some of the inherent problems associated with using fluorescent reporters, we expressed the bioluminescent Ca2+ reporter, apo-aequorin, in HES2 cells and then reconstituted active holo-aequorin by incubation with f-coelenterazine. The temporal nature of the Ca2+ signals generated by the holo-f-aequorin-expressing HES2 cells during the earliest stages of differentiation into cardiomyocytes was then investigated. Our data show that no endogenous Ca2+ transients (generated by release from intracellular stores) were detected in 1–12-day-old cardiospheres but transients were generated in cardiospheres following stimulation with KCl or CaCl2, indicating that holo-f-aequorin was functional in these cells. Furthermore, following the addition of exogenous ATP, an inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) agonist, small Ca2+ transients were generated from day 1 onward. That ATP was inducing Ca2+ release from functional IP3Rs was demonstrated by treatment with 2-APB, a known IP3R antagonist. In contrast, following treatment with caffeine, a ryanodine receptor (RyR) agonist, a minimal Ca2+ response was observed at day 8 of differentiation only. Thus, our data indicate that unlike RyRs, IP3Rs are present and continually functional at these early stages of cardiomyocyte differentiation.
    Description: This work was supported by the Hong Kong Theme-based Research Scheme award (T13-706/11-1), the Hong Kong Research Grants Council (RGC) General Research Fund awards (662113, 16101714, 16100115), the ANR/RGC joint research scheme award (A-HKUST601/13), and the Innovation and Technology Commission (ITCPD/17-9). HYSC was supported by a Hong Kong University Grants Council post-graduate studentship (T13-706/11- 11PG).
    Keywords: Ca2+ signaling ; Apo-aequorin expression ; Bioluminescence ; HES2 human embryonic stem cells ; hESC-derived cardiospheres ; IP3 and ryanodine receptors
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 100 (2016): 8315–8324, doi:10.1007/s00253-016-7777-0.
    Description: Endozoicomonas bacteria are emerging as extremely diverse and flexible symbionts of numerous marine hosts inhabiting oceans worldwide. Their hosts range from simple invertebrate species, such as sponges and corals, to complex vertebrates, such as fish. Although widely distributed, the functional role of Endozoicomonas within their host microenvironment is not well understood. In this review, we provide a summary of the currently recognized hosts of Endozoicomonas and their global distribution. Next, the potential functional roles of Endozoicomonas, particularly in light of recent microscopic, genomic, and genetic analyses, are discussed. These analyses suggest that Endozoicomonas typically reside in aggregates within host tissues, have a free-living stage due to their large genome sizes, show signs of host and local adaptation, participate in host-associated protein and carbohydrate transport and cycling, and harbour a high degree of genomic plasticity due to the large proportion of transposable elements residing in their genomes. This review will finish with a discussion on the methodological tools currently employed to study Endozoicomonas and host interactions and review future avenues for studying complex host-microbial symbioses.
    Description: This work was supported by a KAUST-WHOI Post-doctoral Partnership Award to MJN and a KAUST-WHOI Special Academic Partnership Funding Reserve Award to CRV and AA. Research in this study was further supported by baseline research funds to CRV by KAUST and NSF award OCE-1233612 to AA.
    Keywords: Endozoicomonas ; Symbiosis ; Marine ; Coral reefs
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2022-08-12
    Description: Arctic lowland landscapes have been modified by thermokarst lake processes throughout the Holocene. Thermokarst lakes form as a result of ice-rich permafrost degradation, and they may expand over time through thermal and mechanical shoreline erosion. We studied proximal and distal sedimentary records from a thermokarst lake located on the Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska to reconstruct the impact of catchment dynamics and morphology on the lacustrine depositional environment and to quantify carbon accumulation in thermokarst lake sediments. Short cores were collected for analysis of pollen, sedimentological, and geochemical proxies. Radiocarbon and 210Pb/137Cs dating, as well as extrapolation of measured historic lake expansion rates, were applied to estimate a minimum lake age of ~1400 calendar years BP. The pollen record is in agreement with the young lake age as it does not include evidence of the “alder high” that occurred in the region ~4000 cal yr BP. The lake most likely initiated from a remnant pond in a drained thermokarst lake basin (DTLB) and deepened rapidly as evidenced by accumulation of laminated sediments. Increasing oxygenation of the water column as shown by higher Fe/Ti and Fe/S ratios in the sediment indicate shifts in ice regime with increasing water depth. More recently, the sediment source changed as the thermokarst lake expanded through lateral permafrost degradation, alternating from redeposited DTLB sediments, to increased amounts of sediment from eroding, older upland deposits, followed by a more balanced combination of both DTLB and upland sources. The characterizing shifts in sediment sources and depositional regimes in expanding thermokarst lakes were, therefore, archived in the thermokarst lake sedimentary record. This study also highlights the potential for Arctic lakes to recycle old carbon from thawing permafrost and thermokarst processes.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Marine Biology 163 (2016): 112, doi:10.1007/s00227-016-2892-0.
    Description: A temporal change in the stable isotope (SI) composition of jellyfish in the Kiel Fjord, Western Baltic Sea, was documented by analyzing δ13C, δ15N and δ34S of bell tissue of Aurelia aurita and Cyanea capillata in the period between June and October 2011. A strong and significant temporal change in all SI values of A. aurita was found, including an increase of ~3 ‰ in δ13C, a decrease of ~4 ‰ in δ15N and sharp decline of ~7 ‰ in δ34S. While knowledge gaps in jellyfish isotope ecology, in particular the lack of reliable trophic enrichment factors, call for a conservative interpretation of our data, observed changes in particular in δ34S, as indicated by means of a MixSIR mixing model, would be consistent with a temporal dietary shift in A. aurita from mesozooplankton (〉150 µm) to microplankton and small re-suspended particles (0.8–20 µm) from the benthos. Presence of a hitherto unidentified food source not included in the model could also contribute to the shift. During the 2-month occurrence of C. capillata, its isotope composition remained stable and was consistent with a mainly mesozooplanktonic diet. Mixing model output, mainly driven by δ34S values, indicated a lower proportion of A. aurita in the diet of C. capillata than previously reported, and thus to a potentially lesser importance of intraguild predation among jellyfish in the Kiel Fjord. Overall, our results clearly highlighted the potential for substantial intraspecific isotopic seasonal variation in jellyfish, which should be taken into account in future feeding ecology studies on this group.
    Description: This project was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG, JA2008/1-1). JD received financial support from the Cluster of Excellence “The Future Ocean” and the BONUS project BIO-C3, funded jointly by the EU and the BMBF (Grant No. 03F0682A).
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Estuaries and Coasts 39 (2016): 916-934, doi:10.1007/s12237-015-0057-x.
    Description: Assessments of coupled barrier island-estuary storm response are rare. Hurricane Sandy made landfall during an investigation in Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor estuary that included water quality monitoring, geomorphologic characterization, and numerical modeling; this provided an opportunity to characterize the storm response of the barrier island-estuary system. Barrier island morphologic response was characterized by significant changes in shoreline position, dune elevation, and beach volume; morphologic changes within the estuary were less dramatic with a net gain of only 200,000 m3 of sediment. When observed, estuarine deposition was adjacent to the back-barrier shoreline or collocated with maximum estuary depths. Estuarine sedimentologic changes correlated well with bed shear stresses derived from numerically simulated storm conditions, suggesting that change is linked to winnowing from elevated storm-related wave-current interactions rather than deposition. Rapid storm-related changes in estuarine water level, turbidity, and salinity were coincident with minima in island and estuarine widths, which may have influenced the location of two barrier island breaches. Barrier-estuary connectivity, or the transport of sediment from barrier island to estuary, was influenced by barrier island land use and width. Coupled assessments like this one provide critical information about storm-related coastal and estuarine sediment transport that may not be evident from investigations that consider only one component of the coastal system.
    Description: Funding for this project was provided by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and the US Geological Survey (USGS) Coastal and Marine Geology Program.
    Keywords: Barnegat Bay ; Hurricane Sandy ; Coastal change ; Water quality ; Geomorphology ; Sediments ; Numerical modeling
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2015. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Estuaries and Coasts 39 (2016): 311-332, doi:10.1007/s12237-015-0011-y.
    Description: Numerical modeling has emerged over the last several decades as a widely accepted tool for investigations in environmental sciences. In estuarine research, hydrodynamic and ecological models have moved along parallel tracks with regard to complexity, refinement, computational power, and incorporation of uncertainty. Coupled hydrodynamic-ecological models have been used to assess ecosystem processes and interactions, simulate future scenarios, and evaluate remedial actions in response to eutrophication, habitat loss, and freshwater diversion. The need to couple hydrodynamic and ecological models to address research and management questions is clear because dynamic feedbacks between biotic and physical processes are critical interactions within ecosystems. In this review, we present historical and modern perspectives on estuarine hydrodynamic and ecological modeling, consider model limitations, and address aspects of model linkage, skill assessment, and complexity. We discuss the balance between spatial and temporal resolution and present examples using different spatiotemporal scales. Finally, we recommend future lines of inquiry, approaches to balance complexity and uncertainty, and model transparency and utility. It is idealistic to think we can pursue a “theory of everything” for estuarine models, but recent advances suggest that models for both scientific investigations and management applications will continue to improve in terms of realism, precision, and accuracy.
    Description: NKG, ALA, and RPS acknowledge support from the USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Program. DKR gratefully acknowledges support from NSF (OCE-1314642) and NIEHS (1P50-ES021923-01). MJB and JMPV gratefully acknowledge support from NOAA NOS NCCOS (NA05NOS4781201 and NA11NOS4780043). MJB and SJL gratefully acknowledge support from the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program—Defense Coastal/Estuarine Research Program (RC-1413 and RC-2245).
    Keywords: Numerical modeling ; Hydrodynamics ; Ecological modeling ; Ecosystem modeling ; Skill assessment
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    In:  EPIC3Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences, (Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series), Dordrecht, Springer, pp. 721-731, ISBN: 978-94-007-6644-0
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
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    In:  Water Resources Development and Management
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
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  • 31
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    Acta biotheoretica 8 (1947), S. 87-98 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the field of vision the absolute phenomenal threshold may be expressed by the conceptual linear stimulus equation:L. t = const., respectivelyL. f = const., in whichL denotes the physical brightness intensity of light,t the stimulus duration andf the stimulus area (Bloch, Charpentier, von Kries, Piéron resp.Asher). For the former expression the temporal limits of validity extend from quite short durations up to 100σ i.e. up to duration of apparent momentariness. Correspondingly the validity of the second equation seems to extend barely to area values that appear phenomenally punctual (2–3′). In case of phenomenally momentary and punctual visual perceptions and of those being phenomenally of minimal brightness,i.e. in case of an in every point differential phenomenality the trilinear equation holds true:L. f. t = const. Concerning the supraliminal visual perceptions no such linear expression is valid. If, however, it would be possible to construct an equation representing the phenomenality of supraliminal visual perceptions, it would be very complicated and of little clarity (Reenpää). It is pointed out, that in the field of audition there exist similar relations as in the field of visual perceptions. The simple linearity of conceptual stimulus equations, when they denote differential, in every respect phenomenally minimal perceptions and on the other hand the complicated structure of expressions corresponding to supraliminal phenomenalities, show, that there exists a structural problem connected with the phenomenal and conceptual field. An attempt is made to settle this complex of problems.
    Abstract: Résumé Dans le domaine du sens visuel on peut appliquer au seuil phénoménal absolu les expressions d'excitation linéairesL. t = constante, respectivementL. f = constante. Dans ces expressionsL signifie l'intensité lumineuse physique,t le temps de l'excitation etf la surface de l'excitation (Bloch, Charpentier, von Kries, Piéron resp.Asher). Le domaine de la validité du temps de la première expression s'étend d'un temps très court jusqu'à un espace de temps d'env. 100σ c'est-à-dire jusqu'à des périodes de temps qu'on peut encore percevoir comme phénoménalement momentanées. En analogie avec ceci le domaine de validité de la deuxième expression mentionnée semble s'étendre seulement jusqu'à de telles surfaces (2 jusqu'à 3′) qui apparaissent encore phénoménalement ponctuelles. Dans les perceptions visuelles phénoménalement momentanées, ponctuelles et d'un minimum d'intensité, par conséquent dans une phénoménalité sous tous les rapports différentielle, on peut appliquer l'expression d'excitation trilinéaireL. f. t = constante. En ce qui concerne les sensations lumineuses dépassant le seuil il n′y a aucunes expressions linéaires pour les rendre; dans le cas oú l'on pourrait en établir, elles sont compliquées (Reenpää). Il est indiqué que dans le domaine du sens de l'ouïe il se présente des conditions analogues que dans le domaine du sens visuel. La linéarité simple des expressions d'excitation applicable aux cas des sensations différentielles, c'est-à-dire des sensations sous tous les rapports phénoménalement minimes, et de l'autre côté, la structure compliquée des expressions, correspondant à des phénoménalités dépassant le seuil, montrent, qu'il est question ici d'un problème de structure qui est associé à la relation réciproque des phénoménalités et des fonctionalités. Dans cet article l'auteur essaie d'élucider ce complexe de problèmes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Auf dem Gebiete des Gesichtssinnes gelten an der phänomenalen, absoluten Schwelle die begrifflichen, linearen ReizausdrückeL. t = Konstante bzw.L. f = Konstante, in denenL die physikalische Lichtintensität,t die Reizzeitdauer undf die Reizfläche bedeuten (Bloch, Charpentier, von Kries, Piéron bzw.Asher). Der zeitliche Gültigkeitsbereich des erstgenannten Ausdrucks erstreckt sich von ganz kurzen bis zu Zeitdauern von etwa 100σ, d.h. bis zu Zeitdauern die phänomenal eben noch als momentan empfunden werden. Entsprechend scheint sich der Gültigkeitsbereich des zweitgenannten Ausdrucks nur bis zu solchen Flächengrössen (2 bis 3′) zu erstrecken, die phänomenal eben noch als punktuell erscheinen. Bei phänomenal momentanen, punktuellen und minimalintensiven Gesichtserlebnissen, also bei in allen Hinsichten differentieller Phänomenalität gilt der trilineare ReizausdruckL. f. t = Konstante. Für überschwellige Lichtempfindungen gelten keine linearen Ausdrücke; alle aufgestellten sind kompliziert (nichtlinear) und ziemlich undurchsichtig (Reenpää). Es wird darauf hingewiesen, dass auf dem Gebiete des Gehörssinnes ähnliche Verhältnisse wie auf dem Gebiete des Gesichtes vorliegen. Die einflache Linearität der begrifflichen Reizausdrücke einerseits, wenn sie differentielle, in allen Hinsichten phänomenal minimale Erlebnisse wiedergeben, und andererseits die komplizierte Struktur der Ausdrücke, wenn sie überschwellige Phänomenalitäten wiedergeben, bezeugen, dass hier ein Strukturproblem vorliegt, welches im Zusammenhang mit dem gegenseitigen Verhältnis vom Phänomenalen und Begrifflichen steht. Dieser Problemkomplex wird in dieser Abhandlung zu behandeln versucht.
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    Acta biotheoretica 8 (1947), S. 77-86 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Résumé L'auteur décrit dans cette troisième communication le développement de la constitution humaine basant sur une différente célérité de la différentiation des parties élémentaires du corps. L'isodromie des parties homologiques de deux individus est représentée par la même célérité de leurs phases de la différentiation, l'anisodromie par une célérité différente. Chapitre B: Le phénomène de la retardation ou de l'accélération de la differentiation est appliqué à une classification typologique de l'homme. Chapitre C: La normalité biologique est le degré moyen de la célérité de la différentiation des parties élémentaires. Chapitre D: Le phénomène de la célérité différente des phases de la différentiation est appliqué au domaine de l'écologie de l'homme. La „normalité de la biocénose“ (van der Klaauw) et la normalité biologique de la constitution d'un groupe d'individus représentent la base typologique de la personalité de l'homme.
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    ISSN: 1572-8358
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Experiments on determination of the difference threshold of visual size using different, weak lights, near the absolute intensity threshold, are presented. Contrary to the complicated formulae obtained when the light is bright, near the minimal intensity threshold a simple bilinear equation holds true: the product of the stimulus threshold of visual size (measured in arbitrary units,e.g. mm.) and the intensity threshold (measured in arbitrary units Lux) is found to be invariant. The significance of the findings are discussed in connection with similar, previous results.
    Abstract: Résumé Des expériences pour déterminer le seuil spatial différentiel (visuel), en utilisant différentes lumières faibles, à la limite du seuil de l'intensité absolue, sont exposées. Contrairement aux formules compliquées qu'onn obtient avec des lumières intenses, près du seuil minime de l'intensité, une simple expression bilinéaire est valable: le produit du seuil spatial (mesuré en unités arbitraires, p. ex. en millimètres) et du seuil de l'intensité (mesuré en unités arbitraires de Lux) est invariable. La signification de ce fait est discutée, en même temps que des résultats analogues antérieurs.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Versuche zur Bestimmung der Abhängigkeit der Unterschiedsschwelle einer geometrischen Grössendimension von der Intensität bei verschiedener schwacher, nahe der absoluten Intensitätsschwelle liegender Lichter. Im Gegensatz zu den komplizierten Formeln, die die Abhängigkeit bei höheren Lichtintensitäten dargeben, gilt nahe der Minimalschwelle der Intensität ein bilinearer Ausdruck der Invarianz des Produkts der Reizunterschiedsschwelle der Grössendimension (in arbirärem, z.B. mm Masstab gemessen) und der Lichtintensität (in arbiträrem Lux Masstab). Die Bedeutung des Befundes im Zusammenhang mit früheren ähnlichen Ergebnissen wird besprochen.
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 76 (1947), S. 319-324 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die hemmende Wirkung verschiedener Antibiotica, hauptsächlich aus der Chinonreihe, auf die Wasserstoffperoxydspaltung durch Blutkatalase gemessen. Die Blutkatalase diente in diesem Falle als Modellsubstanz für Katalasen bakteriellen Ursprungs. Die Resultate ergaben, daß von den Chinonen gerade die antibiotisch stärkst wirksamen, wie das 4-Methoxytoluchinon und das Methylnaphthazarin, eine nur sehr geringe hemmende Wirkung gegenüber der Katalaseaktivität zeigten, während bakteriostatisch schwach wirksame Substanzen, wie das p-Benzochinon und das 1,2-Naphthochinon, die Katalasewirkung stark hemmten. Bei den Chinonen wurde eine bemerkenswerte Übereinstimmung mit den Hemmungswerten, welche bei früheren Versuchen über die Hemmung der Ureaseaktivität durch dieselben Substanzen erhalten wurden, festgestellt. Von den Antibiotica anderer chemischer Konstitution, die auch auf ihre antikatalatische Wirkung geprüft wurden, hatten das Na-Salz des Penicillins, das Patulin und die Salicylsäure in den geprüften Konzentrationen keine oder nur eine sehr geringe Hemmwirkung auf die Katalaseaktivität. Aus den Ergebnissen kann geschlossen werden, daß es unwahrscheinlich ist, daß die antibakterielle Wirkung der untersuchten Substanzen auf ihrer katalasehemmenden Wirkung beruht.
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 77 (1947), S. 264-281 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 77 (1947), S. 282-292 
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 77 (1947), S. 333-342 
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 77 (1947), S. 352-375 
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 77 (1947), S. 1-2 
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 77 (1947), S. 24-44 
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 76 (1947), S. 200-214 
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 76 (1947), S. 231-248 
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 77 (1947), S. 58-64 
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 77 (1947), S. 224-250 
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    The European physical journal 124 (1947), S. 1-1 
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    The European physical journal 124 (1947), S. 52-67 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Absorptionsspektrum des NdF3 wird photographiert. Es treten Gruppen von reinen Elektronensprunglinien auf und Linien, bei denen gleichzeitig Gitterschwingungen angeregt werden. Die Schwingungsfrequenzen sind grö\er als in wasserhaltigen Nd-Salzen. Die Liniengruppen entstehen durch Aufspaltung der Terme im elektrischen Kristallfeld. Im äu\eren Magnetfeld spalten die Linien weiter auf, während die des PrF3 nicht mehr aufspalten (Kramerssche Entartung). Aus der Komponentenzahl der Liniengruppen wird die innere QuantenzahlJ der angeregten Terme bestimmt.
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    The European physical journal 124 (1947), S. 2-29 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Diffusion von Gasen ineinander ist von einem Wärmestrom begleitet, der zu vorübergehenden Temperaturunterschieden führt. Die Theorie dieser Erscheinung wurde in zwei früheren Arbeiten entwickelt. Exakt berechnen lie\en sich das Temperaturzeitintegral $$\oint = \int\limits_0^\infty {(T - T_0 )} $$ dt und der asymptotische Temperaturverlauf (T-T 0)asympt. Ersteres ist proportional dem Thermodiffusionsfaktorα, letzterer hängt au\er von der Höhe des Gefä\es fast nur vom DiffusionskoeffizientenD ab. — In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Theorie experimentell geprüft und der Effekt danach zur Messung bisher unbekannterα undD angewandt. Die experimentelle Methode beruht auf der Bemerkung, da\ man ∮ und (T-T 0)asympt bei Messung mit dem Widerstandsthermometer aus dem registrierten Galvanometerausschlag richtig erhält trotz Trägheit und Dämpfung der Drehspule. Der benutzte Diffusionsapparat konnte auf verschiedene Kammerhöhen ι eingestellt, die Temperatür an verschiedenen Stellenz gemessen werden. Die von der Theorie geforderte Abhängigkeit des ∮ vonl undz sowie des (T-T 0)asympt vonl wurde in zahlreichen Diffusionsversuchen mit 80% N2, 20% H2↔N2 bestätigt. Ferner wurden bei festeml undz, aber für verschiedene Mischungsverhältnisse dieα von H2/N2, A, CO2; N2/A, CO2 und dieD von H2/N2, CO2; N2/O2; O2/CO2 gemessen und fast alle innerhalb der Versuchsfehler in übereinstimmung mit Literaturwerten befunden, die nach anderen Methoden gewonnen sind. Die kinetische Theorie und die Thermodynamik irreversibler Prozesse ist damit für den Fall der Diffusion und Wärmeleitung in Gasgemischen wohl bestätigt. Auf Grund dieser Bestätigung der Theorie wurden sodann mehrere, bisher unbekannte α (von N2/O2; O2/A, CO2; A/CO2; H2/D2) undD (von H2, N2, O2/A; N2, A/CO2; H2/D2) mittels des Diffusionsthermoeffekts gemessen. Sämtliche Resultate sind in gekürzter Form in Tabelle 13 zusammengestellt. Thermodiffusionsfaktoren und Diffusionskoeffizienten werden durch die neue Me\methode vielleicht mit zu den am einfachsten und genauesten bestimmbaren Gasdaten gehören.
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    The European physical journal 124 (1947), S. 68-76 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Differentialgleichung der wandstabilisierten Lichtbogenentladung wird unter Berücksichtigung der Wärmeleitung durch ambipolare Trägerdiffusion für einen speziellen Fall integriert. Die so erhaltene Temperaturverteilung über den Rohrradius wird mit Temperaturverteilungen, die man bei gleichem Druck und Rohrradius unter Vernachlässigung der ambipolaren Trägerdiffusion erhält, verglichen. Hierbei werden erstens der Gradient, zweitens die Leistung und drittens die Stromstärke in den beiden Entladungen festgehalten. Es ergibt sich, da\ die ambipolare Diffusion die Temperaturverteilungen nicht wesentlich abändert. Bei den absoluten Zahlenwerten von Spannung, Strom und Leistung sind jedoch Unterschiede bis zur Grö\enordnung 2 zu beobachten.
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    The European physical journal 124 (1947), S. 77-79 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es empfiehlt sich,g in seiner Grundbedeutung als Feldstärke, als Kraft je Masseneinheit,g=981 dun/g, einzuführen. Die Kürzung zur Dimension Beschleunigung ist auf wirkliche Bewegungsvorgänge, vor allem den freien Fall, einzuschränken.
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    The European physical journal 124 (1947), S. 30-51 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung In stationär strömenden Gasen kann ein dauernder Diffusionsvorgang stattfinden, und dementsprechend bewirkt der Diffusionswärmestrom in diesem Fall ein zeitlich konstantes Temperaturfeld. Zunächst werden die Grundgleichungen des Effekts, bei dem Wärmeentwicklung durch innere Reibung praktisch keine Rolle spielt, zusammengestellt und auf eine idealisierte Versuchsanordnung mit ebenen, adiabatischen Wänden angewandt. Bei nicht zu kleiner Strömungsgeschwindigkeit entstehen Temperaturdifferenzen von derselben Grö\e wie bei der (nichtstationären) Diffusion ruhender Gase. Einfacher als die vollständige Berechnung des Temperaturfelds ist die des Temperaturlinienintegrals $$\Psi = \int\limits_{ - \infty }^\infty {(T - T_0 )} $$ dz, welche für eine praktisch realisierbare Anordnung — bestehend aus zwei Rohren, die längs einer gemeinsamen Mantellinie durch einen schmalen, genügend langen Diffusionsschlitz in Verbindung sind—durchgeführt wird.ψ erweist sich als proportional dem Thermodiffusionsfaktor α und der reduzierten Geschwindigkeit ¯w=¯wIwII/(¯wI+¯wII), wo ¯wI,II die Geschwindigkeiten der beiden Gasströme sind. Mit einer solchen Versuchsanordnung wurde an H2↔N2 der Effekt experimentell nachgewiesen und näher untersucht. Wie erwartet, erwärmt sich der H2-Strom, während der N2-Strom sich abkühlt. Der Zusammenhang ψ ∼ ¯w konnte bestätigt werden. Aus Messungen an 80% N2, 20% H2↔N2 und H2↔ 20% N2, 80% H2 wurde überdiesα entnommen und in übereinstimmung mit den früheren, aus dem nichtstationären Effekt erhaltenen Werten befunden.
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    The European physical journal 124 (1947), S. 118-120 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird die Lage der ultravioletten Absorptionskante für KCl, KBr und KJ für verschiedene Temperaturen bis über den Schmelzpunkt des Kristalles hinaus bestimmt. Am Schmelzpunkt springt die Absorptionskante um 0,7 e-Volt in Richtung längerer Wellen.
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    The European physical journal 124 (1947), S. 80-104 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der gesamten, die Teile I bis IV umfassenden Arbeit werden die bei der unelastischen Streuung von Elektronen an Kristallen beobachteten Kikuchi-Enveloppen theoretisch behandelt. Wegen der sehr komplizierten Interferenzvorgänge wird im vorliegenden Teil I eine anschauliche qualitative Theorie der tatsächlichen Vorgänge entwickelt, die zu den Kikuchi-Enveloppen führen. (Eine in den Teilen II bis IV zu bringende quantitative Theorie mu\ leider nach v.Laue mit den weniger anschaulichen reziproken Wellenvorgängen operieren). — In den bisherigen Theorien der Gitterbeugung von Elektronen wird durchgehend angenommen, da\ dieeinzelne Netzebene eine auffallende Welle nur schwach reflektiert. Eine hinreichend flach auf eineeinzelne dicht besetzte (d. h. niedrig indizierte) Netzebene auffallende Elektronenwelle wird jedoch von dieser schon praktisch vollständig reflektiert, so da\ es erforderlich ist, die bisherige Theorie in dieser Hinsicht zu vervollständigen. Dabei ergibt es sich, da\ die Kikuchi-Enveloppen durch solche flach auffallenden Elektronenwellen hervorgerufen werden, und zwar auf zwei wesentlich verschiedene Weisen, nämlich: Denkt man sich die von einem unelastisch streuenden Kristallatom ausgehende Kugelwelle in lauter ebene Wellen aller möglichen Fortschreitungsrichtungen zerlegt, so entstehen infolge des hohen Reflexionsvermögens der einzelnen Netzebene bei den flach auffallenden ebenen Wellen Zickzackreflexionen zwischen zwei benachbarten Netzebenen. Falls je zwei verschieden oft zickzackreflektierte Wellen in Phase stehen, werden die Eigenschwingungen des Kristalls angeregt. Diese bestehen aus Raumgitter-Eigenschwingungen und der sogenanntenTamm-schen Oberflächenwelle. Durch Abbeugung aus diesen beiden Arten von Eigenschwingungen in dieFraunhoferschen Beugungsrichtungen des Netzebenenkreuzgitters entstehen zwei Arten von Enveloppen, nämlich die Raumgitter- und die Oberflächen-Enveloppe. Wesentlich dabei ist, da\ die Raumgitter-Enveloppe durch die modifizierteBraggsche Bedingung (1. 706) bestimmt ist, herrührend vom hohen Reflexionsvermögen der einzelnen Netzebene für flach auffallende Elektronenwellen. Auf Grund der Ergebnisse über die Gestalt der beiden Arten von Enveloppen lassen sich Schlüsse auf das Auftreten von inneren Spaltflächen (Rissen) im bestrahlten Kristall ziehen.
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    The European physical journal 124 (1947), S. 105-117 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, da\ sich aus den Gleichungen spezieller Fälle, die Päsler u. a. als Beispiel zur Anwendung einer von ihm entwickelten Theorie der inneren Reibung anführt, eine formal mit der Fundamental-Differentialgleichung der Theorie vonBennewitz undRötger übereinstimmende Beziehung herleiten lä\t. Man geht hierzu von der erweiterten Bewegungsgleichung des Schwingers und der verallgemeinerten Wärmeleitungsgleichung aus und eliminiert aus ihnen die durch die Deformation des Schwingers in diesem entstehende übertemperatur, wodurch man zu einer Differentialgleichung für den Verschiebungsvektor gelangt. Diese erweist sich als separierbar, wenn man für den Verschiebungsvektor einen Produktansatz macht, dessen ortsabhängiger Teil das Integral der Schwingerbewegungsgleichung ohne Berücksichtigung der inneren Dämpfung ist, während der den zeitlichen Verlauf beschreibende Faktor unbestimmt bleibt. Es zeigt sich, da\ dieser dann einer derBennewitz-Rötgerschen Differentialgleichung analogen Relation genügen mu\. Diese Tatsache ermöglicht es insbesondere, den vonBennewitz undRötger in ihren Rechnungen eingeführten „zusätzlichen“ Elastizitätsmodulɛ für die genannten Fälle streng durch experimentell bestimmbare Materialkonstanten auszudrücken. Das gleiche gilt von. dem Ausgleichskoeffizientenγ, der sich als proportional dem Wärmeleitvermögen des Schwingers erweist. Schlie\lich wird gezeigt, wie man mit Hilfe einer bekannten Analogiebetrachtung die Grö\enɛ undγ „elektrisch realisieren“ kann.
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    The European physical journal 124 (1947), S. 129-134 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Hinblick auf die Bedeutung, welche der phänomenologische Begriff der inneren Temperatur für die theoretische Behandlung des gehemmten Energieaustausches zwischen inneren Freiheitsgraden und der Translationsbewegung von Gasmolekülen, insbesondere für die Anwendungen auf Schallabsorption und-dispersion und Wärmeleitung in Gasen, hat, wird die Anwendbarkeit dieses Begriffes untersucht und sein Gültigkeitsbereich näher abgegrenzt.
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    The European physical journal 124 (1947), S. 135-143 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nachweis des Ohmschen Leitungsmechanismus im Supraleiter aus Beobachtungen vonMcLennan und Mitarbeitern aus dem Jahre 1932.
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    The European physical journal 124 (1947), S. 121-128 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aus der experimentell gefundenen Verschiebung und dem Aufspaltungsbild von Multiplett-Termen im elektrischen Feld wird die Oszillatorenstärke von übergängen zu benachbarten Zuständen bestimmt. Es ergeben sich für dief-Werte eine obere und unter Zuhilfenahme des f-Summensatzes auch eine untere Grenze. Das Verfahren wird auf den 3P 1/2, 3/2 Term des Natriums angewandt. Es ergibt sich für den übergang 3P 1/2, 3/2 − 3D 3/2, 5/2 0,85 〈f 3D〈 0,93 und für den übergang 3P 1/2, 3/2 − 4S 1/2 0,14 〈f 4S 〈 0,17.
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    The European physical journal 124 (1947), S. 144-153 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Symmetriebedingungen „einseitigen“ Gleitvermögens werden für den Makrokristall und das Diskontinuum kurz besprochen. Für das Beispiel des Kaliumchlorats KClO3 wird eine kristallstrukturelle Begründung gegeben. Umgekehrt wird aus der Struktur nachgewiesen, warum bei Zyanit Gleitung praktisch gleich gut in Richtung und Gegenrichtung verläuft, während der Baryt als ein Beispiel für echte zweiseitige Gleitung bei entsprechend hoher Symmetrie vorgeführt wird. — Auf das Problem der gitterdynamischen Uneinheitlichkeit reziproker Schiebungen, das ist gewisser mechanischer Zwillingsdeformationen gleichen Schiebungsbetrages, wird am Beispiel des Kaliumchlorats hingewiesen.
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    The European physical journal 124 (1947), S. 154-174 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Unterteil A werden die zu den Kikuchi-Enveloppen führendenreziproken Wellenvorgänge auf anschauliche Weise ohne Rechnungen dargestellt. (Die nähere Durchrechnung soll in den später erscheinenden Teilen III und IV erfolgen.) Diese Wellenvorgänge entstehen folgenderma\en durch elastische Streuung der vom Vakuum einfallenden Elektronenwelle im Kristallgitter: Die einfallende Elektronenwelle wird an den zur Kristalloberfläche parallelen Netzebenenkreuzgittern mit schwacher Intensität in derenFraunhoferschen B. R. abgebeugt. Die flach gegen diese Netzebenenschar verlaufenden Beugungswellen verstärken sich aus zwei wesentlich verschiedenen Gründen durch Interferenz, nämlich: Einmal regt die in derobersten Netzebene flach abgebeugte Welle infolge der durch Totalreflexion hervorgerufenen fortgesetzten Zickzackreflexionen bei günstiger Phase die Oberflächen-Eigenschwingung des Kristalls an (Tammsche Oberflächenwelle). Andererseits verstärken sich die an denverschiedenen Netzebenen flach abgebeugten Wellen und geben zur Entstehung von Raumgitter-Eigenschwingungen des Kristalles Anla\. Die hierfür ma\gebende Bedingung (2. 301) kann auch alsBraggsche Bedingung aufgefa\t werden, die jedoch infolge des starken Einflusses der zur Oberfläche parallelen Netzebenenschar auf die flach auffallende Beugungswelle modifiziert werden mu\. Bei Umkehrung der Fortpflanzungsrichtung aller Wellen ergeben sich die im Teil I 2) auf direktem Wege beschriebenen, zur Oberflächen- bzw. Raumgitter-Enveloppe führenden Wellenvorgänge. Auf Grund dieser Betrachtungen wird im Unterteil B die Gestalt der Oberflächen- und Raumgitter-Enveloppe mit Hilfe der erlaubten und verbotenen Energiebänder aufgezeichnet, wobei sich in allen Einzelheiten übereinstimmung mit den Experimenten ergibt. Der Zusammenhang der Oberflächen-Enveloppe mit den sogenanntenSternschen Dellen wird diskutiert. Ein von anderer Seite vermuteter Zusammenhang mit denWoodschen Banden besteht nicht (Abschnitt 4).
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    Notes: Conclusions La préhypophyse sécrète deux hormones, l'auxogène et la crinogène. On peut, en détruisant ou éliminant le crinogène, obtenir des extraits à effet auxogène pur. L'urine de femme castrée ne contient que le principe auxogène: la lutéinisation, observée dans certains cas, est un effet secondaire dû à l'intervention de l'hypophyse de l'animal traité. L'urine de femme enceinte contient deux prolans: un principe crinogène identique à celui de l'hypophyse et agissant, comme ce dernier, directement sur l'ovaire; un principe hypophysotrope, stimulant l'hypophyse de l'animal — dans la mesure où elle est présente ou capable de réponse — et se traduisant dans l'ovaire par un effet auxogène de type physiologique. Les deux principes de l'UFE peuvent être séparés ou l'un peut être détruit avec conservation partielle de l'autre. Les taux des deux prolans varient d'une urine à l'autre, pour une même urine au cours de la gestation ou au cours du chauffage. L'existence de ces deux principes est importante à considérer lorsqu'on utilise, dans la pratique médicale, des extraits d'UFE qui sont, en réalité, des mélanges variables de deux hormones, dont les effets physiologiques et, par suite, les indications thérapentiques ne sont certainement pas les mémes.
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 1 (1945), S. 92-94 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 1 (1945), S. 97-97 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 1 (1945), S. 94-95 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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