ALBERT

Notes: In north-central Wopmay Orogen, syntectonic low-P(Buchan-type) suites of mineral isograds outline regional metamorphic temperature culminations that are associated, at the higher structural levels, with emplacement of early Proterozoic plutons in the west part of a deformed and eastward transported continental margin prism. The mapped isograds mark the first occurrence of biotite, staurolite, andalusite, sillimanite, sillimanite-K feldspar and K feldspar-plagioclase-quartz ± muscovite (granitic) pods in metapelites, with increasing proximity to the plutons.Microprobe analyses and field observations have resulted in the formulation of reactions for the ‘ideal’pelitic system K2O-Na2O-FeO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O, to account for the various mineral assemblages of each metamorphic zone. A P-T petrogenetic grid showing erosion surface P-T curves for the northern Wopmay Orogen pelites, compiled on the basis of the mapped isograds and the inferred reaction(s) for each metamorphic zone, documents a variation in exposed metamorphic pressure ranging between 2 and 4 kbar.The configuration of a new bathograd, based on the invariant model reaction sillimanite + K feldspar + plagioclase + biotite + quartz + vapor ± muscovite + liquid and interpolated across three metamorphic suites, is consistent with a major regional structure culmination and with independently determined pressures obtained from anorthite-grossular-quartz-Al2SiO5 geobarometry. The positive correlation between the configuration of the bathograd and the structural and pressure culmination points to the pressure-dependence of anatectic-granitic-pod mineral associations.

Notes: Variations in assemblage and composition of the constituent minerals in basic and intermediate metavolcanics encountered in the Zarouchla Group of the Phyllite-Quartzite Series are consistent with a progressive sequence, corresponding to temperature conditions estimated at 290-380°C (minimum values) under a total pressure greater than 3°5kbar and possibly as high as 5 kbar. In the absence of more critical evidence, the parageneses recorded in the metavolcanic rocks are interpreted as belonging to a prograde facies series from the lawsonite-albitechlorite facies through the pumpellyite-actinolite facies to the greenschist facies. The present distribution of mineral assemblages does not show a simple increase of metamorphic grade in a given direction but is apparently related to the tectonic evolution of the metamorphic sequence.

Notes: Abstract Mylonites from shear zones cutting Hercynian gneisses in the central Pyrenees have been studied in thin section and using the electron microprobe. The shear zones contain retrogressive greenschist facies assemblages implying introduction of an aqueous fluid during deformation in the zones. Textural evidence suggests that fluid-rock interaction occurred throughout the active life of the shear zones.Whole-rock chemical changes during deformation are documented in a variety of mylonitic lithologies and retrogressed country rocks. The overall effect was to reduce chemical differences between lithologies. Activity diagrams show that this would be expected if a hydrous fluid was circulating between different lithologies during deformation. In most cases fluid/rock ratios were relatively small resulting in gradual chemical changes and repeated recrystallization. ‘Open-system’behaviour with reduction in the number of phases is seen in some granite mylonites, suggesting focusing of fluid movement in parts of the shear zones. Continual fluid-rock interaction may have led to reaction-enhanced ductility in the shear zones over a long period of time. The source of fluid is uncertain, but may be related to underthrusting of material beneath the area investigated.

Notes: Abstract The hornblende-bearing basic gneisses in the Uvete area, central Kenya, were metamorphosed under a narrow range of P and T (6.5 ± 0.5kbar and 530 ± 40°C) of the staurolitekyanite zone in the Mozambique metamorphic belt. They show a wide variety of divariant and trivariant mineral assemblages consisting of hornblende, cumminatonite, gedrite, anthophyllite, chlorite, garnet, epidote, clinopyroxene, plagio-clase and quartz. The bulk and mineral chemistries and the graphical representation of phase relations show that each mineral assemblage approaches chemical equilibrium and defines a unique composition volume in the A′(Al + Fe3+− (13/7)Na)-F(Fe2+)-M′(Mg)-C′(Ca-(3/7)Na) tetrahedron. The composition volumes are distributed quite regularly and do not overlap each other.The phase relations in the Uvete area are in contrast with those in the staurolite-kyanite zone amphibolites in the Mt. Cube quadrangle, Vermont. The amphibolites there contain low-variance mineral assemblages formed under different values of μH2O and μCO2. These assemblages define overlapping composition volumes in the A′-F′-M′-C’tetrahedron.The mineral assemblages in the Uvete area are interpreted as having formed in equilibrium with fluid at a high and nearly constant μH2O value. Such a fluid composition was externally controlled by the supply of H2O-rich fluid expelled from the surrounding pelitic and psammitic rocks. The body size of the basic gneisses in the Uvete area (less than 400m in thickness) was small enough for the fluid to migrate completely.

Notes: Abstract Blueschist-facies rocks on the Seward Peninsula constitute a structurally coherent terrane measuring at least 100 × 150 km. Radiometric age data indicate that high-pressure metamorphism probably occurred in Jurassic rather than in Palaeozoic or Precambrian time, as previously suggested. Protolith sediments (Nome Group) are of intracontinental basin or continental margin type, and of lower Palaeozoic and possibly late Precambrian age, thus predating the high pressure metamorphism by more than 200 m.y.Blueschist-facies mineral assemblages were developed in almost all lithologies of the Nome Group, and are best preserved in FeTi-rich metabasites (glaucophane + almandine + epidote) and pelites (glaucophane + chloritoid + phengite). A lawsonite–crossite subfacies was developed in possible Nome Group rocks on the east flank of the Darby Mountains. Albite–epidote–amphibolite facies assemblages characterize Nome Group rocks in the southwestern part of the Peninsula. Metamorphism in the central zone of the terrane passed from early lawsonitic to subsequent epidote–almandine–glaucophane schist subfacies with the local development (east of the Nome River) of eclogitic assemblages.The high pressure metamorphic minerals were synkinematic with the development of mesoscopic-scale intrafolial isoclinal folds and a flattening foliation of consistent orientation. Initiation of uplift probably corresponded to the growth of barroisite rims on earlier sodic and actinolitic amphiboles, and partial post-kinematic greenschist facies replacements record later stages of decompression. Ophiolites and melange are not associated with the Seward Peninsula blueschists. The high-pressure metamorphism was caused by tectonic loading of a continental plate by an allochthon of indeterminate origin. The PT conditions of high pressure metamorphism were approximately 9–11 kbar, 400–450°C, thus falling between the PT paths of the Shuksan and Franciscan terranes.

Notes: Abstract Two periods of garnet growth (Gt1 and Gt2) have been found in the Finnmarkian nappes of north Norway. In the Kolvik Nappe (the lowest nappe) Gt1 has preserved an S2 syntectonic spiral inclusion fabric; in the Olderfjord Nappe an earlier S1 fabric and an interkinematic inter-D1–D2 fabric have been preserved in Gt1 whilst only the S1 fabric has been found in Gt1 in the Brennsvik Nappe (the highest nappe). In each nappe Gt2 overgrew a penetrative fabric (S2) wrapped around Gt1. In the Kolvik Nappe inclusion fabrics may be continuous from Gt1 into Gt2 but in the higher nappes there is a distinct break. Gt2 may have been partially syntectonic with D3 in the Brennsvik Nappe.Chemically Gt1 in the Kolvik Nappe and in parts of the Olderfjord and Brennsvik Nappes has antithetic Fe-Mn zoning. In all nappes XCa and XMg are weakly zoned in Gt1; XMg increases outwards and is greater in the higher nappes in Gt1 suggesting higher nucleation temperatures. In the Olderfjord and Brennsvik Nappes Gt2 is marked by increasing XCa, probably due to changing garnet-plagioclase equilibria, although the Fe/Mg ratio remains constant. XMg is higher in Gt2 than Gt1.Basement rocks within the nappe pile have an early pre-Finnmarkian growth (Gt1) and a later Finnmarkian growth (GtH) correlated with Gt2 on the basis of chemical zoning patterns.The diachroneity of Gt1 is ascribed to progressively earlier (compared to the structural development) cessation of overstepping of garnet-forming reactions before peak metamorphism in the higher nappes, resulting in earlier structural events being preserved.

Notes: Abstract Fluid inclusion studies of rocks from the late Archaean amphibolite-facies to granulite-facies transition zone of southern India provide support for the hypothesis that CO2,-rich H2O-poor fluids were a major factor in the origin of the high-grade terrain. Charnockites, closely associated leucogranites and quartzo-feldspathic veins contain vast numbers of large CO2-rich inclusions in planar arrays in quartz and feldspar, whereas amphibole-bearing gray gneisses of essentially the same compositions as adjacent charnockites in mixed-facies quarries contain no large fluid inclusions. Inclusions in the northernmost incipient charnockites, as at Kabbal, Karnataka, occasionally contain about 25 mol. % of immiscible H2O lining cavity walls, whereas inclusions from the charnockite massif terrane farther south do not have visibile H2OMicrothermometry of CO2 inclusions shows that miscible CH4 and N2 must be small, probably less than 10mol.%combined. Densities of CO2 increase steadily from north to south across the transitional terrane. Entrapment pressures calculated from the CO2 equation of state range from 5 kbar in the north to 7.5 kbar in the south at the mineralogically inferred average metamorphic temperature of 750°C, in quantitative agreement with mineralogic geobarometry. This agreement leads to the inference that the fluid inclusions were trapped at or near peak metamorphic conditions.Calculations on the stability of the charnockite assemblage biotite-orthopyroxene-K-feldspar-quartz show that an associated fluid phase must have less than 0.35 H2O activity at the inferred P and T conditions, which agrees with the petrographic observations. High TiO2 content of biotite stabilizes it to lower H2O activities, and the steady increase of biotite TiO2 southward in the area suggests progressive decrease of aH2O with increasing grade. Oxygen fugacities calculated from orthopyroxene-magnetite-quartz are considerably higher than the graphite CO2-O2 buffer, which explains the absence of graphite in the charnockites.The present study quantifies the nature of the vapours in the southern India granulite metamorphism. It remains to be determined whether CO2-flushing of the crust can, by itself, create large terranes of largeion lithophile-depleted granulites, or whether removal of H2O-bearing anatectic melts is essential.

Notes: Abstract There are discrete masses of un-deformed metabasite within the blueschist series of the island of Syros. Greece. Around the margins of these masses are zonal sequences through rocks showing intracrystalline deformation but without a geometric fabric, to rocks with discrete and anastomosing shear zones, and finally to penetratively foliated rocks with isolated relics of the original undeformed texture. Textural relics suggest that this spatial sequence is at least qualitatively also a temporal sequence.This progressive shear zone deformation took place concurrently with a glaucophane-epidote to eclogite reaction. The reaction pathways in the rocks that underwent the shear zone deformation can be compared with those in rocks of a similar composition that suffered a longer deformation history and show no relics of an undeformed parent. Although the final assemblages are in both cases the same, the pathways are different. These differences are in part related to reactions promoted by the change from local to bulk equilibrium on the onset of deformation in the rocks. They are also related to the crystallization and later breakdown during the sequence of progressive equilibration of a metastable phase, in this case an impure glaucophane.

Notes: Abstract The Rockley Volcanics from near Oberon, New South Wales occur within the aureole of the Carboniferous Bathurst Batholith and have been contact metamorphosed at P ∼ 100 ± 50MPa (10.5kbar) and a maximum T ∼ 565°C in the presence of a C–O–H fluid. Prior to contact metamorphism the volcanics were regionally metamorphosed and altered with the extensive development of actinolite, chlorite, plagioclase, quartz and calcite. The contact metamorphosed equivalents of these rocks have been subdivided into: Ca-poor (cordierite + gedrite), Mg-rich (amphibole + olivine + spinel), mafic (amphibole + plagioclase) and Ca-rich (amphibole + garnet + diopside; diopside + plagioclase; garnet + diopside + wollastonite) rocks.The chemistry of the minerals in the hornfelses was controlled by the bulk rock chemistry and fluid composition. Pargasites and hastingsites as well as an unusual phlogopite with blue green pleochroism, are found in Ca-rich hornfelses. A comparison of the assemblages with experimentally derived equilibria suggests that the fluid phase associated with the Ca-rich hornfelses was water-rich (Xco2= 0.1 to 0.3) while that associated with the Mg-rich hornfelses was enriched in CO2 (Xco2 〉 0.7). The different hornfels types have reacted to contact metamorphism independently in both their solid and fluid chemistries.

Notes: Abstract A garnet–hornblende Fe–Mg exchange geothermometer has been calibrated against the garnet–clinopyroxene geothermometer of Ellis & Green (1979) using data on coexisting garnet + hornblende + clinopyroxene in amphibolite and granulite facies metamorphic assemblages. Data for the Fe–Mg exchange reaction between garnet and hornblende have been fitted to the equation. In KD=Δ (XCa,g) where KD is the Fe–Mg distribution coefficient, using a robust regression approach, giving a thermometer of the form: with very satisfactory agreement between garnet–hornblende and garnet–clinopyroxene temperatures. The thermometer is applicable below about 850°C to rocks with Mn-poor garnet and common hornblende of widely varying chemistry metamorphosed at low aO2.Application of the garnet–hornblende geothermometer to Dalradian garnet amphibolites gives temperatures in good agreement with those predicted by pelite petrogenetic grids, ranging from 520°C for the lower garnet zone to 565–610°C for the staurolite to kyanite zones. These results suggest that systematic errors introduced by closure temperature problems in the application of the garnet–clinopyroxene geothermometer to the ‘calibration’data set are not serious. Application to ‘eclogitic’garnet amphibolites suggests that garnet and hornblende seldom attain Fe–Mg exchange equilibrium in these rocks.Quartzo-feldspathic and mafic schists of the Pelona Schist on Sierra Pelona, Southern California, were metamorphosed under high pressure greenschist, epidote–amphibolite and (oligoclase) amphibolite facies beneath the Vincent Thrust at pressures deduced to be 10±1 kbar using the phengite geobarometer, and 8–9kbar using the jadeite content of clinopyroxene in equilibrium with oligoclase and quartz. Application of the garnet–hornblende thermometer gives temperatures ranging from about 480°C at the garnet isograd through 570°C at the oligoclase isograd to a maximum of 620–650°C near the thrust. Inverted thermal gradients beneath the Vincent Thrust were in the range 170 to 250°C per km close to the thrust.

Notes: Coexisting Ca-poor and Ca-rich pyroxenes in granulites at Cape Riche, in the Precambrian Albany-Fraser Province, Western Australia, are dominantly chemically homogeneous within individual samples, suggesting a major episode of equilibration. However, occasional grains in a few samples contain exsolved domains interpreted as relics of an earlier, higher-T assemblage. Pyroxene pairs in ten, presumably isothermal, samples from a restricted area are used to (i) assess the suitability of several versions of the two-pyroxene thermometer for application to metamorphic rocks, and (ii) determine the thermal history of the Cape Riche pyroxenes.The various versions of the two-pyroxene thermometer applied to the well-equilibrated homogeneous pyroxene grains show poor to good precision and yield mean temperatures varying widely from 683° to 893°C, in the following order of increasing T: Lindsley (1983; opx version), 683°± 11°C; Kretz (1982; KD version), 705°± 19°C; Ross & Huebner (1975), 709°± 30°C; Kretz (1982; solvus version), 735°± 24°C; Fonarev & Graphchikov (1982; opx version), 〈750°C; Lindsley (1983; cpx version), 784°± 40°C; Fonarev & Graphchikov (1982; cpx version), ~820°± 30°C; Wood & Banno (1973), 849°± 16°C; Powell (1978), 854°± 23°C; Wells (1977), 893°± 10°C. Independent T estimates, based on mafic assemblages and garnet-biotite thermometry, suggest that the major episode of metamorphism occurred at 700-800°C (P ~ 5 kbar). Therefore the Wells, Powell, Wood & Banno and Fonarev & Graphchikov (cpx) temperatures are almost certainly too high. In the absence of a more precise independent T estimate it is difficult to assess the relative merits of the results obtained from the remaining versions of the two-pyroxene thermometer, none of which can be unequivocally demonstrated to be seriously in error, though the Lindsley (opx) T is probably too low. Other significant shortcomings evident in the results include the relatively poor precision obtained from the three methods based on purely graphical representation of the augite limb of the solvus (i.e., the Ross & Huebner, Fonarev & Graphchikov (cpx) and Lindsley (cpx) versions), and the apparent dependence of derived T on Mg/Fe2+ ratio for the Powell, Wood & Banno and Lindsley (cpx) methods.For the bulk compositions of exsolved domains, the different versions of the two-pyroxene thermometer yield mean temperatures 23° to 82°C (overall mean, 65°C) higher than for homogeneous grains in the same samples. These exsolved domains are interpreted as relics of a higher-T (peak?) metamorphic assemblage, rather than an igneous precursor.

Notes: This work presents the results of a fluid inclusion study of an amphibolite-granulite facies transition in West Uusimaa, S.W. Finland. Early fluid-inclusions in the granulite facies area are characteristically carbonic (CO2), in contrast to predominantly aqueous early inclusions in the amphibolite facies area. These early inclusions can be related to peak metamorphic conditions (750-820°C and 3-5 kbar for peak granulite facies metamorphism). Relatively young CO2 inclusions with low densities (〈0.8g/cm3) indicate that the first part of the cooling history of the rocks was characterized by a near isothermal uplift.N2-CH4 inclusions, with compositions ranging between pure CH4 and pure N2 (Raman spectral analysis), were found in the whole area. They are probably syn- or even pre-early inclusions. Only nearly critical homogenizing inclusions have been found (low density). Pressure estimates, based on densities of early fluid inclusions, show that the rapid transition of amphibolite towards granulite facies metamorphism is virtually isobaric. Granulite facies metamorphism in West Uusimaa is a thermal event, probably induced by the influx of hot, CO2-bearing fluids.

Notes: Multisystems of n+k (k 〉 3) phases are very complicated and knowledge of them has suffered as a result. The successful solution of the topological relationships in n+ 3 phase multisystems by Zen (1966, 1967) and Zen & Roseboom (1972) has aroused much interest regarding what will happen in a multisystem of more than n+ 3 phases. Since 1979, some important research results on this topic have been published. These results have expounded the substantial rules governing the appearance of phase relations in phase diagrams of n - k (k 〉 3) phase multisystems. The most significant conclusions include: (1) It is impossible to incorporate all the possible phase relations in an n+k (k 〉 3) phase multisystem in a single closed net. Therefore, it is no longer enough to use only a single closed net to depict the topological relations involved in these types of multisystems. Instead, one or more groups of closed nets, namely the complete system(s) of closed nets are necessary for this purpose. (2) A principle called the Combination Principle has been proposed and proved. It states: Any closed net of one n+k (k 〉 3) phase multisystem must be a combination of two or more distinct n+ 3 order submultisystem closed nets belonging to the given n+k phase multisystem, if it is not one of the n+ 3 order submultisystem closed nets itself. The combination principle provides both a theoretical basis and a practical method for the construction of closed nets and, hence, for the derivation of the real phase diagrams for any n+k (k 〉 3) phase multisystem. (3) A theorem on divariant-assemblage-characteristic-stability-polygons is also important to our understanding of the n+k (k± 3) phase multisystem closed nets. This theorem can be stated as follows: A divariant assemblage of an n+k (k± 3) phase multisystem will be stable in an l-polygon lacking diagonals in an appropriate set of closed-net-diagrams, and this l-polygon may be at least a triangle, and at most a k-polygon. In addition, the closed-net-diagrams of unary and binary n+ 4 phase multisystems derived respectively by Guo (1980b, 1980c, 1981a) and by Roseboom & Zen (1982) have also been summarized. The combination principle is applied to a practical petrological problem in this paper, dealing with 7 phases in the system FeO-Fe2O3-SiO2.

Notes: Abstract The stability of quartz-chloritoid-staurolite-almandine-cordierite and aluminium silicates is used to constrain both metamorphic conditions and pressure-temperature trajectories for two localities within the 2700 Ma Archaean Yilgarn Block in Western Australia. Available experimental data are used to calculate thermodynamic data for a self-consistent set of equilibria between these minerals. A lower amphibolite facies locality from the margin of a lower strain area contains assemblages including quartz-chloritoid-staurolite-garnet-biotite with altered cordierite replacing chloritoid, quartz-staurolite-andalusite, and quartz-cordierite-andalusite-biotite. This locality was heated to 530–560°C in the andalusite field, at 4.2 kbar. A sample from a mid- to upper-amphibolite facies, highly strained locality contains relict staurolite enclosed by andalusite, in turn replaced by cordierite and muscovite with biotite and sillimanite in the matrix. The assemblage was heated isobarically from conditions near the maximum experienced by the lower grade locality of 560°C at 4.2 kbar to temperatures in excess of the andalusite-sillimanite transition but within the quartz plus muscovite stability field (600–650°C). The higher grade locality is close to a granitoid dome and sections based on gravity profiles reveal that this locality is underlain by granitoid at shallow depths. The higher grade metamorphism apparently reflects superposition of the thermal aureole on regional metamorphic conditions similar to those in the lower grade areas.

Notes: Abstract A major system of steep Caledonian shear zones, of regional extent, has been identified in NE Scotland. The shear zones affect a wide range of lithologies, including Argyll and Southern Highland Group Dalradian, ‘Younger Basic’intrusives and their hornfelses, and also the earlier of the more acid intrusions. The observed fabrics and parageneses are consistent with low-pressure amphibolite facies metamorphism. These shear zones represent a phase of movement which occurred in the 490-465 Ma interval when ambient temperatures were still high, and it is concluded that this is the principal control on the metamorphic grade achieved within the shear zones, although local anomalies may exist.

Notes: Abstract An experimental study of the system CaCO3–MgCO3–FeCO3 was undertaken in order to calibrate the iron correction to the calcite–dolomite geothermometer, which is based on the solubility of magnesium in calcite in the assemblage calcite + dolomite. The experiments, at 450°C and lower temperatures, resulted in products with a very small grain size and incomplete equilibration. However, application of a carefully-devised automatic data processing algorithm to analyses of the phases in experimental charges, combined with a thermodynamic analysis, results in geothermometer diagrams which should be preferred to previous theoretical predictions.

Notes: Abstract Biotite, garnet, staurolite and kyanite isograds in pelitic metasedimentary rocks are developed as a result of thermal metamorphism around syntectonic granitoids in Eastern Rouergue (France). Temperature estimates range between 400°C and 650°C at about 6.5 kbar. Geothermobarometry shows a steep isobaric T gradient which is consistent with the interpretation that the metamorphic highs are thermal aureoles. High grade rocks show evidence of two staurolite forming reactions in the presence of plagioclase and the absence of chlorite that have not been described previously in the literature. The reaction that occurs in the middle staurolite zone, alm-rich ga + Ca-rich pla + Na-rich mu gro-rich ga + Na-rich pla + st + Na-poor mu, is considered to be prograde, whereas the reaction that occurs in the kyanite zone, alm-rich ga + Ca-rich pla + w st + Ca-rich ga + Na-rich pla + qz, is retrograde. The topology of these reactions is illustrated in terms of end member compositions for the systems KNaFASH and KCaFASH, respectively.

Notes: The occurrence of lawsonite is described from pelitic schists of the lower-grade part of the pumpellyite-bearing subzone of the chlorite zone in the Asemi River area of central Shikoku. The lawsonite-bearing parageneses are consistent with the generally accepted view that the Sanbagawa facies series represents higher pressures than the lawsonite-bearing facies series in New Zealand.

Notes: Abstract Late Archaean orthogneisses and aluminous and iron-rich metasedimentary rocks intruded by anorthosite and a ferrodiorite-granite suite were completely recrystallized during Proterozoic granulite facies metamorphism. Geobarometry and geothermometry indicate P-T conditions of around 7.5kbar. 700°C, with a CO2-rich fluid phase and logfO2 at or below -16. A two-stage high-grade history of near isochemical corona growth is preserved in metasediments with the reaction cycle opx + plag + H2O → hbl+gar+SiO2→ opx+plag+H2O. End product compositions resemble those of the initial phases, and the only mobile components were SiO2 and/or H2O. The coronas reflect shortlived fluctuations in chemical activity at essentially constant P and T, contrary to simple progressive change in equilibrium parameters recorded by most corona-bearing textures.

Notes: In a polymetamorphic, felsic, biotite-bearing gneiss, biotite has reacted to form magnetite and microcline. The resulting structure is a magnetite core surrounded by a mantle of feldspar and quartz normally not exceeding 20mm in diameter. Measurements of oxygen isotope ratios disclose disequilibrium between mantle microcline and mantle quartz and also between mantle and matrix minerals of the same species. A clustering of temperature estimates from the oxygen isotope distribution between magnetite and quartz and between magnetite and microcline in the interval 550 to 600°C suggests an approach to oxygen isotope equilibrium. No signs of a re-equilibriation of the reacting biotite can be found.

Notes: Abstract Clinopyroxenes and garnets from 11 blueschist-facies Fe-rich eclogite samples from the Voltri Group show a wide range of chemical compositions. Detailed analyses of single pyroxene and garnet grains show wide and scattered chemical inhomogeneity, the KD(KD= (Fe2+/Mg)Gt/(Fe2+/Mg)Cpx) ranges from 20 to 87 based on rim analyses only. The data obtained indicate that the mineral pairs never attained equilibrium under uniform P-T conditions and that the compositions of the metamorphic minerals were influenced mainly by the composition of the pre-metamorphic minerals and by topotactical reactions.

Notes: Abstract At Sulitjelma, Norway, there is a major inversion of metamorphic isograds beneath an inverted but undisrupted ophiolite. The flysch-like Furulund schist in which the inverted isograds occur is also inverted and the early folds in it are downward facing. The isograds cut across the axial surfaces of early folds and across the schistosity. These relationships are explained as the consequence of metamorphism during the progressive development of a large overfold. The inverted limb of the overfold is regarded as a major, thick, gently-dipping shear zone, separating the lower-grade, lower part of the Caledonian allochthon below from the higher-grade upper part of the allochthon above. The association between stratigraphical inversion, downward-facing of syn-schistosity folds and metamorphic inversion is explained by the progressive development of the shear zone. It is suggested that the presence of such shear zones is a common feature of orogenic belts formed by continental collision.

Notes: Abstract The Hercynian granitic basement which forms the Tenda Massif in NE Corsica represents part of the leading edge of the European Plate during middle-to-late Cretaceous (Eoalpine) high P metamorphism. The metamorphism of this basement, induced by the overthrusting of a blueschist facies (schistes lustrés) nappe, was confined to a major ductile shear zone (c. 1000m thick) within which deformation increases upwards towards the overlying nappe. Metamorphism within the basement mostly records lower blueschist facies conditions (crossite + epidote) except near the base of the shear zone where the greenschist facies assemblage albite + actinolitic amphibole has developed instead of crossite. Study of the primary mafic phase breakdown reactions within hornblende granodiorite reveals the following metamorphic zonation. Zone 1: biotite to chlorite. Towards zone 2: biotite to phengite. Zone 2: Hornblende to actinolitic Ca-amphibole + albite + sphene, and biotite to actinolitic Ca-amphibole + albite + phengite + Ti-ore + epidote. Zone 3: Hornblende to crossite + low Ti-biotite + phengite + sphene, and biotite to crossite + low Ti-biotite + phengite + Ti-ore + sphene ± epidote. P-T conditions at the base of the shear zone are estimated to have been 390-490°C at 600-900 M Pa (6-9kbar) and the Corsican basement is therefore deduced to have been buried to 20-30 km during metamorphism. This relatively shallow metamorphism contrasts with some other areas in the Western Alps where the Eoalpine event apparently buried the European continental crust to depths of 80 km or more. As there is no evidence for a long history of blueschist facies metamorphism prior to the involvement of the European continent, it is deduced that the Eoalpine blueschists were produced during the collision of the Insubric plate with Europe, rather than during Tethyan intraoceanic subduction. Coherent blueschist terrains such as the schistes lustres probably record buovant feature collision and obduction tectonics rather than any preceding oceanic subduction.

Notes: Abstract Three major blastomylonitic synmetamorphic (epidote amphibolite to mid amphibolite facies) shear zones are seen on the NW coast of the Mullet Peninsula in NW Mayo. These shear zones occur at the contacts of major structural units and in an imbricated slice where rocks of the Erris Complex are deformed and chemically modified. Chemical changes associated with individual shear zones have been deduced by comparing the compositions of various gneisses both within and adjacent to the shear zones. Compositional changes are different in the constituent rock-types within each unit and many elements normally considered immobile have been selectively mobilized within the shear zones. Little evidence of wholesale metasomatic introduction of components into these shear zones was found to accompany the selective mobilization.

Notes: The development of the Analytical Photogrammetry Compiler (APC) is traced and a detailed description is given of the component parts of the AP/C-4.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn retrace le developpement du restituteur analytique (APC) et on donne une description detaillée des composants du AP/C-4.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Skizzierung des Analytical Photogrammetry Compiler (APC) und detaillierte Beschreibung der Hauptbaugruppen der AP/C-4.

Notes: The fifth biennial symposium of the Photogrammetric Society was held at the University of Birmingham on 6th to 8th April. It has been decided to perpetuate the memory of E. H. Thompson by giving his name to the series of symposia which originated at Birmingham in 1971 Eight papers were delivered to the 1979 symposium. They covered a wide variety of topics which included, in addition to a review of Thompson's own contribution to analytical photogrammetry, a modern approach to the handling of parallax measurements; aspects of digitising; low cost automatic contouring; high energy roentgen photogrammetry; applications in anatomy; the photogrammetric operator's point of view; and cadastral surveys. The majority of the papers are published in this issue of The Photogrammetric Record.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméLe cinquième symposium biennal de la Société de Photogrammétrie s'est dérouléà l'université de Birmingham du 6 au 8 Avril. On décida de perpétuer le souvenir de E. H. Thompson en donnant son nom à la série de symposiums inaugurée à Birmingham en 1971 Huit communications ont été présentées au symposium de 1979. Elles concernaient une grande diversité de sujets qui comprenaient, en plus d'une revue de la contribution de Thompson à la photogrammétrie analytique, une methode moderne de mesure de parallaxe; des aspects de la transformation digitale; une visée automatique à bas prix; la photogrammétrie Roentgen à grande energie; des applications en anatomie; le point de vue de l'opérateur en photogrammétrie; et des cadastres. La majorité des communications sont publicées dans ce numéro de The Photogrammetric Record.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Das 5. im Abstand von zwei Jahren von der Photogrammetric Society veranstaltete Symposium fand vom 6. bis 8. April an der Universität Birmingham statt. Es wurde beschlossen, in ehrendem Gedenken Prof. Thompsons seinen Namen dieser Serie von Symposien, die 1971 in Birmingham begonnen hat, zu geben.Auf dem Symposium 1979 wurden 8 Vorträge gehalten. Sie beinhalten ein breites Themenspektrum, darunter ergänzend zu einem äberblick über den Beitrag Thompsons zur analytischen Photogrammetrie, eine moderne Lösung zur Verarbeitung von Parallaxenmessungen, Aspekte der Digital-isierung, eine kostengünstige automatische Höhenlinienentwicklung, Röntgen-photogrammetrie, Anwendungen in der Anatomie, der Standpunkt des photogrammetrischen Auswerters und Katastermessungen. Die Mehrzahl der Beiträge wird in dieser Ausgabe des Photogrammetric Record veröffentlicht.

Notes: As part of his comprehensive analysis of cadastral surveys within the British Commonwealth (Dale, 1976), the author considered the contribution of aerial photography and photogrammetric surveys to this aspect of land administration. In this paper, he examines that contribution and underlines the limitations of photogrammetry as a cadastral survey method.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé L'auteur extrait de l'étude exhaustive qu'il a faite du levé cadastral dans le Commonwealth (Dale, 1976) tout ce qui a rapport à la photogrammétrie: contribution et limitations.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIn seiner umfassenden Analyse von Katastermessungen (Dale, 1976) betrachtete der Autor den Beitrag der Aerophotogrammetrie und photo-grammetrischer Messungen für die Landeinrichtung. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden diese Ausführungen überpruft und in diesem Zusammenhang die Grenzen der Photogrammetrie herausgearbeitet.

Notes: A simple method is described for calibrating cameras at object distances of less than 0·5 m.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn décrit une méthode simple pour calibrer les appareils de photographie pour des objets à des distances de moins de 0·5 m.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBeschreibung eines einfachen Verfahrens zur Kammerkalibrierung für Aufnahmeentfernungen von weniger als 0·5 m.

Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:CHARTERED LAND SURVEYOR/CHARTERED MINERALS SURVEYOR, Volume 1, Number 1, Spring 1979. Edited by M. Hanson.STUDENT MAP PACK. Dissected highland area: Maesteg, South Wales (Educational Map Series No. 10A). Industrial area: Washington New Town (Educational Map Series No. 11A).PHOTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH, Volume 3. Edited by A. A. Newman.THE CAMERA AT WAR. By J. Lewinski.RECOGNITION OF TREE SPECIES ON AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS. By L. Sayn-Wittgenstein.

Notes: Three investigations of the suitability of photogrammetry as a method of measurement are described, in the fields of marine, mechanical and structural engineering. Analytical solutions for a single model, a strip and a block of photographs are discussed.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn décrit trois tentatives de recours à la photogrammétrie en métrologie industrielle, dans les industries de la marine, de la mécanique, et des structures métalliques. On discute l'intérêt des solutions analytiques pour le couple, la bande ou le bloc de photos.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBeschreibung von drei Untersuchungen bezüglich Eignung der Photogrammetrie als Messverfahren im Schiffbau, im Maschinenbau und im Bauwesen. Diskussion analytischer Lösungen für das Einzelmodell, die Bildreihe und den Block.

Notes: The concept of optimum interpolation is briefly explained. The use of polynomial and non-polynomial stepwise regression for obtaining optimum or near optimum interpolation is illustrated. Least squares collocation is presented as an advanced method for optimising stepwise regression whenever the latter does not achieve desired optimum interpolation for given terrain. A Fortran IV program, written to illustrate an optimum interpolation algorithm using stepwise regression and collocation, is found to produce better results than existing interpolation methods. Other applications of such an algorithm are also discussed.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn expose brièvement le concept d'interpolation optimale, ainsi que les méthodes d'approximation polynomials ou autres qui permettent de la réaliser localement au mieux. On présente la collocation comme une méthode permettant de parachever l'interpolation; on a trouvé effectivement, avec un programme écrit en Fortran IV, que les résultats obtenus ainsi étaient meilleurs. On envisage aussi d'autre types d'applications de cet algorithme.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungKurze Erläuterung des Begriffs der optimalen Interpolation. Skizzierung der Anwendung von schrittweiser Regression mit Hilfe von Polynomen oder anderen Verfahren zur Ermittlung optimaler oder genähert optimaler Inter-polationen. Die Kollokation nach kleinsten Quadraten wird als verbesserte Methode zur Optimierung der schrittweisen Regression dargestellt, wenngleich letztere keine optimale Interpolation für ein gegebenes Gelände liefert. Ein Rechenprogramm in Fortran IV, das zur Veranschaulichung eines optimalen Interpolations-Algorithmus mit Hilfe der schrittweisen Regression und Kollokation geschrieben wurde, lieferte bessere Ergebnisse als vorhandene Interpolationsmethoden. Andere Anwendungen eines solchen Algorithmus werden ebenfalls erörtert.

Notes: The paper presents research and development at the Thematic Information Service of the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) on the topic of integrated geographic information systems. The term integrated is used to describe the incorporation of vector digitised map data and raster scanned remotely sensed data within a single computational environment and with a single interface to the user. Point sampled and statistical data can also be handled by the system. The general structure and working of the Thematic Information Service (TIS) is described only to the extent that it is relevant to providing the background to the research or to highlighting why the specific approach described has been taken.

Notes: A procedure for digital image correlation is described which is based on least squares window matching. The immediate aim is high precision parallax assessment, point transfer, and point measurement. Experiments and theory have confirmed the high accuracy potential of the method. By implementation of charge coupled device (CCD) video cameras in an analytical plotter, an experimental hardware and software configuration has been established with which the operational on line application of digital image correlation for conventional photogrammetric measuring tasks can be tested. First results of calibration and performance of the system are presented. They allow optimistic conclusions as to the further development and practical application of digital image processing in photogrammetry.

Notes: Book review in this aticle:DESERTS AND ARID LANDS. Edited by F. El-Baz.IMAGES OF THE WORLD AN ATLAS OF SATELLITE IMAGERY AND MAPS. By C. Mueller-Wille with an interpretive supplement by R. M. Smith.ELEMENTS OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY. By P. R. Wolf.

Notes: The essential features of equipment for mobile processing are outlined with reference to the development of small photographic laboratory vehicles for use in the Jield. The resulting air film processor, the Wainco Products Limited 392. is described and details are given of trials carried out to establish its performance for a range of tasks in both reconnaissance and survey. The tests cover the sensitometric and drying behaviour of several air films in current use and include an analysis of the dimensional stability o f j l m in the processor. Applications using direrent containers and eflectiveness in improvised situations are also described and possible future variants of the processor are suggested.

Notes: An algorithm for the generation of digital ground models is described. The algorithm is based on an approximate solution and uses data obtained with simple measuring equipment. Processing of the observations is carried out by an on line desk top computer and the results of some tests are given.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn décrit un algorithme pour la génération de modèles de terrain digitaux. L'algorithme est basé sur une solution approximative et utilise des résultats obtenus avec un appareil de mesure simple. Les observations sont etudiées par une ordinateur de bureau lié directement et on donne les resultats de certains travaux.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBeschreibung eines Algorithmus zur Erzeugung digitaler Geländemodelle. Dieser basiert auf einer Näherungslösung und verwendet Daten, die mit einfachen Messgeräten gewonnen wurden. Die Datenverarbeitung wird mit Hilfe eines Tischrechners ausgeführt, und es werden einige Testergebnisse mitgeteilt.

Notes: The author reviews procedures for obtaining stereomicrographs from binocular and monocular optical microscopes, from transmission and scanning electron microscopes and from an X-ray microscope. A description is given of the EMPD2 plotter for stereomicrographs and the advantages of various reconstruction techniques are considered, including a computer method used in the study of virus particles.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméL'auteur fait la revue des procédés qui permettent d'obtenir des stéréomicrographes à partir de microscopes optiques binoculaires et monoculaires, de microscopes electroniques transmetteurs et explorateurs et de microscopes radioscopiques. On donne une description de l'appareil de restituion EMPD2 pour les stéréomicrographes et on considère les avantages de diverses techniques de reconstruction, y compris d'une méthode avec ordinateur utilisée dans l'étude de particules de virus.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDer Autor gibt einen Überblick über Verfahren zur Aufnahme von Stereomikrofotos mit Hilfe binokularer und monokularer optischer Mikroskope, mit Hilfe von Durchstrahlungs- und Abtast-Elektronenmikroskopen sowie mit einem Röntgenmikroskop. Der EMPD 2 Plotter für Mikrostereofotos und die Vorteile verschiedener Rekonstruktionsmethoden, einschliesslich eines Rechnerverfahrens zur Untersuchung von Virus-Teilchen werden erörtert.

Notes: Problems are sometimes encountered during the relative orientation of close range photography which has a limited usable format and a large Z range. Computer simulations and practical tests with both a comparator and a plotting instrument are used to investigate the problems and possible inaccuracies. Systematic errors in the photogrammetric model are revealed.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn rencontre souvent des difficultés lorsqu'on forme un modèle avec des clichés pris à courte distance, à format réduit et lorsque l'objet présente quelque profondeur. On a approfondi ces problèmes en utilisant conjointement simulations et essais pratiques; on a prouvé ainsi que les déformations du modèle étaient systématiques.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungMitunter ergeben sich bei der relativen Orientierung von Nahbereischsbildern Probleme, weil das nutzbare Bildformat klein und der z-Bereich gross sind. Mit Hilfe von Computer-Simulationen und praktischer Tests mit einem Komparator bzw. einem Auswertegerät wurden die Probleme und mögliche Ungenauigkeiten untersucht. Dabei wurden systematische Fehler in dem photogrammetrischen Modell aufgedeckt.

Notes: Water currents in an hydraulic model have been determined by means of a photogrammetric method of detecting the movement of tethered buoys. Single vertical photographs, taken by a non-metric camera, have been analysed to produce the required differential measurements. The use of a non-metric camera is justified by an analysis of the errors involved and a consideration of the requisite type of measurements.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméUne méthode photogrammétrique a été mise au point pour déterminer par mesures différentielles sur un modèle hydraulique les mouvements de bouées en vue d'étudier les courants; seules des photos verticales isolées sont prises, avec une camera non métrique, ici largement suffisante pour l'exactitude requise.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBestimmung der Wasserströmungen in einem hydraulischen Modell durch photogrammetrische Ermittlung der Bewegung von verankerten Bojen. Einzeine Steilbilder, die mit einer Amateurkamera aufgenommen wurden, dienten zur Ableitung der geforderten Differenzen-Messungen. Die Verwendung einer Amateurkamera wird durch eine Analyse der auftretenden Fehler und eine Betrachtung der geforderten Messungswerte gerechtfertigt.

Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:THE GEOGRAPHER AS A MAP-MAKER. By A. Hodgkiss.ARCHITECTURAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY. By R. W. A. Dallas.BIBLIOGRAPHIA CARTOGRAPHICA Volume 4 (1977). Edited by L. Zögner.PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING. By J. G. Olliver and J. Clendinning.THE ELEMENTS OF ASTRONOMY FOR SURVEYORS. By J. B. Mackie.JOURNËE D'ËTUDE SUR LA STËRËO-ORTHOPHOTOGRAPHIE.THE NAZI CONNECTION. By F. W. Winterbotham.AERIAL ARCHAEOLOGY. Edited by D. A. EDWARDS and C. R. Partridge.PHOTOGRAPHY BY INFRARED. ITS PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS. By H. Lou Gibson.

Notes: This article provides a brief description of the functions and capabilities of an image generating system developed by Linotype-Paul Limited for the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Cet article donne une courte description des fonctions et des possibilités d'un système generateur d'images developpé par Linotype-Paul Limited pour Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Kurze Beschreibung der Funktionen und Fähigkeiten eines bilderzeugenden Systems, das bei der Linotype-Paul Limited für das Royal Aircraft Establishment in Farnborough entwickelt wurde.

Notes: This paper describes the production of stereopairs of shadow photographs to simulate X-ray pictures and demonstrates the possibility of determining analytically the precise position in the object space of foreign bodies using a digitiser as a monocomparator and projective transformation theory to dispense with the necessity of undertaking normal inner and relative orientation analytical procedures.A model is constructed and comparison accuracy tests are made using shadow and X-ray picture pairs. The paper also suggests that the use of projective transformation theory is more appropriate in short range photogrammetry than traditional topographic stereophotogrammetric theory.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméCette communication décrit la production de couples stéréoscopiques de photographies d'ombre pour simuler des radiogrammes et démontre la possibilité de determiner analytiquement la position exacte dans l'espace de l'objet de corps étrangers en utilisant un transformateur digital comme mono comparateur et une théorie de transformation projective pour dispenser de la nécessité d'entreprendre les procédés normaux d'orientation analytique interieurs et relatifs.On construit un modèle et on fait des testes précis de comparaison en utilisant des couples de photographies d'ombre et de radiogrammes. La communication suggère aussi que l'utilisation de la théorie de transformation projective est plus appropriée pour la photogrammétrie à champs court que la théorie traditionnelle de stéréophotogrammétrie topographique.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIm Artikel wird die Herstellung von Stereobildpaaren von Schatten-Fotos beschrieben, womit Röntgenbilder simuliert und die Möglichkeit der analytischen Bestimmung der präzisen Lage von Fremdkörpern im Objektraum gezeigt werden sollten. Dazu wurde ein Monokomparator als Digitalisiervorrichtung und die Theorie der projektiven Transformation angewendet, urn auf die sonst übliche analytische Bestimmung der inneren und relativen Orientierung verzichten zu können.Es wurden ein Modell konstruiert und vergleichende Genauigkeitstests für aus Schatten-Fotos bzw. Röntgenbildern bestehende Bildpaare durchgeführt. Im Beitrag wird die Meinung vertreten, dass die Theorie der projektiven Transformation bei der Nahphotogrammetrie günstiger ist, als die traditionelle Theorie der topographischen Stereophotogrammetrie.

Notes: The author reviews the historical background of the analytical orthoprojector and examines the design requirements for this instrument. The construction and performance of the Zeiss (Oberkochen)Z2 orthoprojector are described and an assessment is made of its practical advantages.

Notes: The new APY (Analytical Photogrammetry Yzerman) system is described and a detailed explanation is given of the principles involved. The APY depends on a unique modular design. A list of the straightforward operations required for its application in data compilation and revision is included.

Notes: The application of phorogrammetry to the measurement of deformation is discussed and four different approaches are identified and compared. References to and summaries of recent work are made.

Notes: The development and operation of an inexpensive retractable vertical camera rig is described. Unlike several commercially available camera packages, the cameras on this rig are accesible in flight thus permitting the changing of magazines and other operations. Since the camera carriage is only deployed when over the site to be photographed, the aircraft performance is not degraded during positioning flights.

Notes: An individual view is provided of the function of the art and science of photogrammetry, over the whole of the history of attempts to make measurements from optical observations. The predominating influence, in past years, of the need for mapping from air photographs is compared with the prospect that increasing demands for similar facilities in close range measurement, for application in fields such as mechanical engineering, medicine and architecture, may soon be seen to give further encouragement to the development of the subject. The author makes use of illustrations from his experience to point out simple cases where the potential of photogrammetric techniques, in the wider sense, has not been appreciated.

Notes: . Norlevinea n. g. is established for microsporidia in which a uninucleate meront changes into a sporont by secreting a thin, membranous, sporontogcnetic and fragile sporophorous vesicle (pansporoblast membrane) in which four uninucleate sporoblasts are formed. In contrast to the genus Gurleya, the sporoblasts and later the spores are permanently joined into doublets, being laterally cemented by an electron-dense substance structurally identical to and continuous with the exospore layer. The polar filament is of the anisofilar type. The type species is Norlevinea daphniae (Weiser, 1947) n. comb., a parasite of the ovaries of Daphnia longispina occurring in several carp ponds in Czechoslovakia.

Notes: . The microsporidian parasite known as Nosema helminthorum Moniez, 1887, parasitic in the tapeworm Moniezia expansa (Rudolphi, 1810), has been shown by electron microscopy to have two cycles of development, one with isolated nuclei, the other with paired nuclei (diplokarya). Both merogony and sporogony of the two separate sequences take place in direct contact with the host cell cytoplasm and ultimately give rise to unikaryotic and diplokaryotic sporoblasts. Sporogony is disporoblastic. The nuclear condition of the spores was not seen. The sequences, corresponding to those of the genera Unikaryon and Nosema, may be part of a single dimorphic life cycle and, if so, the species will have to be transferred to a new genus.

Notes: . Sarcocystis falcatula Stiles, 1893 is re-described. Intermediate hosts of the parasite which was earlier described as Sarcocystis debonei Vogelsang, 1929 are species of passeriform, psittaciform, and columbiform birds. In these birds, muscle zoites are 6.88 × 2.19 (4.8-8.4 × 1.2-3.6) μm and are enclosed in a cyst wall with regular protrusions, 1-5 μm long. The convoluted primary wall has multiple thin areas in the osmiophilic layer. Microtubules originate in the ground substance and extend to the tips of the protrusions. The only known definitive host is the opossum, Didelphis virginiana; rats, cats, a dog, and a ferret could not be infected from muscle cysts. Sporocysts from opossums infected from five different infected avian sources measure 11.2 × 7.4 (9.6−12.0 × 6.0-8.4)μm.

Notes: . Descriptions are given of two new species of Hepatozoon Miller, 1908 found in the pygmy squirrel, Idiurus macrotis, in the Ivory Coast. Gamonts of both are parasites of monocytes.The size and shape of the gamonts of one, H. normani n. sp., are similar to those of a number of gamonts of other species of rodent hemogregarines and the separate identity of the parasite is based on the host restriction of mammalian hemogregarines. The gamonts of the other species, H. dolichomorphon n. sp., are remarkably long and slender and are unlike those of any other known hemogregarine of mammals. Schizonts of this species were found in a smear prepared from heart blood.

Notes: . The presence of nonvariant antigens (NVAs) limited to bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense was demonstrated for the first time by immunodiffusion and Immunoelectrophoresis. Noncloned and cloned populations were employed in preparation of polyclonal antisera in rabbits and of antigens to be used in the immunologic reactions. The NVAs could be shown best in systems in which hyperimmune rabbit sera (adsorbed with procyclic forms to eliminate antibodies against antigens common to bloodstream form and procyclic stages) were reacted with trypanosomes characterized by heterologous variant-specific antigens (VSAs).The NVAs demonstrated in this study are very likely different from the common parts of VSAs. As has been suggested by experiments with living trypanosomes, at least a part of the NVAs appears to be located on the surface of the bloodstream forms. In these experiments involving the quantitative indirect fluorescent antibody test, the amount of fluorescence recorded for the heterologous system, i.e. ETat 5 trypanosomes incubated with anti-AmTat 1.1 serum, equalled ∼3.0% of the fluorescence emitted by the AmTat 1.1 bloodstream forms treated with their homologous antiserum. Evidently, only small amounts of NVAs are present on the surfaces of T. brucei bloodstream forms.In addition to the NVAs, the electrophoresis results suggested the presence of antigenic differences between procyclic stages belonging to different T. brucei stocks.

Notes: . Late schizonts from continuous cultures of P. falciparum were concentrated over Percoll, inoculated to various experimental media at the rate of about 20 × 106 per 0.5 ml of medium, and incubated in a candle jar at 37° for 1 day. Controls in standard culture medium showed a heavy invasion with young rings in the previously uninfected red cells introduced with the inoculum of schizonts. In a medium of high potassium content containing a 33% extract of human erythrocytes, this invasion was inhibited and many free merozoites were present. If, however, this same medium was supplemented with both ATP, as the dipotassium salt at 1.6 mM, and sodium pyruvate at 3.6 mM, there appeared large numbers of extracellular forms resembling young rings. Examination of these by electron microscopy shows that they are indeed merozoites that have begun to differentiate extracellularly. This suggests that the trigger for differentiation of merozoites may not depend on the process of entry into a red cell but rather on specific factors within the red cell.

Notes: . Opossums (Didelphis marsupialis), act as intermediate hosts for Besnoitia darlingi and could be infected orally with sporozoites (oocysts) and bradyzoites (tissue cysts), or intraperitoneally (i.p.) with tachyzoites. Infections could presumably be transmitted through cannibalism. Cats (Felis catus), the definitive host, could be infected only with bradyzoites but not sporozoites. Oocysts shed by cats measure about 12 × 12 μm, resemble similarly sized oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii and Hammondia hammondi, and must be differentiated by the appearance of tissue cysts after experimental infection of intermediate hosts. Cats did not form tissue cysts of B. darlingi. Tachyzoites from the related B. jellisoni could be used in the Sabin-Feldman dye test to determine the development of antibody to B. darlingi in opossums after infection.

Notes: Developmental stages of Caryospora simplex were found in connective tissue of the cheek, tongue, and nose of Swiss-Webster and C57 BL/6 mice (Mus musculus) from 8 through 70 days after oral inoculation with 50,000 or 250,000 oocysts, or 60,000 free sporocysts of the same species obtained from an Ottoman viper, Vipera xanthina xanthina. The earliest developmental stages were seen on day 8 post-inoculation (PI) and consisted of two types of meronts and gamonts (undifferentiated sexual stages). Gamonts, microgametocytes, macrogametes, and unsporulated oocysts were found on days 10 and 12 PI. Fully sporulated, thin-walled oocysts containing eight sporozoites surrounded by a thin sporocyst membrane were first seen 12 days PI. Monozoic cysts (caryocysts) were first seen 12 days PI and appeared fully viable throughout the duration of the study, 70 days PI. Four mice injected intra-peritoneally with 150,000 free sporozoites and killed 12 days PI contained unsporulated and sporulated oocysts in connective tissues of the cheek, tongue, and nose, suggesting that sporozoites may be carried to the site of infection via the lymphatic/circulatory system. Four cotton rats, Sigmodon hispidus, inoculated orally with 250,000 oocysts all had unsporulated and sporulated oocysts of C. simplex in connective tissue of the cheek, tongue, and nose when killed on day 12 PI, indicating extraintestinal development in the secondary host is not species specific. This is the first report of a heteroxenous coccidium with both asexual and sexual development in the primary (predator) and secondary (prey) hosts.

Notes: Trypanosoma lucknowi n. sp. was isolated in culture from one of 126 Macaca mulatta originating from the vicinity of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. Trypanosoma lucknowi is distinctive because of the large number of epimastigotes and trypomastigotes which, in culture, exhibit no movement or only a slight bending of the flagellar end. This limited motility coincides with a free flagellum which is either completely absent or rudimentary. The microorganism is cloned readily, and the description is based upon such cultures. Trypanosoma lucknowi shows pronounced differences from other trypanosomes of South Asian macaques and from “aflagellar” African trypanosomes. The ultrastructural demonstration of a cytostome and contractile vacuole suggests ultimate grouping with stercorarian trypanosomes. A 3-D reconstruction of the flagellar pocket/cytostome region is included.

Notes: The ultrastructure of the freshwater, heterotrophic dinoflagellate Peridiniopsis berolinense (Lemm.) Bourrelly resembles other dinoflagellates in the structure of its nucleus, theca, flagella, and mitochondria. Other features less frequently reported in related organisms include fine sub-sulcal fibers, collared pits in the flagellar base region, and unusual structures herein termed fibrillar lamellae. Numerous vesicles are present, some of whose contents are distinctly crystalline, while others contain what appears to be membranous material arranged in either whorls or parallel stacks; still other vesicles contain electron-dense, granular spheres. Of particular interest is the transitional helix present in the longitudinal flagellum, this being the first report of such a structure among the dinoflagellates. Plastids of any kind are lacking, and a peduncle is present and is used during phagotrophy.

Notes: Several axenic strains of pathogenic and nonpathogenic Entamoeba histolytica were tested for their capacity to digest native radioactive type I collagen gels and to produce liver abscesses when injected into the liver of newborn hamsters. The results demonstrate that the pathogenic strains of amebas (HM1:IMSS, HM3:IMSS, HM38:IMSS, and HK9) have a collagenolytic activity that closely correlates with their in vivo capacity to produce liver lesions. The nonpathogenic isolate (Laredo) did not show collagenolytic activity and failed to produce lesions in the liver of newborn hamsters. The results also demonstrate that type I collagen obtained from rodents and cats is degraded less by amebic collagenase than is bovine collagen, which is similar to human collagen. These findings suggest that species susceptibility to invasive infection may depend, among other factors, on the characteristics of the extracellular components of host tissues.

Notes: At Makthlawaiya, in the Paraguayan Chaco, the prevalence of Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi infection among both domestic Triatoma infestans and domestic dogs was 38%, and IgG anti-T. cruzi antibody was detected by the quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 80% (105/133) of human sera. Ninety percent (25/28) of T. cruzi strains isolated from both T. infestans and dogs showed heterozygous isoenzyme profiles for glucose phosphate isomerase, phosphoglucomutase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. These strains appeared to be closely related to Bolivian zymodeme 2. Three Paraguayan T. cruzi strains showed homozygous isoenzyme profiles, similar to those of major Brazilian zymodemes. It was concluded that T. cruzi strains with heterozygous isoenzyme profiles predominate in domestic transmission cycles in this highly endemic area of the Paraguayan Chaco.

Notes: Results obtained in immunofluorescence localization studies involving three antisera, six species of ciliates, and a variety of fixation procedures suggest that superior results can often be obtained by fixing cells in 35–70% ethanol. Formaldehyde fixation appeared to induce redistributions of epiplasmic proteins and surface antigens which were not observed in ethanol-fixed cells. In addition, background fluorescence was significantly lower in ethanol-fixed cells than it was in cells fixed in aldehydes.

Notes: Actin has been identified in the ciliated protozoon Tetrahymena paravorax on the basis of the ultrastructural detection of filaments typically decorated with heavy meromyosin (HMM) in glycerinated microstome cells. These filaments are widely distributed in endoplasmic and cortical regions and can form bundles. They are particularly numerous in elongating cells; HMM-binding filaments run approximately parallel to rib microtubules in the ectoplasm of the right wall of the buccal cavity and seem to extend to the cytopharyngeal region, suggesting some role of actin in maintenance of the crest-trough pattern of ribbed wall and/or in formation of food vacuoles. Extensive actin bundles are observed below some membranellar areas and are thought to follow the course of the microtubular “deep fiber bundle.” The “fine filamentous reticulum” underlying the oral ribs and the “apical ring” extending beneath kinetosomes of ciliary couplets display filaments that do not bind HMM and are ˜ 14 nm in diameter. No evidence for actin in these structures was obtained in the present study. The “specialized cytoplasm” of the cytostome-cytopharyngeal region appears as an undecorated reticulum with 20 nm-spaced nodes. Occasionally HMM-binding filaments were found inside the macronucleus, just beneath its envelope. Actin is suggested to be involved in cell shaping and in control of the transport of food vacuoles.

Notes: Two allelic Mendelian mutations which confer a short flagella phenotype were used to explore flagellar size control in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. When mutant/wild type quadriflagellate dikaryon cells were constructed, their two short flagella rapidly grew out to near wild type length. The kinetics of elongation suggest that the flagellar assembly process is not intrinsically self-limiting as a number of otherwise attractive models for size control require. Instead, we suggest that there exists a cellular machinery dedicated to flagellar size control and that the short-flagella mutations alter the machinery in some as yet unknown way. One of the mutants shows temperature-sensitive flagellar assembly, and both are flagellaless in acetate media. Genetic analysis indicates that the temperaturesensitive, acetate-sensitive, and short-flagella phenotypes have a common genetic basis. The responsible gene has been named shf-1, and it has been mapped to chromosome VI, approximately 5 map units from the centromere.

Notes: Fourteen strains of Naegleria australiensis, including the type strain, were compared for virulence for mice, maximum growth temperature, lectin agglutination, isoenzyme pattern, and total protein banding pattern. Their relation to other species of Naegleria also was compared by immunoelectrophoretic analysis. Strains with high virulence, comparable to that of N. fowleri, were found to be different in concanavalin A agglutination as well as with regard to zymograms and total protein patterns. Although serologically different from N. fowleri and reacting with N. australiensis antiserum in the fluorescent antibody test, these high-virulence strains differed in number of immunoelectrophoretic precipitin bands. Because of these results, the high-virulence strains are considered to be a subspecies of N. australiensis. The low-virulence strains showed minor differences from the type strain. Thus, N. australiensis does not appear to be as homogenous a species as N. fowleri. Pathogenic N. australiensis also seems to be more widespread than previously thought.

Notes: In Pleurotricha lanceolata, the ventral somatic infraciliature presents 13 frontoventral cirri, 5 transverse cirri, one row with 18–19 left marginal cirri and two rows of right marginal cirri of different length. On the dorsal side there are six longitudinal rows of dorsal bristles, four of them bipolar and the other two less than half body length. The oral infraciliature includes the adoral zone of membranelles, with 45–55 membranelles of three or four rows of kinetosomes each, and two undulating membranes (paroral and endoral membranes), each with two rows of kinetosomes. Some structures of the oral and somatic fibrillar systems have also been examined and are similar to those described in other species of hypotrichous ciliates.

Notes: Fecal samples of 36 ground squirrels, Spermophilus beldingi, from Tioga Pass (elev. ca. 3315 m) in the Sierra Nevada, California, yielded oocysts of Eimeria beckeri in nine squirrels, E. citelli in four squirrels, E. beldingii n. sp. in two squirrels, and degenerated, unidentifiable oocysts in ten squirrels. Eimeria beldingii n. sp. oocysts are ellipsoidal, 30–34 × 24–30 (mean 32 × 26) μm with a two-layered, rough, striated wall, without a micropyle or residuum, with polar granules; they contain ellipsoidal or ovoid sporocysts 11–15 × 9–12 (mean 13 × 10) μm with a Stieda body and residuum.

Notes: Ten years of research on digestive vacuoles (phagosomes) of Paramecium caudatum have revealed sequential changes both within the vacuole lumen as well as within the surrounding membrane. Four vacuole stages can be recognized by a combination of thin section and freeze-fracture ultrastructural features. Three sets of vesicles (discoidal vesicles, acidosomes, and lysosomes) fuse with the vacuole, each at a predetermined stage, to bring about these membrane and physiological changes. At various times membrane is removed as vesicles from the vacuole surface, which has the effect of regulating vacuole size. Membrane recycling, membrane replacement, and specific membrane to membrane recognition all appear to be operating during the digestive cycle. Details of these events are summarized in this address and a number of unanswered questions suggest areas for future research.