ALBERT

Notes: Book reviewed in this article: Geographia's Quest Peter Gould. The Geographer at Work. London Whither the Welfare State? S. N. Eisenstadt and Ora Ahimeir, eds. The Welfare State and Its Aftermath. Away from Stereotypes: Appalachia Karl B. Raitz and Richard Ulack with Thomas R. Leinbach. Appalachia: A Regional Geography Land People and Development. Production Sharing and Distribution of Benefits Joseph Grunwald and Kenneth Flamm. The Global Factory: Foreign Assembly in International Trade. Planning and Embedded Values Martin Wachs, ed. Ethics in Planning. Approaches to Urban Development Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development. Cities and Self-Reliance Paul R. Porter and David C. Sweet, eds. Rebuilding America's Cities: Roads to Recovery. Sir Arthur's Careful Consideration W. Arthur Lewis. Racial Conflict and Economic Development. Keeping the Soil Where We Want It Edwin H. Clark II, Jennifer A. Haverkamp, and William Chapman. Eroding Soils: The Off-Farm Impacts. Should Workers Buy the Factory? Raymond Russell. Sharing Ownership in the Workplace. Aspects of Chinese Urbanization R. J. R. Kirkby. Urbanization in China: Town and Country in a Developing Economy 1949–2000 A.D. Centralization or Multiple Jurisdictions? David L. Chicoine and Norman Walzer. Governmental Structure and Local Public Finance.Book Review Essay: The Dual Gaps of Development Mitchell A. Seligson, ed. The Gap betweeen Rich and Poor: Contending Perspectivies on the Political Economy of Development.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article: Measuring Poverty John W. Mellor and Gunvant M. Desai, Agricultural Change and Rural Poverty: Variations on a Theme. Third World Cities Robert B. Potter. Urbanisation and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation. Urban Economics for the Practitioner John M. Levy. Urban and Metropolitan Economics. Perspectives on Europe George Demko, ed., Regional Development: Problems and Policies in Eastern and Western Europe. Southern Land Use Robert G. Healy, Competition for Land in the American South: Agriculture, Human Settlement, and the Environment. Change in the United Kingdom A. Amin and J. Goddard, eds., Technological Change, Industrial Restructuring, and Regional Development. A Look at Marketing Boards Kwame Arhin, Paul Hesp, and Laurens van der Laan, eds., Marketing Boards in Tropical Africa. A Significant Step Ann Roell Markusen, Profit Cyucle, Oligopoly, and Regional Development. Steering Group Study Catherine Stirling and John N. Yockelson, eds., Under Pressure: U.S. Industry and the Challenges of Structural Adjustment.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article: R & D Theory George S. Tolley, James H. Hodge, and James F. Oehmke, eds., The Economics of R & D Policy. Ways to Rate Places Susan L. Cutter, Rating Places: A Geographer's View of Quality of Life. Nineteenth Century Shelter Nicholas Bullock and James Read, The Movement for Housing Reform in Germany and France 1840–1914. Energy History Martin V. Melosi, Coping with Abundance: Energy and Environment in Industrial America. Unique Montreal Andrew Sancton, Governing the Island of Montreal: Language Differences and Metropolitan Politics. Forecasting Matthew P. Drennen, Modeling Metropolitan Economies for Forecasting and Policy Analysis. Consolidating Metropolitan Government C. James Owen and York Willbern, Governing Metropolitan Indianapolis, the Politics of Unigov. Canadian Directions R. Paul Shaw. Intermetropolitan Migration in Canada: Changing Determinants over Three Decades. Energy Geography Frank J. Calzonetti and Barry D. Solomon, eds., Geographical Dimensions of Energy. Turkish Complexities George S. Harris. Turkey—Coping with Crisis. Textbook on America Paul Guinness and Michael Bradshaw. North America: A Human Geography.

Notes: Bok Review in This Article:Charles C. Geisler and Frank J. Popper, eds., Land Reform American Style.H. Allan Hunt and Timothy Hunt, Human Resource Implications of Robotics, Kalamazoo, Mich.: W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment ResearchCharles M. Haar, ed., Cities, Law, and Social Policy:Richard C. Jones, ed., Patterns of Undocumented Migration: Mexico and the United States.Peter Hall and Ann Markusen, eds., Silicon Landscapes.John M. Halstead, Robert A. Chase, Steve H. Murdock, and F. Larry Leistritz, Socioeconomic Impact Management Design and Implementation.

Notes: . Theories of trade and migration explain the distribution of individuals among regions based on private good productivities. The theory of local public goods (LPG's) uses collective good consumption economies to explain the size and composition of communities. This essay combines the two theories, to explore regional population heterogeneity and stability. Assuming that individuals must consume and produce in the same jurisdiction, the paper examines the nature of efficient allocations, the tensions between the private and public incentives, the nature of the equilibrium (if any) which migration among jurisdictions will generate, and how such equilibrium will depend on tax rules for sharing the costs of the LPG.

Notes: . In this paper we specify a Stone-Geary utility function defined on housing attributes and other goods, empirically estimate the derived system of demand equations, and use the structural parameters to evaluate the benefits and consumption effects of a Belgian public rental housing program. By taking the composition of the bundle of housing attributes provided under the program into account, this study improves upon previous research which–with few exceptions–relies on a composite good, housing services.

Notes: . The question of what conditions insure independence between location and output decisions is investigated within the context of triangle space. Assuming that transportation rates vary with quantity and distance, it is shown that this independence is insured if the production function generates a linear expansion path and the following are all constant: transportation rate elasticities with respect to distance and quantity, and the price elasticity of demand for inputs.

Notes: . It is shown that, under some very mild conditions, maximum likelihood estimates of gravity model parameters exist and are unique (up to a scale transformation for some parameters). An algorithm for finding such estimates is also proposed.

Notes: . Congestion and pollution externalities from automobile use are simultaneously included in an urban monocentric model. The externalities enter household utility functions directly, and result in a complex interdependency in household location decisions in the city. Implications of the model are drawn out by a simulation and complete sensitivity analysis. The two unpriced externalities are examined for their impact on urban structure, and contrasted with each other. Also, the effect of changes in speed of travel are examined for the impact on urban structure. Speed affects the level of both external effects, and is affected by location decisions.

Notes: . This paper presents a new approach in the modeling of residential choices for simulation purpose. The originality of the approach resides in the way recent developments in stochastic choice models are combined with deterministic mathematical programming which allows to define an equilibration process for simulation. In that respect, ex ante probabilities of housing choice based on random utility maximization under perceived constraints are distinguished from ex post probabilities of choice that respect supply constraints. The proposed model is tested on the Montreal Metropolitan Region, and a few simulation results based on a scenario of population aging and decrease in household size are analyzed.

Notes: . Our study extends the standard comparative static analysis to allow for dynamic aspects of equilibrium in spatial competiton. We investigate dynamic stability properties via the Routh-Hurwitz criterion. Nontrivial equilibria in the so-called Löschian, Hotelling-Smithies, and Greenhut-Ohta models are shown to be stable even under heterogeneous cost conditions among competing firms, conditions not considered hitherto. We can thus provide powerful support to the comparative static analyses which can only be developed via equilibrium concepts with stability properties.

Notes: . Theoretical, spatial oligopoly models are developed and calibrated to simulate the price and welfare consequences of deregulating the retail price of electricity (the distribution function), assuming competing sources of generation supply are available. Two types of distribution competition are considered, retaining the currently used uniform delivered pricing structure: competition for customers at neighboring utilities’ borders and franchise competition. Because duplicate facilities are required for borderline competition, short-run price increases ranging between 14 and 37 percent over existing regulated prices are estimated for upstate New York, largely because deregulated prices reflect replacement, not historic, costs of facilities.

Notes: . The paper analyzes the lattice shape of equilibrium configurations of firms in spatial models. Lösch's assertion that free entry will result in hexagonal market areas is proved for a variety of assumptions about the nature of the market equilibrium, and about the preferences of customers. All the models considered, however, incorporate rational entry behavior and identify the stable lattice as an entry deterring equilibrium. A simple proof is presented of the optimality of hexagonal market areas, at least among regular space-filling configurations.

Notes: . Relative spatial population dynamics are analyzed in this paper under Volterra-Lotka specifications. At first, the Volterra conservation conditions under absolute growth and their variational principles are reviewed, extended, and interpreted. Then, the relative dynamics are presented which demonstrate the presence of competitive exclusion.The main aim is to derive the variational principles underlying relative population dynamics. It is found that these principles produce an integrand, the stationary value of its integral being the cumulative entropy of the population distribution over a time horizon. Substantive interpretation of these results in accordance with optimization principles in economic theory is presented.

Notes: A multiregional econometric model of the Soviet economy is presented. It consists of 1,391 equations, with time-series information for 1965-1980. In conformity with the number of the country's republics, 15 input-output tables are incorporated. The discussion includes the methodological framework, the structure and equations, theoretical justification for the interaction between the econometric and input-output components, data and estimation, and forecasting results.

Notes: This paper presents a model of demand for factor inputs in regional manufacturing industry. Demands for labor and capital are distinguished from demands for factor services using a generalization of the disequilibrium adjustment framework of Nadiri and Rosen. The generalization allows for a richer variety of responses to external shocks and involves the distinction between systematic and error dynamics.The model is estimated for the period 1963:I-1980:I using data from the Cincinnati SMSA and appropriate econometric techniques. Substantial attention is paid to the dynamic response of the estimated equations.

Notes: Essays in Regional Economic Studies, by Manoranjan Dutta, Jessie C. Hartline, and Peter D. Loeb (eds.). Spatial Statistics and Models, Theory and Decision Library, Vol. 40. by Gary L. Gaile and Cort J. Willmott (eds.) Input-Output Analysis: Foundations and Extensions, by Ronald E. Miller and Peter D. Blair. Spatial Divisions of Labor: Social Structures and the Geography of Production, by Doreen Massey. Natural Resource Economics: Selected Papers, by S. V. Ciriacy-Wantrup, edited by Richard C. Bishop and Stephen O. Andersen.

Notes: The investigated area is located between 71°45′ and 72°20′S and between 1°35′ and 5°33′E, from 1, 080 to 2, 695 m above sea level. An outline of climate, soil chemistry and main units of vegetation is provided. Of particular importance is the wet oasis area of Jutulsessen in Gjelsvikfjella which supports cyanophyceans, green algae, lichens and the mosses Grimmia lawiana and Sarconeurum glaciate, which have developed a series of distinctive communities. The nunataks fringing the Polar plateau harbour an impoverished cyanophycean and lichen vegetation up to approximately 2, 500 m a.s.l., which is the highest elevation that macroscopic plant life has hitherto been reported in Antarctica. The thermal relations of the vegetation are discussed, based on the climatological record and on local measurements during the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1984/85. Some zonal and vertical belt subdivisions are indicated for this part of Greater Antarctica.

Notes: Seven samples from the Limestone and Boulder Conglomerate Members of the Bulltinden Formation have yielded poorly preserved conodonts. On tentative identifications Periodon aculeatus Hadding and Prioniodus cf. P. alobatus Bergstrom at the base of the formation suggest an Ordovician lower Caradoc, or older age. This confirms that the Vcstgotabrcen Formation unconformably beneath underwent high-pressure mctamorphism during the Taconic and/or Finmarkian phases of the Caledonian orogeny. The conodonts show affinity to the North Atlantic Province suggesting a deeper water marine depositional environment. Conodont colour alteration indices of five indicate that the Bulltinden Formation was heated to temperatures in excess of 300°C, probably during the middle-upper Silurian main Caledonian uplift event.

Notes: Polar bear hunting success on ringed seals in subnivean lairs and basking on the fast ice, was studied in Hornsund, Svalbard. A few bears were observed while actually hunting, but in most cases bear tracks were followed by snowmobile to determine the outcome of hunts. Seal carcasses were classified from size and tooth annuli as pups, juveniles or adults. A total of 62 subnivean structures were entered by bears, with six seals killed. One of ten charges on basking seals resulted in a kill. Success rates of bears in Hornsund arc compared with results of studies in Canada and Svalbard. OHunting success, polar bear, predation, ringed seal

Notes: The transports of mass, heat, and salt through the Arctic Archipelago are estimated by two different approaches. First: A baroclinic, rotationally controlled flow is assumed through the Arctic Archipelago and the Davis Strait, with all passages transporting at maximum capacity. Second: Mass, salt, and energy balances are considered for the upper ‘cold core’ in Baffin Bay. The mass transport in the first case decreases and in the second case increases with increasing salinity in the Beaufort Sea. It is thus possible to determine a salinity at which both approaches give the same mass transport. The outflow in the upper layers is estimated at 0.7 · 109 kg s−1 with a salinity of 32.9. The amount of water from the Polar Ocean entering the deeper (Atlantic) layer in Baffin Bay is more difficult to assess. A tentative value of 0.3 10·kg s−1 with a salinity cf 34.3 is proposed.

Notes: Steveacarus evansi (Hunter) (Acari, Mesostigmata) and Friesea tilbrooki Wise (Collembola) are reported for the first time from Bouvetøya (54°25′S, 3°21′E). At present a total of four free-living species of Acari and three species of Collembola are known from this isolated island.

Notes: Nineteen species of aquatic hyphomycetes are reported from stream foam in southern Greenland. This extends the number of species known from the arctic regions. Thirteen of these species have also been collected in Swedish Lapland. Thus, despite different bank vegetation, the species pattern of both areas show a more than 50% similarity.

Notes: A total of 284 ringed seals (Phoca hispida) were sampled to determine their diet in the spring of 1981 and 1982. Few seals contained identifiable stomach contents. No significant age-or sex-related differences in choice of prey were found. It seems that in spring northwestern Spitsbergen ringed seals prey upon arctic cod (Boreogadus saida), decapods and larger amphipods.?Diet, ringed seal, Svalbard.

Notes: The division of labour between the sexes, and their respective behaviour, were studied by means of time-lapse photography during the incubation and brooding periods. Chinstrap penguin. Both mates were equally attentive in incubating the eggs and brooding the small chicks. During late incubation the mean duration of a shift was 35 h. This decreased to 14-15 h during the initial nestling period. Most reliefs took place around noon or in the evening/night, indicating a basic brooding shift of 12 h. During the incubation and hatching periods the mate was absent (presumably at sea) for 29 h at a time, on average. The mean duration of absence decreased to 12–13 h during the early nestling stage, indicating that the adults had been feeding in nearby waters. Six adults with stomach contents had fed exclusively on krill Euphausia superba. During the incubation period the proportion of time spent prone averaged 92% of the total time spent on the nest, for both sexes, but, during the hatching and initial nestling periods, this decreased rapidly in relation to the time spent upright, probably because progressively less heat transfer from the brood patch was required. Macaroni penguin. In the ten days just before the eggs were hatched the males at four nests were responsible for 82–100% of total incubation. Presence or absence of the females at the nests during this stage varied greatly. At one nest the female was not observed at all. At another she stayed by the nest during the entire survey period, but relieved the incubating male for only 5% of the time. During incubation the males adopted an upright posture far more often than the females, but even the latter incubated significantly more frequently upright than the Chinstrap penguin. This specific difference may be related to the fact that the Macaroni penguins had only a single egg, whereas the Chinstraps had two. The prone posture better enables the nest contents to be properly covered. Both species. During incubation, both the male and female birds assumed a resting or sleeping posture for more than 90% of their time on the nest. Egg-shifting, rotation on the nest, and preening together accounted for about 2–3% of their time. Time spent in agonistic and territorial behaviour, unusually aroused by the presence of other penguins passing by, accounted for 0.9% of the time in the Chinstrap. but for only 0.1% in the Macaroni penguin. Ecstatic displays were sporadically observed in the Chinstrap by both sexes. Mean egg temperature during incubation, measured close to the top of the egg, was 37.4°C for both species.

Notes: The vascular plant flora of the small arctic island of Hopen, located in the Barents Sea, was inventoried during a visit in the summer of 1982. Eighteen vascular plant species were observed and mapped, and the vegetation described.

Notes: In the summer of 1981 the common flora and fauna of 28 species from Hornsund were collected, and the energy value, lipid content and global activity determined. It was found that the plants had low energy values, varying from 12.26 ± 0.42 kJ g−1 dry weight to 15.45 ±1.00kJ’dry weight. The highest values in animals were noted in Liparis liparis (Pisces) 22.15 ± 0.89 kJg−1 dry weight, and Sagitta elegans (Chae-tognatha) 20.64 ± 0.49kJg−1, the lowest being in Orchomene minuta (Amphipoda) 11.30 ± 0.74kJg−1d.w. The lipid contents in the species studied were mostly low, the mean range from lowest to highest being 1.37-8.60% for plants and 7.14–31.93% for animals, and they were proportional to the energy value. Both the energy values and lipid contents were comparable to those in similar species from other waters. The global fi activity in the organisms analysed was not high; at the same time plants had a higher content of radioactive isotopes, 1.97-61.9pCi g−1 d.w., than animals, 5.2-17.8pCi g−1 d.w.

Notes: : The objective of this study was to investigate the use of Green and Ampt infiltration equation parameters (determined by least squares fitting of field infiltration data or predicted from soil texture properties) to characterize infiltration on spatially varying rangeland sites. It was found that a least squares regression approach reduces the physically based parameters in the Green and Ampt to empirical coefficients since negative coefficients are obtained, particularly on plots with low infiltration rates. Green and Ampt parameters predicted from soil texture data describe infiltration rates less than 3 cm/hr. The applicability of these Green and Ampt parameters appears limited to sites with lower infiltration rates. Results indicate that soil texture predictive triangles, developed to describe infiltration on agricultural soils, need revision to adequately describe infiltration patterns on rangelands.

Notes: : Data were collected from residents of a rural community at two time periods to assess attitudes toward uses made of a reservoir which had been recently constructed in the area. The findings revealed that attitudes became significantly more favorable for flood control, water supply, and recreation uses of the reservoir. Attitudes toward fish and wildlife conservation use were not significantly different over time but these uses were perceived positively at both time periods. The data were also analyzed in the context of a vested interest perspective using cross-sectional design. The findings demonstrated that the theoretical model used to guide the investigation was quite useful in predicting attitudes toward the four uses examined.

Notes: : A comparative study of the concentration of asbestos fibers in drinking water supplies of southeastern Quebec was undertaken to assess the relative contributions of fibers by asbestos-bearing railway ballast and naturally occurring asbestos deposits. Water samples were taken from areas where one or the other potential sources or neither potential source was present. In addition, rainwater samples were taken to assess the importance of atmospheric contributions. The sampling design accounted for potential variations in fiber counts due to the season, location and analytical procedures.Fiber concentrations were estimated from counts made on a JEOL 100CX scanning transmission electron microscope and statistically compared among areas. These levels were then compared with levels found in other areas of Canada and the United States.The results indicate that the rail ballast could be contributing statistically (albeit marginally) significant quantities of fibers to water supplies during the summer but not in the spring. Estimated concentrations in water supplies ranged between 1.7 × 106fibers/liter and 147.8 × 106fibers/liter. Fiber levels in samples taken during the spring were significantly higher and more variable than those taken during the summer. The presence of fibers in rainwater samples at concentrations of 1.9 × 106fibers/liter, 18.3 × 106fibers/liter and 23.7 × 106fibers/liter suggests that atmospheric transport may play an important role in contributing fibers to regional systems. Fiber levels found in these systems are not unique when compared to levels observed elsewhere in North America.

Notes: : Lactose-negative Escherichia coil from cattle feces appeared as yellow, atypical colonies on m-FC medium plates with water samples from rangeland streams. The lactose-negative E. coil may impact stream water quality analyses if infrequent samples are collected; are less antibiotic resistant than the lactose-positive E. coili isolated from rangeland streams; and are colicinogenic toward all the laboratory strains of E. coil examined and toward 61 percent of the lactose-positive E. coil rangeland-stream isolates that were tested. This latter result could explain the potentially low degree of antibiotic resistance transfer from lactose-positive to lactose-negative E. coil. In addition, the colicinogenicity of the lactose-negative E. coil may interfere with microbiological water quality analyses that depend upon lactose fernientations with mixed populations of coliforms.

Notes: : Twenty, 0.2 hectare ponds were utilized for a four-year evaluation of three aquatic vegetation control techniques: a combination of inorganic fertilization and mechanical harvesting, aquatic herbicides, and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Ponds used for herbicide and grass carp treatments were managed at three levels of aquatic vegetation (none, 40 and 70 percent plant occupation). Submersed vegetation was not controlled with inorganic fertilization. Vegetation levels were maintained for less than 30 days after mechanicai harvesting. Submersed macrophytes were not completely eliminated with herbicides, but the herbicide treatments utilized were effective at maintaining aquatic vegetation above 30 percent pond volume occupation. Grass carp consumed all species of submersed vegetation at the stocking densities used in this study; therefore, planned levels of submersed macrophytes were not maintained. Grass carp did not consume all floating leaf vegetation, but after four years some grass carp ponds did have lower densities of floating leaf plants. Fertilization costs were $608/hectare/year, and mechanical harvesting costs were $1979/hectare/year, resulting in a total aquatic vegetation treatment cost of $2587/hectare/ year. Herbicide costs for the different treatment levels ranged from $417/hectare/year to $1339/hectare/year over the four-year period. Grass carp were the most economical vegetation control measure tested, with costs ranging from $159/hectare/year to $248/hectare/year for the four-year study.

Notes: : A five-year study was conducted to identify the effects of road salt intrusion on the water chemistry of Pinhook Bog following operation of an uncovered salt storage pile adjacent to the bog for ten years. A distinct pattern of elevated salt concentrations was observed in the interstitial waters of the surface peat that corresponded to observed alterations in the bog vegetation. Yearly mean salt concentrations as high as 468 mg/l sodium and 1215 mg/l chloride were recorded in the plant root zone of the peat mat. The salt concentrations decreased significantly each year from 1979 to 1981 throughout the impacted area. Some increases of a lesser magnitude occurred in 1982 and 1983. Analysis of salt movements suggested that vertical transport by water movement was responsible for concentration changes. The major declines in salt levels occurred in the spring following snowmelt and heavy precipitation events. Evapotranspiration during periods of drought resulted in the gradual increases in surface peat salt concentrations. Diverted highway runoff was shown to be the major continuing source of sodium chloride contamination and was the likely source of the elevated calcium, magnesium, potassium, bicarbonate, and pH levels also observed in the impacted area.

Notes: : Field investigations were conducted at three sites in the Washington, D.C., area to detect the accumulation patterns of the trace metals, cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in the soils of roadside grassed swale drains that had been receiving urban stormwater runoff. Two sites were residential areas and one site was an intensively used highway. The research results seem to indicate that the use of swale drains to control urban stormwater runoff had few harmful effects to fine textured soils with respect to the study metals. With the exception of zinc, typical roadside patterns of decreasing metal concentrations with increasing distance from roads were observed for the upper 5 cm of study soils. Zinc accumulated in residential grassed swales due to leachate from galvanized curverts. Sampling to a depth of 60 cm revealed no evidence of subsurface trace metal enrichment in the study swales. Although the percentage of soil zinc in leachable form was as high as 20 percent of total zinc concentrations, the other study metals had small leachable components. Leachable lead was always less than 1 percent of the total lead.

Notes: : Turbidity, total residues, settleable solids, vertical light extinction, and primary production were measured in mined and unmined streams located in the interior highlands of Alaska. Undisturbed streams had low turbidities (〈 1 NTU), total residue concentrations averaging 120 mg 1−1, and undetectable settleable solids. During active mining, turbidity, total residues, and settleable solids levels in a moderately mined stream averaged 170 NTU, 201 mg 1−1, and 〈 0.1 ml 1−1, respectively. In a heavily mined stream, turbidity and total residues were two orders of magnitude higher than in unmined streams and settleable solids nearly always exceeded 0.2 ml 1−1. Vertical extinction coefficients and turbidity were positively correlated. In undisturbed streams gross primary productivity (g-O2m−2d−1) ranged from 0.20 shortly after spring breakup to a maximum of 1.20 in early fall. Productivity in the moderately mined stream was reduced by 50 percent while photosynthetic efficiency doubled. Primary production was undetectable in a heavily mined stream. Maximum standing crops of periphyton measured as chlorophyll a occurred in fall in an undisturbed stream after 13 weeks of exposure and ranged from 4.5 to 11.8 mg-chl a m−2. The highest chlorophyll a densities recorded in the moderately mined stream was 3.8 mg m−2, and no chlorophyl a was detected in the heavily mined stream.

Notes: : The application of a low-flow assessment model is illustrated for the Monogahela River Basin. The model simulates the impact of reservoir operating rules and consumptive use limitation policies on low-flow frequency at downstream locations in the basin. Policies are evaluated using an observed flow sequence and synthetic flow inputs. The paper reviews the historical development of flow management on the Monogahela to provide background for the current study.

Notes: : Selected studies from the literature were reviewed to determine the extent of knowledge about the relationship between hydrology and wetland ecosystem studies. Wetland studies of chemical input-output relationships have been the most dependent on hydrologic data of all wetland investigations; yet, very few of these studies have attempted to measure all components of a wetland's water balance. Usually, unmeasured components were calculated as the difference between measured inputs and outputs. Ground water frequently was overlooked. Chemical input-output investigations primarily were concerned with determining the amount of input retained in the wetlands. Few studies also included direct measurement of biogeochemical processes within wetlands of elements that were part of simultaneous input-output investigations. The importance of uncertainties in chemical budgets that are due to uncertainties in hydrologic budgets has been addressed in very few wetland investigations. Although many studies have emphasized the importance of hydrology to wetland ecosystem research, few studies have documented this, so that hydrology remains one of the least understood components of wetland ecosystems.

Notes: : The impact of forests on water has- been a subject of argument for more than a century. It still is; and many studies conform that there is no single right answer in the debate. In the Lake States, clearcutting natural peatlands will not change annual stream-flow nor will it seriously impact water quality if logging is done on frozen soils. However, clearcutting will cause water tables to fluctuate more, ranging from 9 cm higher to 19 cm lower than in peatlands with mature forests. Clearcutting upland hardwoods or conifers will increase annual strearnflow by 9 to 20 cm (a 30- to 80-percent increase). Streamfiow returns to preharvest levels in 12 to 15 years. Annual peak flows are at least doubled and snowmelt flood-peak increases may persist for 15 years. Water quality is not widely impacted, but operating logging equipment in stream channels will cause channel clogging by filamentous algae and loss of fish habitat. Permanent changes from forest to agricultural and urban land use on two-thirds or more of a watershed will significantly increase the size of flood peaks in the 2- to 30-year return interval storm or snowmelt.

Notes: : A semi-distributed deterministic model for real-time flood forecasting in large basins is proposed. Variability of rainfall and losses in space is preserved and the effective rainfall-direct runoff model segment based on the Clark procedure is incorporated. The distribution of losses in space is assumed proportional to rainfall intensity and their evolution in time is represented by the φ-index; furthermore, an initial period without production of effective rainfall is considered. The first estimation of losses and the associated forecasts of flow are performed at the time corresponding to the first rise observed in the hydrograph. Then the forecasts of flow are corrected at each subsequent time step through the updating of the φ-index. The model was tested by using rainfall-runoff events observed on two Italian basins and the predictions of flow for lead times up to six hours agree reasonably well with the observations in each event. For example, for the coefficient of persistence, which compares the model forecasts with those generated by the no-model assumption, appreciable positive values were computed. In particular, for the larger basin with an area of 4,147 km2, the mean values were 0.4, 0.4 and 0.5 for forecast lead times of two hours, four hours and six hours, respectively. Good performance of the model is also shown by a comparison of its flow predictions with those derived from a unit hydrograph based model

Notes: : A linear two-parameter relation in log space between volume and peak of direct runoff was established and verified on 134 basins in the United States, Australia, Greece and Italy. The intercept of this log relation was found to be strongly correlated with such basic characteristics as drainage area, channel slope and channel length; more than 86 percent of variance was explained. The log volume-log peak relation can be used to explain linearity or nonlinearity of drainage basins, estimate peak discharge from data-scarce basins, identify hydrologically similar or dissimilar basins, estimate sediment yield from upland areas, and construct unit hydrographs and unit sediment graphs for ungaged basins.

Notes: : Hydrologic variables are related through a complex set of dynamic processes. Due to this complexity, empirical, usually statistical, models are used for the synthesis of records or extentions of short-term data. Two statistical models applied are the power function and the exponential function of a hydrologic variable expressed in terms of streamflow. Parameters are usually estimated using least squares analysis on a linear relationship between a logarithmic transformation of the variables. This procedure produces biased results when used to predict an individual value or the long-term mean. Assuming the errors of the linear model are normally distributed, the bias is derived and is shown to result from the inverse transformation process. For cases where the errors are not normal, a nonparametric approach is used to estimate the bias. Evaluation of the implications for water quality, sediment and streamflow forecasting show the magnitude of the bias to vary with the particular application and to be significant in a few cases. Use of this simple technique for sediment discharge did not provide accurate results and should be questioned in general. Since no general conclusions can be drawn from this study as to when the bias is significant, evaluation in each situation is recommended as standard practice in hydrologic regression when a transformation is applied.

Notes: : Hydrogeology is concerned largely with ground water and, as ground water occurs in a geologic environment, an understanding of the geologic fabric and framework is essential to its development and use. But ground-water flow, discharge, recharge, response to pumping and other related matters, including salt-water encroachment, are described by mathematical formulas and tested by engineering techniques. Until both the sciences of geology and engineering hydrology were far enough advanced to be of practical help, in the late 1800's, hydrogeologic progress was stymied. Additionally, an economic need for hydrogeologists was required before a demand developed for such scientists. With the opening of the West in the late 1860's the demand came. Hydrogeologists were needed to find irrigation water for the arid lands. Concomitantly, in the South, ground water was needed for growing rice, corn, and cotton. The rapid growth of cities, especially in the North, required hydrogeologists to find safe supplies of clean, pure water to replace polluted surface-water sources. By the early 1900's engineering techniques and equipment needed to drill and pump the deep wells and to evaluate the aquifer pumping tests were available, satisfactory for the times, but clumsy and awkward by modern standards. By 1912, the beginning of the “Meinzer Era,” the U.S. Geological Survey had developed into the foremost governmental scientific organization in the world and its small cadre of hydrogeologists were world leaders in their science. A wealth of information concerning the history and development of the science was summarized by Meinzer (1934). Oscar E. Meinzer, regarded as the Father of Hydrogeology in America, was the third Chief of the Ground-Water Branch (1912–1946) (Figure 1).

Notes: : The water policy process should weight and integrate a full range of social, economic and environmental considerations in defining the public interest. In practice, isolated elements of this process are performed by the existing legislative, administrative and judicial processes. Neither individually nor together do they do all of it. Until the political process defines the public interest, perceptions will persist that we do not have national water policy or a unified process for developing it.We have yet to mount a legitimate organizational attack on the problem of policy coordination and institutional fragmentation on a national scale. Experience with the U.S. Water Resources Council and Title II river basin commissions taught that we must develop a better understanding of the roles of public policy and policy leadership in a democratic society. We must specifically go beyond putting administrative agencies together to talk about water management to putting the main constituencies together to talk about water policy.The political and economic leadership of the Red River Valley of the North have undertaken to provide unified policy direction for water use and management for their 60,000-square-mile region. The guiding concept was provided by the author, who also intervened in the role of organizer. An enthusiastic constituency formed for the process when it was established that the process began at the local level and it was the Valley's own responsibility to make it work.This paper describes the approach used to organize the policy process in the Red River Valley and analyzes the response. It concludes that the bottom-up philosophy of this administration will readily take root if prototype initiatives like the Red can be undertaken elsewhere and if our political and economic leadership, who must take the initiative, receive guidance and support at the local level and on a regional scale, It concludes that the “basin approach” will prove valid if “local statesmen” acquire the means to institutionalize it.

Notes: : Groundwater pumping constitutes approximately 100 percent of the water supply in the Tucson Active Management Area (AMA), Arizona. The current annual overdraft approaches 250,000 acre-feet, but the goal of the AMA is to eliminate the overdraft by the year 2025. Urban water reuse, if implemented by only 30 percent of the area's projected population, would reduce the annual ground-water overdraft by 25,000 acre-feet.

Notes: : The lower 4 miles of the Red River, a tributary of the Rio Grande in northern New Mexico, was designated as one of the “instant” components of the National Wild and Scenic River System in 1968. The Bureau of Land Management (BLM), as the managing agency of the wild and scenic river, was a participant in a general water rights adjudication of the Red River stream system. The BLM sought a federal reserved water right and asserted a claim to the instream flows necessary to protect and maintain the values of the river. Instream flows are not recognized under New Mexico water law.Instream flow requirements were determined by several methods to quantify the claims made by the United States for a federal reserved water right under the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act. The scenic (aesthetic), recreational, and fish and wildlife values are the purposes for which instream flow requirements were claimed. Since water quality is related to these values, instream flows for waste transport and protection of water quality were also included in the claim. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Instream Flow Incremental Methodology was used to quantify the relationship between various flow regimes and fish habitat.Experience in this litigation indicates the importance of using state-of-the-art methodologies in quantifying instream flow claims. The incremental methodology held up well under technical and legal scrutiny and is an example of the latest methodology that was applied successfully in an adjudication. On February 23, 1984, the parties involved in the adjudication entered a precedential stipulation recognizing a federal reserved right to instream flows for the Red River component of the National Wild and Scenic River System.

Notes: : A mechanical drum-type data logger registers data on a recording chart in graphic form. Subsequent computer analysis requires that the data be transformed into digital form. Besides the traditional manual chart-interpretation techniques, electronic digitization can be used for data transformation. Our paper reports an algorithm for rectilinear digitization of event-recording charts whose time lines are inherently arc shaped. Using this algorithm, we obtained accurate data transformations from repeated tests of digitizing hydrographic charts at the Watershed Laboratory, Department of Forestry, University of Kentucky. Our experience has shown that - in terms of speed and accuracy - this computer-based procedure is superior to available alternative procedures.

Notes: : First order drainage channels originate when the tractive force exerted by flowing water is sufficient to move surface sediment. The amount of runoff available to move sediment is a function of geologic and climatic characteristics. An experimental analysis showed that soils derived from fine grained rocks had lower infiltration rates and higher runoff volume than soils derived from coarser grained rocks in a semi-arid climate. Root density and penetration increased in a more humid climate and increased infiltration rates. The number of first order channels was inversely proportional to the infiltration capacity of the soil.Each first order channel acts as a source area for surface runoff. The distribution of first order channel distances from the gage determines the timing of the delivery of water to the gage. A comparison of the frequency histogram of first order channel distances for drainage basins in Pennsylvania and their hydxographs of runoff from general storms showed marked similarity. This close correspondence indicated the shape of the surface runoff hydrograph and was largely controlled by the distribution of first order channel distances.

Notes: : A water supply network optimization model called MODSIM3 is presented as a decision-support tool for aiding city staff in determining how best to utilize and exchange existing and potential water supplies with other users in a river basin. The model is applied to the City of Fort Collins, Colorado, water supply system as a means of determining optimum ways the City can utilize direct flow rights, storage rights, and exchangeable waters from various sources. Results clearly confirm both the benefits of the use of exchanges and the value of MODSIM3 as a water supply planning and management tool.

Notes: : By extending the concept of response matrix to consider “active” and “passive” effects, an efficient response matrix method is developed for coupling a groundwater simulator and a regional agricultural management model The method eliminates the need to store all of the recovery information from preceding time periods. Active effects are those which occur during the actual application of a pumping or recharge stress while passive effects represent the recovery of water levels from an initial departure from steady-state conditions at the beginning of a time step. Derivation of the required matrices and a numerical example are presented for the Salinas Valley groundwater basin in California.

Notes: : The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (PL 95–87) requires data collection prior to mining which will allow a determination to be made of the probable hydrologic consequences. Modeling strategies exist which allow for such determination, but selection of a specific model form will dictate the length of data record needed. The absence of a sound management strategy by the regulatory authority in‘Maryland does not result in valid data collection and suggests that the agency is concerned more with legal compliance than with integrated resource management.

Notes: : A study of benthic macroinvertebrate community composition was conducted at eight sites along Shabakunk Creek, a small stream in Mercer County, New Jersey, which receives urban runoff. The relationship between changes in substrate composition and the nature of the benthic macroinvertebrate community has been examined. Organisms were collected seasonally from natural substrates in riffles. Attempts to employ artificial substrates for invertebrate collection proved unsuccessful, as the population on the samplers was not representative of that in the stream bed.Number of total benthic macroinvertebrate taxa collected declined from 13 in relatively undeveloped upstream areas to four below heavily developed areas, while population density decreased simultaneously in the same areas. Periphyton samples collected from natural substrates were analyzed for selected heavy metals. Significantly higher heavy metal concentrations are reported from substrates sampled below heavily developed areas, and changes in these values are discussed with regard to changes in benthic macroinvertebrate distribution.

Notes: : We tested the common assumption, made when expressing phosphorus export on an areal basis, that this export is a linear function of catchment area and found it wanting. The data show that in agricultural catchments, TP (total phosphorus) export varies as the 0.77 power of drainage basin area, resulting in a reduction in phosphorus delivery per unit area with increasing catchment size. Following further division of catchments according to agricultural practice, we found that this spatial scale effect is restricted to row crops and pastures. We present simple statistical models to allow a comparison of TP export from catchments of different size. Such models are not needed for nonrow crops, mixed agricultural and forested catchments, where TP export is a linear function of catchment size.

Notes: : The component of snowmelt pollutant washoff due to sand and salt application to roadways in Minnesota is simulated. Laboratory methods are used to extract various pollutants from sand-salt mixtures commonly used in the Minneapolis-St. Paul Metropolitan Area of Minnesota for keeping winter road conditions safe. Values derived in the laboratory are compared with actual snowmelt runoff values to estimate the contribution of materials application. High concentrations of solids, phosphorus, lead and zinc in snowmelt from road surfaces axe due in part to sand and salt spread to improve winter driving conditions. The source of the sand and salt appears to be influential in determining the pollutant levels. Judicious use and careful application of materials can reduce the increment of pollution due to anti-skid sand and salt applied to road surfaces.

Notes: : Since 1957, Texans have had the opportunity to vote on eight referenda concerning the allocation of state funds for water resources development and the maintenance of water quality. In 1976, a water development amendment and a water quality amendment were presented simultaneously to the voters of Texas, affording a unique opportunity for electoral-geographic comparison of county-level returns on the two issues. In this paper, cartographic and statistical analyses of the county-level voting outcomes for each referendum are presented. In both cases, the referenda were supported by voters in water-deficient West Texas, especially those counties dependent on irrigated crop production. In contrast, urban voters and East Texans tended to oppose both amendments. However, support for the water quality amendment in the urbanized areas of Dallas-Fort Worth, Austin, and San Antonio enabled this amendment to pass statewide while its counterpart failed. The results highlight the importance of local differences in perceived water policy needs, and in doing so they illustrate that geographical anlaysis of returns from initiatives and referenda is a useful tool for understanding the locational conflicts underlying water resources and other policy efforts.

Notes: : Although evidence of modern recharge in the North African and Arabian sedimentary basin aquifers exists, it is difficult to determine the volume of recharge. Also, from the evidence of regional groundwater gradients, the flow within the aquifers seems to be appreciably greater than one would intuitively expect. A hypotehtical model embodying the characteristics of the aquifers has been used to investigate the likely significance of various possible flow mechanisms. It is shown that while dewatering in the unconfined area can possibly contribute to flows for a considerable period of time, the maintenance of water levels in the unconfined zone must be the result of modern recharge. It is also shown that recharge depths of less than 10 mm per annum are sufficient given suitable aquifer parameters. Results for various combinations of aquifer parameters and configurations are given, including layered aquifers and the effects of restricted oufflows. Comparisons are made using a “bench mark” example.The work indicates that there is little point in carrying out conventional hydrological balance studies in hyper-arid areas and that, instead, more emphasis should be placed upon good groundwater hydrographic data and modeling.

Notes: : Alum and sodium aluminate were injected into the hypolimnion of eutrophic Kezar Lake, New Hampshire, with a specially designed applicator mechanism. This new method of applying aluminum salts to achieve phosphorus inactivation included two separate chemical distribution systems mounted on a hydraulic weed harvester. The design of the applicator system is described, and its cost-effectiveness is compared with other aluminum salt injections.

Notes: : As part of its overall system for protecting aquatic systems from unnecessary degradation, the State of Florida provides special protection for water bodies of unusual importance. Such water bodies are designated as “Outstanding Florida Waters” (OFW5). New discharges to OFWs are possible only if certain stringent criteria are met. A new point source direct discharge to an OFW is usually not allowed if it would cause any lowering of ambient water quality. A new indirect discharge (upstream from an OFW boundary) may be allowed only if it would not significantly degrade the OFW.To date, the advantages of the OFW system have clearly outweighed the disadvantages, and OFW designations are helping to protect Florida's most valuable waters from additional degradation. Florida's system could be a useful model for other jurisdictions wanting to provide special protection to special water bodies.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article: Peter Hall and Ann Markusen (Eds) Silicon Landscapes. Cliff Hague, The Development of Planning Thought: A Critical Perspective.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article: Peter Malpass, (Ed.) The Housing Crisis. Lennart Lundqvist Housing Policy and Equality: a Comparative Study of Tenure Conversions and their Effects. Slater, D. (Ed.) New Social Movements and the State in Latin America.