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  • Life and Medical Sciences  (2,435)
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  • 1985-1989  (3,175)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 285-299 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a finite element analysis of laminated bimodulus composite thin shells of revolution using a 48 d.o.f. doubly curved quadrilateral finite element. All the three displacements of the shell element reference surface are expressed as products of one-dimensional first-order Hermite interpolation polynomials. The constitutive relationship for a bimodulus composite is assumed to depend on the fibre-direction strain experienced by each orthotropic layer. Consequently the true state of strain and the corresponding constitutive relationship in a bimodulus composite structure are to be determined iteratively. The true state of stress/strain is obtained by specifying a maximum error in the locations of the two neutral surfaces (one along each of the orthogonal reference axes) in the shell. The use of the quadrilateral shell finite element is validated by solving the problem of (i) a freely supported single layer (0°) bimodulus composite square plate and (ii) a freely supported single layer (0°) cylindrical panel, which are subjected to sinusoidal transverse loading and for which analytical solutions are available. Next, the problems of a single layer (90°) pinched cylindrical shell and a single layer (0°) open crown hemispherical shell are solved to show the ability of the present program.
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  • 2
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 329-347 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Recently developed solid modelling systems for the design of complex physical solids using interactive computer graphics offer the exciting possibility of an integrated design/analysis system. Called geometric modellers, these systems build complex solids from primitive solids (cubes, cylinders, spheres, solid patches, etc.) and macro solids (combination of primitives)3, 4, 8, 16, 18, 25, 38. To provide an effective structural analysis capability for these systems, methods must be devised to ease the burden of discretizing the solid geometry into a user controlled (usually locally graded) finite element mesh. The purpose of this paper is to describe an interactive solid mesh generation system capable of generating valid meshes of well-proportional tetrahedral finite elements for the decomposition of multiply connected solid structures. The system uses a semi-automatic node insertion procedure to locate element node points within and on the surface of a structure. An independent automatic three-dimensional triangulator then accepts these nodes as input and connects them to form a valid finite element mesh oftetrahedral elements. Although this report makes use of a modeller based on a constructive solid geometry representation (a so-called CSG modeller), the mesh generation strategy elaborated herein is completely general and makes no particular use of the CSG representation.
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  • 3
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 465-479 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A matrix derivation of the method of partial decomposition for substructure equilibrium equations is given and algorithms and subroutines necessary for implementing a multi-level substructuring scheme are presented. The algorithms are based upon partial decomposition of skyline matrices by the Cholesky method. Transformation of co-ordinates and prediction of the skyline for higher level substructures are also discussed.
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  • 4
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 509-528 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The use of a complete and nonsingular set of Trefftz functions in the solution of quasi-harmonic equations is demonstrated and shown to be often superior to the more conventional singularity distribution in boundary-type approximation. Procedures for coupling separate domains of such solution and indeed of deriving equivalent finite elements are demonstrated.
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  • 5
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 579-582 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 6
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 601-616 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The displacement of a slightly compressible liquid by another in a porous medium has been modelled. This problem, which involves a moving boundary, has been numerically solved for the one-dimensional case by using the Galerkin method. State and parameter estimation have been carried out using the extended Kalman filter.
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  • 7
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 853-881 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Two methods are compared for integrating the strains that can arise in finite element solutions for Eulerian velocity fields associated with large strain material forming processes. With the Galerkin formulation, partial differential equations for the deformation gradient are solved over the entire domain based on a weighted residual; with the streamline integrated technique, the corresponding ordinary differential equations are integrated along characteristic lines. Both methods have yielded accurate integrations for the radial flow and planar rolling problems studied. A finite element technique is also presented for ensuring that the free surfaces of the fluid flow are streamlines. This technique has been used for ensuring proper boundary conditions in the rolling analysis.
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  • 8
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 691-711 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In a solar energy application involving thermal storage, one of the heat transfer situations is that of combined convection in vertical annuli for rather complex wall thermal boundary conditions. Predictive data of a high order of reliability are needed for incorporation within the suite of programs treating the whole problem.The program reported here treats the complete equations for combined free and forced convection in a vertical annulus. It allows for viscosity and density variation with temperature, and a variable heat flux or temperature at the walls. It was developed from a similar program for circular tubes.Comparisons are made with published data for velocity profiles and heat transfer performance. These are good, and show the step-wise energy balance method is necessary and valid.The strategy of generation of the required data is explained, together with sample output. These data are themselves analysed computationally; the performance equations agree with original predictions typically to within ± 11 per cent, with a standard deviation of around 2 per cent.The working fluid is water with 37 per cent ethylene glycol. Upward heated and downward cooled flows give aided combined convection. For the given design, laminar flow is predicted for the Reynolds number range 1800-2200.
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  • 9
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 775-776 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 10
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 763-774 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: We derive a closed-form expression for the change in the variational indicator of a finite element mesh with respect to perturbations in nodal point co-ordinates. The expression is evaluated very effectively from standard finite element data obtained in one solution, and may be easily programmed as part of a general finite element code. We present the derivation for two- and three-dimensional isoparametric elements used in linear and nonlincar elasticity. The expression has practical applications in the computation of stress intensity factors in fracture mechanics and in the determination of the ‘optimal’ mesh with a given element-node connectivity. We demonstrate both applications by accurately determining the stress intensity factor of a Mode I crack using a finite element mesh which was improved using mesh optimization.
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  • 11
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 825-835 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Many plane stress finite elements which can exactly represent rigid-body and constant-strain modes are too stiff in their response to the simple flexural action of a beam. This problem has received considerable interest. In this paper we explore a new interpretation of the problem and show that the poor bending response of the original 4-node plane stress quadrilateral can be quantitatively predicted by an error model.
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  • 12
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 883-898 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The numerical solution of two-dimensional, transient, incompressible Navier-Stokes problems is considered. The dual variable method, originally developed in the context of a finite difference discretization, is a technique to considerably reduce the size of the linear system to be solved at each time step. The steps involved in the method are (1) the determination of the rank of the discrete divergence operator, A, (2) the determination of a basis for the null space of A, N(A), and (3) the calculation of a particular solution of the discrete continuity equation.A finite element implementation of the method is presented using quadrilateral piecewise bilinear velocity/constant pressure elements. Algorithms for the determination of a basis for N(A) and a particular solution are presented. Numerical comparisons of primitive versus dual variable formulations on several problems demonstrate the advantage of the dual variable method, in terms of both execution speed and memory requirements.
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  • 13
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 959-965 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The ability of the collapsed Q-8 finite element to model strain singularities is studied in this paper. It is shown that its ability to model an r-1 singularity in strains depends strongly on the element size and number of Gauss points used for sampling stresses inside an element.
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  • 14
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1001-1012 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Conventional error analyses norms in the finite element method are based on the percentage error or its equivalent in some computed value as compared to the theoretically predicted value. In problems where two or more field variables are coupled, it is possible that if the field interpolation functions do not ‘consistently’ reproduce limiting situations of physical behaviour, there may be very large errors which are exaggerated enormously when some structural parameters become indefinitely large in a penalty limiting sense. The percentage error norms therefore saturate quickly to a value approaching 100 per cent and do not sensibly reflect the relationship between error and the structural parameter, even on a logarithmic plot.Errors due to these spurious constraints have recently been recognized as belonging to a special class described as ‘errors of the second kind’. A new error norm, called the additional stiffening parameter, helps to recognize the manner in which errors of the second kind can be blown out, of propprtion by a large variation in some structural parameter. Recent investigations in some multi-field problems are summarized here to demonstrate the usefulness of this concept.
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  • 15
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1039-1048 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new hourglassing control technique for quadrilateral and hexahedral elements used in dynamic finite element codes is presented. Based on expansion of the strees in a Taylor series and retention of additional terms beyond the usual constant stress term, this technique has the advantage that actual rather than artificial material properties are used. Simplifications that render this technique competitive with artificial viscosity and stiffness procedures in terms of additional storage and computation requirements are described.
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  • 16
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1049-1066 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A structure is defined by a set of governing points. These points can be used to define lines, surfaces and solids. A governing point can be connected to a design variable. The values of the design variables are determined in order to minimize the weight of the structure subject to a number of stress constraints. Three simple structures are then designed.
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  • 17
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1149-1156 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A simple shear flexible triangular plate/shell element with three/five displacement degrees-of-freedom at the three corner nodes only, is identified. It does not lock or have zero-energy mechanisms. The specific geometrical configurations in which this is possible are derived through field consistency patch tests.
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  • 18
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1157-1164 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In problems of structure interaction with infinite surrounding of incompressible, inviscid fluid media, added mass matrices on wet surfaces have been considered for modelling the effects of outgoing waves. For an arbitrary geometry of the wet surface, an expression for the added mass matrix is derived according to a finite element procedure which utilizes the force-displacement relations of representative elements on the boundary. In the element mass matrix a certain symmetry, which characterizes interactions between the interior and exterior surfaces, helps reduce the quadratic matrix equation of the cloning algorithm to a linear eigenvalue problem. A benchmark example is included to establish the numerical accuracy of the proposed formulation.
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  • 19
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1168-1169 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 20
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1171-1185 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A method for determining the optimum step-size in numerical differentiation of a tabulated function is described. In test cases it gives an average error of about four times the error in the data; thus, it is more than twice as accurate as previously published methods. A Fortran program is presented.
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  • 21
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1289-1293 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The stiffness matrix for the DKT plate-bending element is formulated explicitly in a global co-ordinate system. This approach avoids transformations of stiffness, and elasticity properties for anisotropic materials, from local to global co-ordinates, which were required in previous formulations. A FORTRAN listing of the algorithm is appended for potential users.
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  • 22
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1315-1338 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: We present the results of a numerical study of the preconditioned conjugate gradient algorithm, the minimal residual algorithm, the biconjugate gradient algorithm and the bi-minimal residual algorithm using both simple test matrices and more realistic test matrices derived from physical problems. The application of the methods to unsymmetric matrices is considered. We emphasize the importance of a good preconditioning, look at various methods including ICGG(n) and incomplete block factorization, and make some practical recommendations. Some of the folk-lore surrounding the semi-iterative methods is dispelled.
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  • 23
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1363-1364 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 24
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1269-1281 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Finite elements with ‘Special’ basis functions have been proposed to develop better approximations for problems where the behaviour is known to be non-polynomial. This paper discusses extension of Gaussian quadrature integration procedures of non-conventional form to the evaluation of the finite element matrices for ‘Special’ elements. Algorithms for general ‘Special’ elements are discussed. The techniques are applied to ‘Special’ one- and two-dimensional elements for spherically symmetric potential flow. The accuracy of the new ‘Special’ element is shown to be superior to linear and quadratic elements for spherically symmetric potential flow problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1339-1344 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper shows that the elasto-viscoplastic model, presented the first time in1, enables to take an isotropic and kinematic hardening law into account easily and gives an economical and accurate solution to cyclic plasticity problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1361-1362 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1345-1359 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Introduced herein is a generalization of Newmark's time marching integration scheme, called the β-m method. Like the SSpj method (introduced in Parts 1 and 2 of this series), the β-m method provides a gcneral single-step scheme applicable to any set of initial value problems. The method is specialized by specifying the method order m along with rn integration parameters, β0, β1, …, βm-1. For a particular choice of m, the integration parameters provide a subfamily of methods which control accuracy and stability, as well as offering options for explicit or implicit algorithms. For the most part, attention is focused on the application to structural dynamic equations. Most well-known methods (e.g. Newmark, Wilson, Houbolt, etc.) are shown to be special cases within the β-m family. Hence, one computationally efficient and surprisingly simple algorithm unifies old and new methods. Stability and accuracy analyses are presented for method orders m = 2, 3 and 4 to determine optimal parameters for implicit and explicit schemes, along with numerical verification.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1381-1390 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A numerical scheme has been constructed to simulate the imposition of a step in heat transfer at the surface of a multi-layered substrate. The numerical simulation of this process is carried out by applying an extended version of the Keller Box-Scheme to multi-layered diffusion problems. Numerical calculations show that accurate choice of length and time-scales is critical in determining the behaviour of the heat flow through the substrate. Thus, the results from the numerical simulations are of value to the experimentalist, particularly in determining the accurate shape of the response curves which enable experimental apparatus to be designed effectively. The proposed scheme yields heat fluxes as accurately as temperatures, and can be easily adapted to other related applications.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1601-1623 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Various mathematical programming methods for structural optimization are studied. In a companion paper, these methods have been studied based on certain theoretical considerations. In this paper, the methods are studied based on solving a set of test problems. The methods that are studied include recursive QP, feasible directions, gradient projection, SUMT and multiplier methods. Various computer codes have been developed, and are studied together with some existing programs such as CONMIN and OPTDYN. The test problems considered have 3-47 design variables and 3-252 constraints. The evaluation criteria consist of studying the accuracy, reliability and efficiency of a code. It turns out that globally convergent algorithms (multiplier methods, in particular) are very reliable but not efficient. Primal algorithms (like CONMIN), which are not proved to be globally convergent, are efficient but not reliable.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1671-1680 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A one-dimensional exterior electromagnetic scattering problem is formulated using a differential equation approach followed by a finite element discretization. By interpreting the resulting linear algebraic equations as node voltage equations for a transmission line, a boundary element is obtained which satisfies the requirement of no wave reflection at the edge of the finite element region. Numerical results which show the elimination of non-physical standing waves from the scattered field are presented and discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1521-1533 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A simple and logical finite element formulation is presented for the analysis of rings and sectors, with Timoshenko effects. The elemental properties are derived from the governing differential equation of motion using the Galerkin method. A quintic polynomial, satisfying the compatibility of derivatives up to second order, has been used for the ring finite element. The interpolating function is the same as for a thin ring. The efficiency of the formulation has been illustrated by the numerical results presented.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1547-1553 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: For about a decade, each and every researcher who used isoparametric quadratic elements to solve fracture mechanics problems employed only incomplete versions of these elements. Although complete formulations of isoparametric elements are almost as available as incomplete ones in general-purpose finite element computer programs, no attempt to use complete formulations has been seen yet. The purpose of this paper is to show how the complete quadratic isoparametric elements can be employed in the field of fracture mechanics.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1641-1657 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper presents a method of analysing the distribution of a two-dimensional electromagnetic field in a conducting medium of known cross-section carrying sinusoidal current and of unknown numerical values of boundary conditions on conductors surfaces. The method combines the finite element and separation of variables methods. An example is given of application of the method to calculation of impedance and electrodynamic forces of two thick, full and round conductors carrying oppositely directed sinusoidal currents. On the basis of numerical computation, graphs of resistance, reactance and electrodynamic forces are plotted.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 2306-2307 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 75-87 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: During the propagation of a hydraulically induced fracture in a porous material, fluid leak-off occurs from the fracture to the formation. Conduction and convection of heat also take place, owing to the large difference between the fluid injection temperature and that of the reservoir. The paper describes a quasi-two-dimensional heat transfer model coupled with a filtration model. It is then coupled into different coupled fracture propagation models (two-dimensional and quasi-three-dimensional).The rheological characteristics of the fracturing fluid are temperature-dependent with a sharp breakdown. The fluid diffusion model combines cake growth at the fracture face with two-fluid flow in the formation. Temperature profiles along the fracture and the formation are computed during fracture propagation.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 141-157 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: We have developed a versatile finite element approach to analyse stresses and displacements induced in thermally thinned and thickened geological structures. Material and geometric non-linearities form an important aspect of the finite element simulation. The changes in geometry are incorporated by a multipoint constraint procedure. The method takes into account temperature-dependent variations in rheological properties of the medium, including the presence of a brittle-ductile transition. We illustrate the application of the method for specific geophysical problems associated with the temperature history of the earth's crust at continental margins of the Atlantic type.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 117-128 
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    Notes: A new finite element method is presented. This new method contains several novel features including a streamline upwind formulation for the advection terms and equal order interpolations for all variables: velocities, pressure, temperature and other fluid properties. This new formulation uses an iterative solution method greatly reducing the computer storage requirements. The validity of the new finite element method was tested on both a natural convection problem, a thermally driven cavity, and a forced convection problem, a heated cylinder in cross-flow. The predicted results compared favourably with a benchmark solution for the cavity and an empirical correlation for the cylinder in cross-flow.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. i 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1697-1709 
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    Notes: A new functional which forms the basis of an improved hybrid element formulation is proposed. The variables for the functional include stresses, strains and displacements, and the displacements and stresses are further decomposed into two parts respectively. The proposed new formulation appears to be particularly suitable for improving conforming models.Based on this formulation, a new four-node plane hybrid element Qcs6 can be developed, and the conforming element Q4 and the non-conforming Wilson element Q64 and modified Wilson element Qm6 can also be derived directly by this hybrid approach. It should be noted that more accurate stresses can be obtained from this element which utilizes the concept of two stress components.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1721-1739 
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    Notes: The method of space-time finite elements enables the simple solution of quite new problems. It is possible to assume the arbitrary partition of the structure area in each moment of integration of the motion equation. Instability is caused by a too large time step and too great changes of joint locations in successive time steps. A changeable spatial partition is useful in contact dynamic problems, in the case of a travelling support, generally in problems with movable edges. In this paper a stability problem is described and some investigations for chosen types of non-rectangular space-time finite elements are carried out. Linear and surface elements which in time space gain an additional time dimension are presented. Some numerical examples prove the efficiency of the described method under determined limitations.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 659-661 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 679-687 
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    Notes: It is shown how the various norms of the coefficient matrix of a set of finite difference equations can, in many cases, be employed in an easy, straightforward fashion to find sufficient conditions for stability in situations involving non-periodic boundary conditions and variable coefficients. With the aid of the easily computed norms, particularly the infinite norm, one does not have to rely on the necessary condition provided by the spectral radius, which has been the main basis of criticism of the matrix method in the past.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 711-724 
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    Notes: Exactly integrated isoparametric plane stress elements behave poorly in flexure. The 4-noded element ‘locks’, with errors that progress indefinitely as element aspect ratio increases. Reduced integration of the shear strain energy eliminates this locking entirely. The 8-noded element does not lock, but improves in performance with reduced integration of shear strain energy. Both elements, with their original shape functions, show severe shear stress oscillations in flexure. In this paper we attribute these oscillations to the lack of ‘consistency’ of shear strain fields derived directly from independent field-variable interpolations. We derive error models for specific tractable examples which can confirm the accuracy of this conceptual scheme through digital computation using the finite element models. A field-consistent redistribution strategy for the shear strain field is offered as an elegant procedure to free the elements of spurious oscillations and give a ‘lock’-free performance.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 927-944 
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    Notes: Having established the non-uniqueness, in general, of quadratic-linear functionals in elasticity, the investigative work on this topic is reviewed, whence it is noted that there is no existing formal approach for the identification of either the causes of singular solutions or suitable remedial measures that might ensure their elimination. A comparison of the weighted averages obtained from the single field and Reissner's principles is then used to identify a higher order uniqueness criterion for the latter. A detailed consideration of the application of the new condition to the arch equations demonstrates how and why singular solutions can be obtained, and thence how suitable forms of remedial action can often be identified. Finally, several other classes of problem are briefly investigated in order to show how the criterion can be used to explain the full range of known behaviour of the mixed methods.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 2036-2036 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 2057-2070 
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    Notes: An officient preconditioned conjugate gradient (PCG) technique and a computational procedure are presented for the analysis of symmetric anisotropic structures. The technique is based on selecting the preconditioning matrix as the orthotropic part of the global stiffness matrix of the structure, with all the nonorthotropic terms set equal to zero. This particular choice of the preconditioning matrix results in reducing the size of the analysis model of the anisotropic structure to that of the corresponding orthotropic structure. The similarities between the proposed PCG technique and a reduction technique previously presented by the authors are identified and exploited to generate from the PCG technique direct measures for the sensitivity of the different response quantities to the non-orthotropic (anisotropic) material coefficients of the structure. The effectiveness of the PCG technique is demonstrated by means of a numerical example of an anisotropic cylindrical panel.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1232-1232 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1233-1250 
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    Notes: A system of algorithms is presented for the computer simulation of confined unsteady flows of a compressible fluid. The methods are valid for a wide range of time scales and are applied to simulate wind tunnel acoustics, flow over a ramp and flow past aircraft cavities.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1269-1281 
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    Notes: This paper proposes a basis change strategy within the reduced gradient method for optimization under linear constraints. It ensures a non-singular basis matrix at every iteration. The same strategy can reliably be used within the generalized reduced gradient method for optimization under non-linear constraints. This method is applied to the minimum weight design of large structures under displacement and stress constraints, exploiting the sparsity of the constraint Jacobian matrix.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1251-1267 
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    Notes: In order to study problems on fluid-structure interaction, we have used a mixed formulation which couples the classical functional of the structure with a new variational formulation by integral equations for the fluid. This formulation has the advantage over the finite element methods of avoiding the discretization of the fluid domain. Furthermore, unlike collocation methods, the explicit calculation of the Hadamard finite part of the singular integrals is avoided. This leads after discretization by boundary finite elements to a small and symmetrical algebraic system.Typical examples are presented that demonstrate the efficiency of this variational formulation by studying the sound transmission through a baffled plane structure and through a flexible panel backed by a rigid cavity. These include the calculation of the transmission loss factor and the determination of which modes dominate the noise transmission. Good agreement is obtained between numerical results and analytical results found in the literature.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1297-1303 
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    Notes: Chorin's random vortex method is used to predict the growth of a large-scale coherent vortex structure in the early stages of the development of turbulence in a two-dimensional co-flowing shear layer. The numerical algorithm has been simplified to such an extent that the numerical analysis can be performed on a microcomputer. The numerical solution exhibits the same early turbulent instabilities and vorticity pairings as found in recent flow-visualization experiments. In addition the results are in reasonable agreement with experimental measurements of mean velocity, root mean square fluctuations and Reynolds stresses. One could thus test the shear layer sensitivity to initial conditions and the upsteam boundary conditions.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1421-1437 
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    Notes: The paper presents a method of calculation for the transient electromagnetic field in a steel rotor screen of a superconducting generator. Using the difference method, the spatial-temporal distributions of the electromagnetic field have been calculated as a result of solving the non-linear partial differential equation for the vector potential A (in space Ω(r, θ,t)). For the difference diagram the conditions of stability and convergence have been determined.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1629-1644 
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    Notes: This paper contains the formulation of a space-time Sinc-Galerkin method for the numerical solution of the parabolic partial differential equation in one space dimension. The space-time adjective means that the Galerkin technique is employed simultaneously in time and space. Salient features of the method include: exponential rate of convergence, ease of assembly of the discrete system, a global approximation and the ability to handle singular problems. Two methods of solution for the discrete system are offered and numerical results for test problems, selected from the literature, are included.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1671-1695 
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    Notes: Plate-bending finite elements are developed for thin and moderately thick plates. The element takes into account the influence of the transverse normal strain and the transverse shear effects. For the computation of the stresses, an additional plate element is developed to determine the inplane displacements and forces. The combined effects of the plate-bending and inplane elements are used for the complete solution of the problem. Several examples are solved and compared with their corresponding exact solutions.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1659-1669 
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    Notes: The effect of elastic strains in the steady-state visco-elastic fluid flow under the rolling process is analysed quantitatively. Spurious oscillations in the stress deviator and pressure fields are precluded and the rate of convergence is improved when the Petrov-Galerkin method, which is based on a least-square method, is introduced into the finite element equation for the constitutive law.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1757-1769 
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    Notes: A simple and straightforward scheme for plotting contours is introduced. For any function the appropriate contours are traced on the paths of constant function values disclosing the information contained in the shape functions. The exactness of the contours matches that of the finite element analysis. Extreme value considerations must be carried out to decide whether contours appear in an element at all. Three co-ordinate systems are dealt with: the local, the global and the screen co-ordinate system, and the necessary mutual transformations. A short section deals with the treatment of contour discontinuities across element borders which frequently occur with stresses and heat fluxes. Finally, some examples are shown.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1793-1799 
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    Notes: It is shown that any four-noded membrane element with two degrees of freedom per node will either lock in inplane bending or fail to pass a C0 patch test when the element's shape is an isosceles trapezoid. This result effectively closes out further effort to extend the linear strain capability of such elements beyond what has already been achieved for rectangular and parallelogram shapes.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1801-1821 
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    Notes: In this paper, an equivalent domain integral (EDI) method and the attendant numerical algorithms are presented for the computation of a near-crack-tip field parameter, the vector J∊-integral, and its variation along the front of an arbitrary three-dimensional crack in a structural component. Account is taken of possible non-elastic strains present in the structure; in this case the near-tip J∊-values may be significantly different from the far-field values Jf, especially under non-proportional loading.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1841-1848 
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    Notes: In this paper, the effects of selecting initial vectors on computation efficiency for a subspace iteration method are investigated. Four algorithms are used for selecting the initial vectors. First, arbitrary starting iteration vectors are chosen according to Bathe and Wilson's algorithm.1 In the other algorithms, the initial vectors are the retrieved eigenvectors from the Guyan and quadratic reduction methods. Improvement of the eigenvalue approximations of the subspace iteration method over reduction methods is presented. The computation effort is examined for the various algorithms used for initial iteration vectors.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 13-18 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 37-63 
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    Notes: Structural reanalysis problems, such as in nonlinear finite element analysis or optimum design, involve progressive changes in the global stiffness matrix and its matrix factors. Although many studies have been devoted to the subject of matrix factor modification, most investigations have dealt with the problem separately from sparse matrix methods. This paper introduces a graph-theoretic model for the forward solution procedure which is applicable for identifying the modified entries of the matrix factors due to changes in the original matrix. Applications of this graph-theoretic model to existing refactorization methods are presented. The relation between substructuring and sparse matrix ordering strategies, and their effects on reanalysis are discussed. Modification of a sparse matrix associated with an n × n finite element grid ordered by the nested dissection scheme is analysed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. iii 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 65-88 
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    Notes: A solution procedure for the analysis of planar and axisymmetric-contact- problems involving sticking, frictional sliding and separation under large deformations is presented. The contact conditions are imposed using the total potential of the contact forces with the geometric compatibility conditions, which leads to contact system matrices and force vectors. Some key aspects of the procedure are the contact matrices, the use of distributed tractions on the contact segments for deciding whether a node is sticking, sliding or releasing and the evaluation of the nodal point contact forces. The solutions to various sample problems are presented to demonstrate the applicability of the algorithm.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 89-104 
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    Notes: Relations between displacement models using reduced integration and hybrid mixed models based on the Hellinger-Reissner and the Herrmann principles have been investigated. Five different isoparametric elements are considered for the case of plane stress, plane strain and plate bending elasticity problems.It is proved that the following relations hold for both models, provided the number of terms of a polynomial expressing the stress or strain component in the formulation of the mixed models is equal to the number of integration points of the reduced integration. If the stiffness matrix of the mixed model is evaluated by the identical integration rule with the reduced integration, the stiffness matrices of both models are identical. Thus, both models are equivalent, if the stiffness matrix of the mixed model is integrated exactly by the identical integration rule with the reduced integration.The displacement models using uniform reduced integration and selective reduced integration are equivalent to the mixed models based on the Hellinger-Reissner and the Herrmann principles except for the 6-node element, respectively.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 2183-2200 
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    Notes: Automating triangular finite element mesh generation involves two interrelated tasks: generatine a distribution of well-placed nodes on the boundary and in the interior of a domain, and constructing a triangulation of these nodes. For a given distribution of nodes, the Delaunay triangulation generally provides a suitable mesh, and Watson's algorithm26 provides a flexible means of constructing it. In this paper, a new method is described for automating node placement in a Delaunay triangulation by seieclive refinement of an initial triangulation. Grading of the mesh is controlled by an explicit or implicit node spacing function. Although this paper describes the technique only in the planar context, the method generalizes to three dimensions as well.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 2217-2236 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite element formulation for multi-panel shear walls based on a partially bonded beam system has been proposed. Idealization of a shear wall by a partially bonded multi-layered beam element reduces the storage and computer time considerably. The finite element model has been employed extensively for parametric study of prefabricated shear walls of different widths and heights. Different numbers of in-situ joints in the prefabricated shear wall assembly with varying shear stiffness of joints have also been considered. The parametric study gave an insight to the structural response of the wall system. Based on the non-linear shear stiffness characteristic of in-situ joints determined experimentally, the nonliner behaviour of a prefabricated shear wall has been determined and the failure load has been predicted.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 131-143 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A six-node plate bending element has been developed by employing mixed formulation based on a modified Hellinger-Reissner principle and the Reissner-Mindlin plate bending theory. The numerical result indicates that, among the types of assumed independent transverse shear strains considered, a combination of 2α version with either 5α version or 6α version is free of spurious kinematic modes and leads to accurate and reliable solutions even for very thin plates.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 145-161 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 163-168 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A fully discrete stability and accuracy analysis of some algorithms for the one-dimensional heat equation is presented. Results illustrate that 2-pass explicit schemes which simultaneously employ lumped and coupled capacity matrices are capable of improved performance over the standard 1-pass explicit scheme.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 169-182 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A general matrix operator is established for solving linear boundary value problems in slip-line field theory. The operator will enable a wider class of problems to be solved than were previously possible with the matrix slip-line field technique. As an illustration, a range of solutions are generated involving the previously intractable Coulomb friction boundary condition.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 193-193 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 2273-2287 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A software system for the automated computer simulation of two-dimensional elastostatic problems by the finite element method is described. This system consists of two parts, automated mesh generation and automated stress analysis. The mesh generation is based on a method in which equilateral triangles are generated successively in the unmeshed region. Automated mesh refinement is carried out in the latter part of the simulation process. The stress analysis is based on the assumed stress hybrid method and the successive over relaxation method. The computer program developed for this paper can generate a succession of increasingly refined triangular meshes until a certain mesh convergence criterion is achieved. The mesh convergence criterion is based on a comparison of nodal stresses in successive analyses until all the stress differences are within a specified tolerance.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 267-283 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In a previous paper1, design sensitivity analysis of static response of structural systems when general boundary conditions are imposed during the analysis phase was developed and presented. This paper presents methods for design sensitivity analysis of dynamic response of structural systems when general boundary conditions are imposed during the analysis phase: Eigenvalue as well as transient response problems are discussed. Design sensitivity expression for eigenvalue constraints is derived. For the transient problem, point-wise as well as the integral-type constraint functions are treated. Advantages of these design sensitivity analysis procedures for the dynamic problem are the same as for the static problem. Namely, they are compatible with any existing finite element analysis computer code. Also, they can handle general boundary conditions that are design independent or dependent. Three simple examples are presented to show use of the procedures. Based on these applications, general-purpose numerical procedures can be developed and incorporated into existing computer codes.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 317-328 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A geometrically nonlinear formulation for a 48 degrees-of-freedom (d.o.f.) quadrilateral shell element is presented. Each of the three displacement functions of u, v and w is based on the bicubic Hermitian polynomial. The surface of the element is modelled using linearized ratronal B-spline functions which may be linked to the geometric data bases generated by the computer-aided design system. The displacement functions and the 48 d.o.f. are expressed in both curvilinear and Cartesian forms, whereas the strain-displacement equations are expressed in curvilinear co-ordinates. The use of Cartesian displacement functions and degrees-of-freedom allow for the proper representation of the six rigid body motions even for the element with nonzero Gaussian curvature, such as a bellows. Two examples are demonstrated: snap-through buckling of a spherical cap and large deflection of a semi-toroidal bellows shell. Results compare well with alternative solutions.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 361-365 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 367-383 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This communication discusses a 4-node plate bending element for linear elastic analysis which is obtained, as a special case, from a general nonlinear continuum mechanics based 4-node shell element formulation. The formulation of the plate element is presented and the results of various example solutions are given that yield insight into the predictive capability of the plate (and shell) element.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 385-385 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 386-386 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 387-388 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 437-449 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper extends the earlier work by the present authors for a single embedded crack in an infinite solid and presents a solution to the problem of multiple coplanar cracks in an infinite medium. An alternating method in conjunction with an analytical solution for a single crack is used to determine the stress intensity factors for interacting multiple coplanar embedded cracks in an infinite body. The alternating method, as implemented here, leads to a highly accurate evaluation of the appropriate stress intensity factors.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 421-435 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A finite element is developed for the three-dimensional deformation of a circular ring. The derivation is based on ring theory. The unique feature of the element is that it provides for coupling between the in-plane and out-of-plane loads and deflections. The element is derived in terms of polar co-ordinates so that no co-ordinate transformation is needed to assemble the elements. Three ring deflection problems are solved using an assembly of the elements. Two of the solutions are compared with analytical results and one is compared with experimental results. The comparisons verify the theory.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 481-485 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: An equation related to the ‘first theorem of structural variation’ is simplified for computational purposes.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 487-507 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper reviews the derivation procedure of conventional stress-based elements and then shows how the procedure can be simplified by using degrees-of-freedom which are amplitudes of the boundary loading modes (‘mode-amplitude technique’). This gives one class of element based on stress assumptions and uses only one virtual principle. The natural formulation of hierarchical stress elements is shown.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 733-761 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper presents a general-purpose computer program for the inelastic analysis of reinforced concrete frames based on the method of imposed rotations. The program is capable of calculating the response of the structure to a given loading and also capable of performing collapse load analysis of the given structure. The program has been tested for a variety of problems and has been found to be extremely efficient compared to the other existing routines with much more limited capabilities. Complete listing and information for using the program has been presented.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 789-800 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The five-spot waterflooding problem has been modelled as a two-dimensional moving boundary problem with a sharp interface separating the water and oil regions. The Galerkin method was used to solve for the shape and movement of the interface, as well as for the pressures in the reservoir. Having obtained a working model, the extended Kalman filter was then used to estimate the interfacial position when using corrupted pressure measurements from a single sensor in the field.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 663-670 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Three boundary integral equations for the solution of an important class of elastic slab problems are considered. Some numerical examples are examined in order to illustrate the application of the integral equations to particular boundary-value problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 723-732 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 837-851 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Orthogonal curvilinear co-ordinates represent the logical choice for description of the middle surface of the majority of shells in engineering practice. By means of orthogonalization of originally skew parameter lines at integration points for shell analysis by the finite element method (FEM), the remaining minority can be treated without having to resort to skew curvilinear co-ordinates. Therefore, it does not seem to be worth while to extend existing computer codes for shell analysis by the FEM, restricted to orthogonal curvilinear co-ordinates, to general curvilinear co-ordinates. Depending on the structure of such a code, this extension may require a substantial amount of recoding. (However, it is advisable to consider general curvilinear co-ordinates if a new computer code for shell analysis by the FEM, based on thin- or thick-shell theory, is written).Based on these considerations, the concept of ‘discrete orthogonalization of parameter lines’ has been developed. It is presented in this paper and applied to the analysis of a hyperbolic paraboloid groined vault subjected to dead load. In the numerical investigation it is demonstrated that treating skew parameter lines incorrectly as orthogonal has a significant effect on the results for the displacements and the internal forces.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 585-600 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A generally applicable and simple joint/interface element for three- and two-dimensional finite element analysis is presented. The proposed element can model joints/interfaces between solid finite elements and shell finite elements. The derivation of the joint element stiffness is presented and algorithms for the treatment of nonlinear joint behaviour discussed. The performance of the element is tested on typical problems involving shell-to-shell and shell-to-solid interfaces.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 617-635 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A 48 degrees-of-freedom quadrilateral element, including the effect of both material and geometric nonlinearities, is formulated and appropriate numerical procedures are adopted for the development of a systematic and efficient approach for the static nonlinear analysis of general shell structures. The element surface is described by a variable-order polynomial in curvilinear co-ordinates. The displacement functions are described by bicubic Hermitian polynomials in curvilinear co-ordinates. Without being confined to the assumption of axisymmetry, this formulation allows for the treatment of shells with a more general shape and with a complex spread of plastic zones. In the formulation for geometric nonlinearity, the total Lagrangian approach is adopted. Only small strains and small rotations are allowed. In the formulation for plastic deformation, the concept of a layered element model is used. In the inelastic range, the material is assumed to obey the Von Mises yield criterion and the Prandtl-Reuss flow rule. A tangential stiffness formulation is combined with the modified Newton-Raphson iteration method for the solution of nonlinear problems. A systematic choice of examples ranging from fiat plates to cylindrical panels and to spherical caps is solved and compared with available solutions to evaluate the recommended formulations and procedures in terms of their accuracy and efficiency.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 683-689 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: As an approximation for the mechanism behind noise emission from a rock drilling rod, the transient damped vibrations of a beam (the drilling rod) in bending and shear is studied. At one end the beam is supported by a distributed damped Winkler-type foundation. In order to determine required transfer function from an applied moment at the other end of the beam, it is divided into two finite elements. Each element is treated as a uniform Rayleigh-Timoshenko beam in an ambient medium. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) technique is utilized. Good agreement between calculated and measured strains is obtained. A single-figure measure which is approximately proportional to the sound power radiated from the vibrating beam is calculated for different damping materials at the supported end. It is found that a relatively high value of the stiffness of the Winkler-type foundation is needed if a significant level of reduction in the sound power radiated from the beam is to be achieved.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 713-721 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: At present there are many general methods of approximating a possibly nonlinear operator equation by a finite equation system. The most commonly applied methods are the finite element and the finite difference. Numerous papers (e.g. References 9 and 10) have dealt with a comparison of these methods.In Reference 12 the Galerkin finite difference method (GFDM) is developed. The GFDM is a special finite element method designed t o solve nonlinear and possibly coupled partial differential equations numerically. It consists of a finite difference scheme derived from a Galerkin finite element method through the use of special local basis functions and a special grid.In this paper, we are concerned with extending the GFDM to derive ‘normal’ difference schemes. e.g. five-point schemes on two-dimensional domains for a general class of operators, even in nonlinear cases.Using GFDM or the finite element method on two-dimensional regions generally leads to at least 7- or 9-point schemes as well as expensive approximations of the nonlinear terms. Often, numerical integration is necessary. These computational costs are due to the non-orthogonality of the continuous and differentiable local basis functions that are needed in this case.The basic idea of the multi-bases approaches, which are the major concern in this paper11, is to reduce the smoothnessproperties ofthelocal basis functions in favour oftheir orthogonality. Thiscan beachieved with the help of so-called transfer operators which map the non-orthogonal and differentiable basis onto an only bounded but orthogonal basis.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 777-778 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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