ALBERT

Notes: This paper is concerned with a new technique (the terrestrial/photogrammetric (TP) technique) for the detection and compensation of systematic height errors in block aerial triangulation. The technique improves the height accuracy of such triangulation by reducing the original bridging distance, using new bands of corrected photogrammetric tie points as height control together with the original bands of the terrestrial (or ground) height control. A number of photogrammetric blocks with different characteristics and configurations have been tested in a comprehensive manner. The tests show that the TP technique gives consistent results over a wide range of circumstances and that it is a most effective, simple and inexpensive method for the compensation of systematic errors.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméCet article relate une technique nouvelle permettant de détecter et de compenser les erreurs altimétriques systématiques dans l'aérotriangulation par blocs: la technique terrestre/photogrammétrique (TP). Cette technique améliore la précision altimétrique de l'aérotriangulation en réduisant la distance de l'aérocheminement original, grâce à l'utilisation d'un canevas de points d'appuis altimétriques composés de points de liaison photogrammétriques corrigés, en supplément du canevas original de points d'appui altimétriques déterminés sur le terrain.On a essayé de manière approfondie un grand nombre de blocs dotés de caractéristiques et de configurations diverses. Les essais montrent que la technique TP fournit des résultats fiables dans un large éventail de circonstances et que c'est une méthode de compensation des erreurs systématiques efficace, simple et peu coûteuse.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIm Artikel wird ein neues Verfahren behandelt (das terrestrisch-photogrammetrische Verfahren (TP)), das zur Aufdeckung und Kompensation system-atischer Höhenfehler in der Block triangulation dient. Es wird die Höhengenauigkeit durch Verkürzung der ursprünglichen Überbrückungsdistanz verbessert, indem neue Streifen korrigierter Verbindungspunkte als Höhenpasspunkte zusammen mit den ursprünglichen Reihen der terrestrischen Höhenpasspunkte verwendet werden. Eine Anzahl photogrammetrischer Blöcke unterschiedlicher Figur und Charakteristik wurde umfassend getestet. Die Tests zeigen, dass die TP-Methode konstante Ergebnisse für einen grossen Bereich van Möglichkeiten ergibt und dass es ein höchst effektives, einfaches und billiges Verfahren zur Eliminierung systematischer Fehler ist.

Notes: During June and July 1981, synthetic aperture radar imagery was acquired of selected sites in ten European countries as part of the European SAR 580 campaign. Evaluation of this imagery in the UK will be carried out by 18 approved experiments (out of 56 for Europe) when the processed data becomes available to investigators. To assist the evaluation process, a review is given of some recent research on applications of imaging radar in agricultural and urban areas. Research is described which considered the effects of terrain parameters and radar parameters on crop classification accuracy. The relative merits of a quantitative or a qualitative approach in classification of radar data are considered. Combined use of radar and Landsat data achieves a marked improvement in classification accuracy. The development of spatial filtering techniques may assist in the problem in urban areas resulting from the dependence of image tone on the relative alignment of ground features and radar look direction.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméPendant les mois dejuin et juillet 1981, on a, dans le cadre de la campagne européenne SAR 580, recueilli des données de radar imageur à synthèse d'ouverture sur des sites choisis dans une dizaine de pays d'Europe. Ces données seront évaluées au Royaume-Uni au moyen de 18 expériences ayant été acceptées (sur un total de 56 menées en Europe); ce travail commencera dès que les données une fois traitées seront distribuées aux chercheurs. Pour accompagner cette procédure d'evaluation, on fournit une analyse de quelques recherches récentes sur les applications de l'imagerie radar aux zones agricoles et urbaines.L'une de ces recherches prenait en compte les effets des paramètres liés au terrain sur l'exactitude de la classification des cultures. Les mérites réciproques des approches quantitatives et qualitatives dans la classification des données radar sont également examinés.Le recours à une combinaison de données radar et Landsat permet d'améliorer de manière significative l'exactitude de la classification. La mise en oeuvre des techniques de filtrage spatial peut aider à réduire, dans les zones urbaines, les conséquences néfastes sur la tonalité de l'image, d'objets au sol en alignement relatif avec la direction d'observation du radar.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIm Juni und Juli 1981 erfolgten Radaraufnahmen mittels synthetischer Apertur von ausgewählten Gebieten in 10 europäischen Ländern als Teil der Europäischen SAR 580 Kampagne. Die Analyse dieser Aufzeichnungen wird im Vereinigten Königreich durch 18 (aus insgesamt 56 für Europa) bestätigte Experimente erfolgen, nachdem die Daten zur Verfügung stehen. Um den Analysenprozess zu unterstützen, wird ein Überblick über kürzliche Forschungen zu Radaraufzeichnungen in landwirtschaftlichen und städtischen Gebieten gegeben. Es werden auch Forschungen beschrieben, bei denen die Einflüsse von Geländeparametern auf die Genauigkeit der Ernteklassifizierung untersucht wurden. Der relative Wert eines quantitativen oder qualitativen Versuchs zur Klassifizierung von Radardaten wird abgeschätzt. Eine Kombination von Radarund Landsat-Daten ergibt eine merkliche Verbesserung bei Klassifizierungsgenauigkeit. Die Entwicklung von Verfahren der räumlichen Filterung kann von Wert bei städtischen Gebieten sein, weil es eine Abhängigkeit des Grauwertes von der relativen Ausdehnung von Geländecharakteristika und der Richtung der Radaraufnahme gibt.

Notes: Some aspects of the XYZBLC suite of programs for aerial triangulation are described. The Ordnance Survey Bute block of photography at a scale of 1: 24000 is computed by independent models using XYZBLC. Three of the strips in the block are treated as a test block and are computed with different configurations of control. Conclusions are drawn with regard to the usefulness of height control doublets and other dense control configurations.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Quelques aspects de l'ensemble XYZBLC de logiciels d'aérotriangulation sont décrits. Le bloc Bute de l'Ordnance Survey, composé de photographies à l'échelle du 1: 24000, a été calculé par modèles indépendants avec les logiciels XYZBLC. On a considéré trois des bandes du bloc comme formant un bloc d'essai et on les a calculées avec diverses combinaisons de canevas de points d'appui. On en tire des conclusions quant à l'utilité des doublets de points d'appui altimétriques et de diverses autres configurations denses de canevas d'appui. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Beschreibung einiger Aspekte des XYZBLC-Programmsystems zur Aero-triangulation. Ein Block des Ordnance Survey im Bildmassstab 1: 24000 wurde damit nach der Methode der unabhängigen Modelle berechnet. Drei der Streifen des Blocks wurden als Testblock behandelt und mit verschiedenen Passpunktanordnungen berechnet. Es werden Schlussfolgerungen in bezug auf die Nützlichkeit von Zwillingspunkten zur Höhenorientierung und andere dichte Passpunktanordnungen gezogen.

Notes: The wide availability of reconnaissance frame photography, together with the advantage of high image resolution that such photography provides and the extreme flight conditions under which it can be taken, means that it is of great interest to photogrammetrists. However, the geometry of the image is invariably distorted due to the mode of operation of the camera. In this paper, the effects of the focal plane shutter and apparent image motion compensation on the geometry of the photographs are considered.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméLe fait que la photographic de reconnaissance soil très répandue, conjointe-ment aux avantages que présente la grande résolution des images fournies par ces systèmes et les conditions extrêmes de vol dans lesquelles on peut les prendre, milite pour une prise en compte de lew intérêt par les photogrammètres. Toutefois la géométrie de ces images est systématiquement déformée par suite du mode de fonctionnement de la chambre. On traite dans cet article des effets de l'obturateur focal et de la compensation du filé de l'image sur la géométrie des photographies.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDie grosse Verbreitung von Erkundungsfotos zusammen mit der grossen Auflösung solcher Fotos und den extremen Bedingungen unter denen sie auf-genommen wurden, lassen diese auch für den Photogrammeter interessant erscheinen. Die Geometrie dieser Bilder ist jedoch infolge der speziellen Kamera-funktion verzerrt. Im Artikel werden die Einflüsse des Schlitzverschlusses und des Bildwanderungsausgleichs auf die Bildgeometrie untersucht.

Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY. By G. S. Kumar.MANUAL OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY (Fourth Edition). Editor-in-Chief: C. C. Slama.

Notes: The algorithm presented assumes a preliminary determination of the elements of inner orientation and bases its mathematical model on the collinearity condition, from which projective equations are derived. Linearisation of condition equations is based on Taylor's expansion, whilst the subsequent solution follows iteration cycles. The method aims to derive composite corrections to image coordinates, with the aid of test field data.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméL'auteur présente un algorithme oú l'on suppose déterminés au préalable les éléments d'orientation interne. La modélisation mathématique s'appuie sur les conditions de co-linéarité et sur les équations qui en résultent en projection. On linéarise les équations de conditions en utilisant un développement en série de Taylor, et l'on obtient la solution correspondante par itération. La méthode vise à apporter des corrections aux coordonnées images en utilisant les données d'un polygone d'essai.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBei dem dargestellten Algorithmus wird die vorläufige Bestimmung der Elemente der inneren Orientierung angenommen, und das mathematische Modell basiert aufder Kollinearitätsgleichung, woraus perspektive Gleichungen abgeleitet werden. Die Linearisierung der Bedingungsgleichungen erfolgt durch Anwendung der Taylor-Reihe, was für die folgenden Berechnungen einen iterativen Prozess bedingt. Mit der Methode wird angestrebt, Bildkoordinaten mit Hilfe von Testfelddaten zu verbessern.

Notes: There is a growing interest in the potential of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) for mapping and for gathering intelligence for map revision. This paper first gives a simple guide to the characteristics of SAR and then describes a study carried out to investigate the geometric properties of the imagery and the information content which is of interest for topographic mapping and the production of large scale plans. The conclusions cautiously indicate a potential although better quality images are required and more information must be known about the optimum conditions which should obtain when the data are recorded.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn assiste à un intérét croissant envers le radar à ouverture synthétique (SAR) et ses possibilityés pour la cartographie et pour la collecte de renseignements utiles à la révision. Ce texte commence par donner un simple rappel des caractéristiques de ces radars pour décrire ensuite une étude effectuée sur le contenu informatif et les proprietyés géométriques de l'imagerie radar, qui intèresse la cartographie topographique et la confection de plans à grande échelle.Les conclusions font prudemment état d'une potentialité mais soulignent qu'il faudrait disposer d'images de meilleure qualityé et avoir davantage d'informations sur les conditions optimales à respecter lors de l'enregistrement des données.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEs besteht zunehmendes Interesse an den Möglichkeiten von Radaraufnahmen mittels synthetischer Apertur (SAR) zur Kartenherstellung und Erfassung von Daten zur Laufendhaltung. Zunächst wird im Artikel eine einfache Einführung in die SAR-Charakteristika gegeben. Dann erfolgt eine Beschreibung eines Versuches zur Untersuchung der geometrischen Eigenschaften und des Informationsgehalts, der von Interesse für die Herstellung topographischer und grossmassstäbiger Karten ist. Vorsichtige Schlussfolgerungen ergeben Möglichkeiten zur Verwendung solcher Informationen, wobeijedoch eine bessere Bildqualität zu fordern ist. Auch müssen noch mehr Kenntnisse über die optimalen Bedingungen bezüglich der Datenregistrierung bestehen.

Notes: Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) and return beam vidicon (RBV) image data in both analogue and digital formats were used to assess the performance of the MSS and RBV sensor systems, and to determine their potential for recording information associated with topographic or land use maps of selected Chinese study areas (Beijing, Tianjin and the Huang He elbow). MSS images permitted the detection of 40 per cent to 50 per cent of the features identified on maps of 1: 250000 scale and larger, whereas the higher resolution Landsat 3 RBV images provided 10 per cent to 20 per cent additional information. Completeness of information extracted from a colour cathode ray tube display exceeded that obtained from analogue single band black and white MSS images by only 5 per cent to 10 per cent. Only through major improvements in spatial resolution will it be possible to compile maps at scales of 1: 250000 and larger from satellite data. Significantly, it appears that instantaneous field of view values of 5 m to 10 m will be required to produce image data of sufficient resolution for topographic mapping or detailed thematic studies of the Asian environment.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé On a utilisé les données de l'imagerie spatiale provenant du scanneur multispectral (MSS) et du tube vidicon à retour de faisceau (RBV) de Landsat, à la fois sous forme analogique et numérique, pour évaluer la performance des systèmes de capteurs MSS et RBV, et pour déterminer leur aptitude à contenir l'information figurant dans les cartes topographiques et les cartes d'occupation du sol, sur des polygones d'essais sélectionnés en Chine (Pekin, Tianjin, et le coude du Huan He). Les images MSS ont permis de détecter 40 à 50 pour cent des détails figurant sur les cartes à une échelle supérieure ou égale à 1: 250000, tandis que les images RBV à meilleure résolution de Landsat C fournissaient 10 à 20 pour cent d'informations supplémentaires. Le volume des informations extraites sur un écran cathodique de visualisation en couleurs n'a dépassé le volume obtenu à partir d'images d'une seule bande MSS en noir et blanc que de 5 à 10 pour cent seulement. Il semble que ce ne soit que par des améliorations importantes dans la résolution spatiale que l'on pourra tirer des données de satellites des cartes à des échelles supérieures ou égales à 1: 250000. Il apparait de manière significative qu'un champ instantané de prise de vues de 5 à 10 m (pixel) sera nécessaire pour obtenir des images ayant une résolution suffisante pour la cartographie topographique ou pour des études thématiques détaillées sur l'environnement asiatique.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Verwendung von Landsat-aufzeichnungen, die mit Hilfe des multispektralen Scanners (MSS) und des Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) aufgenommen wurden und sowohl in analoger als auch digitaler Form vorlagen. um die Leistungsfähigkeit dieser Aufnahmesysteme zu ermitteln und die Möglichkeiten zur Gewinnung von Informationen zur Herstellung von topographischen oder Landnutzungskarten in ausgewählten chinesischen Versuchsgebieten (Beijing, Tianjin undder Huang He Bogen). MSS-Bilder gestatteten die Erkennung von 40 bis 50% der auf Karten im Massstab 1: 250 000 oder grösser identifizierten Objekte, während die RBV-Bilder von Landsat 3, die eine grössere Auflösung hatten, 10 bis 20% zusätzliche Informationen lieferten.Die Vollständigkeit der Information, die von einem Farbdisplay erhalten wurde, überstieg die von analogen einkanaligen schwarzweissen MSS-Bildern erhaltenen nur um 5 bis 10%. Nur durch wesentliche Verbesserungen der Objektauflösung wird es möglich sein, Karten 1: 250000 und grösser nach Satellitendaten herzustellen. Es wird offensichtlich eine Objecktauflösung von 5 bis 10m gefordert, um Bilddaten genügender Auflösung für die Herstellung topographischer Karten oder thematischer Studien des asiatischen Raums zu erzeugen.

Notes: Sterile Didinium nasutum were fed Paramecium Aurelia which had been grown on monofloral cultures of five different species of bacteria and on a wild mixed culture of bacteria. Didinia grown on monoflorally-fed paramenia or starved paramecia maintained a low daily division rate (0.88-2.06), and after 3 or 4 days died, frequently showing structural abnormalities before death. Didinia fed paramecia grown on a wild mixture of bacteria showed a higher division rate (4.96), did not die after 3 or 4 days, and encysted, when the food was exhausted. It is suggested that a diet consisting of monoflorally-fed or starved paramecia is inadequate for Didinium. This may be due to the lack of some substance or substances related to the enzyme system of the predator, possibly proteolytic enzymes elaborated by paramecia. In the experiments of Gause on the destruction of one species by another, his failure to establish population oscillations between Didinium and Paramecium might have been due to an inadequate diet for the didinia which resulted in their lack, of encystment and death.

Notes: The exoerythrocytic forms of Plasmodium gallinaceum in thin sections of infected tissue cultures have been examined with the electron microscope. It was seen that important changes occur in the fine structure of the parasite during the various phases of the cycle. The cytoplasm of the merozoites at the beginning and at the end of each cycle shows a great electron density due to a fine granulation. Larger granules are found at one pole of the parasite. The merozoites have a large nucleus in the center, and an oval body of great electron density at one pole, the significance of which is unknown. Short canaliculi can also be seen in the cytoplasm, but no mitochondria have been found.The cytoplasm of the schizonts shows a low electron density. It contains small particles scattered irregularly throughout its whole mass. The nuclei are not well defined; the oval body observed in the merozoites apparently has disappeared. Short canaliculi are present everywhere; however, mitochondria could not be identified with certainty.In the final phase of the cycle, in the rosette formations, the cytoplasm assumes again the fine granular structure. The future merozoites are grouped around a cytoplasmic core, with which they are directly connected. The whole segmenter is situated in a vacuole formation. In cross sections of the merozoites an opening in the central pole has been observed.

Notes: An account of conjugation in an American species of Blepharisma is given. A comparison is also made with the available knowledge of the two Indian species of this genus. In the conjugating pair, the condensed macronucleus shows Feulgen negative regions. Before the conjugants separate, the macronuclear and micronuclear anlagen become distinguishable.The species is characterized by a number of striking features which become noticeable after syngamy. The synkaryon divides thrice giving rise to 8 bodies. Of these, 3 to 7 become the macronuclear anlagen and the rest, the micronuclei. The resorption of the old macronucleus occurs much later, just before the exconjugant attains the vegetative form. No metagamic fissions occur in this species and each exconjugant becomes a vegetative animal in 5 or 6 days. During this period, the macronuclear anlagen arrange themselves in a series and develop slender connections with one another to produce the moniliform macronucleus of the vegetative animal. The micronuclear anlagen, on the other hand, divide by mitosis to attain the vegetative number. In this species 40% to 45% of the exconjugants are viable and the rest die.

Notes: Seven species of astomatous Infusoria from the alimentary tract of the Oligochaeta from Ochrida Lake are described. One of them, belonging to Hoplitophrya, shows many transitional characteristics between Juxtaradiophrya and Hoplitophrya and proves the coherence of the group Radio-phryinae-Hoplitophryinae-Mesnilellinae. Two species are Maupasellinae, parasites from Glossoscolecidae. Buchneriella and Maupasella, both parasites from Criodrilus lacuum, a cosmo politan worm, are also present in C. ohridensis, endemic species coexistent with the preceding, at Ohrid. Two other sro belong to Intoshellina. A discussion about the actual systematic state of Intoshellinidae is given, affinities of this family remaining uncertain. The two last species described are a typical Anoplophrya and a representative cf a new genus Corlissiella, having many morphological and biological similarities to the primitive thigmotrichs. Heterogeneity of the Anoplophryidae is discussed.

Notes: A small reversible A.C. motor is utilized in the construction of a device to tighten and loosen the caps of screw-cap test tubes.

Notes: A new species of Coccidia, Eimeria neosciuri sp. now, has been described from the squirrel host, Sciurns (Neo-sciurus) carolinensis. The oocysts (21.8-28.0 ju X 13.7-18.1) are elliptical in shape without a visible micropyle. The sporo- cysts are oval with protruding nipple. The endogenous stase; of this species occur in the epithelial cells of the villi of the upper ileum. Oocyst production declines in about a fortnight after a rise to its maximum during the first 6-10 days.

Notes: Ergosterol was isolated from the non-saponifiable lipids of Euglena. For this, after saponification of the cells, the petroleum-ether extract was chromatographed on deactivated alumina. Development was achieved by pet. ether and 10% (v/v) benzene in pet. ether, and the sterol fraction was subsequently eluted with 10% (v/v) ethyl acetate in pet. ether. This sterol was identified as ergosterol by a) precipitation with digitonin, b) The Liebermann-Burchard reaction, c) co-chromatography with known ergosterol, d) ultraviolet absorption spectrum, e) conversion to the acetate with determination of the melting and mixed melting points and !” infra-red absorption spectrum of the acetate derivative. By these techniques, ergosterol content was measured in the-following strains of Euglena gracilis under various conditions of nutrition and illumination: bacillaris and Z strains, and several albino and pigment mutants derived from them. A. functional chloroplast seems unnecessary for ergosterol synthesis; the ergosterol content of cells (dry weight basis) was constant regardless of strain and growth conditions.

Notes: The structure of the excretory apparatus of Paramecium caudatum and P. aurelia was studied in electro-micrographs of ultrathin sections. The so-called nephridial plasma visible in light microscopy was revealed as a network of fine branching tubules (nephridial tubules), of average diameter about 200 Å, which surround the nephridial canals. The nephridial tubules are connected peripherally directly to branches of the endoplasmic reticulum, which extends throughout the organism. During diastole of the radial canals the nephridial tubules open into the nephridial canals, but this connection is broken during systole. Surrounding the nephridial plasma are bundles of larger tubular elements (about 500 Å diameter).The osmiophile wall of the terminal nephridial canal continues without change in the walls of the ampulla, the injection canal and the contractile vacuole. Contractile fibrillar elements, arranged in fiat band-like bundles and of tubular structure (about 150-250 A diameter) without periodic cross-striations, begin at the top of the ampulla and extend, along the surface facing the pellicle, over the injection canal and contractile vacuole to the excretory canal, which they surround as a spiral envelope.The closing of the contractile vacuole to the excretory canal is effected by a relatively compact membrane without pores, so that the emptying of the vacuole must follow breaking of this membrane. The function of the excretory system is discussed in the light of these new observations.

Notes: Nucleic acid, the nitrogen content per cell, and cell and nuclear volume were determined in 4 green and 2 heat-induced colorless strains of Euglena gracilis and one strain of Astasia longa. All strains of Euglena were identical in cell and nuclear volume. The deoxyribonucleic acid content per cell of the apoplastidic strains was higher than that of the corresponding green strains by I1/, times. Although their nuclei were not enlarged, Feulgen staining of the colorless strains was also more intense. The significance of the increase in DNA in experimentally induced apoplastidy is discussed. As for N total nucleic acid P, and pentosenucleic acid—the dir between the strains reflected previously established morphological and physiological relationships between them. The single strain of Astasia studied was identical in stru: and size with the apoplastidic Euglena stnMH Hownner. it was quite unlike them in all the biochemical characteristic; examined.

Notes: . When a streptomycin-bleached mutant of Euglena gracilis strain Z was cultured in the dark at 33, 26, or 15°C, the content of paramylon was higher at lower growing temperature while that of wax esters was higher at higher temperature. Transfer of the cells grown at 33°C–15°C decreased the wax ester content while increasing the paramylon content; transfer in the reverse direction caused reverse changes. On incubation with labeled acetate, the cells grown at 33°C showed more distribution of radioactivity in wax esters than the cells grown at lower temperatures. Apparently the two energy-reserve substances have different physiological functions.

Notes: The sessiline peritrich Ellobiophrya conviva n. sp. is described from marine ectoprocts of the genus Bugula, the first report of an ellobiophryid on bryozoan hosts. The new species is distinguished from others of its genus by its different body proportions, size, host, and structure of the clasping holdfast (for which the new name cinctum is chosen). Ellobiophrya conviva has been found only on B. neritina and B. turrita and shows a marked seasonal cycle of abundance. The family Ellobiophryidae Chatton & Lwoff is revised on the basis of new information provided by E. conviva, with the single species of the genus Clausophrya removed to Ellobiophrya as E. oblida Naidenova & Zaika n. comb. The genus Caliperia Laird remains unchanged. The two genera of the revised family are distinguished from one another by differences in the structure of the cinctum. Hypotheses are advanced to explain the morphogenesis of the cinctum and the evolution of ellobiophryids from other peritrichs.

Notes: The spatial and seasonal distribution of Paramecium bursaria in two small Indiana ponds was studied using a sampling grid. Very small (5.0 ml) samples were taken so that the individual microhabitats could be studied. The results were evaluated in comparison to the data collected for the P. aurelia complex collected in the same manner and at the same sites. It was found that P. bursaria exist in a clumped distribution, but that the distribution was not very different from random. Paramecium bursaria also exist at the surface and at the mud-water interface. Temperature does not seem to play a statistically significant role in determining population size. The breeding system of P. bursaria is optimized for an outbreeding population of low density. In comparison, the species of the P. aurelia complex exist in a very clumped distribution, are found only at the mud-water interface, and are inbreeders. The evolutionary strategies of the two types of paramecia are discussed.

Notes: L'étude du caractère planctonique de différentes spores d'Actinomyxidies montre une complexité croissante dans leur adaptation au milieu aquatique. Au contact de l'eau, les trois cellules épéisporales de chaque spore se transforment en flotteurs de forme différente suivant les espèces. Ces flotteurs peuvent s'unir entre eux en un style équivelent à un quatrième flotteur ou associer diversement les huit spores issues d'un měme pansporocyste. C'est le cas dans le genre Synactinomyxon dont la diagnose est modifiée pour inclure une deuxième espèce S. Iongicauda n. sp. Un type nouveau est décrit chez lequel la preéence d'ancres à l'extrémité des cellules épisporales permet de maintenir efficacement réunies plusieurs dizaines de spores émises simultanément. Nous avons observé dans les genres Aurantiactinomyxon, Synactinomyxon, Echinactinomyxon l'emission du sporoplasme. II est libére en entier et capable de se déplacer dans l'eau pendant plus d'une heure grǎce à des mouvements amoeboïdes. Chez Aurantiactinomyxon eiseniellae les études ultrastructurales montrent que l'enveloppe du pansporocyste, d'une part, les épispores et les capsules polaires d'autre part sont réalisées à partir de cellules distinctes et profondément modifiées. Quant au sporoplasme, autrefois décrit comme un plasmode avec de nombreuses paires de noyaux, il contient, en fait, des ensembles identiques dont chacun est constitué de l'union d'un noyau satellite et d'une cellule uninucléée.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ABSTRACTThe study of the planktonic character of different Actinomyxidia spores reveals increasingly complex adaptations to an aquatic environment. On contact with water, the three episporal cells of each spore transform into floats, the forms of which differ according to species. These floats can join together so that a fourth type of float is formed, or they can unite in various ways the eight spores originating from the same pansporocyst. This is the case in the genus Synactinomyxon whose diagnosis is modified to include a second species S. Iongicauda n. sp. A new type is described in which the presence of anchors at the extremities of the episporal cells permits several dozen spores that have been emitted simultaneously to be kept together. We have observed the emission of the sporoplasm in the genera Aurantiactinomyxon, Synactinomyxon, and Echinactinomyxon. It is freed completely and for more than an hour is capable of changing its position in the water by amoeboid movements. In the case of Aurantiactinomyxon eiseniellae, ultrastructural studies show that the pansporocyst envelope on the one hand, and the epispores and polar capsules on the other hand, are formed from separate but profoundly modified cells. The sporoplasm, however, sometimes described as a plasmodium with numerous pairs of nuclei, contains, in fact, identical complexes, each consisting of a uninucleate cell united with a satellite nucleus.

Notes: Paramecia detect and accumulate in or disperse from some chemicals. Cells do this by changing frequency of turning and speed of swimming. There are at least two mechanisms by which cells respond: one dependent on ability to turn, one dependent on speed modulation. There are also two classes of chemicals: those that require the cells' ability to turn in order to cause accumulation and dispersal (type I), and those that apparently require only speed modulation (type II). Attractants of type I cause qualitatively similar changes in behavior to repellents of type II and the converse; therefore, assays are needed to distinguish between these two classes of chemicals, despite qualitatively similar behavior of some attractants and repellents. We examined two assays of paramecium chemoresponse, T-maze assay and well test, to understand how the T-maze distinguishes between attractants of type I and repellents of type II and why the well test does not.

Notes: The morphology of spore germination in Didymium nigripes was studied using scanning electron microscopy and Nomarski phase optics. First, the outer spore wall splits, revealing a fibrillar inner wall. Remnants of the inner wall continue to cover the newly emerged amoeba. A single nucleus and a prominent vacuole are visible throughout germination. Germination is more rapid in glucose-peptone-yeast extract than in phosphate buffer. Germination is completely inhibited at 4°C, and is very slow at 18°C. Germination is most rapid at 26°C; at 21°C or 32°C it is slightly slower. Germination is reversibly inhibited by 20 μ/ml cycloheximide, but not by 200 μ/ml 5-fluoro uracil or 200 μ/ml proflavin. It is completely inhibited by 10-3 M Na azide.

Notes: Crithidia fasciculata (Anopheles, Culex, and Nöller strains), C. hutneri, C. luciliae thermophila, and Herpetomonas samuelpessoai were grown in a defined medium with different values of osmolarity at different temperatures. C. fasciculata (all strains) grew best between 300 to 500 mOsm; H. samuelpessoai, 400–500 mOsm; and C. hutneri and C. luciliae thermophila, 500–800 mOsm. At higher temperatures better growth was obtained at the upper osmolarities.

Notes: Crypthecodinium cohnii, a small marine heterotrophic homothallic dinoflagellate, has diversified into a complex of morphologically very similar breeding groups (biological species or sibling species), some of which have become widely dispersed. Membership of two clones in the same sibling species is shown by their sexual compatibility as determined by genetic complementation in zygotes formed from motility mutants derived from the two stocks. Membership in different sibling species may be inferrec when motility mutants of one strain do not complement those of another. Fifty-six clones representing seaweed enrichments from *** geographic sites have been found to belong to 28 sibling species; 35 clones are members of seven wide-ranging biological species, and 21 are single representatives of 21 other breeding groups within the ranges of the others. Of 174 clonal isolates in our possession, 168 conform in size and shape to C. cohnii. Six others which have smaller cells and only one-fifth the standard DNA and chromosome number belong, we believe, to another species. The C. cohnii complex provides a unique opportunity for the study of evolutionary divergence and geographical dispersion of a dinoflagellate.

Notes: Until recently, pansporoblastic microsporidia that produce a variable and large number of sporoblasts from a sporont have been included in a single genus, namely Pleistophora Gurley, 1893. Ultrastructural studies have been used to determine whether the resemblance of these species is fundamental or superficial. The results indicated that the multisporous pansporoblastic forms belong to at least three genera and, thus, that Pleistophora is a “composite genus.” The term pansporoblast was originally used for stages in myxosporidian development. The term sporophorous vesicle adopted from Gurley is suggested for the spore-containing vesicle in the Microspora. Three species were studied: Pleistophora typicalis, the type-species; Pleistophora culicis, for which a new genus Vavraia has already been proposed; and Pleistophora simulii. P. typicalis and V. culicis have isolated nuclei throughout their development, and the sporophorous vesicle wall enveloping the sporoblasts is derived from amorphous secretions laid down during merogony external to the plasmalemma. Pleistophora and Vavraia are differentiated principally in terms of the structure of the sporophorous vesicle wall and mode of division of the sporogonial plasmodium. The nuclei of young sporonts of P. simulii are in diplokaryon arrangement and undergo meiosis to give haploid nuclei in the sporoblasts. The sporophorous vesicle wall is membranoid and is laid down external to the plasmalemma at the onset of sporogony. A new genus, Polydispyrenia n. g., is suggested for this species, the affinities of which are closer to the dimorphic species of microsporidia than to Pleistophora or Vavraia. The terms “merontogenetic sporophorous vesicle” and “sporontogenetic sporophorous vesicle” are used to distinguish between the two groups.

Notes: Plasmodium berghei infection was more severe in pregnant than in nonpregnant mice. Infection initiated on gestation day 7 resulted in rapidly increasing parasitemia and deaths of all pregnant mice within 12 days, while some nonpregnant mice survived until day 21 postinfection. When mice were infected on gestation day 12 or 14, a proportion of mice died before parturition; but some animals survived to deliver living pups. Reduced birthweights and increased spleen weight to body weight ratios were seen in pups from infected mice as compared with pups from uninfected animals. Histopathological abnormalities of placentae from infected animals included degeneration of the normal labyrinthine architecture and thickening of the trophobast separating maternal and fetal blood vessels.

Notes: Tetrahymena pyriformis strain WH-14 secreted large quantities of intracellular proteases into its culture medium during growth. Extracellular enzymes were purified to homogeneity from cell-free medium by ammonium sulfate precipitation, CM-Sephadex column chromatography, gel filtration, and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The DEAE-cellulose eluates were separated into four peaks (P-I, P-II, P-III, and P-IV), each of which exhibited a different specific activity toward azocasein and α-N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-ρ-nitroanilide (Bz-Arg-Nan). These four forms of the protease showed similarity in amino acid composition, molecular weight (21,000–24,000), and antigenic reactivity. They had pH optima at neutral range. P-I showed the highest specificity to azocasein whereas P-IV was most effective toward the synthetic substrates. The Km values for hydrolysis of Bz-Arg-Nan were 2.4, 1.6, 1.3, and 1.4 mM for P-I, P-II. P-III, and P-IV, respectively, and the corresponding Kcat/Km values were 5.0, 9.4, 28.5, and 114.3 S-1.M-1. These properties of secreted proteases were compared with those of intracellular proteases purified by the same procedure except for the initial Triton X-100 extraction. There were similarities in specific activity toward two substrates, molecular weight, Km, pH optima, and antigenic reactivity between the proteases from two sources, providing evidence that the intracellular proteases may be secreted into the extracellular medium without modification.

Notes: The separation of extracellular protozoan parasites from host cells based on a difference in surface charge has been described. However, with Trypanosoma cruzi no method exists for the isolation of pure parasite stages from heterogeneous mixtures. Studies on the electrophoresis of mixed stage populations confirm significant surface charge density differences exist among epimastigotes, trypomastigotes, and amastigotes. In ascending order of electronegativity, amastigotes have the lowest charge density, try-pomastigotes next, followed by epimastigotes. A technique has been developed for the separation of purified populations of parasites based on these charge differences using a continuous free-flow electrophoresis apparatus. The separated populations are morphologically intact and maintain their infectivity to mice. This separation method is applicable for preparative and analytical isolation of pure stages of T. cruzi for biochemical and immunological studies.

Notes: Cellular levels of protein and two acid hydrolases, acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) and acid proteinase, were followed during cyst differentiation, arbitrarily divided into five stages, in the ciliate Histriculus muscorum Kahl. Extracellular enzyme activities were also measured. Protein content decreased gradually during cyst differentiation. In mature cysts the protein content was ca. 60% that of stationary phase organisms. The activities of both acid hydrolases remained unchanged during stage 1 and then decreased gradually; acid proteinase decreased more rapidly. Both enzymes remained slightly active in the mature cysts. The acid proteinase activity of stage 1 was reduced by cycloheximide treatment at time zero, whereas the enzyme was no longer sensitive to the inhibitor when treated at 1.5 h (late stage 1) after the first wash with encysting medium. Acid phosphatase activity was insensitive to the inhibitor. Extracellular release of acid phosphatase increased linearly at least until stage 5, although the extracellular release of acid proteinase was not detected. Cycloheximide blocked the extracellular release of acid phosphatase after stage 1. These results suggest that de novo synthesis of acid proteinase occurs during stage 1 and that lysosomes may play an important role during early stages of cyst differentiation.

Notes: Chlamydodon pedarius has peculiar and interesting cytoplasmic organelles, such as the pharyngeal basket and the cross-striped band, and exhibits plasmotomy of an uncommon type at the division stage. For comparison of the results of observations on fixed and stained material and on living material examined with phase contrast, and because of finding important differences in such a comparison, this morphological study of the cytoplasmic organelles was undertaken.The cilia, arranged in about forty rows only on the ventral surface, the anterior part of which shifts out of the dorsal body, bending to the dorsal side, are almost the same everywhere, about 5 μ in length. The cross-striped band, encircling the body surface so as to divide it into dorsal and ventral parts, has the power of movement, such as folding of the semicircular trichites and closing or opening of them. The oral apparatus, composed of a membranous system and a pharyngeal basket, is an elaborate organelle. The membranous system shows such movement as seen in a sphincter muscle, moving the triangular trichites in a manner which opens or closes the cytostome. Each of the triangular trichites is con nected with the expanded end of a long trichite; together these structures. 11–13 in number, constitute the pharyngeal basket. The ridges, the long trichites and the semicircular trichites are composed of fibrillar elements, but their twisted figures may be produced artificially by staining methods.Binary fission of Chlamydodon pedarius, under natural conditions in the season from April to October, occurs daily during the period 11 a.m. to 4 p.m. Each of the fissions takes about 2 hours. In the first half of this fission time: the V-area consisting of four central ciliary systems gives rise to transitions in the arrangement of the ciliary rows and ridges on both its anterior and middle portions; the pharyngeal basket falls down into the cytoplasm; and rosettes appear in the above two fields. On the other hand, plasmotomy arises in a fission furrow from the right side of the fission line. In the second half of the fission process, the oral apparatuses develop from the rosettes, while the old basket is dissolved into the cytoplasm; and, as the fission furrow extends leftward, two transverse bands and the frontal pellicle of the posterior daughter ciliate are organized on the surface of the fission furrow.

Notes: The centrioles of Trichonympha from termites do not differ, either in structure or function, from those of Trichonympha in Crypiocercus. The previous claims of a difference are erroneous. The roles of the centrioles in the reproduction of new extranuclear organelles and in nuclear duplication are described. The centrioles are autonomous organdies. They are just as essential for a cell's existence as are chromosomes.

Notes: A survey of protozoa was made from twelve varied sites in the region of the Mountain Lake atop Salt Pond Mountain, about 8 direct miles NNW of Newport, in Giles County, Virginia. Identifications for these sites and for 6 others previously sampled by other investigators which are recorded in unpublished reports are included. Species identified total 576; in 243 other instances genus is identified, but not species. Organisms seen but not identified to generic level are omitted. One hundred fifty-one mastigophoran species are listed; with 101 instances of generic, but not specific identification being made. Of these 102 are phytomastigophorean species; and generic placements 77 times are also listed. Seven orders, 7 suborders and 49 genera are represented. Forty-nine zoomastigophorean species are noted; and 24 other times a genus was identified. Five orders, two suborders, 18 families and 35 genera are included. Eighty-one species of sarcodina are noted. Seventy-four of these are rhizopods, and 7, actinopods. Genus, but not species was established for certain sarcodina in 52 instances. Three orders, 10 suborders, 13 families and 44 genera are represented. Ciliophora, including opalinids and suctorians, number 144 species in this list. Three are opalinds, and 141 (including the suctorians) are euciliates. In 88 observations, genus, but not species of ciliophorans was identified. Two classes, two subclasses, 11 orders, 8 suborders, 43 families and 97 genera are included. Two sporozoa are included, being unidentified species of the telosporidian genus Eimeri a, and the sarcosporidian genus, SarcocystisSome data are given relative to the nature of the sites of collection. The restricted distribution of certain organisms in certain habitats is discussed. The sites are geographically located by altitude, latitude and longitude, as well as on a map of the region.Many other protozoa are undoubtedly present in the area, the ubiquity of many protozoa being well-known. Little has been done to survey parasitic species, and other studies should later reveal more of the free-living ones.

Notes: Three strains of Hypotrichomonas acosta were isolated in axenic culture. Attempts to develop a defined medium directly from a defined medium suitable for Tetrahymena pyriformis were unsuccessful. Development of partly defined media by substitution for undefined materials in Diamond's medium were more successful. Horse serum was replaced by 1 mg. % TEM-4T (a diacetyl tartaric acid ester of monoglycerides from tallow) and 0.5 mg.% cholesterol. Yeast extract was replaced by a mixture of ribonucleotides. Inclusion of several additional components permitted reducing the Trypticase concentration from 2% to 0.25%.

Notes: An amoeba found on the fresh-water medusa, Craspedacusta sowerbii Lankester, collected in the Southampton Quarry Pond at Richmond, Virginia, is described and found to be identical with Hydramoeba hydroxena (Entz) which occurs on various species of fresh-water hydras. Transfer of the amoeba to Hydra cauliculata Hyman, and other experiments, show it to be a facultative parasite for this species. The pathogenicity of the amoeba is decreased by fouling of the culture medium; the resistance of the hydra is decreased by starvation. Hydramoeba is also capable of destroying adult fresh-water medusae in six days. Its relation to young medusae is not known, but the amoeba apparently does not attack the polyps or other developmental stages.

Notes: A Tritrichomonas foetus-likt flagellate was found in the stomach, small intestine, and cecum as well as in the nasal cavity of pigs. Xo appreciable differences in morphology or response to cultivation could be found among the trichomonads from the different sites; therefore, it is considered that they.belong to a single species, Tritrichomonas suis (Gruby & Delafond). a description of which is given. This organism could be grown indefinitely in various media, and, after a short period of cultivation, it was the only species surviving in cultures that originated from cecal samples containing 2 or 3 species. T. suis was found in the nasal cavity in 55 of 100 pigs, in the stomach in 41 (8.0%) of 512, in the small intestine in 3 of 100. and in the cecum in 215 (43.370) of 496. A T. batrachorum-type trichomonad, herein described as Tritrichomonas rotunda n. sp., was found in the cecum in 52 (10.5%) of 496 pigs. This species is typically broadly pyriform or rotund (average length 8.95 ± 0.83 ii, range, 6.83-11.4), with 3 equal or subequal anterior flagella slightly longer than the body, a relatively low undulating membrane extending y2 to 2/1 of the length of the body, and a posterior free flagellum usually a little shorter than the body. The narrow axostyle, expanded anteriorly into a curved capitulum closely associated with the large, spherical, anteriorly located nucleus, projects from the posterior surface of the flagellate for a distance which equals about 2/3 half of the body length. The parabasal apparatus is biramus. This species could be maintained only temporarily in media not containing extracts of cecal contents. A Trichomonas pronazeki-typt flagellate, found in the cecum in 126 (25.4%) of 496 pigs and in the small intestine in 1 of 100. is described as Trichomonas buttreyi n. sp. This organism is relatively small (average length 5.92 ± 0.79 μ, range 4.55-7.49). ellipsoidal in shape, with 5 to 4 flagella up to twice as long as the body, a relatively high undulating membrane of body length, a narrow axostyle with an inconspicuous capitulum closely associated with the usually oval nucleus, a projecting part of the axostyle that equals about j; of the body length, and a disc-shaped parabasal body lying dorso-lateral to the nucleus. In media without cecal extract this species could not be subcultured.

Notes: Actinosphaerium nucleofilum has been studied by light and electron microscopy. Thin sections of this organism reveal the relatively compact endoplasm to consist of numerous vacuoles and mitochondria. Scattered in the cytoplasm are dense particles, presumably ribonucleoprotein particles, endoplasmic reticulum of the rough variety and a tubular endoplasmic reticulum of the smooth variety. The many nucleido not appear to be randomly scattered in the cytoplasm but rather to be arranged in a circular pattern. Each is bounded by a double membrane envelope. A Golgi complex, consisting of isolated bodies with an ultrastructure similar to that described by others, is usually seen associated with each nucleus.The ectoplasm contains many vacuoles of varying diameter, each of which is limited by a thin membrane; vacuoles containing dense granular material, and mitochondria.The radially arranged axiopodia are extensions of the ectoplasm. The periphery is largely composed of vacuoles, some of which contain dense granules, and mitochondria. The axial rod is birefringent and consists of many fine filaments oriented parallel to the longitudinal axis of the axiopodium. The constituent filaments penetrate deep into the endoplasm where they end in the vicinity of nuclei. The fibrillar component of the axiopodia may represent contractile units.

Notes: Bresslaua vorax is a dimorphic ciliate with micro-stome and macrostome forms. The development of the macro-stome form is associated with pronounced extension of the vestibule and vestibular opening and gross torsion of the ciliate which finally shows little resemblance to the microstome form. These transformations culminate a phylogenetic trend in the Colpodidae which can be followed from the ciliates of relatively simple structure, such as Woodruffia, through Bryophrya, Colpoda and Tillina to Bresslaua. This phylogenetic trend is marked by the increasing importance of stomatogenesis. The morphogenetic pattern of these transformations appears to distinguish the Colpodidae from other trichostomatous ciliates, such as the Plagiopylidae.

Notes: Epistylis caldwelli n.sp., a β-mesosaprobic epi-biont, was collected from the surface zone of only two of 164 water bodies at Singapore. It is recorded from the neustonic mosquito larvae Anopheles (Anophele s) hyrcanus Pallas subsp., An. (Myzomyia) kochi Donitz and Culex (Lutzi a) fuscanus Wiedemann, also from corixids, Micronecta quadristrigata Bred-din, copepods, Mesocyclops leuckarti aequatorialis Kiefer, and floating dragonfly exuviae. Subsurface and benthic organisms were not infested. The squat zooids (av, 57.6 ± 34.8 μwhen fully extended) have a median contractile vacuole and a long and sinuous macronucleus. Colonies consist of 2–16 individuals on a short and unusually massive stalk up to 50 μthick.

Notes: Three new species of Caryospora (Coccidiida, Eimeriidae) are described from Psammophis sibilans phillipsi. These are C. psammophi sp. nov.: oöcysts with yellow walls, 25 to 34 μ. ×23 to 31 μ C. hermae sp. nov.: oöcysts with colorless walls, 21 to 24 μ× 20 to 22 p) and C. weyerae sp. nov.: oocysts with colorless walls, 14 to 18 μ× 13 to 17 μ, Endogenous stages of all three parasites are found in epithelial cells of the small intestine of the snake.A Caryospora from Israel is described and named C. zucker-manae sp. nov.: oöcysts spherical with outer wall crumpled. 15 to 18 μ

Notes: Cultures of tissues from ducks infected with Plasmodium elongatum supported the growth and development of the parasites for 72 hours. Cultured parasites exhibited the same properties when reintroduced into the vertebrate host as did cells derived from similar sources upon direct transfer into a new bird. Parasites derived from acute infections led to patent infections after an incubation period of 7–8 days. Parasites derived from latent infections gave rise to infections becoming apparent after 11–15 days. Results of dilution experiments show that this lag period is not due to low numbers of parasites contained in tissues from latent infections. It is concluded that invaded cells may, after the acute stage of the infection, elaborate some hypothetical inhibitor which arrests multiplication of the parasite, while not interfering with its viability or virulence.

Notes: Entamoeba invadens was studied in 8 species of snakes at temperatures of 13–14° and 25°C. Infected snakes of all species failed to show any gross pathology at 13°C, although amoebae were isolated from the snakes by culture. At the higher temperature all species showed pathological changes, most severe in Natrix, dekayi and red belly, and progressively less severe in the garter, milk, ribbon, ringneck and green snakes. For the last S species, the pathology in the liver and intestine was so characteristic as to provide an adequate basis for identification of the snake. Snakes infected at the lower temperature and later transferred to 25° showed the same pathological changes as those kept at 25° throughout. The possible effects of behavior patterns of snakes on pathogenicity of the amoebae are pointed out.

Notes: Hypotrichomonas gen nov., with a feeble undulating membrane but lacking a costa, is placed in the family Monocercomonadidae Kirby of the order Trichomonadida Kirby. H. acosta (Moskowitz) from squamate reptiles is designated as the type species. It has 3 unequal anterior flagella. The proximal part of its recurrent flagellum is attached to the surface of the body along an accessory filament. A low membrane with typically a few undulations extends between the accessory filament and the body surface. The membrane, which varies greatly in length in relation to the length of the body among strains of the species, is not supported by a costa. The recurrent flagellum continues as a free posterior flagellum beyond the end of the undulating membrane and terminates in an acroneme. The capitulum of the axostyle, spatulate or scoop-shaped, is closely applied to the anteriorly located nucleus. The capitulum extends anteriorly into a crescent-shaped pelta. The relatively stout trunk of the axostyle is straight or twisted. It projects for some distance from the posterior body surface, and the terminal segment of the projecting part tapers gradually to a point. The parabasal apparatus consists of a rod- or shaped body and of a filament or filaments.In division, the full complement of flagella in each of the mastigonts is restored relatively late during division but before cytokinesis. One of the daughter individuals retains the parental undulating membrane; the other develops a new organelle. The development of the new membrane is first marked by the appearance of an acroneme, presumably recurrent flagellum, early in division. The proximal part of this flagellum becomes progressively attached to the body surface. The process of attachment is paralleled by differentiation of the accessory filament and is followed by the appearance of the undulating membrane. The parental axostyle is resorbed during division, and each daughter individual develops this organelle de wove. In the very early stages of division the parabasal consisted of two arms and in all more advanced stages of a single rod-shaped body applied to a single filament.The significance of Hypotrichonionas in the evolution of trichomonads is discussed. Its morphology and morphogenesis suggest that this genus may represent an important step in the evolution of Trichomonadidae from Monocercomonadidae.

Notes: Two new species of Eimeria, E. megaresidua and E. longaspora, are described from the common American newt, Notopthalmus viridescens. The hosts were from the vicinity of Douglas Lake in Northern Michigan. Observations of timeof sporulation of the oocyst relative to host defecation and possible significance of the seasonal distribution of the parasites are discussed.

Notes: Plasmodium minasense Carini and Rudolph is recorded from three of 28 examples of Gonyocephalus bor-neensis (Schlegel) from Kepong and Bukit Lagong, Selangor, and P. vastator n. sp. is described from a single example of Draco volans Gray from Ulu Langat, Selangor. Both of these arboreal agamid lizards are new hosts for malaria parasites.P. vastator n. sp. is characterized by its highly amoeboid trophozoites, nucleophilic schizonts producing from four to eight (usually six) merozoites, and large (up to 22.1 ± 8.1 μ) gametocytes which alter and ultimately destroy the host cell. Forty-six other lizards of nine species, and 28 snakes of 11 species, proved negative for Plasmodium,

Notes: An X-ray induced mutant (S-16) of Chlamydomonas moewusii Gerloff lacked observable contractile vacuoles. Unlike the wild strain with vacuoles, S-16 survived only when the osmotic pressure of the medium was above 1.5 atmospheres and was provided by compounds that penetrate cell membranes slowly, like NaCl or sucrose. In solutions of such compounds, when the osmotic pressure was above 2.1 atmospheres, growth of S-16 was similar to that of the wild strain. S-16 did not grow at all in isosmotic solutions of ethylene glycol cr other rapidly penetrating compounds. Urea and glycerol, which penetrate only moderately rapidly, allowed an intermediate growth. Thus, S-16 cells are dependent upon the prevention of net inward diffusion of water.Contractile vacuoles of the wild strain were not seen when cells were suspended in solutions that allowed growth of S-16. but were visible in isosmotic solutions cf ethylene glycol or ethanol. S-16 cells ultimately burst in solutions of low osmotic pressure; large vacuole-like areas were formed but did not contract.The pulsation rate of vacuoles of the wild strain was relatively independent of osmetic pressure; vacuoles became smaller and finally invisible at higher osmotic pressures.It is concluded that the sole essential function of contractile vacuoles in C. moewusii is elimination of water.

Notes: The purification procedure for native deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardi is described, using a modified detergent lysis, salt extractions, and alcohol precipitations. A tracer experiment with the addition of a bacterial transforming principle from Hemophilus influenzae demonstrated a recovery of mere than 30% of the bacterial transforming principle in an extensively purified DNA preparation.

Notes: For development of flagella by myxamoebae of the true slime mold, Didymium nigripes, optimal results were obtained when they were incubated in 0.05 M NaHCOa (pH 9.1). Streptomycin inhibited flagella formation in pH 6.2 phosphate buffer but had no effect in NaHC03. The time necessary for 50% of the population of myxamoebae to become flagellated was independent of the concentration of myxamoebae; hence, the morphogenesis probably follows first-order kinetics. The acquisition of flagella was divisible into 4 stages by means of time-lapse cinephotomicroscopy: an ameboid stage, a stage of morphogenesis, an ameboid-flagellate stage, and a free-swimming flagellate stage. At least 90% of the population developed flagella within 60 min. under optimal conditions. The flagellar apparatus consists of a long and a short flagellum, each arising from a granule in the blepharo-plast. The blepharoplast is connected to the nucleus by a rhizoplast.

Notes: In order to study the blepharoplast-kinetoplast region in the adult form of Schizotrypanum cruzi thin sections of this form, obtained in tissue cultures, have been examined with the electron microscope. It has been seen that the kinetoplast is contained in a large spherical, vacuole-like space, in hich its osmiophilic mass is more dispersed than in the leishmania and crithidia forms, where it is contained in a rectangular, almost linear space. The basal body of the flagellum has been found at the margin of the vacuole, although separated from it. A group of striae in parallel array has been found with regularity in all the trypanosome forms, similar to the structures of the parabasal body in other protozoa, or to the Golgi apparatus of metazoan cells. The significance of this structure for the parasite is discussed.

Notes: Endogenous respiration and respiration in the presence of glucose of the culture forms of Endotrypanum schaudinni, Leishmania enriettü, Schizotrypanum vespertilionis, and S. cruzi, have been compared in terms of cell number and nitrogen content. Growth curves for the 4 species at 26° C. showed that E. schaudinni and L. enriettü grow faster than the Schizotrypanum in a reproducible modification of Senekjie's diphasic medium. Respiration was studied manometrically using organisms harvested in the exponential phase of growth. Res-piratory patterns at 30° C. and pH 7.2 are presented for each species. Low endogenous rates are characteristic of E. schaudinni and L. enriettii; they are relatively high in both Schizotrypanum spp. The respiration of E. schaudinni is stimulated from 5.3 to 36.1 times by glucose; that of L. enriettii from 5.2 to 9.7 times and that of the Schizotrypanum from 1.9 to 5.7 times. Carbohydrate is of great importance for the survival and motility of E. schaudinni and L. enriettii, but plays a relatively minor role in Schizotrypanum.

Notes: A study was made of the effects of solar radiation, temperature, relative humidity, centrifugation, oxygen, pH, and certain chemical agents on the sporulation of oocysts of Eimeria zurnii of cattle. Of various chemical agents and bactericides tested, only HgCl2 exhibited a high level of activity against unsporulated oocysts. Extreme pH values of 1 and 13 did not alter sporulation. Oocysts required at least 10% of the normal amount of oxygen to sporulate at a normal rate. Physical factors found to be lethal for E. zurnii were: sunlight for as short a time as 4 hours, drying at 25% or less relative humidity, and freezing below about -7° C. Survival was directly proportional to relative humidity, but within the limits of the observations reported here, there was no correlation with time or temperature. Normal sporulation occurred from about 8° up to 32.5° C. Below 12° the time required for sporulation was exceedingly long, and at 35° sporulation was morphologically abnormal. The optimal temperature for sporulation was about 30° at which temperature some organisms completed the process in 23 hours. Fifty % of the oocysts required 65 hours to begin sporulating at 20° and 36 hours at 25° C.

Notes: Dimorphic populations of Tetrahymena patula L-FF result when this organism is grown axenically in Loefer's medium supplemented with aqueous lettuce extract. The two different cell types in these cultures are identified as “macrostomes”and “microstomes.” Isolation of microstomes and macrostomes from the dimorphic cultures has shown that both cell types reproduce by binary fission in this medium, and further that each cell type will occasionally give rise to the other under these conditions. Isolation experiments have also shown that both microstomes and macrostomes from the dimorphic cultures are capable of giving rise to the reproductive cyst. The cells which are liberated from the cyst have small mouths but are best referred to as “tomites,” in order to distinguish them from the self-perpetuating microstomes described above. The relatively small, rapidly swimming tomites will either transform into macrostomes or reproduce as microstomes. The life histoy of T. patula thus consists of three cell types as follows, each capable of giving rise to the other two: a macrostome, a microstome, and a tomite. Silver preparations of the dimorphic cultures have shown that oral replacement takes place. This consists of resorption of the oral apparatus and its replacement by differentiation of new mouth parts from an anarchic field of kinetosomes which arises immediately posterior to the old oral apparatus. It is suggested that this process is involved in the macrostome-microstome interconversions.Growth curves were determined for T. patula feeding on a variety of substrates. These data indicate that this species is extremely well adapted as a carnivore. It grows very poorly on bacteria, but will grow well in axenic culture if aqueous lettuce extract is provided. The lettuce extract greatly reduces the generation time and increases the maximum cell density.Loss of the micronucleus in stain L-FF is reported and discussed. The loss may be an indication that this strain has entered the senile phase of the Maupasian life cycle.

Notes: A method is described whereby large amounts of Euglena cells can be obtained efficiently for enzymological studies. A completely defined, low pH medium which offers relative freedom from contamination is usee The cuh re-equipment is also usable for the mass culture of many other unicellular algae.

Notes: Thecamoeba sphaeronucleolus, and other verrucosid amebas with thick, pellicular ectoplasm, which live in moist soil, can identify the presence of testate rhizopodal prey at distances of 20 to 30 μ, possibly chemotactically or rheotacti-caliy. Prey is seized by extension of a pseudopod towards it, and adhesion of the pellicular pseudopodal tip to the prey upon contact. Ingestion is accomplished by conversion of the pellicular coat of the pseudopod into an ingestive tube via digestion of the pellicular tip and the withdrawal of the endoplasm within, causing suction. The prey is drawn into the tube and enclosed therein; and is then drawn down the pseudopodal tube and into a food cup, which closes around the prey to form a food vacuole. Flagellate prey is identified by its movements nearby, and is seized by adhesion of the extended pseadopod to a flagellum. The flagellum is drawn through a tiny hole digested by the ameba through the pellicle of its psendopod. is seized by and drawn into the granular endoplasm. The body of the flagellate is drawn after it into a food vscuoie in the endoplasm. Suction applied to the flagellum appears to exert the necessary force to draw the flagellate in. The movements involved are related to, but not synonymous with, those of locomotion and appear to be complex biochemical and biophysical interactions not explainable by present theories of protoplasmic movements.

Notes: Precursors of 2-aminobutanoic acid (2-ABA), found in the incubation medium of mixed rumen ciliate protozoa, were examined with washed or starved bacteria-free ciliates. Threonine and methionine strongly stimulated the formation of 2-ABA. Formation of 2-ABA by direct conversion of threonine and dethiomethylation of methionine was confirmed by radiotracer experiments with [U-14C]L-threonine and [carboxyl-14C] and [methyl-14C]L-methionine.

Notes: The effects of irreversible inhibition of protein synthesis by pactamycin in either infective forms of Trypanosoma cruzi or mammalian host cells on cellular invasion by this human pathogen were investigated. Treatment of bloodstream forms of T. cruzi with pactamycin markedly reduced their ability to bind either fibroblast-like cells of monkey origin or myoblasts of rat origin. The number of amastigote forms that could be established intracellularly was also significantly decreased with respect to control values obtained when mock-treated (medium alone) trypomastigotes were incubated with the cells. Pactamycin treatment also reduced the infectivity of T. cruzi trypomastigotes for mice as evidenced by both significantly reduced parasitemia levels and mortality rates when compared with those of control mice infected with mock-treated parasites. Inhibition of protein synthesis in the host cells neither prevented cell infection by untreated trypomastigotes nor altered the percentages of infected cells or the magnitude of the infection in vitro. These results indicate that protein synthesis is a requirement for cell invasion by T. cruzi and that the parasite can establish itself and replicate within cells relying on its own protein synthesis ability.

Notes: One hundred eighty-eight stocks of Paramecium primaurelia, P. biaurelia, P. tetraurelia, and P. octaurelia were grown axenically and tested for five esterases, visualized by starch gel electrophoresis, in a search for variant stocks. The five esterases can be distinguished on the bases of their substrate specificity, sensitivity to an inhibitor, and response to different growth conditions. This paper addresses the nature of the electrophoretic change in mobility of the variant stocks in order that species relationships can be more accurately assessed. Crosses carried out in all four species show that single genes determine the differences in mobility between variant and common subtypes. Extracts of variant stocks that gave similar patterns were run against each other, tested for their sensitivity to the inhibitor, and the pattern was compared to that found in extracts of stocks with variant and common subtypes in other species. The majority of the variants in P. primaurelia, P. tetraurelia, and P. octaurelia show an electrophoretic mobility characteristic of a common subtype, or a variant, in another species. The same proportion of variant subtypes as common subtypes have mobilities similar to esterase subtypes found in other species. Of the four species examined in this paper, P. tetraurelia and P. octaurelia appear to be most closely related on the basis of shared esterase subtypes. In P. biaurelia the mobilities of most of the variants are unique, as are the common esterase subtypes in this species. P. biaurelia stands out as having the greatest number of esterase subtypes, with very few of them homologous to subtypes found in other species. This observation supports the idea of greater diversification of stocks within P. biaurelia than for the other three species.

Notes: Glycogen phosphorylase and synthase activities were detected in the sonic lysate of rumen ciliates of the genus Entodinium. The ciliate phosphorylase had the following properties. The pH optimum was narrow and centered at pH 5.9. The activity was maximum at 30°C; above 40°C a rapid inactivation occurred. The Km value for glucose-1-phosphate (G-1-P) and for glycogen was 15 mM and 0.069% (w/v), respectively. NaF and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid had no stimulative effect on the enzyme activity, though adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate and theophylline activated it. NaHSO3 inhibited the enzyme activity at a concentration of 1 mM. The inhibition of glucose was noncompetitive for G-1-P. Glycolytic intermediates and nucleotides had a minor effect on phosphorylase activity. Glycogen synthase existed in two forms, glucose-6-phosphate dependent and independent forms: the proportion of the latter form increased with the decrease of reserve polysaccharide levels in the ciliates. Correlations between glycolytic enzyme activities included phosphorylase and synthase activities and reserve polysaccharide contents in the ciliates were determined, and a possible regulatory mechanism of polysaccharide synthesis and degradation was discussed.

Notes: The structure of the major protein of the pellicular membrane of Leishmania tropica was investigated. This protein is composed of two polypeptides, of ca. 50,000 d molecular weight, that were found to cross-react immunologically with the α and β subunits of pig brain tubulin. The polypeptides and pig brain tubulin subunits were partially digested with S. aureus V8 protease, and the peptides obtained analysed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A comparison of the patterns showed that the β subunits of Leishmania and pig tubulin have very similar primary structures, while the α subunits have evolved divergently. These experiments demonstrate that the major polypeptides found in the pellicular membrane of L. tropica are α and β subunits of tubulin. Immuno-electron microscopy indicates that the tubulin is located in the microtubules associated with the pellicular membrane of Leishmania. Arrays of microtubules were prepared by nonionic detergent treatment of the cells and observed by electron microscopy after negative staining. Optical diffraction reveals a 5 nm spacing between protofilaments in the microtubule and a 4 nm axial periodicity corresponding to the tubulin subunits. The pitch of the shallow left-hand three-start helix is 12°. A distance of 47 nm separates each microtubule from the next. These data show that the dimensions and supramolecular organization of the tubulin subunits in the microtubules are identical in the pellicular membrane of L. tropica and in mammalian brain.

Notes: Haemogregarina bigemina is redescribed from the blood of the marine fish Blennius pholis, and stages presumed to be those of the haemogregarine are recorded from the hematophagous praniza larva of the isopod Gnathia maxillaris. At College Rocks, Aberystwyth, Wales, the main study area, a high incidence of infection occurred in B. pholis. No exoerythrocytic stages were observed in these fish, nor was sexual dimorphism of the gametocyte evident. As in an earlier study, ecological evidence favored transmission by G. maxillaris rather than by leeches. Gametocytes, syzygy, oocysts, sporoblasts, and sporozoites were identified in the anterior hindgut of the isopod. The stages observed in G. maxillaris are compared with those of other haemogregarines described from the digestive tract of leeches. Mention is made of an intraleucocytic haemogregarine of another fish, Crenilabrus melops.

Notes: The nomenclature of three genera in the family Haemogregarinidae (Haemogregarina, Karyolysus, and Hepatozoon) has been reviewed and the following new names are introduced to replace homonyms or for previously unnamed species: Haemogregarina carlosi n. nom., in the erythrocytes of the lizard Lacerta ocellata; Haemogregarina tincae n. nom., in the stomach and intestine of the tench Tinca tinca; Hepatozoon insectivorae n. sp., in the leucocytes of the shrews Sorex araneus and Crocidura leucodon; Hepatozoon krampitzi n. sp., in the leucocytes of the vole Microtus oeconomus; Hepatozoon peromysci n. sp., in the leucocytes of the deermice Peromyscus boylii and P. truei gilberti; and Hepatozoon pallida (Pessoa et al., 1971) n. comb., in the erythrocytes of the snake Thamnodynastes pallidus nattereri.

Notes: Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of specimens of Paramecium multimicronucleatum treated with the Rio-Hortega silver-impregnation method as modified by Fernández-Galiano demonstrate that considerable deposition of silver occurs around the kinetosomes, especially at the level of the basal plate and also at the proximal end of the kinetosome. In addition, silver is heavily deposited within the kinetodesmal fibers, in the fibrous matrix that surrounds the postciliary and transverse microtubules, in the connective structures observed between the two kinetosomes of a pair and between the kinetodesmal fiber and the anterior kinetosome, and in the trichocysts. Differences and similarities in sites of deposit when other methods of silver impregnation are employed are discussed and the particular value of the present technique in studies of ciliate systematics and phytogeny is stressed.

Notes: . Various ions and treatments known to alter the availability of free Ca2+ were examined with respect to their effects on the cytopharyngeal pouch, a large prey receptacle found in the potentially carnivorous macrostomal form of Tetrahymena vorax. Addition of Ca2+, Ba2+, or Sr2+ induced the pouch to separate from the region of the cytostome, forming a large empty vacuole. Na+, alone, had no effect, but lowered the concentration of Ca2+ required to produce maximum vacuolar formation in populations of cells. Vacuolar induction was also initiated by the cation ionophore A23187 or by subjecting macrostomal cells to an electric current. In the presence of divalent cation chelators EDTA and EGTA, the cytopharyngeal pouch collapsed and was resorbed. Taken together, these results suggest that Ca2+ plays an important role during phagocytosis in this cell type.

Notes: Oocysts of Eimeria morainensis n. sp. are described from the golden-mantled ground squirrel, Spermophilus lateralis. in Northern Colorado. The oocysts of E. morainensis are double-walled and subspherical, 20.3 × 19.8 (18.7–26.2 × 17.5–21.2) μm; and the sporocysts are ellipsoid, 12.1 × 6.9 (8.7–13.7 × 6.2–8.7) μm. Oocyst residuum and micropyle are absent, but a polar granule is present. Sporocyst residuum and Stieda body are present. Differences in oocyst characteristics provide the basis for recognition of this new species of Eimeria.

Notes: Trichoduboscqia epeori Léger was found to parasitize nymphs of the mayfly Rhithrogena iridina Kolenati in southwest Germany for a new host record. It was studied by light and electron microscopy. The pansporoblast membrane is evaginated at several points, usually four, to produce long needle-like appendages 〉20 μm in length with a resilient inner core superficially resembling collagen, which is thought to maintain their orientation. It is suggested that the pansporoblast appendages may play a role in host infection. The structure and ultrastructure of developmental stages are recorded for the first time. Apart from the pansporoblast appendages, the ultrastructure of T. epeori conforms to the general pattern seen in many other pansporoblastic Microspora. Typically 16 spores are produced per pansporoblast but 32-spore pansporoblasts were also found, and the taxonomic significance of this is discussed.

Notes: Electron microscopy of the tomite of Conidophrys pitelkae confirms that Jankowski was correct in including the pilisuctorians in the Apostomatida. Like other apostome tomites, the tomite of Conidophrys possesses a rosette opening to the exterior, kinetodesmata made up of stacks of individual kinetodesmal fibrils, and canaliculi that are surrounded by dense inclusion bodies and open on the ventral surface. The fine structure of the trophont of Conidophrys, however, is quite unlike that of other apostome trophonts. The elaborate infraciliature of the tomite disappears immediately after it settles and reappears de novo on the trophont just before tomitogenesis. The cyst wall, which completely encloses the trophont and grows with it, attaches the ciliate to a seta on its, host, the shrimp Crangon crangon. The setae on which tomites settle vary greatly in size and shape, but each appears to have at its tip some digitiform cuticular projections that surmount a pore, which opens into the lumen of the seta. The trophont's only direct connection to its host is at the cytostome, a unique structure formed of delicate tubules that pass through the pore into the lumen of the seta. Ingestion is by micropinocytosis, and there are no visible food reserves.

Notes: Les colorations au protargol ainsi que la microscopie électronique á transmission et á balayage permettent de distinguer quatre parties dans I'organisation de Spirochona gemmipara: la collerette formée d'une entonnoir et d'une volute abritant la ciliature, le pseudatrium, et le cytostome; le cou contenant le cytopharynx, le systéme excréteur. et I'appareil cytoproctal; le corps renfle par les noyaux et les vacuoles digestives: et le pseudostyle allonge assurant la fixation au substrat. En majeure partie, le spirochone est limité par une pellicule non ciliée et dépourvue de cils; la pellicule comprend la membrane cellulaire, un épiplasme épais percé de nombreux pores et des triplets de microtubules (MT) sous-pelliculaires. Principalement située dans I'entonnoir, la ciliature somatiquc du spirochone est répartie en deux ensembles inégaux, le champ gauche et le champ droit. Les cinéties sont séparées par des crétes contenant les MT post-ciliaires disposés en une couche verticale; les MT sous-cinétiens sont nombreux, arrangés parallélement á la base des cinétosomes; ceux-lá présentent également une lame dense et des MT transverses, et une fibre cinétodesmale discrete. Un important réseau de faisceaux fibrillaires est disposé orthogonalement par rapport aux cinéties. La base de I'entonnoir est déprimée en une petite cavitéévasée, le pseudatrium; celui-lá conduit à un cytostome ouvert en permanence. Dépourvu de némadesmes, le cytopharynx est un tube cylindrique formé par une dizaine de rideaux microtubulaires; prés du cytostome, chaque rideau porte en plus quelques MT radiaires assimilés aux lamelles Z des Nassulida. Le phagoplasme est riche en tubules complexes et en vésicules de taille moyenne à contenu contrasté. Le champ X, peu organisé, comprend 10–30 cinétosomes situés à gauche du cytostome; il ne correspond certainement pas á la ciliature périorale droite de Chilodochona. Si cette difference se retrouve chez d'autres Chonotriches, il sera nécessaire de séparer taxonomiquement les espéces possédant une ciliature périorale de celles qui en sont dépourvues.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ABSTRACTIn the organization of Spirochona gemmipara, four parts can be demonstrated by protargol staining and also by scanning and transmission electron microscopy: the collar, composed of a funnel and a volute, which shelters the cilia, the pseudatrium, and the cytostome: the neck, which contains the cytopharynx, the excretory system, and the cytoproctal apparatus; the body, enlarged by the nuclei and the digestive vacuoles; and the elongated pseudostyle, which ensures attachment to the substrate. Most of the surface of the spirochone is covered by the pellicula devoid of cilia and alveoli; the pellicula comprises the cell membrane, a thick epiplasm perforated with numerous pores and subpellicular triplets of microtubules (MT). The somatic ciliature of the spirochone is located principally in the funnel and is divided into two unequal parts, the left and right fields. The kineties are separated from one another by ridges, each containing one layer of postciliary MT: numerous subkinetal MT run in a parallel direction under the kinetics; moreover, the kinetosomes show a transverse dense spur and MT, and a modest kinetodesmal fiber. A conspicuous net of fibrillar bundles runs orthogonally to the kineties. The base of the funnel forms a small splayed depression, the pseudatrium; the latter leads to a permanently open cytostome. The cytopharynx is a cylindrical tube devoid of nematodesmata but containing ca. 10 microtubular curtains, each bearing also some radial MT resembling the Z lamellae of the Nassulida. The phagoplasm contains many complex tubules and numerous middle-sized vesicles with an electron-dense content. The X field, which is not well organized and comprises 10–30 kinetosomes, lies on the left of the cytostome; it certainly does not correspond to the right perioral ciliature of Chilodochona. If this disparity is found again in other chonotrichs, it will be necessary to separate taxonomically the species that possess a perioral ciliature from those that do not.

Notes: Cells of the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis GL overproduce and accumulate massive quantities of the heme intermediate, protoporphyrin IX. Protoporphyrin is localized intracellularly in discrete membranous compartments. The amount of porphyrin stored in the cell changes dramatically as cells progress through the growth cycle. Porphyrin overproduction is stimulated by δ-aminolevulinic acid, but only during the mid-stationary phase. Overproduction of protoporphyrin IX apparently results from an increase, late in the growth cycle, of activities subsequent to δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase. Feedback inhibition in the pathway by accumulated protoporphyrin IX does not occur. The presence of Co2+ completely inhibits accumulation of protoporphyrin IX in a manner reversed by δ-aminolevulinic acid. Sn4+ stimulates protoporphyrin IX accumulation in the culture.

Notes: Using the mite Dermanyssus gallinae as the vector and the canary (Serinus canariu s) as the avian host, the author was able to demonstrate the transmission of the parasite Lankesterella (=Atoxoplasm a) garnhami Lainson, 1959. Mites were taken from infected canaries and fed to clean ones; 3 out of 4 birds became infected. Mites taken from infected sparrows (Passer domesticus domesticu s) were fed to 4 other clean canaries, all of which became infected. Natural transmission of the parasite was achieved when 2 clean canaries were exposed to infestation by mites which had previously fed exclusively on infected sparrows. Six control canaries, obtained from the same source as the experimental birds, were all shown to be uninfected. It is concluded that the parasites in the sparrow and the canary are identical. The specific name of Lankesterella serini Lainson, 1959, for the organism in the canary becomes, therefore, a synonym of L. garnhami Lainson, 1959.

Notes: The techniques of silver impregnation and of digitonin solubilization have been applied to an investigation of aspects of cortical morphogenesis in Glaucoma chattoni. The typical stages of the formation of new oral areas (stomato-genesis), as well as of other related surface events, are described in detail. Estimates were made of the relative and absolute durations of these stages; these estimates indicate that for animals growing at 25°C. in bacterized culture, stomatogenesis and cell division together occupy about one third of the division cycle.Certain atypical morphogenetic phenomena have been encountered and are briefly described. These include three cases of stomatogenesis along a kinety other than kinety 1, several instances of anterior stomatogenesis leading to replacement of existing oral areas, and numerous cases of spontaneous loss of oral areas.Finally, the process of increase in number of kinetosomes along certain kineties has been submitted to intensive study. It has been found that comparatively little increase takes place during stomatogenesis and cell division; the bulk of kinetosomal increase along the kineties takes place during the first two-thirds of the division cycle. Data relevant to this increase have been analyzed according to the method of Scherbaum & Rasch; this analysis reveals that the probable phases of most rapid kinetosomal increase, along kinety l at least, occur just after division, and just before the beginning of stomatogenesis.

Notes: Certain polyoxyethylene ethers, derived from p-tert.-octylphenol and representatives of series which have activity against murine tuberculosis and leprosy were tested in several protozoal infections. Triton WR-1339 represented the series in which the phenolic groups are arranged linearly while HOC-12½ and LOC-60 represented series in which the phenolic groups were condensed into a cyclic structure. WR-1339 was found to be active against infections with Trypanosoma gambiense, T. rhodesiense, T. brucei, T. congolense, and T. equipevdum in mice, and against Leishmania donovani in the golden hamster. The “macrocyclic” HOC-12:4 also had activity, but of a much lower order, against the first three trypanosome infections listed, and in leishmaniasis it had activity equivalent to that of WR-1339. Neither of these compounds was active against Trypanosoma cruzi, Plasmodium berghei nor Toxoplasma gondii in mice, nor against Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae in guinea pigs. The other macrocyclic compound, LOC-60, was inactive in the infections in which it was tested (T. congolense and T. rhodesiense).Although the action of the polyoxyethylene hers in murine tuberculosis and leprosy had been reported to be an indirect one, affecting the host rather than the mycobacteria (which are said to be resistant to these materials in vitro) it was found that the differential effects in trypanosomiasis, observed with WR-1339 (which had good activity in vivo) and HOC-12½ (which had poor activity in v i v o), were well correlated with their effects in vitro. In the light of the strength of the dilutions which killed T. congolense in the t a t tube and the blood levels of WR-1339 obtaining after medication the control of the infection could be attributed to the direct action of the compound on the parasite although some indirect effect on the host, perhaps of the nature of reticulo-endothelial stimulation, could not be excluded.

Notes: The use of saponin hemolysis, buffer washings and deoxyribonuclease yields quantities of erythrocyte-free plasmodia sufficiently pure for physico-chemical studies. The pigment produced by Plasmodium lophurae, unlike the pigments of the simian and human malarias, is of such low solubility in buffer solutions that urea is necessary as an additive to the buffer for adequate solubilization. On the basis of spectral and electrophoretic qualities, the pigment is a protein-porphyrin complex closely resembling methemoglobin but clearly distinct from hematin. Extraction of the pigment in solvents which degrade hemoglobin, e.g. phenol, 0.1 N NaOH, cannot be used to ascertain the properties of hemozoin, for the pigment in such solvents shows a spectrum identical to hemoglobin.The soluble parasite proteins which constitute approximately 55% of the totaI volume of the parasite as revealed by electrophoretic and ultracentrifugal analysis appear to be homogeneous. They show a marked similarity to the host hemoglobin, but differ sufficiently to verify their integrity and individuality.

Notes: Stomatogenesis in Paramecium aurelia is shown to involve the lower kineties of the right vestibular wall, the endoral membrane and perhaps the quadrulus. The anarchic field for the new buccal organelles is formed by granules produced from somatic kinetosomes of the right vestibular wall. The endoral membrane becomes incorporated into the buccal anlage and probably regulates orientation and development of the new organelles. A production of heretofore unobserved buccal kinetosomes from the quadrulus is described and it is suggested that these may form the new endoral membrane for the proter.During conjugation the infraciliature dedifferentiates in the area of fusion between the conjugants. The buccal organelles dedifferentiate at the time of pronucleus formation and transfer. It is suggested that dedifferentiation of structures in the fusion area is caused by a partial solation of the cortex in this area. The dedifferentiation of the buccal organelles results from the solation of the cytoplasm and the cortex of the paroral cone during pronucleus migration. The redifferentiation of the buccal organelles and somatic kinetosomes is suggested to be a recrystallization or gelation of the cortex with the structures re-forming in their normal positions and not from an anarchic field as at fission.

Notes: When exogenous ecdysone is injected into a host (adult or intermolt nymph) which has no ecdysone of its own, gametogenesis is induced in the protozoa of such a host, although the host itself never undergoes ecdysis. The time required to induce this sexual process varies in different genera and with the dosage of hormone administered; but it is never possible, regardless of the amount of hormone given, to induce gametogenesis in all the genera at the same time; some still begin a day or two later than others, but never 40-45 days later as occurs in untreated roaches.Likewise, when exogenous ecdysone is administered to a nymphal host in the molting period, the sexual cycles of its protozoa are greatly accelerated, and the host undergoes ecdy-sis much sooner than would otherwise have been the case. Both sexuality in the protozoa and the molting process in the host are accelerated. Only when large doses of ecdysone are administered are the sexual cycles of the protozoa modified in any way except a decided acceleration. Quite large amounts of ecdysone present special problems for the protozoa, problems they never encounter in nature. The growth and differentiation hormone ecdysone causes the protozoa to grow and differentiate so rapidly that many of them cannot keep pace; as a result, degeneration begins, and death follows. But this over-acceleration effect of ecdysone and death of the protozoa occurs only in those genera which have not undergone gametogenesis when the large amount of hormone is administered; those which have completed gametogenesis are not affected at all. The results of acceleration have been observed in most genera, but have been studied more intensively in Tricho-nympha, where they are usually seen to be considerably more pronounced on the nuclei and chromosomes than on the cytoplasm. As a result, this genus, which invariably in nature undergoes only fertilization, is sometimes made to undergo either autogamy or endomitosis. The pronuclei, for example, differentiate and are ready to (and do) fuse before the cytoplasm of the gametocyte divides to form gametes. In the case of endomitosis, precocious differentiation of chromosomes seems to produce, or at least goes along with, premature degeneration of one centriole, the one that would ordinarily degenerate following fusion of gametes. Thus, nuclear division is made impossible.In some genera of the protozoa, the ecdysone titer must drop greatly before meiosis can begin. If the titer, after ecdysis. when it normally drops precipitously, is kept high with injections, meiosis does not begin; it is retarded for as long as the ecdysone titer is kept high.

Notes: Over ninety genera of ciliated protozoa have been given names preoccupied by the generic names of other animal organisms. To date some sixty of these junior homonyms never have been corrected. In half of these cases the homonymous ciliate names have been buried as synonyms of one kind or another, however, and need be of no further practical concern. For the remaining genera, thirty in number, replacement names arc proposed in the present paper in accordance with provisions of the International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature. Such action is considered to be in the best interest of ultimate taxonomic stability among the groups of organisms involved. New names also have had to be proposed for five families or subfamilies whose type genera have lost their original names through homonymy.

Notes: Paramecia, in a nearly defined axenic medium, require a specific fatty acid and a “protein” factor for growth and survival. The fatty acid requirement was readily satisfied by stearic acid or oleic acid. The saturated acids, arachidic (C20) and one preparation of palmitic (C16), had lower growth activity than did stearic acid. The unsaturated fatty acids palmitoleic (C16Δ9), linoleic (C18Δ9,12), linolenic (C18Δ9,12,15), and arachidonir (C20Δ5,8,11,14) and the saturated fatty acids of C14 through C6. myristic, lauric, capric, caprylic and caproic, were inactive. A few other fatty acid-containing compounds. i.e., esters, were also tested for growth-promoting activity, with concordant results.The “protein” factor has not been completely characterized; a nondialyzable protein-containing fraction from yeast or crystalline ovalbumin provided it. Hydrolysis products of these substances were inactive. A possible role of the ovalbumin as a carrier for fatty acids is discussed.

Notes: The kinetoplast and associated structures in Leishmanial tropica, Trypanosoma cruzi, T. lewisi, Herpeto-inonas culicis, H. muscarum and Crithidia fasciculata have been studied by electron microscopy of thin sections. The kinetoplast appears as a mitochondrion within which are antero-posteriorly oriented anastomosing fibers. In the three species parasitic in vertebrates there is a sharply delimited anterior zone where these fibers are thick and electron-dense. In the insect parasites the fibers form a looser network of approximately uniform density from anterior to posterior.The blepharoplast is the 9-fibered cylinder forming the base of the axoneme and extending below the base of the reservoir. A diffuse mass of electron-dense material surrounding this is the basal granule, visible also with the light microscope.The contractile vacuole appears in electron microsraphs as a clear area associated with Golgi material.

Notes: Stages in the life-cycle of the coccidium Eimeria neosciuri Prasad(12), from the epithelial lining of the small intestine of Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin are described, with particular reference to the endogenous phases. The pathology, sporulation and rate of oocyst production are determined, and a discussion on known coccidia from related Sciurus spec: included.

Notes: A study by means of paper electrophoresis of the scrum.proteins and lipoproteins during the course of infection of chicks with Plasmodium lophurae, reveals a qualitative change in the gamma-globulin and demonstrates: a significant crisis period depression of the albumin; no alteration of the alpha-globulin or alpha-lipoprotein; a significant crisis period rise in the beta- and gamma-g'obuiins with the former persisting in higher amounts well after the crisis of the infection. The significance of such changes with reference to previous work and the induced pathology is discussed.

Notes: Thin sections of Plasmodium, cathemerium obtained 3 to 10 days after ingestion of blood by mosquitoes were examined by electron microscopy. Oocysts are encased in a relatively thick structureless capsule which becomes progressively thinner with advancing age and completely disappears in places at the time of release of the sporozoites. The capsule blends with and in most cases cannot be distinguished from the “elastic” layer of the mosquito stomach. For this reason the capsule is tentatively regarded as a product of the host rather than of the parasite. Capsular material appears to be shed into the interior of the oocyst and may serve as nutrient material in the later stages of development. Oöcysts and sporozoites contain mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and nuclei with nucleoli at all stages examined.All limiting membranes within the oocyst are feebly developed and no cell boundaries are seen until the sporozoites begin to form. At this stage, the sporozoites acquire very prominent surface membranes which are retained by the mature forms.Sporozoites contain long rods and cylinders of homogeneous material of moderate density. Their functional significance is not understood.

Notes: Hysterocineta eiseniae, from the oligochaete Ei-senia lonnbergi, and Ptychostomum campelomae sp. nov., from the fresh-water prosobranch snail Campeloma geniculum, have been studied primarily with a view to arriving at a better understanding; of the adoral and buccal ciliature of hystero-cinetid ciliates. In both of these species (as well as in representatives of two undescribed genera), the arrangement of adoral and buccal ciliary organelles is fundamentally the same. There are three adoral rows of cilia extending transversely across the posterior end of the body, toward the buccal cavity. The row nearest the superior surface consists of cilia which are fused into a hyaline and relatively inactive membrane. This row enters the buccal cavity on its left side and extends inward to the cytostome. The other two rows, inferior to the membrane, are close together and consist of active and coherent cilia which collectively form a brush-like complex. Oi these rows, the one nearer to the membrane enters the buccal cavity on its right side. The other row ends at the right side of the buccal overture, and near the point where it terminates, but on the opposite side of the continuous row, a similar series of cilia originates and closely parallels the continuous row to the cytostome.The diagnosis of the family Hysterocinetidae is emended on the basis of this characteristic arrangement of the adoral and buccal ciliature. The hysterocinetids appear to be rather closely related to ciliates of the family Hemispeiridae, and are therefore tentatively referred to the order Thigmotrichida.

Notes: 3-Amino-l,2,4-triazole (AT) stops multiplication of the photosynthetic protists, Ochromonas danica, O. mal-hamensis, Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris. and Rhodopseudo-monas palustris; it also stops growth of the multicellular plant, Spirodela oligorhiza. O. danica and S. oligorhiza are the most sensitive. AT is about equally inhibitory to algal flagellates grown in the light or dark. Porphyrin biosynthesis is suggested as the probable site of inhibition by AT. Both AT and streptomycin (SM) bleach all the above organisms. Bleaching is permanent only in SM-bleached E. gracilis; all the other organisms become fully pigmented when placed in inhibitor-free media. The uniqueness of the SM-bkaching of E. gracilis is discussed.