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  • Column liquid chromatography  (88)
  • taxonomy  (37)
  • Springer  (125)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (125)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1991  (125)
  • 1941
Collection
Keywords
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (125)
  • 1940-1944
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chrysophyte stomatocyst taxonomy — classification of snowflakes? (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 6 (1991), S. 257-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Chrysophyceae ; stomatocysts ; biogenic silica deposition ; polymer gels ; surface pattern ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The utility of classifying chrysophyte stomatocysts by their characteristic honeycomb and ridge patterns is questioned, because a strikingly similar expanding pattern appears on the surface of ionized polymer gels during osmotical swelling as a result of simple physical forces. The rapid accumulation of silicate into a spherical cyst inside a chrysophyte cell appears to be as a physical process sufficiently similar to result in an analogous pattern in microscopic scale. Chrysophyte stomatocysts that possess honeycomb or ridge patterns could be regarded as ‘frozen moments’ of the pattern evolution during the silicate gel phase. As a consequence, such structures should have little taxonomical value.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233074
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thaumatomyrmex strips millipedes for prey: a novel predatory behaviour in ants, and the first case of sympatry in the genus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 38 (1991), S. 335-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Thaumatomyrmex ; taxonomy ; comparative morphology ; predation ; Polyxenidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We describe, for the first time, the predatory behaviour ofThaumatomyrmex ants on millipedes of the family Polyxenidae, based on field observations ofT. atrox and a field and laboratory study ofT. contumax. The capture of the prey and the removal process of its body-covering setae by the ants before they eat the millipede are described. This specialized behaviour in at least two species of the genus, belonging to two distinct groups of species, indicates a general trend inThaumatomyrmex. We coupled this study with a comparative morphological analysis of the mouthparts and digestive tube of these and otherThaumatomyrmex species. Also, we report the first case of sympatry in the genus, which suggests thatThaumatomyrmex includes several species, and not only one highly variable taxon, as hypothetized earlier.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01241869
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    Retention characteristics of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in normal phase HPLC. I. Chloro-added PAHs (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 334-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Normal phase separations ; Cyanopropyldimethyl silica ; Chloro-added polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; Environmental samples
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Retention characteristics in normal phase HPLC of highly biologically active chloro-added polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were studied. Silica, cyanopropyldimethylsilyl- and aminopropylsilyl- modified stationary phases were investigated. Retention properties of chloroadded PAHs on these phases were shown to be strongly influenced by the number of chloro-additions. This is due to the strong polarity of the methylene carbon at the chloro-addition site. Active silica had a strongly degrading effect on the unstable chloro-added PAHs during separation. Aminopropylsilica did not exhibit sufficient selectivity towards chloro-added PAHs when compared to chlorosubstituted PAHs. Cyanopropyldimethylsilica was shown to be applicable to a group separation of chloro-added and chloro-substituted PAHs. A fast clean-up procedure for chloro-added PAHs in complex samplesis outlined. It involves an initial elimination of more polar substances on a short open column with strongly deactivated silica and a subsequent separation on a cyanopropyldimethylsilyl HPLC column in normal phase mode.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02321430
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    Chromatography in pore networks II — The role of structure and adsorption in the band broadening (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 345-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Column packings ; Pore size distribution ; Diffusion and adsorption ; Band broadening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The complex intraparticle structure typical of chromatographic column packings has been analyzed by use of an equivalent network model which emphasizes pore size distribution and connectivity. Special attention is given as to the way in which diffusion and adsorption interact and display modified peak spreading characteristics according to the morphology of the pore space. This study reveals a very significant increase in the column band broadening over that expected from physical adsorption which can arise from particular distributions of pore sizes. This has implications for designing packings which take advantage of the separating power due to adsorption but do not compromise the resolution of the chromatographic system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02321432
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Representations of the Natural System in the Nineteenth century (1991)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 6 (1991), S. 255-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Classification ; diagrams ; evolution ; history ; natural history ; natural system ; ornithology ; phylogeny ; representation ; systematics ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract ‘The Natural System’ is the abstract notion of the order in living diversity. The richness and complexity of this notion is revealed by the diversity of representations of the Natural System drawn by ornithologists in the Nineteenth Century. These representations varied in overall form from stars, to circles, to maps, to evolutionary trees and cross-sections through trees. They differed in their depiction of affinity, analogy, continuity, directionality, symmetry, reticulation and branching, evolution, and morphological convergence and divergence. Some representations were two-dimensional, and some were three-dimensional; n-dimensional representations were discussed but never illustrated. The study of diagrammatic representations of the Natural System is made difficult by the frequent failure of authors to discuss them in their texts, and by the consequent problem of distinguishing features which carried meaning from arbitrary features and printing conventions which did not. Many of the systematics controversies of the last thirty years have their roots in the conceptual problems which surrounded the Natural System in the late 1800s, problems which were left unresolved when interest in higher-level systematics declined at the turn of this century.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02426840
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  • 6
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    Biostatistical studies on western EuropeanDactylorhiza (Orchidaceae)—theD. maculata group (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 175 (1991), S. 55-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Dactylorhiza ; D. maculata ; D. fuchsii ; D. saccifera ; D. caramulensis ; Biostatistics ; multivariate analysis ; taxonomy ; morphology ; Flora of Western-Europe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Multivariate analysis tools are exploited on a data set composed of quantitative characteristics collected on 35 populations of plants of theDactylorhiza maculata (L.)Soó group from Western-Europe. These samples lead to four well-defined clusters; this, together with qualitative, cytological and ecological arguments, allows for the recognition of four specific entities:D. maculata s.str.,D. fuchsii (Druce)Soó,D. saccifera (Brongn.)Soó andD. caramulensis (Vermeulen)Tyteca. It is concluded that the floral characters play an essential role in the taxonomical distinction. It also appears that the set of characters measured, as well as the methods exploited, are especially well-suited and valuable tools for the morphological study of the genusDactylorhiza.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00942145
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  • 7
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    The morphology, taxonomy and evolution ofRhodocoma (Restionaceae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 175 (1991), S. 139-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Restionaceae ; Rhodocoma ; Speciation ; phylogeny ; culm anatomy ; rhizome anatomy ; morphology ; taxonomy ; Flora of Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The vegetative and reproductive morphology, culm and rhizome anatomy and seed surface micromorphology ofRhodocoma are described. It is shown that this variation is best contained by recognizing three new species in the genus. These new taxa are described, and the phylogeny of the genus is investigated by cladistic analysis. The environmental parameters and distributions of the species are related to the cladogram. This suggests that the species are at present ecologically separated, and indicates that the speciation may have been sympatric. This is the first support for the hypothesis that sympatric speciation may have been important in the speciose Cape flora.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937843
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Variation patterns in a leaf beet (Beta vulgaris, Chenopodiaceae) germplasm collection (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 176 (1991), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Chenopodiaceae ; Beta bulgaris L ; Germplasm collections ; taxonomy ; single linkage cluster analysis ; principal component analysis ; variation patterns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to contribute to a better understanding of the variation pattern in leaf beets. 42 biennial samples from a total of 74 entries were described by 17 characters. A group of presumably less selected leaf beets (group A) with narrow petioles was separated from more advanced cultivars by single linkage cluster (SLCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). SLCA sorted the more advanced cultivars into two groups (B and C) based on a simply inherited trait, the leaf colour. These two groups could virtually not be discerned by PCA. Group A contained germplasm similar to provar.vulgaris sensuHelm whereas accessions within group B and C did not easily fit into provar.flavescens. It seems that classical taxonomy does not predict the features of leaf beets precisely enough. It is suggested that this problem can be solved by replacing classical taxonomy in the case of leaf beets by a descriptive database.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937941
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  • 9
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    Taxonomy and phylogeny of the tribeInuleae (Asteraceae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 176 (1991), S. 75-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Inuleae s. str. ; Cladistics ; phylogeny ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The interrelationships of the tribeInuleae s. str. have been analysed with a computerized parsimony program (Hennig 86), using theArctotideae as functional outgroup. The results are illustrated with a cladogram and a strict consensus tree. A detailed character discussion is presented. Descriptions of all genera are supplied with brief notes on distribution, references to chemical investigations, and chromosome numbers. Lists of recognized species are also presented in connection to each genus, respectively. 21 new combinations are made, one new genus,Xerolekia A. Anderb., is described,Mollera is reduced to a synonym ofCalostephane, and the genusDuhaldea is resuscitated.Anisopappus was found to be a paraphyletic basal group in the tribe. The paleate generaAsteriscus, Nauplius, Ighermia, Buphthalmum, andXerolekia form one monophyletic group,Inula and other, similar genera were found to constitute the ancestral complex of thePulicaria group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937947
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  • 10
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    Taxonomy and phylogeny of the tribePlucheeae (Asteraceae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 176 (1991), S. 145-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Plucheeae ; Cladistics ; phylogeny ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The tribePlucheeae (Benth.)A. Anderb., has been analysed cladistically by means of a computerized parsimony program (Hennig 86), using theArctotideae as outgroup. The results of the analysis are presented in a consensus tree and one cladogram. Four major monophyletic subgroups can be recognized: TheColeocoma group (3 genera), thePterocaulon group (3 genera), theLaggera group (6 genera), and thePluchea group (12 genera). All recognized genera are described and most genera are supplied with taxonomical notes including comments on their taxonomic status. Genera such asBlumea, Pluchea, andEpaltes are demonstrated to be unnatural assemblages.Monarrhenus andTessaria are both closely related to thePluchea complex. The old generic nameLitogyne Harv. has been taken up for one species ofEpaltes, the genusRhodogeron is reduced to a synonym ofSachsia, and the following new combinations are made;Litogyne gariepina (DC.)A. Anderb., andSachsia coronopifolia (Griseb.)A. Anderb.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937905
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  • 11
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    A taxonomic analysis of seed proteins inPinus spp.(Pinaceae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 43-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Gymnosperms ; Pinaceae ; Pinus ; Seed proteins ; SDS-PAGE ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Seed storage proteins have proved to be a powerful biochemical marker for taxonomic research, but they have not been extensively employed in forest tree studies. In order to improve the understanding of the taxonomy of the genusPinus, total seed proteins of 12 pine species have been analyzed by means of SDS-PAGE (Sodium dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). The results showed the presence, in the genusPinus, of two main sub-taxa, corresponding to the subgeneraHaploxylon andDiploxylon. Differences and affinities between Mediterranean pine species were found in agreement with classification ofKlaus (1989).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937981
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  • 12
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    Chloroplast DNA analysis of eggplant (Solanum melongena) and related species for their taxonomic affinity (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 55 (1991), S. 21-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Eggplant ; non-tuberous Solanum ; chloroplast DNA ; taxonomy ; species relationship
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Total chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) from Solanum incanum, a wild relative of eggplant, was used to probe total DNA of Solanum melongena (eggplant). The DNA fragments detected were the same as observed using purified chloroplast DNA. Chloroplast DNAs were also analysed for nine species of Solanum that are cross-compatible with eggplant: S. aethiopicum, S. anguivi, S. gilo, S. incanum, S. indicum, S. integrifolium, S. macrocarpon, S. olivare and S. panduriforme. Restriction fragments generated by eight enzymes were recorded as present or absent, and a matrix for all fragment positions, species and enzymes was used for cluster analysis. In the resulting dendrogram, the species tested formed three distinct groups: (1) S. aethiopicum, S. anguivi, S. gilo, S. indicum, S. integrifolium and S. olivare, (2) S. incanum, S. melongena and S. panduriforme, (3) S. macrocarpon. Six species of the first group belonging to section Oliganthes appears more closely related to the second group members belonging to section Melongena than does S. macrocarpon, which also belongs to section Melongena. Within the second group, S. panduriforme is slightly more like eggplant than is S. incanum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022555
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  • 13
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    Determination of genetic variation and taxonomy in lentil (Lens Miller) species by chloroplast DNA polymorphism (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 56 (1991), S. 213-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: chloroplast DNA ; Lens ; polymorphism ; restriction fragments ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Chloroplast DNA restriction fragment lenght polymorphisms (RFLP) were used to examine the taxonomic relationships of cultivated and wild lentil (Lens Miller) species and identify the extent of genetic variation in this genus. Twelve accessions representing all Lens subspecies were digested with four hexanucleotide-recognizing restriction endonucleases. These digests randomly surveyed 540 base pairs, or 0.4% of the approximately 125 kilobase lentil chloroplast genome. A high degree of gragment length conservation was seen among members of crossability group I, i.e., L. c. ssp. culinaris, L. c. ssp. orientalis and L. c. ssp. odemensis. Accessions of the two subspecies comprising crossability group II, i.e., L. n. ssp. nigricans and L. n. ssp. ervoides, showed the greatest amount of variation when compared to the cultivated lentil, L. c. ssp. culinaris. Limited variation was observed within subspecies except for L. n. ssp. nigricans, where accessions of the normal cytotype were highly polymorphic to those of the differentiated cytotype. Chloroplast DNA RFLPs reaffirm hypotheses that propose L. c. ssp. orientalis as the progenitor to the cultivated lentil. The implications of this study on taxonomy and genetic resources is also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00042366
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  • 14
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    TheAnabaena-Azolla symbiosis: Diversity and relatedness of neotropical host taxa (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 137 (1991), S. 167-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: azolla ; DNA polymorphisms ; isoenzymes ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract TheAnabaena-Azolla association has proved to be an effective biofertilizer in tropical regions of wetland rice production. Three neotropical host species,A. microphylla, A. caroliniana, andA. mexicana, are similar in vegetative morphology (growth habits, frond dimensions, trichome cell number) and ecophysiology (relative heat tolerance). They were observed during our investigation to also be genetically alike and distinct from other taxa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02187450
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  • 15
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    Freshwater snails of São Tomé, with special reference to Bulinus forskalii (Ehrenberg), host of Schistosoma intercalatum (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 209 (1991), S. 141-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Bulinus ; Schistosoma intercalatum ; Africa ; São Tomé ; taxonomy ; schistosomiasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract São Tomé Island has 3 known taxa of freshwater gastropod, here identified to species for the first time; Neritina afra Sowerby, Ferrissia eburnensis Binder and a distinctive form of Bulinus forskalii (Ehrenberg). The Bulinus acts as intermediate host for the parasite Schistosoma intercalatum Fisher, the cause of human schistosomiasis in foci of infection detected in recent years on São Tomé. A morphological characterization of this snail is presented, in respect of the shell, radula and copulatory organ. It is compared with B. forskalii populations sampled on the African mainland (Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon and Angola) and with related taxa. Despite differences in the shell from the commonly found form of B. forskalii it seems appropriate to identify the São Tomé population as an extreme conchological variant of this taxon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00006926
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  • 16
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    Anuraeopsis miraclei, a new planktonic rotifer species in karstic lakes of Spain (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 209 (1991), S. 169-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Anuraeopsis ; taxonomy ; morphology ; Weber's organ ; stratified karstic lakes ; chemocline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two taxa of Anuraeopsis, A. fissa fissa (Gosse, 1851) and A. miraclei nov. spec. occur in meromictic and stratified karstic lakes in Spain. They coexist, but may also live separated in different strata with A. miraclei restricted to a zone near the chemocline, characterized by low temperatures and low oxygen concentrations. The two Anuraeopsis species differ from each other in size, shape, structure and thickness of the lorica, size of the trophi elements, shape of Weber's organ, and egg-structure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00006929
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  • 17
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    Branchipus cortesi n. sp.: a new anostracan from western Spain (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 212 (1991), S. 221-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Anostraca ; taxonomy ; biogeography ; ecology ; Branchipus ; Spain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Branchipus cortesi, n. sp. (Anostraca, Branchipodidae) is characterized by the broadly enlarged distal segments of male antenna 2, and a combination of morphological features concerning thoracic limbs, abdominal segments and egg morphology. The species occurs in temporary fresh water bodies in flatlands with temperate Mediterranean climate; it is distributed in the south-western part of Spain. Our study includes a morphological analysis using optical and scanning electronic microscopes. Questions about ecology and distribution of the new species are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026004
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  • 18
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    The fairy shrimp Chirocephalus brevipalpis (Orghidan, 1953), (Crustacea: Anostraca) in Yugoslavia (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 212 (1991), S. 261-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Anostraca ; taxonomy ; zoogeography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The fairy shrimp Chirocephalus brevipalpis (Orghidan, 1953) has been found in the Srem-district, Northern Yugoslavia, at the southern margin of the Pannonian lowland. It is the second record of the species, which had been reported only from Banat province, Romania. Since the specimens from Yugoslavia show some morphological differences with the typical form, a detailed description and illustration of essential taxonomic features in each sex are presented. The specific characters of the population of Srem are not sufficient to establish a new species, and fall within the intraspecific variability of Chirocephalus brevipalpis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026009
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  • 19
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    Intrageneric differences in cystocarp structure in Gelidium and Pterocladia (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 221 (1991), S. 1-17 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: cystocarps ; Gelidium ; morphological variability ; Pterocladia ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Unilocular cystocarps, with ostioles opening to one frond surface, have traditionally distinguished Pterocladia from Gelidium, described as having bilocular cystocarps, with ostioles opening to both surfaces; however, unequally developed locules have been described in Pterocladia and differences in cystocarpic architecture between Pterocladia capillacea and the type species of the genus, P. lucida, have been recently found. As heterogeneity in cystocarp architecture raises questions of basic intergeneric distinction, a survey of reproductive morphology of species in both genera is presented in this study. Six morphologically-different types of cystocarps are distinguished among the five species of Pterocladia and the seven species of Gelidium examined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028358
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  • 20
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    Review of Iberian Cladocera with remarks on ecology and biogeography (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 225 (1991), S. 37-43 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Iberian Cladocera ; taxonomy ; ecology ; biogeography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A checklist of 88 freshwater Cladocera from the Iberian Peninsula is given, based on the examination of approximately 1500 samples collected from all parts of the peninsula from 1976 to 1989. Ecology and species assemblages are considered. Distribution of the species versus regional limnology of the Iberian Peninsula is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028383
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  • 21
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    On the presence of the genus Branchinecta Verrill, 1869 (Crustacea, Anostraca) in Yugoslavia (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 226 (1991), S. 17-27 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Branchinecta ; Anostraca ; taxonomy ; zoogeography ; Yugoslavia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genus Branchinecta Verrill, 1869 is represented in Yugoslavia by two species: Branchinecta ferox (Milne-Edwards, 1840) and Branchinecta orientalis G.O. Sars, 1901. The first species was collected in the steppe-like province of Banat, Pannonian Lowland, and in the lowland around the Skadar Lake, Montenegro, the second only in the province of Banat. On the basis of rich material of both species, a detailed study of the most essential morphological characters has been carried out and comparisons have been made with data in the literature. In B. ferox, significant morphological deviations are not found, whereas, in B. orientalis, essential features are clearly ascertained which were previously unknown or were not stated with sufficient precision. B. ferox is known to appear in small, temporary, natronsoda water rainpools, while B. orientalis has been found in a large temporary inundation pool with a high content of natronsoda and salt in the water.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00007776
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    A new species of Halicyclops (Copepoda, Cyclopidae) from California, and a revision of some Halicyclops material in the collections of the US Museum of Natural History (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 226 (1991), S. 29-37 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: taxonomy ; Copepoda Cyclopoida ; animal distribution ; Pacific Fauna ; Brackish water crustaceans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Halicyclops hurlberti, a new species of cyclopoid copepod, is described from San Diego, California. Specimens identified by C.D. Marsh as H. aequoreus kept in the US Museum of Natural History were checked and placed in the species H. cf. clarkei Herbst and H. fosteri M. S. Wilson. The description of these two species is being emended.
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    Actual state of gammaridean amphipoda taxonomy and catalogue of species from Chile (1991)
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    Hydrobiologia 223 (1991), S. 47-68 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Chile ; amphipoda ; gammaridea ; taxonomy ; catalogue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The taxonomy of gammaridean amphipods is poorly known in Chile. The lack of literature has discouraged investigation of this group, which has been overlooked for years. This has led to the exclusion of amphipods from biological and ecological studies done in our country. I present here a preliminary report on the actual state of the group with reference mainly to its taxonomy, ecological studies and a species catalogue. I have only included species from continental Chile north of 56 °S, Juan Fernandez Archipelago and Isla de Pascua. Species from Chilean Subantarctic and Antarctic waters are excluded, because they are well covered by other authors. There are 168 known for Chile, 36 of them undescribed or with their status not clear. This report is based on a revision of the species recorded for Chile, analysis of samples from the Chilean coast and the work of ecologists who are using the group as material for study.
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    Karyological and taxonomic studies of Dugesia japonica from the Southwest Islands of Japan-II (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 227 (1991), S. 157-162 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Turbellaria ; Tricladida ; Dugesia ; karyology ; taxonomy ; Japan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The karyotypes of Dugesia japonica from the southern part of the Southwest Islands of Japan (the Nansei Shotô) include diploidy, triploidy, mixoploidy, and mixoaneuploidy. Animals having karyotypes based on n = 8 were found on Okinawa Island, Ishigaki Island, Iriomote Island, and Yonaguni Island, while animals having karyotypes based on n = 7 were found on Okinawa Island, Miyako Island, and Ishigaki Island. Toward the northern end of this island chain, at Tanegashima Island, Yakushima Island, and Amami-Ôshima Island, karyotypes based on n = 8 occurred; and on one of these, Tanegashima Island, n = 7 also occurred. Our data provide further support of the karyotypical distinction between the two subspecies of D. japonica: D. j. japonica has karyotypes based on n = 8 and D. j. ryukyuensis has karyotypes based on n = 7. Taking into consideration the geological history of the Southwest Islands and the ties of their faunas to those of adjacent areas, we can explain the current geographical distribution of the two subspecies in these islands as the result of two separate invasions by D. japonica, one in the Miocene and one after the early Quaternary.
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    Methods for taxonomic and distributional studies of terrestrial flatworms (Tricladida: Terricola) (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 227 (1991), S. 349-352 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Tricladida ; Terricola ; taxonomy ; methodology ; microtechnique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Traditionally used methods for collecting and preserving terrestrial flatworms have proved deficient in various respects. Comparison of methods for preparing these animals for taxonomic study has shown that preservation of morphological characters can best be achieved using formaldehyde-calcium-cobalt fixative and subsequent storage in an aqueous solution of propylene phenoxetol plus propylene glycol and that the best-lasting histological preparations make use of light-fast, oxidation-resistant dyes and synthetic mounting media with an anti-oxidant.
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    Nematocysts of sea anemones (Actiniaria, Ceriantharia and Corallimorpharia: Cnidaria): nomenclature (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 216-217 (1991), S. 691-697 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: nematocysts ; sea anemones ; Anthozoa ; taxonomy ; identification ; nomenclature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A brief historical review of nematocyst terminology is given and three nomenclatural problems are discussed. It is proposed to combine the terms initiated by Weill (1934) with those of Schmidt (1969). A new mesobasic grade, intermediate between microbasic and macrobasic is proposed for amastigophores and p-mastigophores possessing a short Faltstück. A more liberal interpretation of Weill's (1934) terminology for nematocysts than that proposed by Cutress (1955) is suggested in respect of microbasic amastigophores and p-mastigophores. Basitrichs and b-mastigophores continue to be recognized as separate categories.
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    A new freshwater heteronemertean from the Zhujiang (Pearl River), People's Republic of China (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 220 (1991), S. 167-178 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: heteronemertea ; freshwater ; Pearl River ; taxonomy ; Amniclineus zhujiangensis gen. et sp. nov.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract A new genus and species of freshwater heteronemertean, Amniclineus zhujiangensis, from the Zhujiang (Pearl River), People's Republic of China, is described and illustrated. The species is placed in the family Lineidae along with the existing freshwater heteronemertean taxa, with which its anatomy is compared.
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    Additional cladoceran records for Mantecal and new for Venezuela (1991)
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    Hydrobiologia 225 (1991), S. 45-62 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Cladocera ; taxonomy ; distribution ; Venezuela
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 24 cladoceran species were found in collections from several fresh waterbodies, including environmental samples and gut contents of small micro-characid fishes from Mantecal (Apure state). Nine of these were new records for Venezuela and 18 for the Mantecal area. Brief descriptions of locations and species, including range-distribution, are given.
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    The genus Diaphanosoma (Ctenopoda: Sididae) in Spain (1991)
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    Hydrobiologia 225 (1991), S. 23-35 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: cladocera ; Diaphanosoma ; biogeography ; taxonomy ; ecology ; Spain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract During a 1987–88 extensive limnological study of Spanish reservoirs, euplanktonic cladocerans were sampled all around the country. Two species of Diaphanosoma Fischer, 1850 were recorded, viz D. mongolianum Uéno, 1938 and D. brachyurum (Liévin, 1848). Morphological descriptions of both species are presented, especially of the thoracic limbs, together with notes on their ecology. Both species present a clear allopatric distribution, D. brachyurum inhabiting waters with a low Total Dissolved Salt (TDS) content, which equilibrated relative ionic composition, characteristic of a narrow strip in the northern part of the Iberian Peninsula; on the contrary, D. mongolianum inhabits waters with high TDS values and high content of sulphate or chloride, characteristic of the central and southern regions.
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    A comparison of populations from the Daphnia similis group (Cladocera: Daphniidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 225 (1991), S. 9-22 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Crustacea ; Cladocera ; Daphniidae ; Daphnia ; Ctenodaphnia ; taxonomy ; biology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract European populations of Daphnia similis Claus have been compared with populations from tropical Asia. Daphnia similoides n. sp. from tropical Asia was described as the sibling species of D. similis. The female has characteristic neonate, postabdomen, head, and ephippium. The male has characteristic rostrum, antennules, and the distalmost part of the postabdomen. The D. similis group was compared with D. carinata s. str. Australian populations.
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    Karyology of four land-planarian species of the genus Bipalium from Japan (1991)
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    Hydrobiologia 227 (1991), S. 163-167 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Turbellaria ; Tricladida ; Bipalium ; karyology ; taxonomy ; Japan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have employed a new scale for characterizing chromosomal forms in the karyotypes of four species of Bipalium from five localities in Japan. Specimens of Bipalium nobile Kawakatsu et Makino, 1982, from Yokohama had a diploid chromosome number of 2x = 10 (2m + 2sm + 2sm + st & sm + 2sm); specimens of the same species from Toyonaka had this number as well but with slightly different chromosomal form (2m + 2sm + sm & st + 2st + m & sm). An undescribed species from Sanjô, Bipalium sp. 2, with two dorsal stripes and a yellow head crescent, had 2x = 10 (2m + 2sm + 2sm + 2sm + 2m); and another undescribed species from Chichijima Island, Bipalium sp. 3, with five dorsal stripes, had 2x = 10 (2m + 2sm + 2sm + 2sm + 2m). A non-sexual bipaliid tentatively identified as Bipalium kewense Moseley, 1878, from Chichijima Island had 2x = 18 (2m + 2m + 2m + 2sm + 2st + 2sm + 2sm + 2sm + 2sm).
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    Septal micropores in Zygozyma and their taxonomic significance (1991)
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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 59 (1991), S. 77-80 
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    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Lipomycetaceae ; micropores ; taxonomy ; yeasts ; Zygozyma
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Septal micropores or plasmadesmal canals have been observed in two species of the lipomycetaceous genus Zygozyma. The presence of these canals is considered as further evidence for the connexion between the Lipomycetaceae and the Dipodascaceae. The genus Zygozyma has been emended.
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    Cryptococcus yarrowii sp. nov., a novel yeast species from Portugal (1991)
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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 59 (1991), S. 177-181 
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    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Cryptococcus yarrowii ; yeasts ; taxonomy
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A novel species of the basidiomycetous genusCryptococcus is described asCr. yarrowii based on the study of an isolate from a decayed mushroom collected in Portugal. DNA-DNA homology with the type strain of the phenotypically similar speciesCr. albidus was 10±2%.
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    Fellomyces horovitziae sp. nov., a new basidiomycetous yeast species isolated from aXenasmatella basidiocarp (1991)
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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 59 (1991), S. 293-298 
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    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Fellomyces horovitziae ; basidiomycetous yeasts ; taxonomy
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new species of the genusFellomyces, F. horovitziae, was isolated from aXenasmatella basidiocarp. It differs from other accepted species in its carbon assimilation pattern, mol% G+C and low DNA-DNA homology. The delimiting characters are discussed and a key to the genus is provided.
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    Karyology and hyphal characters as taxonomic criteria in Ascomycetous black yeasts and related fungi (1991)
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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 60 (1991), S. 35-42 
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    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: black yeasts ; Aureobasidium ; Hormonema ; Hortaea ; Ramichloridium ; Zasmidium ; karyology ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mycelial development of seventy-three strains of black yeasts and related fungi were studied, and numbers of nuclei per hyphal cell were counted. Two main patterns were apparent in expanding hyphae, viz. (1) uninucleate expanding hyphal cells, septum formation strictly following mitosis, and (2) multinucleate, branched, aseptate hyphal tips, septa being formed in a later stage, leading to oligo- or uninucleate mature cells. Characteristic genera in the two groups areExophiala andAureobasidium, respectively. InZasmidium and in someRamichloridium species all mycelial cells are oligonucleate. The character is indicative for relationships at the family level in black yeasts.
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    Occurrence and taxonomic aspects of proton movements coupled to sugar transport in the yeast genusKluyveromyces (1991)
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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 59 (1991), S. 199-206 
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    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: yeast ; systematics ; taxonomy ; proton symport ; sugar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The occurrence of proton symport mechanisms for the transport of glucose, galactose, fructose, raffinose and sucrose in 21 yeast strains representing the species of the genusKluyveromyces was surveyed. Proton symport of one or more sugars occurred in 57% of the strains. Similarly, all the sugars investigated were transported by symports by several strains. Symport systems for non-utilisable sugars were rare. Starvation of cells frequently resulted in the appearance of a symport absent in non-starved glucose-grown cells, indicating that repression of proton symports by glucose and subsequent derepression by starvation is a general phenomenon in members ofKluyveromyces. The addition of a sugar to cell suspensions resulted in acidification in 80% of cases, indicating the activity of a membrane-bound ATPase. Acidification was also observed with a number of sugars that cannot be utilised by the particular species. Interesting correlations between the number of proton symports and the abundance of other phenotypic characteristics in members of the genus emerged. Most members of the infertile group of species showing an increase in the number of small chromosomes, inability to produce well-developed pseudomycelium, linoleic and linolenic acid, a decrease in the number of carbon compounds utilised and inability to utilise ethylamine also had no proton symports, whereas most members of the interfertile species produced one or more proton symports. It was concluded that the distribution of the number of proton symports amongstKluyveromyces species coincided with that of other positive characteristics and may therefore be of taxonomic value.
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    The variation of Halocordyle disticha (Cnidaria, Athecata) from the Brazilian coast: an environmental indicator species? (1991)
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    Hydrobiologia 216-217 (1991), S. 437-442 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Cnidaria ; Halocordyle ; indicator species ; taxonomy ; Brazil ; intraspecific variation ; phenotypic response ; cnidome ; biometrics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The rediscovery of Halocardyle fragilis Vannucci, of which the type material is lost, led us to consider it a variety of Halocardyle disticha (Goldfuss) that occurs in calm waters on soft bottoms. The typical H. disticha is open feather-shaped, with branching in one plane, while H. fragilis is bushy, much larger, with branching in many planes. The different habit of H. disticha is probably due to environmental conditions. The bushy and pinnate forms are considered extremes of a range of morphological variation.
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    A jellyfish-eating sea anemone (Cnidaria, Actiniaria) from Palau: Entacmaea medusivora sp. nov. (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 216-217 (1991), S. 453-461 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Actiniidae ; planulae ; taxonomy ; zooxanthellae ; diet ; feeding ; predation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Entacmaea medusivora sp. nov., a member of the family Actiniidae, inhabits Jellyfish Lake in Palau, western Caroline Islands, and eats the rhizostome jellyfish Mastigias papua. The anemone is azooxanthellate, despite its jellyfish prey containing symbiotic algae. Well fed anemones released ciliated planula-like larvae in the laboratory when maintained at more than 30 °C. It could not be determined whether the larvae, which usually settled around the parent within 24 h of release, were produced sexually or asexually.
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    Morphological differences between, and reproductive isolation of, two populations of the jellyfish Cyanea in Long Island Sound, USA (1991)
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    Hydrobiologia 216-217 (1991), S. 471-477 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Scyphozoa ; Cyanea ; speciation ; biogeography ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two populations of Cyanea, one in the Niantic River estuary and the other in the adjacent Niantic Bay portion of Long Island Sound, were studied for more than a decade. The estuary and the bay are connected by a narrow channel: this and hydrographic features constrain transport between them. Specimens from each site exhibit morphological and seasonal differences comparable to those which distinguish C. capillata from C. lamarckii in European waters. Reproducing River medusae never cooccurred with reproducing Bay medusae. Estuarine jellyfish are sometimes found in the Bay, but reproducing individuals have not been seen there. Reproductively mature Bay jellyfish occasionally appear in the River, but benthic samples show that they do not deposit planulae at this site and thus do not contribute to the next generation of medusae in the River. Such differences suggest an absence of gene flow between these two populations, indicating that the River medusae and Bay medusae might be separate species.
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    Separation and characterization of a viscosity index improver copolymer by high-performance liquid chromatography (1991)
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    Chromatographia 31 (1991), S. 71-74 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Size exclusion chromatography ; Styrene-methacrylate polymers ; IR and UV spectroscopy ; Lubricating oils additives
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Characterization of a poly(styrene-alkyl methacrylate) viscosity index improver according to its chemical composition distribution and molecular weight distribution was carried out by liquid adsorption chromatography, size exclusion chromatography and infrared and ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The industrial polymer was fractionated by liquid chromatography using silica gel as adsorbent and a mixture of 1,2-dichloroethane and methanol as mobile phase. Each fraction was analyzed by size exclusion chromatography and infrared and ultraviolet spectroscopy. The number average molecular weight ranged from 10000 to 36000 and the weight average molecular weight from 19000 to 264000. The styrene content of the various fractions analysed was between 29.5% and 72.2%.
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    Determination of laidlomycin and 26-deoxylaidlomycin by high-performance liquid chromatography (1991)
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    Chromatographia 31 (1991), S. 603-605 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Laidlomycin, 26-deoxylaidlomycin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary High performance liquid chromatography on an octadecyl silica column has been used to determine laidlomycin: 26-deoxylaidlomycin ratios and to determine the concentration of both compounds by standard addition in samples prepared from fermentation broths ofStreptoverticillium olivoreticuli. A refractive index detector was preferred to an ultraviolet detector owing to the presence of UV-absorbing impurities which could not be completely separated from the substances of interest. Linear relationships were obtained from the calibration data. The coefficient of variation for the estimation of ratio and concentration of the compounds determined was better then 5%. The estimated limit of detection for both substances was about 50μg·ml−1.
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    Prediction of retention of O-ethyl, O-aryl and N-isopropyl phosphoroamidothioates in RP-HPLC from molecular structure parameters (1991)
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    Chromatographia 31 (1991), S. 143-146 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Molecular structure parameters ; Prediction of retention ; Phosphoroamidothiotes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Multi-variable regression analysis between lnkw, c (in retention equation lnk′=lnkw+cCb) and molecular structure parameters, including hydrophobicity, electric effect, field effect and position-specific effect constant, was carried out with O-ethyl, O-aryl and N-isopropyl phosphoroamidothioates as test solutes. With these quantitative relationships, the retention behaviour of these solutes for different mobile phase compositions was predicted. The results showed that there are only 26.7% of total, experimentally measured, capacity factors with relative deviations larger than 5% and only 2.2% with deviations larger than 10%, which means that it is possible to apply the method reported to predict retention values for qualitative purposes for different mobile phase compositions.
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    A method for the determination of histamine in wine by HPLC with precolumn derivatization with phenylisothiocyanate (1991)
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    Chromatographia 31 (1991), S. 133-136 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Histamine in wine ; Pre-column derivatization ; Solid phase extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A method for determining histamine in wine by precolumn derivatization with PITC (phenylisothiocyanate) with reversed-phase HPLC and UV detection is reported. Histamine can be determined together with the 24 amino acids within 40 min, or separately in a shorter time (less than 4 min) if a prior solid phase extraction clean-up is used.
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    Retention behavior of the inclusion complexes of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with β-cyclodextrin (1991)
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    Chromatographia 31 (1991), S. 157-162 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Cyclodextrin inclusion complexes ; Structure-retention relationships ; Polycyclic aromatics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The retention behaviour of a group of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons having nearly equal ionization potentials but different molecular polarizability values was investigated by reversed-phase HPLC and gas chromatography, using β-cyclodextrin as a selective inclusion reagent. In HPLC, the cyclodextrin was applied as an additive to the ethanolwater binary mobile phase, while in gas chromatography β-cyclodextrin served as the stationary phase coated on an inert support. The relationships between the capacity factors, molecular polarizabilities and the shape parameter of solute molecules is discussed.
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    Quantitation of cortico-steroids as common adulterants in local drugs by HPLC (1991)
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    Chromatographia 31 (1991), S. 67-70 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Cortico-steroids ; Drug adulterants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A sensitive and specific method for quantitation of the steroids betamethasone, prednisolone and cortisone acetate commonly used as adulterants in locally produced herb extracts and in certain homeopathic drugs is described. Reverse-phase liquid chromatography with UV detection has been used.
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    Chromatography of inorganic anions on poly(vinyl alcohol) gel columns with acidic eluents (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 31 (1991), S. 80-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Ion chromatography ; Poly(vinyl alcohol) gel ; Inorganic anions ; UV detection for IC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) gel shows ionic retention properties for common inorganic anions when an acidic eluent is used. The ionic property of the PVA gel is due to the proton-acceptable nitrogen atoms of the cross-linking agent and the carboxylic residues being comprised in the gel matrix. The extent of the net charge on the gel surface depends on the pH of the eluent. At a pH ranging from 2.3 to 5.3, the PVA gel behaves as a weak anion exchanger with very low ion-exchange capacity. At these conditions four UV-absorbing inorganic anions (bromate, bromide, nitrate, and nitrite) are separated by eluting with aqueous sulfuric acid. Alkyl groups introduced on the gel surface hinder the ionized solute molecules from accessing to the positively charged functional groups on the gel surface. A neutral solute (HNO2) is retained with non-ionic interactions.
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    Influence of injection conditions in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of chlorophylls and carotenoids (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 31 (1991), S. 589-594 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Injection conditions ; Chlorophylls and carotenoids ; Extraction solvents ; Phytoplankton pigments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The RP-HPLC analysis of chlorophylls, their degradation products (chloropigments) and carotenoids is very sensitive to the nature of the injection solvent. The effect of sample-solvent interaction can result in the production of distorted, or even false, peaks that could be erroneously interpreted as “pigment like” or as poor chromatographic resolution. The previously suggested theoretical explantion, based on differences in solvent characteristics as expressed by the Polarity Index (P′) or even by the more precise solvent strength parameter for reversed-phase systems (S) we use, was unsatisfactory. The problem seems more complex, with other parameters such as injection volume and solute concentration or solvent selectivity also playing a role. As a practical consequence, however, suggesions are made for optimum injection conditions. Also, the presence of ion-pairing reagents in the injection solvent is demonstrated to be unnecessary.
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    The influence of end-capping on the enantioselectivity of a chiral phase (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 31 (1991), S. 129-132 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; End-capping ; Chiral stationary phase ; Enantioselectivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The effect of end-capping chiral stationary phases (CSP's) derived fromN-(2-naphthyl)alanine undecyl ester has been examined using either trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS), hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), or bis(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) as end-capping reagents. The separation factor (α) and capacity factor (k′) of the enantiomers ofN-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)leucine octadecyl amide andN-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)alanine butyl ester were evaluated on three columns all packed with material from the same batch of stationary phase. These columns were essentially identical before, but not after end-capping with the above reagents. TMCS and HMDS were found to be superior to BSTFA, which appears to cause a significant loss of bonded phase from the silica surface. It seems that residual silanols affect the retention either by interacting with the analyte or by interacting with strands of stationary phase. End-capping usually increases enantioselectivity, sometimes by decreasing k′ for the first enantiomer and increasing k′ for the second enantiomer. The enhancement in enantioselectivity is greatest in relatively nonpolar mobile phases and occurs to a greater extent for phases having incomplete surface coverages.
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    Chromatographic characterization of a bonded liquid crystal stationary phase for HPLC (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 31 (1991), S. 147-151 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Liquid crystal bonded phase ; Polycyclic aromatics ; Carvone and pulegone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A chromatographic and thermodynamic study of the compound [4-(allyloxy)benzoyl]-4-methoxyphenyl (ABMP) as a model of a chemically bonded liquid crystal stationary phase for HPLC was undertaken. A number of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and two small solutes, carvone and pulegone, were studied under varying solvent and temperature conditions. Plots of log k′ vs. % organic in the mobile phase were not completely linear in all cases. The van't Hoff plots revealed at least one phase transition. The enthalpies of solute transfer from the mobile phase to the ABMP phase were determined for several PAHs. All tests indicate that ABMP possess liquid crystal properties when bonded to particulate silica.
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    Silica surface controversies, strong adsorption sites, their blockage and removal. Part II (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 31 (1991), S. 193-205 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Column liquid chromatography ; Silanol adsorption centres ; Strongly interacting adsorption sites ; Suppression of adsorption activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary In this second part of the review heterogeneity of the silica surface is described and evidence is presented for the existence of a low population of strong adsorption sites. Methods of detection and determination of these strongly interacting sites are discussed. The last part of the review is devoted to the suppression of unwanted adsorption activity. Methods of blockage and special methods for the preparation of HPLC packings are described.
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    A rapid HPLC determination of narasin in fermentation broth (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 31 (1991), S. 277-280 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Simplex optimization ; Narasin in fermentation broth ; Vanillin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A rapid HPLC assay with post-column derivatization has been developed for the determination of narasin in fermentation broth. The reaction of narasin with substituted benzaldehydes was investigated under first order conditions and the rate constants were determined for a variety of substituted benzaldehydes. Vanillin reacted most rapidly to produce a red color. The reaction conditions were optimized to acheive a maximum response with a minimum analysis time.
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    The effects of pH and alcoholic organic modifiers on the direct separation of some acidic, basic and neutral compounds on a commercially available ovomucoid column (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 31 (1991), S. 329-334 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Ovomucoid stationary phase ; Chiral separations ; Mobile phase effects ; Protein conformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The effects of alcoholic modifiers and pH on the chromatographic properties of an immobilized ovomucoid chiral stationary phase have been investigated using acidic, basic and neutral solutes. A series of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols and pH's ranging from 3.5 to 6.0 were used in this study. The results indicate that both the shape and the hydrophobicity of the alcoholic modifier affect retention (k') and enantioselectivity (α). In general, an increase in the hydrophobicity of the modifier results in a decrease in k's and α's. However, this is not the case whent-butanol is the modifier, suggesting that the size of the alkyl moiety attached to the carbinol carbon also contributes to the chromatographic results. The pH studies indicated that Coulombic interactions play a role in the retention of the acidic and basic solutes. The results also suggest that in addition to ethanol and 1-propanol,t-butanol should be considered during optimization and that maximum efficiencies may be obtained at pH 5.0.
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    Influence of the mobile phase composition on the adsorption isotherms of an amino-acid derivative on immobilized bovine serum albumin (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 31 (1991), S. 323-328 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Adsorption isotherms ; Immobilized serum albumen ; Chiral stationary phase ; Leucine, N-benzoyl derivative
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The saturation capacity of columns packed with bovine serum albumin immobilized on silica has been determined for the N-benzoyl derivative of leucine at different compositions of a 1-propanol/water mobile phase. In all cases it has been found that the equilibrium adsorption data are well accounted for by a biLangmuir isotherm. The experimental data are consistent with the assumption that the column saturation capacity of the chiral selective sites as well as the saturation capacity of the non-selective sites are independent of the 1-propanol concentration in the range 0–10%.
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    New synthesis of alkyldihydrosilanes and their applications in modification of silica gel (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 31 (1991), S. 335-341 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Bonded phase synthesis ; Alkyl and aryldimethyl phases ; CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A comparison of newly synthesized, reversed-phase bonded stationary phases is presented. The materials studied include monomeric n-octyl, n-octadecyl, aryl and n-octyldihydrogeno bonded-phases. Differences in reactivity of the silane functional groups are demonstrated and the high coverage obtained with the hydrogeno-bonded phases is shown. The structures of the bonded phases have been determined by29Si and13C CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy.
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    Comparison of surface states of chemically modified silicas in aqueous acetonitrile and methanol (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 31 (1991), S. 347-350 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Chemically modified silicas ; Surface states ; n-alkylbenzenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The thermodynamic behaviour of n-alkylbenzenes on chemically modified silicas in reversed-phase liquid chromatography has been examined in acetonitrile-water and methanol-water systems. Plots of the thermodynamic parameters obtained against the organic solvent compositions indicate an interesting trend which implies that the surface states of the chemically modified silicas under the two eluent systems are different.
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    A particle size distribution analysis of stressed HPLC column packing material (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 31 (1991), S. 362-366 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Particle size distribution ; Stationary phase stress ; Silica gel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A particle size distribution analysis has been completed on three different HPLC column packing materials including silica gel (Si60) and two bonded phases (RP8 and RP18). The stationary phases were subjected to 18 hours stress with 1 N or 3 N KOH and found to have quantitatively different distribution patterns initially, at 13 hours and finally at 18 hours although the average particle diameters for the Si60 and RP8 were the same or higher at 18 hours as initially. Thirteen hoursstress with sodium octanesulfonate, tetrabutylammonium phosphate and ammonium acetate at exaggerated conditions also resulted in distributional changes with the Si60 and RP8 decreasing in average particle diameter when exposed to ammonium acetate and tetrabutylammonium stressing respectively.
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    Separation of food-related biogenic amines by ion-interaction reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Tyramine, histamine, 2-phenylethylamine, tryptamine and precursor aminoacids. Application to red wine (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 31 (1991), S. 381-386 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Biogenic amines ; Wine ; Food-related biogenic amines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Methods for the separation of food-related biogenic amines (histamine, tyramine, 2-phenylethylamine and tryptamine) have been developed based on ion-interaction reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Two different interaction reagents have been comparatively used, namely octylamine ortho-phosphate (at wave-lengths of 230, 254 and 280 nm) and octylamine salicylate (at a wavelength of 254 nm). The different elution sequence orders shown by the investigated amines for the two reagents are discussed and compared. The detection limits obtained were 20 ppb for tryptamine (λ =280 nm), 500 ppb for 2-phenylethylamine (λ=254 nm), 400 ppb for tyramine (λ=230 or 280 nm) and 900 ppb for histamine (λ=230 nm). The method was applied to the analysis of a five years old Italian red wine, in which 2-phenylethylamine (at a concentration of 72±3 ppm) and tryptamine (at a concentration of 4.0±0.3 ppm) were found to be present.
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    Estimation of the degree of self-association of water using a novel retention model (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 31 (1991), S. 387-392 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Retention model ; Self-association of water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary An attempt has been made to gain a semi-quantitative insight into the self-association of water molecules through hydrogen bonds. This was only possible with the use of a new solute retention model for the chromatographic systems by considering intermolecular interactions between the constituents of binary mobile phases. Four different sizes of the average associative aqueous multimer were assumed. By comparing measured and calculated retention values, the existence of associated aqueous multimers consisting of 100 aqueous monomer units is postulated as an average multimer structure.
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    Analysis of nucleotides, nucleosides, nucleobases in cells by ion-pair reversed-phase HPLC (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 31 (1991), S. 401-410 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Ion-pair reversed-phase separations ; Nucleotides ; Extraction from cells and tissue ; Retention mechanism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary HPLC methods for the separation of nucleotides, nucleosides and nucleobases by ion-pair reversed-phase are reviewed. The advantages of these are discussed versus anion-exchange and reversed phase separations. Extraction procedures for nucleotide determinations from cells and tissues are pointed out in detail. Extracts from red blood cells, Ehrlich ascites tumour cells, hepatocytes, intestine are used for determination of nucleotide concentrations by the methods described.
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    Automated HPLC-amino acid determination of protein hydrolysates by precolumn derivatization with OPA and FMOC and comparison with classical ion exchange chromatography (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 31 (1991), S. 441-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Ion exchange chromatography ; Quantitative amino acid analysis ; OPA/FMOC precolumn derivatization ; Cheese
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary An improved HPLC method for the quantitative determination of the amino acids from hydrolysed cheese proteins and peptides is described. Some important improvements to the existing method are suggested. The addition of piperidine-4-carboxylic acid (PICA) as a hydrolysis-resistant internal standard enabled the quantification of secondary amino acids. The following analytical parameters have been determined: repeatability, detection limit and linearity in the measuring range. A statistical comparison with the classical ion chromatographic method gave an excellent correlation for all determined amino acids. Both methods are free of artifacts and systematic errors. Compared with ion chromatography, HPLC shows the following advantages: faster equilibration of the column, shorter retention times, more stable baseline, narrower peaks and more sensitive fluorescence detection. A drawback is the slightly lower repeatability for some amino acids.
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    Chiral amino acid microanalysis by direct optical resolution of fluorescent derivatives on BSA-based (resolvosil) columns (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 31 (1991), S. 429-433 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Chiral separations ; Amino acids ; Fluorogenic derivatization ; N-(Chloroformyl)-carbazole
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A new reagent for fluorescence labelling of amino acids, N-(chloroformyl)-carbazole, has been used in order to achieve high sensitivity of detection as well as good optical resolution. The derivatization reaction is fast and conveniently carried out at room temperature by shaking a buffered aqueous solution of the amino acids with an acetone solution of the reagent. The individual derivatized amino acids are first separated and collected via chromatography on a standard octadecyl-silica column. Each amino acid derivative is then analyzed for enantiomer composition by re-injection on a BSA-silica (Resolvosil®) column using fluorescence detection. For some amino acids (alanine, threonine, phenylalanine, tryptophan) enantiomeric separation factors exceeding α=3 have been obtained. The phosphonic acid analogue of alanine (1-aminoethylphosphonic acid) was also found to be well resolved into its enantiomers.
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    Analysis of catechins and proanthocyanidins in grape seeds by HPLC with photodiode array detection (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 31 (1991), S. 465-468 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Catechins ; Grape seeds ; Proanthocyanidins ; UV-visible spectroscopy/diode array detection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Reversed-phase, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode array detection has been used to analyse catechins and proanthocyanidins extracted from grape seeds. Results show that the ethyl acetate fraction obtained by passing extracts of samples adjusted to pH 7.0 through preconditioned C18 SEP-PAK cartridges contains several catechins and proanthocyanidins. Seven peaks have been assigned to standard catechins and proanthocyanidins on the basis of their retention times and UV spectra. Other peaks which appear in the chromatogram show spectral behaviour similar to that of standard catechins and proanthocyanidins.
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    HPLC of individual site glycoforms in serum orosomucoid (1991)
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    Chromatographia 31 (1991), S. 478-480 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Orosomucoid ; Complex glycans ; α1 glycoprotein ; Glycopeptides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The glycoforms contained within each glycosylation site of orosomucoid can be separated by reverse-phase HPLC without removal of the associated peptide or chemical derivatization. The chromatographic properties of the glycopeptides are dominated by the peptide portion but modified by the hydrophilicity of the glycan in a regular manner depending on its size. Assignments for known structures are readily made, permitting quantitative assessment of changes in glycoform concentration at individual glycosylation sites.
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    Immunoaffinity precolumn for selective sample pretreatment in column liquid chromatography: Immunoselective desorption (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 31 (1991), S. 469-477 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Immunoaffinity precolomn ; Oestrogens ; Bioanalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary An automated liquid chromatographic system is described using immunoaffinity precolumns for sample pretreatment. The system consists of a column-switching unit allowing preconcentration from a large volume of sample (e.g. 15 ml of urine) onto an immunoaffinity precolumn (containing polyclonal antibodies immobilized on Sepharose). After sorption, the analytes are desorbed by a mixture of two cross-reacting solutes, followed by reconcentration on a C-18-bonded silica precolumn, and then separation on a C-18-bonded silica analytical column. Using oestrogen steroids as model compounds and UV absorbance detection, the minimum detectable concentration is ca. 200 ng/l with a repeatability of 6–8%. The total analysis time is 45 min which allows the unattended analysis of 30 samples per day. The features of the sample pretreatment method, especially of the immunoselective desorption, are evaluated and the general applicability of the system is discussed.
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    Chromatographic optimization for the determination of traces of selenonium and arsonium cations by HPLC with on-line detection by AAS (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 31 (1991), S. 481-488 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Selenonium and arsonium cations ; AAS detection ; Chromatographic optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Optimal mobile phase compositions were determined for the separation of selenonium ions [trimethylselenonium, (2-hydroxyethyl)dimethylselenonium and (2-acetoxyethyl)dimethylselenonium] and, separately, for arsonium ions (tetramethylarsonium, arsenobetaine, and arsenocholine) by HPLC with detection by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Surface response methodologies were used to predict the variations in detector response (peak area), capacity factors, and selectivities as a function of the mobile phase composition. For selenonium analytes, a mixture of triethylammonium and trimethylsulfonium ions in the methanol-1% acetic acid mobile phase provided a compromise between resolving power and chromatographic efficiency. By contrast, optimum chromatography of the arsonium analytes was obtained by replacing onium additives in the mobile phase by picrylsulfonic acid. For both selenonium and arsonium analytes, the dominant interaction with the stationary phase was with residual silanols and improvements to the chromatographic performance of these analytes resulted in appreciable decreases in their limits of detection.
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    Flame ionization detection for the determination of the chemical composition distribution of non-UV absorbing copolymers (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 31 (1991), S. 493-499 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Flame ionization detection ; Poly(styrene-co-methyl acrylate) ; Poly(methyl acrylate-co-n-butyl acrylate) ; Chemical composition distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary This investigation is focused on the development of HPLC with subsequent flame ionization detection as a tool to determine the chemical composition distribution of non-or poorly UV absorbing copolymers. Experiments were carried out with poly(styrene-co-methyl acrylate) and poly(methyl acrylate-co-n-butyl acrylate) copolymers. HPLC combined with FID provided useful qualitative information. Quantitative information could be obtained after calibration.
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    Separation of glycated hemoglobin A1C by high-performance liquid chromatography on a non-porous exchanger (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 31 (1991), S. 505-506 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Non-porous cation exchanger ; Hemoglobin A1C ; pH gradient elution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary High-performance ion exchange chromatography on a nonporous cation exchanger was examined for the separation of glycated hemoglobin. A standard sample of human hemoglobin was separated with salt or pH gradient elution. Glycated hemoglobin A1C was well separated from other hemoglobin variants in less than 10 minutes. pH gradient elution gave better resolution than salt gradient elution.
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    Packing meterials with surface barriers, controlled distribution and topography of ligands for sample clean-up and analysis of biologically active solutes in HPLC (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 31 (1991), S. 507-511 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Restricted access packings ; Packings with surface barriers ; Sample clean-up of biologically active analytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Various types of, so-called, restricted access packings have been developed for sample clean-up and analysis of biologically active solutes by means of HPLC. The unique feature of these packings is that they prevent the access of matrix components such as protein whilst selectively retaining the drug components and their metabolites. This results from the fact that the particles of the packings possess a surface barrier for large solutes at the external or internal surface area and exhibit a controlled gradient in the chemical surface composition. They are grouped, according to their particle structures, into internal-surface reversed phases (ISRP), shielded hydrophobic phases (SHP), semi-permeable surfaces (SPS), dual zone phases (DZP) and mixed functional phases (MFP). The structural characteristics and the chromatographic properties of these packings are reviewwed, especially with regard to their use in the assaying of drugs.
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    Determination of carbonyl compounds in air by HPLC using on-line analyzed microcartridges, fluorescence and chemiluminescence detection (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 33-39 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Air analysis ; Dansylhydrazones of carbonyl compounds ; Chemiluminescence ; Fluorescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Sensitive and selective detection of dansylhydrazones of atmospheric carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones) can be achieved using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence or chemiluminescence detection. The carbonyl compounds are derivatized by drawing air through small glass cartridges packed with porous glass particles impregnated with dansylhydrazine. After sampling, the contents of the cartridges are analyzed on-line by using a small plug of water (200 μL) to transfer and focus the hydrazone derivatives at the head of a HPLC column. Greatly increased sensitivity over traditional methods derives from 1) analysis of the entire contents of the sampling cartridge, and 2) detection by fluoresence or peroxyoxalate chemilum-inescence. Results are compared for photo-initiated and H2O2-initiated peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence. This novel and practical system enables the detection of sub-ppbv concentrations of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone and higher carbonyls in air using relatively short sampling times.
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    Use of a displacement model for solvent sorption to study non-specific selectivity in reversed-phase liquid chromatography (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 13-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Alkyl bonded phases ; Non-specific selectivity ; Hydro-organic mobile phases ; Retention of alkanoate esters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A thermodynamic equation is derived for the non-specific selectivity of alkyl bonded phases as a function of the mobile phase composition using a displacement mechanism to model the sorption of solvents into the bonded phase. The equation is used to calculate the thermodynamic parameters which characterize the incremental behavior of a hydrophobic group in ethyl alkanoate and methyl perfluoroalkanoate ester solutes chromatographed with water-methanol and water-acetonitrile mobile phases on both octyl and octadecyl bonded phases.
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    High performance liquid chromatography assay for alanine amino transferase (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 23-26 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Enzyme assay ; Alanine amino transferase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary An improved method of alanine-amino transferase determination is proposed. The reaction is carried out with alanine and 2-oxoglutarate as substrates and analysis is by HPLC on a reversed-phase chromatographic system using a C18 column and tetrabutylammonium phosphate in phosphate buffer (pH 7.0)-acetonitrile as mobile phase. The enzyme activity was determined by directly following the formation of pyruvic acid without employing any secondary reaction, which is necessary in the spectrophotometric method. The detection limit of pyruvic acid is 10 pmole μl−1 and the standard deviation for the enzymatic activity of standard solutions is 5.4%. Furthermore under the chromatographic conditions selected it is possible to detect the presence of some intermediate species.
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    High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural in apple juices and concentrates (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 45-48 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Furfural ; Hydroxymethylfurfural ; Apple juice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A rapid and sensitive method for determining 2-furaldehyde (FUR) and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (HMF) in apple juices and juice concentrates has been developed. The method for FUR and HMF involves the solid-liquid extraction of the juice by using a C-18 cartridge prior to reversed-phase separation with detection at 280 nm. The mobile phase was acetonitrile-water (8/92, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. Recoveries from apple juices and juice concentrates spiked at different levels ranged from 94.1 to 104.0 (FUR) and 94.5 to 100.5 (HMF). The quantification limit for both, FUR and HMF, was 5 ppb.
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    Sample-induced internal pH gradients in microcolumn liquid chromatography of proteins (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 61-64 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Sample-induced pH gradients ; Separation of proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The technique of an internal pH gradient induced by the sample is applied to the separation of proteins by liquid chromatography. Compatibility of the method with microcolumns is demonstrated and examples of separations on different types of sorbents are given.
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    Distribution behavior of some drug enantiomers in an aqueous two-phase system using counter-current extraction with protein (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 56-60 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Counter-current extraction ; Chiral resolution ; Ofloxacin enantiomers ; Aqueous two-phase system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The partial resolution of some drug enantiomers by counter-current extraction in an aqueous two-phase system using bovine serum albumin (BSA) or ovomucoid (OVM) as chiral discriminator is described. The phase system was prepared with dextran 40, polyethylene glycol and a protein. Ofloxacin (OFLX) enantiomer was well recognized by the BSA system, whereas the enantiomers of carvedilol (β-blocker) and DG-5128 (a new oral hypoglycaemic drug) were hardly recognized by the OVM system. The distribution coefficients of (S)-, (R)- and rac-OFLX varied with pH. Good enantioselectivity for OFLX was obtained at relatively high pH (≥ pH 9). The crude optically enriched OFLX enantiomers were extracted from the aqueous fractions and finally purified by thin-layer chromatography.
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    Evaluation of octadecyl-bonded alumina for separations of proteins and peptides by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 49-55 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Protein separations ; Peptide separations ; Octadecylalumina
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A recently-developed octadecyl-bonded alumina (ODA) stationary phase was evaluated for the separation of peptides and proteins by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. Using standard water-acetonitrile mobile phase gradients containing 0.1 % trifluoroacetic acid, the average peak capacity obtained for the separation of a mixture of ribonuclease a, cytochrome c, lysozyme and carbonic anhydrase on an ODA column are similar to that obtained on a widely used octadecylsilane (ODS) column. However, overall chromatographic resolution of the components of this mixture on ODA is inferior to that obtained on ODS. Cytochrome c peak areas were found to be ∼50% smaller on the ODA column than on ODS. On the other hand, both peak capacities and resolutions of octapeptide mixtures were found to be generally superior on the ODA column, and peak areas for a representative octapeptide were found to be virtually identical for both ODA and ODS columns. The differences in the results obtained on the ODA and ODS columns for these separations are attributed to the smaller pore size and unique fused-microplatelet shape of the ODA particles. Comparisons of the separations of the tryptic digest of cytochrome c on the ODS and ODA columns demonstrate that the ODA phase is potentially as useful as ODS for peptide mapping applications.
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    Analysis of enantiomeric flavanones in plant extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography on a cellulose triacetate based chiral stationary phase (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 69-72 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Enantiomeric separation ; Chiral stationary phase ; Cellulose triacetate ; Flavanones ; Plant extracts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Flavanones ofArachis hypogaea, Hemizonia increscens, Eriodictyon glutinosum andThymus vulgaris extracts have been stereospecifically analysed by gradient elution on a column of cellulose triacetate supported on silica gel diol. The stereochemistry of naringenin, eriodictyol and homoeriodictyol was in favour of the 2S-configurated flavanones.
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    Studies of the influence of hydrogen chloride on the liquid chromatographic properties of amino bonded phases (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 79-81 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Amino bonded phases ; Hydrogen chloride treatment ; Retention anomalies ; Normal-phase separations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The influence of hydrogen chloride on the retention properties of aminopropyl bonded phases is studied using a series of simple aromatics, phenols and acids. The result of the HCL treatment is to mediate the hydrogen bonding interaction between the solute's polar functional groups and the bound amino groups.
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    Ion-pair chromatography of dianionic species by dionium reagents (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 73-78 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Ion-pair separations ; Dianionic species ; Dionium reagent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Dionium cations, polymethylenebis(tributylphosphonium)s (BuCnBPs), were used as ion-pair reagents for ion-pair chromatography of dianionic species, such as maleate, fumarate, phthalates, and naphthalenedisulfonates. The longer the length of methylene chain connecting the two phosphonium cationic ceterns within BuCnBP, the larger was the retention of these dianionic species. The dionium reagents had a higher retention ability compared to conventional monoonium reagents, and enabled a higher resolution among the dianionic species of structural isomers. The extraction behavior of the dianionic species in a loctanol/water system was also investigated. The retention behavior by the use of BuCnBP was discussed in comparison with the extraction behavior.
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    Enantioseparation of α-phenylglycine by HPLC on an ODS column coated with chiral crown ether (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 82-84 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Chiral separation ; Chiral crown ethers ; Phenylglycine enantiomers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Previous work has demonstrated the possibility of crcating chiral stationary phases by coating a suitable support material via the mobile phase. The result is a wide variety of chiral phase systems which can be used in liquid chromatogrphy to separate enantiomers by a liquid-solid adsorption mechanism. The present paper demonstrates the potential of this technique for chiral crown ethers incorporating an α-D-mannopyranoside unit using the separation of phenyglycine enantiomers as an example.
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    Rapid separation of some antiepileptic drugs in serum by HPLC (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 85-86 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Antiepileptic drugs ; Optimised separation ; Serum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A fast and easy, iscratic high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of primidone, phenobarbital, phenytoin, carbamazepine and thiobutabarbital from serum samples has been developed. The optimal eluent composition is 36% acetonitrile, 24% methanol and 40% phosphate buffer. Using a programmable wavelength detector very low (sub-therapeutic) levels of the drugs can be measured.
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    Effect of inorganic salt concentration on the retention value in reversed phase ion-pair liquid chromatography (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 538-542 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Ion-pair separation ; Salt concentration ; Charge number of solute ; Gouy-Chapman theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Thermodynamic and numerical treatments have been combined with Gouy-Chapman theory were to show that the effect of the salt concentration on the capacity factor in reversed-phase ion-pair liquid chromatography (RP-IPC) can be expressed as lnk′=A+blnCs. The parameter B is related to the charge number of the solute, and the parameter A is determined by both electrostatic and nonelectrostatic interaction, and can the linearly correlated with logarithm of the capacity factor in RP-HPLC for the solute with one negative charge. It also been observed that the electrostatic interaction is reduced with increasing salt concentration in RP-IPC, and this effect is more remarkable for solutes with more than the one negative charge of sulphonic acids.
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    Study of the efficiency of a mobile phase used in size-exclusion HPLC for the separation of peptides from a casein hydrolysate according to their hydrodynamic volume (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 499-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Size-exclusion ; Peptides ; Casein hydrolysate ; FAB-MS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A casein hydrolysate was eluted on a TSK G-2000 SW sizeexclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) column using a mobile phase which gives a correlation coefficient of 0.98 for the separation of 20 pure and synthetic peptides and proteins of molecular weight (M. W.) varying from 243.28 (Ala-Pro-Gly) to 43 000 (Ovalbumine) daltons. Further isolation and purification of peptides present in each of the 8 different fractions collected from the SE-HPLC were done by reversed-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC). Peptide experimental M. W. determined from the calibration curve obtained for synthetic or purified peptides was compared to their precise M.W. obtained by fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry analysis (FAB-MS). The results do not show a separation of this complex hydrolysate by SE-HPLC according to the hydrodynamic volume of its constituents.
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    Applicability and precision of simultaneous chromatographic determination of some characteristics of solid phases and their beds (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 514-522 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Streaming current ; Specific pore volume and surface area ; Specific weight ; Bed porosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The applicability and precision of the method allowing the determination of several characteristics of the sorbent and its bed from two simple chromatographic retention measurements were tested with porous metal oxides and some other solids. The typical time of one retention experiment is 1–3 minutes. The method was verified with chromatographic solid phases containing both mesopores and macropores. The agreement between the retention volume of the streaming current response, caused by the change in the concentration of the polar component of the binary hydrocarbon-based mobile phase, and the total volume of the liquid in the column is decisive for the applicability of the method. If the influence of the error in the determination of the sorbent's weight in the column and of the column tube's volume are neglected, the external and the total bed porosities and the specific weight of the sorbent can be determined with the relative error of the retention volume measurement. The error of the determination of the specific pore volume and internal bed porosity will be twice as much. The specific surface area can be determined approximately for sorbents with average and large surface areas.
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    High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of debrisoquine and its 4-hydroxy metabolite in human urine (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 523-526 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Debrisoquine ; Urine ; Phenotype
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary An isocratic HPLC method is described. It allows the simultaneous determination of debrisoquine and 4-hydroxydebrisoquine in urine. Sample preparation involves a rapid and simple (one step) liquid-liquid extraction without derivatization. Separation, followed by UV-detection, is carried out on a nitrile column in reversephase mode with a binary, aqueous mobile phase. This rapid assay uses a new internal standard (guabenxane) and allows the determination of urinary concentrations with good precision and appropriate sensitivity.
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    Elution behavior of N-heterocyclic derivatives of mixed ruthenium(II)-sulfoxide complexes in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 546-548 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Ruthenium mixed complexes ; Sulfoxides ; N-Heterocyclic bases ; Hydrophobic properties of aromatic ligand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The elution behaviour of a series of dichlorobis-(dimethylsulfoxide)bis(N-heterocyclic)ruthenium(II) complexes has been investigated using reversed-phase HPLC. Similar trends as those displayed by the free N-heterocyclic bases have been observed for the complexes, essentially reflecting the hydrophobic properties of the aromatic ligands.
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    Sample preparation by supercritical fluid extraction in environmental food and polymer analysis (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 527-537 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Supercritical fluid chromatography ; Supercritical fludi extraction (SFE) ; Explosives ; Cholesterol ; Polymer additives
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Extraction with supercritical CO2 is a versatile method for sample clean-up and trace enrichment. The off-line coupling of SFE and HPLC is used to determine various explosives in debris as well as pesticides in soil. In food analysis the metod could be applied to determine cholesterol in noodles quantitatively. Correlations between the retention in RP chromatography and required extraction conditions could the established. The higher the organic modifier concentration in the eluent has to be, the smoother the extraction conditions required. With the non-volatile solutes studied, extraction temperature had no influence on extraction yield and speed. On-line coupling of SFE and capillary SFC is a very convenient and sensitive method for the determination of polymer additives. The coupling device described can also be used for “solventless” injection in capillary SFC.
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    Reverse-phase HPLC of organic acids in musts (1991)
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    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 555-558 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Organic acids ; Grape musts ; Direct injection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A simple method for reverse-phase HPLC analysis of organic acids present in must has been developed. It is carried out in isocratic conditions, with a weak dilute acid as eluent and U.V. detection. The aim is to minimize sample preparation merely to filtration: direct injection is proposed as an approach toin vivo conditions.
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    Optimization of isocratic mobile phase composition for HPLC analysis of eleven substituted phenols (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 566-572 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Isocratic Optimization ; Overlapping Resolution mapping method ; Substituted Phenols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The Overlapping Resolution Mapping (ORM) method has been applied to predict the best mobile phase composition for the separation of eleven substituted phenols. This separation was carried out by HPLC using reversed-phase isocratic elution and UV detection with a diode array detector. The effect of temperature on the separation process was also taken into account. The optimized method was applied to identify phenols in waste and drinking water.
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    A computer routine for the selection and optimization of multisolvent mobile phase systems in reversed-phase liquid chromatography (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 559-565 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Multisolvent mobile phase ; Optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A computer program is described for the optimization of reversed-phase multisolvent separations. After four initial gradient runs are carried out, calculation will locate a possible optimum with binary systems or select two binary mixtures with respect to both the analysis time and the selectivity. In this latter case, two additional experiments will locate the true optimum on a straight line joining these two binary compositions on the solvent triangle (ternary system). The efficiency of this procedure is demonstrated with an illustrative example.
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    Separation of copoly(styrene/acrylonitrile) samples according to composition under reversed phase conditions (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 107-112 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Styrene/acrylonitrile polymers ; Gradient elution ; Solubility effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Copoly(styrene/acrylonitrile) samples (S/AN) have been repeatedly separated according to composition by gradient HPLC with alkane hydrocarbons as a starting eluent A and dichloromethane (DCM) or tetrahydrofuran (THF) as a solvent B. In these systems, retention increased with AN content of the copolymers. The chemical nature of the column packings used had almost no influence on the retention of S/AN samples. The present paper shows thatn-pentane andn-heptane, when used in a given volumetric gradient with DCM+20% methanol as a solvent B, lead to identical solution characteristics of S/AN on silica columns. A similar result was obtained on C18 columns withn-heptane or cyclohexane, whereas gradient elution with toluene as a starting eluent caused insufficient resolution. Reversed phase separation of S/AN copolymers could be achieved on polystyrene gel columns through gradients with methanol as a starting eluent and DCM or THF as a solvent B. In both systems, retention decreased with increasing AN content of the copolymers. The elution characteristics were almost linear in the range 0–20 wt% AN. This behaviour can be understood in the context of polymer solubility: in both systems, the solubility borderline of S/AN has a distinct maximum at about 25 wt% AN. Reversed phase separation was achieved at the lefthand slope of these curves where the dissolution of a sample with a higher AN content requires less DCM or THF solvent than the dissolution of copolymers which are poorer in AN. This idea predicts that samples with more than 25 wt% AN should elute later than S/AN whose composition is near to the solubility maximum. This indeed was found with a copolymer containing 36.2 wt% AN.
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    Improved HPLC methodology in occupational exposure studies on formaldehyde (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 113-115 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Formaldehyde in air ; Dinitrophenyl hydrazine ; Occupational hygiene studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary This work describes an HPLC method for the determination of formaldehyde concentration in air. Traps containing 20–40 mesh silica gel coated with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) are used. After aspiration of air the traps are eluted with methanol. The hydrazone formed is then separated on a C18 column using a mobile phase of methanolwater (50–50 v/v). The effluent is monitored with a UV detector at 365 nm. To calibrate and to compare this method with that of Niosh 2502 (traps coated with 2 benzylamino ethanol on Chromosorb 102), a mixing chamber that generated atmospheres of known concentration of formaldehyde was used.
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    Identification of by-products in phenylisocyanate pre-column derivatization by thermospray liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 125-129 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Phenylisocyanate derivatization ; By-products of derivatization ; Thermospray LC/MS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Thermospray liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry has been applied to the identification of by-products in precolumn derivatization by phenylisocyanate. These byproducts are eluted early in the same chromatographic region as the low molecular weight derivatives and were located by chromatographic analysis of a blank sample. Their identification would offer further qualitative information in the use of phenylisocyanate as a derivatizing agent. Five compounds resulted from the reaction of phenylisocyanate and the reaction medium were identified: two from a reaction between phenylisocyanate and methanol, two from the reaction between phenylisocyanate and water, and one from the polymerisation of phenylisocyanate.
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    Determination of micelle-solute association constants of some benzene and naphthalene derivatives by micellar high-performance liquid chromatography with butanol and sodium chloride additives to mobile phase (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 148-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Micelle-solute association constants ; Benzene and naphthalene derivatives ; Butanol and NaCl additives
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The interaction between some benzene and naphthalene derivatives and sodium dodecyl sulphate and hexadecyltri-methylammonium bromide in the presence of n-butanol and sodium chloride has been evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography using micellar mobile phases. Micelle-solute association constants are given for the compounds investigated. The results show that addition of n-butanol to the mobile phase decreases the association constant values relative to those in the absence of any additive. Conversely, when sodium chloride is added to the mobile phase, an increase of the association constant is obtained in most cases. Good correlation between free energy of transfer for water-micelles and for octanol-water has been observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02325018
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  • 94
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    Dependence of the retention volumes of additional streaming current responses and of the column void volume on mobile phase composition (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 130-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Streaming current ; Column interparticle volume ; Column void volume ; Column hold-up volume
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The influence of the alcohol content of the mobile phase and water, acetic acid and aniline as mobile phase additives on the generation and shape of two additional changes of the streaming current, generated inside the liquid chromatography column by injection of any sample and recorded before the responses of retained solutes, was studied in a normal-phase system using silica gel as the stationary phase. The mobile phases were based on a n-heptane-1-propanol mixtures. Under the same conditions the relationships between the column interparticle volume, the column void volume and the total liquid volume in the column and the retention volumes of these two streaming current responses, having the form of chromatographic peaks, were studied. The column void volume was identified with the retention volume of n-octane. The total liquid volume in the column (column hold-up) was calculated from the weight loss of the column wetted with water at first and then dried in nitrogen stream. The retention volume of the first streaming current response equals the column interparticle volume disregarding the mobile phase composition. If the 95∶5 n-heptane-1-propanol mobile phase contains water up to 80% of its saturated concentration (up to 0.114% by vol.), the retention volume of the second response agrees with the total volume of the liquid in the silica gel column, with a precision better than 2%. At a higher relative water saturation the retention volume of the second response increases, while the column void volume decreases. Both changes are explained by the spontaneous formation of a highly polar stagnant liquid in the pores of the silica gel.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02325015
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  • 95
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    Liquid chromatography of erythromycin A and related substances on poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 162-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Erythromycin A and related substances ; Poly(styrene-divinylbenzene)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary An isocratic liquid chromatography method for assay and purity control of erythromycin is presented. Erythromycin A is separated from all its potential impurities, except erythromycin D. The selectivity depends on the pore size of the poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) stationary phase. Wide pore PLRP-S 8 μm 1000 Å shows the best selectivity. The column is heated at 70°C. The mobile phase is acetonitrile-2-methyl-2-propanol-0.2 M potassium phosphate buffer pH 9.0-water (3:16.5:5:75.5). The flow rate is 2 ml/min. UV detection is performed at 215 nm. The total analysis time is about 30 min. The method was used to compare official standards.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02325020
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  • 96
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    Electronic Resource
    Poly(methylglutamate)-coated surfaces in HPLC and CE (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 171-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Capillary Electrophoresis ; Surface Coating ; Poly(methyglutamate)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Thermal polymerization of the N-carboxyanhydride of glutamic acid-5-methylester was used to coat microparticulate silica and the surface of capillaries with poly(methylglutamate) (PMG). By increasing the thickness of the PMG layer the hydrophobicity of the stationary phases could be increased. However, total shielding of surface silanols was not achieved. The PMG-coated silicas for HPLC showed unexpected and strange behavior in the chromatography of proteins. Nevertheless, capillaries coated with PMG proved to be excellent for highly efficient CE separations of proteins at medium pH values.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02325022
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  • 97
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    Electronic Resource
    Porous copolymer-based cation exchanger for the off-line preconcentration of aromatic amines from water (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 167-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Porous copolymer-based cation exchanger ; Solid-phase extraction ; Aromatic amines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A weakly polar porous copolymer and the sulfonic acid cation exchanger based on this copolymer were tested as sorbents for off-line preconcentration of aromatic amines from water. Minicolumns packed with the 1,4-di(methacryloyloxymethyl)naphthalene—divinylbenzene copolymer and the cation exchanger were used for the solid-phase extraction of polar amines. In order to study the sorption properties of these polymeric materials, the recoveries and breakthrough volumes ofp-aminophenol,o, m andp-phenylenediamine, aniline,o andp-anisidine,p-nitroaniline, ando-toluidine were determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02325021
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  • 98
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    Electronic Resource
    An application of fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) in the purification of retinol binding protein from rat serum (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 229-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Affinity chromatography ; SDS-PAGE ; Ultrafiltration ; Retinol binding protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Retinol Binding Protein (RBP) is the specific plasma protein for the transport of retinol from liver to peripheral tissues. It is a single polypeptide chain of approximately 21 KDa, and circulates as a 1∶1 molar complex with transthyretin (TTR). The relative low concentration in plasma (40–50 μg/ml and its chromatographic behaviour on ionic exchangers render the purification of rat RBP particularly laborious. In this paper we report a simple and semi-automatic method for the preparative purification to homogeneity of rat serum RBP. The method includes: (1) Selective removal of albumin by affinity chromatography on a Blue Sepharose column; (2) Chromatography on a Mono Q strong anion exchange column; (3) Dissociation of the RBP-TTR complex by 3 M urea; (4) Concentration, desalting and freeze drying. The purified RBP has been used for the production in rabbit of antirat RBP specific antibodies for studies on nutritional control of RBP synthesis and metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02276245
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  • 99
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    Electronic Resource
    Retention behavior of some monobasic penicillins and their quaternary ammonium ion pairs in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 436-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Ion-pair chromatography ; Quaternary ammonium ion pairs ; Penicillins ; Retention behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The retention behavior of some monobasic penicillins (penicillin G, penicillin V, oxacillin, cloxacillin and dicloxacillin) and their quaternary alkylammonium ion pairs has been studied in a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic system using Partisil 5 μm ODS-3 asstationary phase and mixtures of acetonitrile and aqueous phosphate buffers as mobile phases. The influence of pH, pairing-ion chain length and concentration, and column temperature on retention has been investigated and the observed behavior of the compounds during the chromatographic process has been discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02327974
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A quantitative study of the adsorption effect on the retention of dicarboxylic acids in ion-exclusion chromatography (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 453-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Ion-exclusion ; Retention ; Adsorption effects ; Dicarboxylic acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Retention values and distribution coefficients for C4−C9 dicarboxylic acids on a column packed with cation exchange resin in the H+ form were determined, using dilute HCl solution as eluent. Based on the Donnan membrane equilibrium and adsorption equilibrium, adsorption coefficients were evaluated, and the adsorption contributions to the retention of these analytes were estimated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02327977
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