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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    STRUCTURAL, FUNCTIONAL, AND MOLECULAR MR IMAGING OF THE MICROVASCULATURE (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 29-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely applied for functional imaging of the microcirculation and for functional and structural studies of the microvasculature. The interest in the capabilities of MRI in noninvasively monitoring changes in vascular structure and function expanded over the past years, with specific efforts directed toward the development of novel imaging methods for quantification of angiogenesis. Molecular imaging approaches hold promise for further expansion of the ability to characterize the microvasculature. Exciting applications for MRI are emerging in the study of the biology of microvessels and in the evaluation of potential pharmaceutical modulators of vascular function and development, and preclinical MRI tools can serve for the design of mechanism-of-action-based noninvasive clinical methods for monitoring response to therapy. The aim of this review is to provide a current snapshot of recent developments in this rapidly evolving field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121606
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF BRAIN ANATOMY (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 119-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The brain changes profoundly in structure and function during development and as a result of diseases such as the dementias, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, and tumor growth. Strategies to measure, map, and visualize these brain changes are of immense value in basic and clinical neuroscience. Algorithms that map brain change with sufficient spatial and temporal sensitivity can also assess drugs that aim to decelerate or arrest these changes. In neuroscience studies, these tools can reveal subtle brain changes in adolescence and old age and link these changes with measurable differences in brain function and cognition. Early detection of brain change in patients at risk for dementia; tumor recurrence; or relapsing-remitting conditions, such as multiple sclerosis, is also vital for optimizing therapy. We review a variety of mathematical and computational approaches to detect structural brain change with unprecedented sensitivity, both spatially and temporally. The resulting four-dimensional (4-D) maps of brain anatomy are warehoused in population-based brain atlases. Here, statistical tools compare brain changes across subjects and across populations, adjusting for complex differences in brain structure. Brain changes in an individual can be compared with a normative database comprised of subjects matched for age, gender, and other demographic factors. These dynamic brain maps offer key biological markers for understanding disease progression and testing therapeutic response. The early detection of disease-related brain changes is also critical for possible pre-emptive intervention before the ravages of disease have set in.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121611
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    COCHLEAR IMPLANTS: Some Likely Next Steps* (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 207-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The history of cochlear implants is marked by large improvements in performance, especially over the past two decades and especially due to the development of ever-better processing strategies. Although the progress to date has been substantial, present devices still do not restore normal speech reception, even for top performers and particularly for listening to speech in competition with noise or other talkers. In addition, a wide range of outcomes persists, with some patients receiving little benefit using the same devices that support high levels of speech reception for others. The purpose of this review is to describe some likely possibilities for further improvement, including (a) combined electric and acoustic stimulation of the auditory system for patients with significant residual hearing, (b) use of bilateral implants, (c) a closer replication with implants of the processing steps in the normal cochlea, and (d) applications of knowledge about factors that are correlated with outcomes to help patients presently at the low end of the performance scale.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121645
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NEURAL TISSUE ENGINEERING: Strategies for Repair and Regeneration (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 293-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Nerve regeneration is a complex biological phenomenon. In the peripheral nervous system, nerves can regenerate on their own if injuries are small. Larger injuries must be surgically treated, typically with nerve grafts harvested from elsewhere in the body. Spinal cord injury is more complicated, as there are factors in the body that inhibit repair. Unfortunately, a solution to completely repair spinal cord injury has not been found. Thus, bioengineering strategies for the peripheral nervous system are focused on alternatives to the nerve graft, whereas efforts for spinal cord injury are focused on creating a permissive environment for regeneration. Fortunately, recent advances in neuroscience, cell culture, genetic techniques, and biomaterials provide optimism for new treatments for nerve injuries. This article reviews the nervous system physiology, the factors that are critical for nerve repair, and the current approaches that are being explored to aid peripheral nerve regeneration and spinal cord repair.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.011303.120731
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MASS TRANSPORT IN ARTERIES AND THE LOCALIZATION OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 79-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Atherosclerosis is a disease of the large arteries that involves a characteristic accumulation of high-molecular-weight lipoprotein in the arterial wall. This review focuses on the mass transport processes that mediate the focal accumulation of lipid in arteries and places particular emphasis on the role of fluid mechanical forces in modulating mass transport phenomena. In the final analysis, four mass transport mechanisms emerge that may be important in the localization of atherosclerosis: blood phase controlled hypoxia, leaky endothelial junctions, transient intercellular junction remodeling, and convective clearance of the subendothelial intima and media. Further study of these mechanisms may contribute to the development of therapeutic strategies for atherosclerotic diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121529
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SELECTED METHODS FOR IMAGING ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF BIOLOGICAL TISSUES (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 57-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract For millennia, physicians have used palpation as a part of the physical examination to detect pathology. The ubiquitous presence of "stiffer" tissue associated with pathology often represents an early warning sign for disease, as in the cases of breast or prostate cancer. Very often tumors are found at surgery that were occult even with modern imaging instruments. This implies that methods for estimating "hardness" of tissues would add a weapon to the medical armamentarium. To this end, this review discusses several methods of estimating tissue hardness using internal or external means of applying stress (force per unit area) and several associated methods of detecting the resulting strain (fractional length change) in an effort to image a tissue mechanical property, such as Young's modulus (ratio of stress to strain). Some investigators have developed methods of estimating stiffness or modulus, but most methods result in qualitative images of stiffness. Nevertheless, such estimates may add a great deal of information not currently available to the current field of medical imaging.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121623
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE ENGINEERING OF GENE REGULATORY NETWORKS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 179-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The rapid accumulation of genetic information and advancement of experimental techniques have opened a new frontier in biomedical engineering. With the availability of well-characterized components from natural gene networks, the stage has been set for the engineering of artificial gene regulatory networks with sophisticated computational and functional capabilities. In these efforts, the ability to construct, analyze, and interpret qualitative and quantitative models is becoming increasingly important. In this review, we consider the current state of gene network engineering from a combined experimental and modeling perspective. We discuss how networks with increased complexity are being constructed from simple modular components and how quantitative deterministic and stochastic modeling of these modules may provide the foundation for accurate in silico representations of gene regulatory network function in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121553
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS FOR BIOPHOTONICS APPLICATIONS: Improving Sensing, Imaging, and Therapeutics (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 285-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Advances in chemistry and physics are providing an expanding array of nanostructured materials with unique and powerful optical properties. These nanomaterials provide a new set of tools that are available to biomedical engineers, biologists, and medical scientists who seek new tools as biosensors and probes of biological fluids, cells, and tissue chemistry and function. Nanomaterials are also being used to develop optically controlled devices for applications such as modulated drug delivery as well as optical therapeutics. This review discusses applications that have been successfully demonstrated using nanomaterials including semiconductor nanocrystals, gold nanoparticles, gold nanoshells, and silver plasmon resonant particles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.011303.120723
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BIOMONITORING WITH WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 383-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Wireless biomonitoring, first used in human beings for fetal heart-rate monitoring more than 30 years ago, has now become a technology for remote sensing of patients' activity, blood pulse pressure, oxygen saturation, internal pressures, orthopedic device loading, and gastrointestinal endoscopy. Technical advances in miniaturization and wireless communications have enabled development of monitoring devices that can be made available for general use by individuals/patients and caregivers. New methods for short-range wireless communications not encumbered by radio spectrum restrictions (e.g., ultra-wideband) will enable applications of wireless monitoring without interference in ambulatory subjects, in home care, and in hospitals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121653
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    STRUCTURAL, FUNCTIONAL, AND MOLECULAR MR IMAGING OF THE MICROVASCULATURE (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 29-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely applied for functional imaging of the microcirculation and for functional and structural studies of the microvasculature. The interest in the capabilities of MRI in noninvasively monitoring changes in vascular structure and function expanded over the past years, with specific efforts directed toward the development of novel imaging methods for quantification of angiogenesis. Molecular imaging approaches hold promise for further expansion of the ability to characterize the microvasculature. Exciting applications for MRI are emerging in the study of the biology of microvessels and in the evaluation of potential pharmaceutical modulators of vascular function and development, and preclinical MRI tools can serve for the design of mechanism-of-action-based noninvasive clinical methods for monitoring response to therapy. The aim of this review is to provide a current snapshot of recent developments in this rapidly evolving field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121606
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MODELING TOTAL HEART FUNCTION (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 147-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Computational models of the electrical and mechanical function of the heart are reviewed. These models attempt to explain the integrated function of the heart in terms of ventricular anatomy, the structure and material properties of myocardial tissue, the membrane ion channels, and calcium handling and myofilament mechanics of cardiac myocytes. The models have established the computational framework for linking the structure and function of cardiac cells and tissue to the integrated behavior of the intact heart, but many more aspects of physiological function, including metabolic and signal transduction pathways, need to be included before significant progress can be made in understanding many disease processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121537
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MULTIAXIAL MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 251-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: For native and engineered biological tissues, there exist many physiological, surgical, and medical device applications where multiaxial material characterization and modeling is required. Because biological tissues and many biocompatible elastomers are incompressible, planar biaxial testing allows for a two-dimensional (2-D) stress-state that can be used to fully characterize their three-dimensional (3-D) mechanical properties. Biological tissues exhibit complex mechanical behaviors not easily accounted for in classic elastomeric constitutive models. Accounting for these behaviors by careful experimental evaluation and formulation of constitutive models continues to be a challenging area in biomechanical modeling and simulation. The focus of this review is to describe the application of multiaxial testing techniques to soft tissues and their relation to modern biomechanical constitutive theories.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.011303.120714
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NEURAL TISSUE ENGINEERING: Strategies for Repair and Regeneration (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 293-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Nerve regeneration is a complex biological phenomenon. In the peripheral nervous system, nerves can regenerate on their own if injuries are small. Larger injuries must be surgically treated, typically with nerve grafts harvested from elsewhere in the body. Spinal cord injury is more complicated, as there are factors in the body that inhibit repair. Unfortunately, a solution to completely repair spinal cord injury has not been found. Thus, bioengineering strategies for the peripheral nervous system are focused on alternatives to the nerve graft, whereas efforts for spinal cord injury are focused on creating a permissive environment for regeneration. Fortunately, recent advances in neuroscience, cell culture, genetic techniques, and biomaterials provide optimism for new treatments for nerve injuries. This article reviews the nervous system physiology, the factors that are critical for nerve repair, and the current approaches that are being explored to aid peripheral nerve regeneration and spinal cord repair.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.011303.120731
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BLOOD VESSEL CONSTITUTIVE MODELS-1995-2002 (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 413-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Knowledge of blood vessel mechanical properties is fundamental to the understanding of vascular function in health and disease. Analytic results can help physicians in the clinic, both in designing and in choosing appropriate therapies. Understanding the mechanical response of blood vessels to physiologic loads is necessary before ideal therapeutic solutions can be realized. For this reason, blood vessel constitutive models are needed. This article provides a critical review of recent blood vessel constitutive models, starting with a brief overview of the structure and function of arteries and veins, followed by a discussion of experimental techniques used in the characterization of material properties. Current models are classified by type, including pseudoelastic, randomly elastic, poroelastic, and viscoelastic. Comparisons are presented between the various models and existing experimental data. Applications of blood vessel constitutive models are also briefly presented, followed by the identification of future directions in research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.011303.120719
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BLOOD VESSEL CONSTITUTIVE MODELS-1995-2002 (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 413-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Knowledge of blood vessel mechanical properties is fundamental to the understanding of vascular function in health and disease. Analytic results can help physicians in the clinic, both in designing and in choosing appropriate therapies. Understanding the mechanical response of blood vessels to physiologic loads is necessary before ideal therapeutic solutions can be realized. For this reason, blood vessel constitutive models are needed. This article provides a critical review of recent blood vessel constitutive models, starting with a brief overview of the structure and function of arteries and veins, followed by a discussion of experimental techniques used in the characterization of material properties. Current models are classified by type, including pseudoelastic, randomly elastic, poroelastic, and viscoelastic. Comparisons are presented between the various models and existing experimental data. Applications of blood vessel constitutive models are also briefly presented, followed by the identification of future directions in research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.011303.120719
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE TISSUE ENGINEERING PUZZLE: A Molecular Perspective (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 441-463 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: The inability of biomaterial scaffolds to functionally integrate into surrounding tissue is one of the major roadblocks to developing new biomaterials and tissue-engineering scaffolds. Despite considerable advances, current approaches to engineering cell-surface interactions fall short in mimicking the complexity of signals through which surrounding tissue regulates cell behavior. Cells adhere and interact with their extracellular environment via integrins, and their ability to activate associated downstream signaling pathways depends on the character of adhesion complexes formed between cells and their extracellular matrix. In particular, alpha5beta1 and alphavbeta3 integrins are central to regulating downstream events, including cell survival and cell-cycle progression. In contrast to previous findings that alphavbeta3 integrins promote angiogenesis, recent evidence argues that alphavbeta3 integrins may act as negative regulators of proangiogenic integrins such as alpha5beta1. This suggests that fibronectin is critical for scaffold vascularization because it is the only mammalian adhesion protein that binds and activates alpha5beta1 integrins. Cells are furthermore capable of stretching fibronectin matrices such that the protein partially unfolds, and recent computational simulations provide structural models of how mechanical stretching affects fibronectin function. We propose a model whereby excessive tension generated by cells in contact to biomaterials may in fact render fibronectin fibrils nonangiogenic and potentially inhibit vascularization. The model could explain why current biomaterials independent of their surface chemistries and textures fail to vascularize.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121615
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BIOMATERIALS FOR MEDIATION OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WARFARE AGENTS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 1-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Recent events have emphasized the threat from chemical and biological warfare agents. Within the efforts to counter this threat, the biocatalytic destruction and sensing of chemical and biological weapons has become an important area of focus. The specificity and high catalytic rates of biological catalysts make them appropriate for decommissioning nerve agent stockpiles, counteracting nerve agent attacks, and remediation of organophosphate spills. A number of materials have been prepared containing enzymes for the destruction of and protection against organophosphate nerve agents and biological warfare agents. This review discusses the major chemical and biological warfare agents, decontamination methods, and biomaterials that have potential for the preparation of decontamination wipes, gas filters, column packings, protective wear, and self-decontaminating paints and coatings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.121202.125602
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MODELING TOTAL HEART FUNCTION (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 147-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Computational models of the electrical and mechanical function of the heart are reviewed. These models attempt to explain the integrated function of the heart in terms of ventricular anatomy, the structure and material properties of myocardial tissue, the membrane ion channels, and calcium handling and myofilament mechanics of cardiac myocytes. The models have established the computational framework for linking the structure and function of cardiac cells and tissue to the integrated behavior of the intact heart, but many more aspects of physiological function, including metabolic and signal transduction pathways, need to be included before significant progress can be made in understanding many disease processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121537
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MULTIAXIAL MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 251-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract For native and engineered biological tissues, there exist many physiological, surgical, and medical device applications where multiaxial material characterization and modeling is required. Because biological tissues and many biocompatible elastomers are incompressible, planar biaxial testing allows for a two-dimensional (2-D) stress-state that can be used to fully characterize their three-dimensional (3-D) mechanical properties. Biological tissues exhibit complex mechanical behaviors not easily accounted for in classic elastomeric constitutive models. Accounting for these behaviors by careful experimental evaluation and formulation of constitutive models continues to be a challenging area in biomechanical modeling and simulation. The focus of this review is to describe the application of multiaxial testing techniques to soft tissues and their relation to modern biomechanical constitutive theories.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.011303.120714
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    METABOLIC ENGINEERING: Advances in Modeling and Intervention in Health and Disease (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 349-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The field of metabolic engineering encompasses a powerful set of tools that can be divided into (a) methods to model complex metabolic pathways and (b) techniques to manipulate these pathways for a desired metabolic outcome. These tools have recently seen increased utility in the medical arena, and this paper aims to review significant accomplishments made using these approaches. The modeling of metabolic pathways has been applied to better understand disease-state physiology in a variety of cellar, subcellular, and organ systems, including the liver, heart, mitochondria, and cancerous cells. Metabolic pathway engineering has been used to generate cells with novel biochemical functions for therapeutic use, and specific examples are provided in the areas of glycosylation engineering and dopamine-replacement therapy. In order to document the potential of applying both metabolic modeling and pathway manipulation, we describe pertinent advances in the field of diabetes research. Undoubtedly, as the field of metabolic engineering matures and is applied to a wider array of problems, new advances and therapeutic strategies will follow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.031003.163247
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TIME-REVERSAL ACOUSTICS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 465-497 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Time reversal is a very powerful method for focusing through complex and heterogeneous media and shows very promising results in biomedical applications. In this paper, we review some of the main applications investigated during the past decade. An iterative implementation of the time-reversal process allows tracking gallstones in real time during lithotripsy treatments. In this application domain, a smart exploitation of the reverberations in solid waveguides permits the focusing of high-amplitude ultrasonic shock waves with a small number of transducers. Finally, because time reversal is able to correct the strong distortions induced by the skull bone on ultrasonic propagation, this adaptive focusing technique is very promising for ultrasonic hyperthermia brain therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121630
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE TISSUE ENGINEERING PUZZLE: A Molecular Perspective (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 441-463 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The inability of biomaterial scaffolds to functionally integrate into surrounding tissue is one of the major roadblocks to developing new biomaterials and tissue-engineering scaffolds. Despite considerable advances, current approaches to engineering cell-surface interactions fall short in mimicking the complexity of signals through which surrounding tissue regulates cell behavior. Cells adhere and interact with their extracellular environment via integrins, and their ability to activate associated downstream signaling pathways depends on the character of adhesion complexes formed between cells and their extracellular matrix. In particular, alpha5beta1 and alphavbeta3 integrins are central to regulating downstream events, including cell survival and cell-cycle progression. In contrast to previous findings that alphavbeta3 integrins promote angiogenesis, recent evidence argues that alphavbeta3 integrins may act as negative regulators of proangiogenic integrins such as alpha5beta1. This suggests that fibronectin is critical for scaffold vascularization because it is the only mammalian adhesion protein that binds and activates alpha5beta1 integrins. Cells are furthermore capable of stretching fibronectin matrices such that the protein partially unfolds, and recent computational simulations provide structural models of how mechanical stretching affects fibronectin function. We propose a model whereby excessive tension generated by cells in contact to biomaterials may in fact render fibronectin fibrils nonangiogenic and potentially inhibit vascularization. The model could explain why current biomaterials independent of their surface chemistries and textures fail to vascularize.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121615
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    SELECTED METHODS FOR IMAGING ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF BIOLOGICAL TISSUES (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 57-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: For millennia, physicians have used palpation as a part of the physical examination to detect pathology. The ubiquitous presence of "stiffer" tissue associated with pathology often represents an early warning sign for disease, as in the cases of breast or prostate cancer. Very often tumors are found at surgery that were occult even with modern imaging instruments. This implies that methods for estimating "hardness" of tissues would add a weapon to the medical armamentarium. To this end, this review discusses several methods of estimating tissue hardness using internal or external means of applying stress (force per unit area) and several associated methods of detecting the resulting strain (fractional length change) in an effort to image a tissue mechanical property, such as Young's modulus (ratio of stress to strain). Some investigators have developed methods of estimating stiffness or modulus, but most methods result in qualitative images of stiffness. Nevertheless, such estimates may add a great deal of information not currently available to the current field of medical imaging.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121623
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    THE ENGINEERING OF GENE REGULATORY NETWORKS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 179-206 
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    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: The rapid accumulation of genetic information and advancement of experimental techniques have opened a new frontier in biomedical engineering. With the availability of well-characterized components from natural gene networks, the stage has been set for the engineering of artificial gene regulatory networks with sophisticated computational and functional capabilities. In these efforts, the ability to construct, analyze, and interpret qualitative and quantitative models is becoming increasingly important. In this review, we consider the current state of gene network engineering from a combined experimental and modeling perspective. We discuss how networks with increased complexity are being constructed from simple modular components and how quantitative deterministic and stochastic modeling of these modules may provide the foundation for accurate in silico representations of gene regulatory network function in vivo.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121553
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    BIOMONITORING WITH WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 383-412 
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    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Wireless biomonitoring, first used in human beings for fetal heart-rate monitoring more than 30 years ago, has now become a technology for remote sensing of patients' activity, blood pulse pressure, oxygen saturation, internal pressures, orthopedic device loading, and gastrointestinal endoscopy. Technical advances in miniaturization and wireless communications have enabled development of monitoring devices that can be made available for general use by individuals/patients and caregivers. New methods for short-range wireless communications not encumbered by radio spectrum restrictions (e.g., ultra-wideband) will enable applications of wireless monitoring without interference in ambulatory subjects, in home care, and in hospitals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121653
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    BIOMATERIALS FOR MEDIATION OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WARFARE AGENTS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 1-27 
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    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Recent events have emphasized the threat from chemical and biological warfare agents. Within the efforts to counter this threat, the biocatalytic destruction and sensing of chemical and biological weapons has become an important area of focus. The specificity and high catalytic rates of biological catalysts make them appropriate for decommissioning nerve agent stockpiles, counteracting nerve agent attacks, and remediation of organophosphate spills. A number of materials have been prepared containing enzymes for the destruction of and protection against organophosphate nerve agents and biological warfare agents. This review discusses the major chemical and biological warfare agents, decontamination methods, and biomaterials that have potential for the preparation of decontamination wipes, gas filters, column packings, protective wear, and self-decontaminating paints and coatings.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.121202.125602
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    MASS TRANSPORT IN ARTERIES AND THE LOCALIZATION OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 79-118 
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    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Atherosclerosis is a disease of the large arteries that involves a characteristic accumulation of high-molecular-weight lipoprotein in the arterial wall. This review focuses on the mass transport processes that mediate the focal accumulation of lipid in arteries and places particular emphasis on the role of fluid mechanical forces in modulating mass transport phenomena. In the final analysis, four mass transport mechanisms emerge that may be important in the localization of atherosclerosis: blood phase controlled hypoxia, leaky endothelial junctions, transient intercellular junction remodeling, and convective clearance of the subendothelial intima and media. Further study of these mechanisms may contribute to the development of therapeutic strategies for atherosclerotic diseases.
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    TEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF BRAIN ANATOMY (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 119-145 
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    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: The brain changes profoundly in structure and function during development and as a result of diseases such as the dementias, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, and tumor growth. Strategies to measure, map, and visualize these brain changes are of immense value in basic and clinical neuroscience. Algorithms that map brain change with sufficient spatial and temporal sensitivity can also assess drugs that aim to decelerate or arrest these changes. In neuroscience studies, these tools can reveal subtle brain changes in adolescence and old age and link these changes with measurable differences in brain function and cognition. Early detection of brain change in patients at risk for dementia; tumor recurrence; or relapsing-remitting conditions, such as multiple sclerosis, is also vital for optimizing therapy. We review a variety of mathematical and computational approaches to detect structural brain change with unprecedented sensitivity, both spatially and temporally. The resulting four-dimensional (4-D) maps of brain anatomy are warehoused in population-based brain atlases. Here, statistical tools compare brain changes across subjects and across populations, adjusting for complex differences in brain structure. Brain changes in an individual can be compared with a normative database comprised of subjects matched for age, gender, and other demographic factors. These dynamic brain maps offer key biological markers for understanding disease progression and testing therapeutic response. The early detection of disease-related brain changes is also critical for possible pre-emptive intervention before the ravages of disease have set in.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121611
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    COCHLEAR IMPLANTS: Some Likely Next Steps* (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 207-249 
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    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: The history of cochlear implants is marked by large improvements in performance, especially over the past two decades and especially due to the development of ever-better processing strategies. Although the progress to date has been substantial, present devices still do not restore normal speech reception, even for top performers and particularly for listening to speech in competition with noise or other talkers. In addition, a wide range of outcomes persists, with some patients receiving little benefit using the same devices that support high levels of speech reception for others. The purpose of this review is to describe some likely possibilities for further improvement, including (a) combined electric and acoustic stimulation of the auditory system for patients with significant residual hearing, (b) use of bilateral implants, (c) a closer replication with implants of the processing steps in the normal cochlea, and (d) applications of knowledge about factors that are correlated with outcomes to help patients presently at the low end of the performance scale.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121645
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    ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS FOR BIOPHOTONICS APPLICATIONS: Improving Sensing, Imaging, and Therapeutics (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 285-292 
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    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Advances in chemistry and physics are providing an expanding array of nanostructured materials with unique and powerful optical properties. These nanomaterials provide a new set of tools that are available to biomedical engineers, biologists, and medical scientists who seek new tools as biosensors and probes of biological fluids, cells, and tissue chemistry and function. Nanomaterials are also being used to develop optically controlled devices for applications such as modulated drug delivery as well as optical therapeutics. This review discusses applications that have been successfully demonstrated using nanomaterials including semiconductor nanocrystals, gold nanoparticles, gold nanoshells, and silver plasmon resonant particles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.011303.120723
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    METABOLIC ENGINEERING: Advances in Modeling and Intervention in Health and Disease (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 349-381 
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    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: The field of metabolic engineering encompasses a powerful set of tools that can be divided into (a) methods to model complex metabolic pathways and (b) techniques to manipulate these pathways for a desired metabolic outcome. These tools have recently seen increased utility in the medical arena, and this paper aims to review significant accomplishments made using these approaches. The modeling of metabolic pathways has been applied to better understand disease-state physiology in a variety of cellar, subcellular, and organ systems, including the liver, heart, mitochondria, and cancerous cells. Metabolic pathway engineering has been used to generate cells with novel biochemical functions for therapeutic use, and specific examples are provided in the areas of glycosylation engineering and dopamine-replacement therapy. In order to document the potential of applying both metabolic modeling and pathway manipulation, we describe pertinent advances in the field of diabetes research. Undoubtedly, as the field of metabolic engineering matures and is applied to a wider array of problems, new advances and therapeutic strategies will follow.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.031003.163247
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    TIME-REVERSAL ACOUSTICS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 465-497 
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    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Time reversal is a very powerful method for focusing through complex and heterogeneous media and shows very promising results in biomedical applications. In this paper, we review some of the main applications investigated during the past decade. An iterative implementation of the time-reversal process allows tracking gallstones in real time during lithotripsy treatments. In this application domain, a smart exploitation of the reverberations in solid waveguides permits the focusing of high-amplitude ultrasonic shock waves with a small number of transducers. Finally, because time reversal is able to correct the strong distortions induced by the skull bone on ultrasonic propagation, this adaptive focusing technique is very promising for ultrasonic hyperthermia brain therapy.
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    Incident management systems in disaster management (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 12 (2003), S. 405-412 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Particularly since the 11 September terrorist attacks in the USA, much attention has been given to the development and implementation of incident management systems (IMS). The IMS is a tool for marshalling pre-identified and pre-assembled resources to respond to an emergency or disaster. IMS is particularly useful when personnel and resources from many agencies and jurisdictions are required to manage large incidents successfully. While many IMS have been devised over the years, their use remains intermittent. This paper traces the evolution of IMS, reviews how it can be integrated into jurisdictional emergency and disaster management, and specifies the structures that are used in most incident management systems at the municipal level.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653560310507226
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    The right to health of disaster victims (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 12 (2003), S. 48-51 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Health is a human right and remains so under all circumstances. It becomes, however, particularly vulnerable in emergency and disaster situations, and even in efficient and well-meaning relief operations the health rights of victims usually get overlooked, if not downtrodden. Five international conventions or instruments that underpin this right and guide the disaster responder to respect it are put forward for more efficient and more humanitarian disaster management.
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    Disaster management and the role of the intelligence and security services (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 12 (2003), S. 6-15 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The intelligence and security services are working closely with law enforcement agencies to counteract the activities of organized criminal syndicates and international terrorist organizations. Intelligence work is expected to become more broad based in the future and experts from the private sector will work more closely with personnel from the public sector. A number of long-term workable partnership arrangements will be formed based on trustworthy behaviour. A greater commitment to disaster management and recovery should witness a greater emphasis on business continuity planning, and this should result in more robust corporate security systems being developed and installed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653560310463801
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    Community participation and public awareness in disaster mitigation (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 12 (2003), S. 33-36 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Describes how the Society for National Integration through Rural Development in India involves the local communities when developing disaster mitigation measures. Shows how participation of the community in resource identification, capabilities, coping mechanisms and vulnerability assessment will be more effective in the planning of a sensible and practical system, more suitable for the needs of the community. Covers contingency planning, community preparedness, task forces (comprising active youths in the ratio of one youth for ten families) and response mechanisms.
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    Environmental compliance by chemical facilities with Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 12 (2003), S. 91-96 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This paper is a part of some on-going research to evaluate environmental compliance by chemical facilities with Title III requirements. The purpose of this paper is to report on a case study in Lake County, Indiana. We evaluate environmental compliance of chemical facilities through the perceptions and opinions of the members of the Lake County Local Emergency Planning Committee. We find that major problems perceived by the local emergency planners are the lack of knowledge of reporting requirements by the small chemical facilities and the difficulty of monitoring these facilities. Recognizing the limitations of this study, we hope that it will help to understand how local communities can effectively encourage facilities to comply with Title III without direct government involvement.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653560310474205
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    A review of disaster and crisis (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 12 (2003), S. 24-32 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: A disaster and a crisis are two different, and related events. The two terms are sometimes used interchangeably. Man-made disaster that occurs at an industrial organization, may develop into an industrial crisis. Crisis can happen to any organization. It has been noted that there were no universally accepted definitions yet developed for disaster and crisis. There is also no universally available criteria, to define the disaster in terms of the consequences, such as the casualties and the cost of damage. This paper reviews the definitions, types, characteristics, criteria and models of disaster and crisis. Also the types of crisis were rearranged and the differences between the disasters and crises have been summarized.
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    Review of an incident at a petrochemical plant (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 12 (2003), S. 85-90 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Major hazard installations (MHIs) are dealing with hazardous substances which exceed the threshold quantity. MHIs are characterized by tight coupling and high complexity. Due to their complexity, MHIs require well trained managers who have good experience at all levels to manage the operations successfully. The managements of major hazard installations play a vital role in the success or failure of their installation. The world has witnessed many incidents in major hazard installations due to failure of the management at all levels. This paper summarizes in brief the management errors for several incidents which occurred worldwide. Also, the paper reviews the management errors which led to an incident at a petrochemical plant in East Malaysia.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653560310474197
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    Municipal terrorism management in the United States (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 12 (2003), S. 190-202 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: In the USA, terrorist threats captured government attention following 11 September 2001. Cities remain the most likely setting for terrorist incidents. Many cities, building on a successful federal program begun in 1997, have developed metropolitan medical response systems (MMRS) to address the consequences of terrorist incidents. The basic system design has been tested both through drills and incidents - including the attacks on the World Trade Center - and appears to function well. This paper describes the philosophy and elements of the MMRS model. The model has considerable value as a readily exportable strategy for responding to municipal terrorist incidents.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653560310480668
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    A decision support system for the promotion of security in shipping (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 12 (2003), S. 222-229 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Shows transportation appears to be a target and/or means of achieving the illegal pursuits of organised crime and terrorism. Among transportation modes, shipping presents the highest security risk since, on the one hand, it is the main facilitator of international trade (within this context it inevitably serves the illegal transportation of people, drugs and arms) and, on the other hand, a terrorism-targeted ship, whether a passenger or cargo carrier, poses a major threat in terms of loss of human life and property, as well as the threat of damage to the environment. Despite efforts to address the issues of maritime security, the shipping industry still presents a sizeable deficit in implementing security measures. Furthermore, when global events, such as the Athens 2004 Summer Olympics, are organised in coastal locations where extensive shipping activity is concentrated, maritime security becomes a particularly critical issue. The development of a decision support system (DSS) for the promotion of security in shipping is proposed and presented. The DSS is basically a security management tool utilising the capabilities of information and communication technologies, in order to provide support towards the general implementation of the International Ship and Port Security (ISPS) Code, and the development as well as maintenance of the associated security plans.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653560310480703
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    Outlining organisational failure in information systems development (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 12 (2003), S. 319-327 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Defines the concept of "organisational failure" in information systems (IS) development, and proposes a diagnostic model drawn from research done into IS consultancy firms that develop systems using a variety of methodologies. The research involved a qualitative study aimed at the nature of the development process and the role of organisational issues in this process. The model's elements and relationships were determined by the research findings. Presents two cases of failure that show how IS failure is rooted in organisational pathology and examine existing failure concepts. The concept and model proposed can be used by practitioners and management before and during a project for diagnosing organisational failure before it interferes with IS development and afterwards for extracting deeper rooted organisational learning from failure.
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    Transportation in emergencies: an often neglected story (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 12 (2003), S. 428-437 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Looks at the way in which public transport is used for evacuation of personnel in the event of emergencies or disasters. Although the work of the emergency services is well documented, it seems that the important task of evacuation, and particularly the planning, operation and documentation is often overlooked. This article looks at how public transport copes with this task, and suggests that this is due to the sometimes unpredictable nature of the transport system due to roadworks, road closures, accidents, etc. Special events, such as football matches, are a regular occurrence, which include the need to move large crowds to and from the venue. This strategy and planning can be used in the evacuation of people in the event of a disaster.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653560310507253
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    Technological disaster's criteria and models (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 12 (2003), S. 305-311 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Disasters are classified as natural and man-made disasters. Man-made disaster, which occurs at the major hazard installation, is a technological disaster. For an incident to be classified as technological disaster criteria are required to be met. Several criteria have been proposed by researchers and agencies defining the disasters in terms of casualties, economic loss and environmental impact. Few models have been drawn describing the sequence of development of the technological disaster. This paper reviews in detail the proposed criteria, which define the disaster. The paper also summarizes the models which describe the disaster stages. Finally the paper summarizes a proposed model of the technological disaster precondition phase for major accidents.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653560310493114
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    Major hazard control: the Malaysian experience (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 12 (2003), S. 420-427 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Malaysia plans to be a fully developed and industrialized country by year 2020. Malaysia has achieved good progress in the industrial sector. The industrial sector is operating plants and factories using and storing hazardous substances in quantities exceeding the threshold quantities. The plants that are dealing with hazardous substances exceeding the threshold quantity are classified as major hazard installations (MHIs). Some MHIs are located in heavily populated areas. Experience shows that MHIs pose a risk to the workers and the neighbors of the plants. Malaysia has taken the preventive measures to protect the workers and the public. The preventive measures have been taken through establishment of authorities to set major hazard control regulations, enforcing the regulations, assessing the safety reports and emergency plans, conducting audits and accident investigations. This paper reviews, in brief, the international regulations and guidelines of major hazard control. The paper also reviews the Malaysian experience of major hazard control.
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    Stress in disaster response: a risk management approach (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 12 (2003), S. 203-209 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Using a risk management framework, this paper discusses an approach to conceptualising disaster stress risk that can be used to develop readiness strategies that facilitate an adaptive response to disaster stress in emergency managers. It illustrates this process by describing how incident, operational and organisational demands interact with resilience and vulnerability factors to affect stress risk during the mobilisation, response and reintegration phases of disaster response. It argues for stress risk management to be integrated with the application of the risk management paradigm to other aspects of disaster management.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653560310480677
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    Insurance and disaster management: the Indian context (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 12 (2003), S. 286-304 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Key elements of disaster management are prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response and relief, rehabilitation. The various stakeholders in the process of disaster mitigation are policy makers, decision makers, administration, professionals, professional institutions, R&D institutions, financial institutions, insurance sector, community, NGOs and the common man. Insurance has played a very important role. The advanced countries have developed the insurance system and made it effective and mandatory - as a result the loss of lives and property is comparatively less. In India, most of the losses suffered in natural disasters are not insured, for reasons such as lack of purchasing power, lack of interest in insurance, theory of karma attitude and ignorance of availability of such covers. Quite large numbers of agencies provide the insurance cover and foreign insurance companies have already ventured in such areas. This implies that the commercial and private sector can also play an essential role in disaster mitigation. The present study attempts to fill the gap in studies on the role of the insurance sector in disaster management.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653560310493105
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    Psychotrauma in Moluccan refugees in Indonesia (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 12 (2003), S. 328-335 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This study examines the mental health initiatives in two locations of Loluccan internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Sulawesi, Indonesia, and investigates whether those fit the local needs. The locations of IDPs are described based on observations, in-depth interviews and dicussions with refugees and relief workers. Results showed that the Moluccan IDPs suffered from almost all short-term mental health symptoms indicated in literature. Long-term consequences, such as aggression, behavioural changes and family problems have been recognised among IDPs in both areas, but these could be a result of the local IDP situation rather than signs of traumatisation. Women are more at risk of developing mental health problems owing to their specific roles. Children are more at risk, because parents seem reluctant to explain the events to them. Some recommendations for services that target the social aspects of suffering and healing are presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653560310493141
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    The evolution of the safety culture of IMO: a case of organisational culture change (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 12 (2003), S. 16-23 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The focus of this paper is the UN's agency for the maritime affairs, the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) and more precisely its approach to maritime safety. Being the only international rule-maker, the sole setter of maritime safety standards that apply universally, the IMO exhibits increased interest especially with regard to its organisational culture, the safety culture that constitutes its core mission. An examination of the evolution of IMO's safety culture is in essence an examination of the international approach to disaster prevention and risk management in shipping and it is in fact the subject of our present study. Our investigation will reveal the various safety issues that have been treated by IMO as high agenda items in recent years, as well as the factors that can be regarded as instrumental in cultural change and, thus, in the evolution of IMO's safety philosophy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653560310463810
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    Towards the development of standards in emergency management training and education (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 12 (2003), S. 113-123 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This paper discusses the possible future role of standards in assuring the quality and content of programmes for educating and training people in the fields of emergency planning and management. Principles for the establishment of standards are presented. Existing standards in the civil protection and emergency preparedness fields are reviewed. The requisites for a training standard are described. Finally, a prototype standard is presented. The paper also addresses the question of whether standards are appropriate instruments and concludes that they would help ensure comparability, quality assurance and international compatibility of training.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653560310474223
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    Decision support system in oil spill cases (literature review) (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 12 (2003), S. 217-221 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Oil pollution is one of the most important issues affecting the marine coastal environments all over the world. There are a large number of organizations to propose plans for managing the problems that coastal areas face, including various methods to combat the oil spills. This project proposes to achieve a decision support system (DSS) to assist the users/managers to choose the most suitable method for combating oil spills, according to the coastal area sensitivity. In this regard and in order to build an appropriate DSS model, some relevant documents regarding oil spills and spills management strategies, GIS-based modeling, and DSS planning were reviewed, some of which are referred to here.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653560310480695
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    Paradoxes of power: the separation of knowledge and authority in international disaster relief work (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 12 (2003), S. 312-318 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: One of the most obvious problems for those involved with disaster relief work is coordination with other teams in the field, with headquarters, with the mother organization in the home country and having to deal with unanticipated situations. The central dilemma appears to be this: disaster relief workers either have the knowledge to know what to do or the authority to do it. Seldom, however, are the local knowledge of what to do and the authority to do it located in the same person. This mismatch creates instability which generates pressure for change. Such change occurs through what we describe as "renegotiations of authority" - where people or teams who are not officially in charge take authority to act, because they know what to do and how urgent it is to do it. This paper presents the concept of renegotiations of authority through cycles of breaking down qualitative data obtained from disaster workers from multiple organizations and countries.
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    Landslide damage and disaster management system in Nepal (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 12 (2003), S. 413-419 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Nepal is located in mountainous terrain in the Himalayan arc, where landslides are common and are the main cause of natural hazards. On 23 July 2002, daily rainfall of 300mm triggered a landslide of 9,000m3 at head valley of 39o, which has quaternary unconsolidated gravel rock base coated with thin soil, tree species and shrubs. The landslide changed into debris flow and to flash flood. The average velocity was 30m/sec. and the equivalent friction angle of the materials was 28o. A total of 16 people lost their lives in Matatirtha village, near to Kathmandu city and millions of properties were damaged. To minimize the disaster, warning system development of standards such as promotion of education level to people and preparation of hazard mapping are suggested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653560310507235
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    Malta's risk minimisation to earthquake, volcanic and tsunami damage (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 12 (2003), S. 37-47 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The paper defines Malta's disaster risks parameter. Various data are given on Malta's earthquake-related hazards. By referring to mean damage ratios and death rates, earthquake losses are equated as a percentage of the gross domestic product, and the number of casualties and homeless estimated. Being a small island, the need for foreign help in the aftermath of a large disaster is analysed. Because of the present large number of vacant premises available, the amount of material foreign help required is minimized, as households could be evacuated to other regions of the Island. The above risks could further be minimized if Malta adopts strategic preparedness and mitigation management. Retrofitting of the present building stock is necessary, as is actively encouraging the purchase of disaster insurance, together with preparation of planning tools and strategic choices.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653560310463847
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    Emergent phenomena and the sociology of disaster: lessons, trends and opportunities from the research literature (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 12 (2003), S. 97-112 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Research on emergent behavior has been a significant topic within disaster studies. Through a detailed review of the literature we provide background information about this particular branch of disaster sociology. Following a brief discussion of the process by which literature was selected, important trends and areas of debate are discussed. These include the validation of previous findings, an expansion of the discussion on emergent phenomena and a critique of the bureaucratic approach. We conclude with implications for the theory and practice of emergency management.
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    Disaster preparedness: a social-cognitive perspective (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 12 (2003), S. 210-216 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Despite considerable effort and expenditure on public hazard education, levels of disaster preparedness remain low. By integrating and expanding on natural hazards and health research on protective behaviour, this paper proposes a social cognitive model of disaster preparedness. The model describes a developmental process that commences with factors that motivate people to prepare, progresses through the formation of intentions, and culminates in decisions to prepare. Following their critical appraisal, variables implicated at each stage are identified and their role in the preparedness process described. The implications of the model for the conceptualisation and assessment of preparedness is discussed, as is its implications for risk reduction and communication strategies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653560310480686
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    Multicast-based online auctions: a performance perspective (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 10 (2003), S. 54-64 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Online auctions on the Internet have become popular. However, the communication techniques currently used in the online auction industry are primarily based on unicast technology. Unicast-based online auctions suffer from unbearable delay of the communication between the auctioneer and bidders. Recently, multicast is changing the Internet environment, and is penetrating to the online auction field. This study describes a model for multicast-based online auctions. The laboratory experiments demonstrate that the communication performance of multicast-based online auctions is significantly better than that of traditional unicast-based auctions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770310457548
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    Indicators for measuring environmental sustainability: A case study of the pharmaceutical industry (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 10 (2003), S. 107-119 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Ten years after the Earth Summit, a frequently asked question is how much, if any, progress has actually been made toward sustainable development. This article provides insight into the progress made by business in addressing and measuring progress toward sustainable production. Using a five-level indicator hierarchy developed at the Lowell Center for Sustainable Production, the authors analyzed the environmental sustainability indicators voluntarily-reported by six pharmaceutical companies, half of which are Global Reporting Initiative pilots. Results demonstrate that most indicators currently being publicly reported address performance or eco-efficiency (Level 2), a few indicators look at environmental effects (Level 3), only the Global Reporting Initiative pilots are beginning to address and report on supply-chain and product life-cycle effects (Level 4), and no companies are addressing carrying capacity issues (Level 5). Based on their experience with other companies, the authors feel that the results of this small, single-industry survey reflect the current state-of-the-art in terms of developing more sustainable production systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770310469644
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    Using input-output analysis for corporate benchmarking (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 10 (2003), S. 153-168 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: In recent years, cost-effective protection of the environment has become a more important goal for many businesses. Companies have been striving to reduce the environmental impacts of their products and packaging, while not incurring costs that put them at a competitive disadvantage. A key to accomplishing this goal is by benchmarking their performance against other companies. Benchmarking can be expensive, time consuming, or problematic because detailed benchmarking requires detailed, specific data that are generally confidential. A screening level benchmark can accomplish much of the goal quickly and cheaply. Focuses on a tool to make quick, screening level benchmarks of US industrial environmental performance and discusses how it can be used to evaluate a plant's environmental performance. Mentions other tools, notes its relationship to them, and discusses how it can be more broadly used. Finally, suggests ways that this type of benchmarking information can be used broadly within a firm for accounting and decision-making purposes.
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    Revising the concept and forms of benchmarking (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 10 (2003), S. 210-225 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This study suggests that the most recent developments in the content, forms and targets of benchmarking represent a challenge to revise its concept and classification for both theoretical and practical purposes. This problem is approached through the interpretative, heuristic-descriptive concept method that aims to understand the concepts and their definitions in order to re-interpret the entity of the meanings. The first phase of the study applies the idea of the evolving concept, originally introduced by Watson and further modified by Ahmed and Rafiq. Its five generations are supplemented with two newcomers - competence, and as an option, network benchmarking. In the second phase these generations are then categorised by further developing Bhutta and Huq's two-dimensional matrix. This provides a three-dimensional profiling tool that could be used in analysing and conducting benchmarking processes. It covers the newest forms of benchmarking and is suitable for different targets. It also leads to a definition depicting the current outlook on benchmarking. The findings indicate that the evolving nature of the concepts and forms encourages us to revise our understanding of the theoretical bases of benchmarking. The results also indicate that benchmarking has potentials in many directions, encouraging both theoretical and empirical studies as well as their interaction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770310477753
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    TQM practices and organizational performances of SMEs in Malaysia: Some empirical observations (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 10 (2003), S. 37-53 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This paper examines and compares the total quality management (TQM) practices and organizational performances of small to medium enterprises (SMEs) with and without ISO 9000 certification in Malaysia. A quality measurement framework is developed for this paper based on the critical success factors of the TQM program. Empirical research was carried out to determine the difference, if any, in the TQM implementation and organizational performances of SMEs with and without ISO 9000 certification. The quality measurement framework developed for this paper provides a benchmark of TQM practices for SMEs, which are in the early implementation stage of the quality program and this is proposed as a quality checklist for SMEs to improve and focus on specific areas of their respective quality program. Results based on testing the mean differences between firms with and without ISO 9000 certification indicate that there are significant differences in performances between certified and non-certified firms, supporting the hypothesis that ISO 9000 certification contributes to a higher organizational performance. Other findings based on the impact of length of operation on performance are also reported. The paper discusses the implications of this. Limitations of the study are highlighted and further research directions are suggested.
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    Environmental management systems for internal corporate environmental benchmarking (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 10 (2003), S. 95-106 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Corporate environmental benchmarking is difficult with the range and inconsistency of environmental information available, even from facilities within the same firm. Environmental management systems can assist firms in organizing internal corporate benchmarking efforts. They attempt to capture environmental impacts from activities throughout a facility under a single system and generally follow traditional benchmarking cycles of plan, do, check, and act. However, the systems lack important features that enable benchmarking. Based on a critical analysis of environmental management systems, the article recommends minor changes to extend environmental management systems for corporate environmental benchmarking. Consistent goals should be encouraged at all facilities to produce common metrics. Procedures should require data collection and reporting to a central office. Management review should monitor performance and determine where leading facilities can transfer better processes to lagging facilities.
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    A multi-level causal model for best practices in project management (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 10 (2003), S. 29-36 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a multi-level causal model for best practices in project management based upon the literature, especially empirical studies of competencies and project management. The model emphasizes the roles of technical project management skills and interpersonal or people skills as inputs to the model. Next, the model stresses the important roles of organizational facilitators and inhibitors, that is, moderator variables (e.g. project management systems and supportive senior management) in influencing project outcomes. The model addresses the outcome variables of technical competencies (e.g. planning and controlling) and people competencies (e.g. interpersonal communication and conflict management skills). Finally, the model recognizes the important role of feedback for corrective actions and reinforcing best practices, that is, organizational learning.
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    Benchmarking information technology investment and benefits extraction (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 10 (2003), S. 414-423 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Despite the fact that many companies are increasing their expenditure on information technology (IT) to obtain or even sustain a competitive advantage in their respective marketplaces, many studies show that the benefits from IT systems have been considerably less than expected. Managers are often left with the quandary of how to evaluate investments and realise maximum benefits in IT. Reasons for this difficulty have been suggested in the normative literature centring around the socio-technical (human and organisational) dimensions associated with IT deployment. The inability of managers to determine the true costs of deploying IT are considered attributable to a lack of knowledge and understanding of IT-related costs and benefits measurements. This paper discusses from a critical point of view the evaluation of IT/IS investment and best practices in benefits extraction from such investment. The discussion is based on relevant literature and information from ongoing research by the authors involving companies in the construction, pharmaceutical and computer hardware sectors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770310485015
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    The analytic hierarchy process in project evaluation: An R&D case study in Taiwan (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 10 (2003), S. 445-456 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: A decision to terminate a project can demoralize project managers and team members, and increase concerns about job security. For these reasons, managers tend to delay project termination decisions. However, such delays can put a damper on the normal operation of a company. Therefore, corporations have been seeking to develop a number of methods and techniques to assist with decision making in project evaluation. Benchmarking has gained increasing acceptance as a technique that enhances business processes. This paper is concerned with the development of a model using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) for the evaluation of project termination or continuation, which is based on the benchmarking method. The benchmarking of project evaluation, the operation of AHP, is presented along with a case study. A R&D case study in Taiwan is used to illustrate the approach, the framework of which was entered on an Excel spreadsheet. This approach has provided the decision maker with an alternative for evaluating the status of a project and making the right call.
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    A system dynamics framework for benchmarking policy analysis for a university system (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 10 (2003), S. 490-498 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This paper proposes a policy analysis framework for a University system that incorporates benchmarking technique to design effective policies for closing the gaps in performance. Once a university adopts a policy, decision-makers must evaluate the effectiveness of the policy in achieving desired performances. Incorporating benchmarking techniques into the developed dynamic framework can identify the gaps in performance and a feedback mechanism to develop effective policies for closing the gaps. In this paper benchmarking is utilized as an indicator and a change agent to design effective policies. The proposed dynamic framework is developed using a system dynamics approach.
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    Total quality index: a benchmarking tool for total quality management (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 10 (2003), S. 507-527 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The total quality index (TQI) proposed in this study is an information technology-supported benchmarking tool that helps managers assess a total quality management program by enabling the cost-effective measurement of key organizational processes. TQI utilizes the analytic hierarchy process and the Delphi technique to measure ideal and actual quality management along eight critical factors synthesized by Saraph et al. and supported by subsequent research. A study utilizing TQI was conducted to evaluate the progress of quality management in clinical and non-clinical settings. Eight clinical and six non-clinical departments were selected from four different hospitals to participate in this study. The results show that, contrary to the common beliefs, there is little difference in the actual and ideal scores on the eight critical factors between the clinical and non-clinical settings.
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    Benchmarking learning outcomes of undergraduate business education (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 10 (2003), S. 538-558 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This paper discusses the efficacy of a model of benchmarking toward best practices in learning assessment in higher education. It outlines the need for best practices in learning assessment and reports findings on a comprehensive model of assessing learning outcomes of an undergraduate business program. By developing competency expectations of students, the model led to a multi-method data collection/analysis toward benchmarking learning outcomes. The findings demonstrate how benchmarking leads to continuous curriculum improvement of instructional process and the curriculum. The authors claimed that in the absence of a generally accepted model, if the methodology is replicated, it may lead to the best practices in assessing learning outcomes of an undergraduate business program.
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    Benchmarking the use of information technology by the quantity surveying profession (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 10 (2003), S. 581-596 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This paper introduces the findings of a recent benchmarking study on the use of information technology (IT) among quantity surveying (QS) companies in Hong Kong. The study was conducted through a questionnaire survey among 15 QS companies registered in Hong Kong, representing around 50 per cent of the total number of companies in the profession. The study focused on how QS companies use IT in their daily operations, including information flows among business partners, the use of computer hardware and software, IT expenditure and training, management support, the perceived benefits of IT applications, perceived obstacles in IT implementation, and major criteria used in software selection. The content validity and measurement reliability of the questionnaire survey have been evaluated, and both of them have shown satisfactory results. This study provides an up-to-date and holistic view of the current state of IT applications among QS companies in Hong Kong, in terms of how well they have equipped with IT and their attitude towards adopting this technology. These findings provide a strong foundation for subsequent benchmarking studies to identify best practices among the quantity surveying profession in the construction industry. Based on the findings, this paper suggests major areas for improving IT usage in this sector of the construction industry.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770310505193
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    Case analyses of the "3 Rs" of information technology benefit management: Realise, retrofit and review (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 10 (2003), S. 367-381 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Investments in information technology (IT) are large and growing and require management attention. This study investigated processes associated with IT benefit management (ITBM) to realise benefits during the development of a new system, to retrofit ITBM processes against an existing system, and to review ITBM processes against an existing system without retrofitting. The case study approach was used to ameliorate the shortage of qualitative research in IT value. The study identified key processes required during IT benefit realisation, changes in processes during retrofitting and strong and weak processes during review. All three approaches were found to be operational effective with the review approach having some strategic effectiveness. Operational effectiveness ensured that social subsystem costs and benefits and complementary assets were identified. To make the review approach more strategically effective requires definitive IT goals to be set. The application of the "3Rs" during case analyses enabled success factors for ITBM to be identified.
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    Benchmarking the process of "interpretative" research in information systems (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 10 (2003), S. 400-413 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: There has been growing interest in the use of a variety of interpretative approaches to researching in the field of information systems. This type of research typically applies social theory to help develop an in-depth interpretation of some of the features and characteristics of phenomena, which relate in some way to the application of information technology, its development or related policy-making issues. While there are attempts at developing the "rigour" or "validity" of the process of interpretation, there are no holistic criteria or benchmarks by which this type of research can be evaluated. This paper uses an evaluation framework (NIMSAD), taken from the action research domain, in order to help benchmark interpretative research processes. This framework is used as a way of providing a benchmark dimension to the evaluation of the process of interpretative research in information systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770310485006
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    Purchaser-originated benchmarking: PROBING (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 10 (2003), S. 431-444 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Benchmarking has long been recognized as an important business activity. The primary goal of benchmarking is to produce a product or execute a process that is at least as good as the best firms producing similar products or performing similar processes. Important components of benchmarking include: determining what to benchmark, identifying the "best of the best", collecting internal and external data and data associated with the "the best", and analyzing how a firm can move from its current capability to that of the best. To date, benchmarking has been considered primarily as a producer/vendor based activity. This paper proposes that in many situations benchmarking should be viewed as a customer/purchaser based activity. The primary benefit of purchaser-originated benchmarking is that it facilitates the collection of competitor's data and allows the customer to determine directly the product/process requirements desired.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770310495483
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    Benchmarking in the purchasing function and its impact on purchasing and business performance (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 10 (2003), S. 457-471 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The importance of benchmarking in the achievement of better results in the purchasing function and in overall business performance has been widely asserted in literature. However, few studies have addressed the implementation of benchmarking in the supply function and its impact on purchasing and business performance. Data was collected from 306 companies and structural equations modeling was used to develop valid and reliable instruments for benchmarking, purchasing performance and business performance. The results showed a significant positive impact of benchmarking on purchasing performance and an indirect positive effect on business performance. Implications of the findings for purchasing managers are also discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770310495500
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    Attitudes of US and European managers to supplier selection and assessment and implications for business performance (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 10 (2003), S. 472-489 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: As competition motivates firms to exploit their core competencies, outsourcing takes on greater significance. Increased reliance on supplier capabilities and technologies, however, increases the impact that supplier selection and assessment can have on the buying firm and in particular, its performance. While prior studies of supply management provide considerable evidence of the criteria used by firms to select and assess suppliers, they provide little insight into the relationships between selection and assessment and the buying firm's performance. This research describes an empirical study of attitudes towards supplier selection and assessment of American and European companies and their impact on business performance. Results illustrate that while both American and European managers consider objective selection and assessment criteria such as cost and price to be more important than subjective criteria such as supplier commitment, it is the more subjective criteria that have a greater impact on firm performance. Moreover, while for American companies there are strong relationships between attitudes towards supply management and performance, similar relationships do not appear to hold for European companies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770310495519
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    Legal issues in benchmarking (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 10 (2003), S. 528-537 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The pursuit of organisational excellence requires the efficient acquisition and use of knowledge, but this is potentially problematical from a legal context. A particular case in point is benchmarking, a required aspect of the EFQM Excellence Model but which is potentially contrary to intellectual property law and competition law. Knowledge acquired through the practice of benchmarking constitutes a diverse range of potentially and commercially exploitable information. The contribution to organisational excellence by the successful transfer of knowledge to companies is potentially major. A methodology through which companies can receive and subsequently exploit knowledge is through the practice of benchmarking. Benchmarking is an organisational improvement methodology centred on measuring current practices and comparing exogenous entities and subsequent implementation. A central feature of benchmarking as it is practised in the West at present is information flow that takes place between benchmarking partners through a variety of mechanisms including informal undertakings or collaborative efforts. This paper examines the interface between benchmarking and the law, specifically intellectual property and competition law.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770310505166
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    Using strategic information for small firms as a means of redressing the disadvantages of peripherality (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 10 (2003), S. 559-580 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: With over 2,000 participating firms, CAM-Benchmarking Ltd (http://www.cam-benchmarking.com) is one of the world's largest strategy benchmarking databases for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). This paper draws upon CAM data to show that in a geographical region suffering from the deleterious economic effects of peripherality real progress to convergence (in terms of firm performance) can be achieved through benchmarking. More specifically the paper shows that comprehensive benchmarking data can be used to close the information gap that small firms, relative to large firms, often have, and through this process boost individual firm, and hence overall regional, performance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770310505184
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    Theory and practice of environmental benchmarking in a major consumer electronics company (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 10 (2003), S. 120-135 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Environmental benchmarking has, since 1997, been the basis of many ecodesign-related activities at both Delft University of Technology and Philips Consumer Electronics in Eindhoven, The Netherlands. Cooperative efforts have led to a robust, reproducible and practical environmental benchmark method. The method is based on the assessment of the five focal areas: energy, material and weight, packaging, potentially toxic substances, and recyclability. The generation and prioritisation of green improvement options is done by addressing consumer and societal feasibility as well as technical and financial feasibility. Ongoing research continuously stimulates the methodology and practical implementation. This has created a tremendous awareness in the Philips Consumer Electronics organisation regarding product-related environmental matters, because the method is embedded in an overall strategy that considers the interests of all internal and external stakeholders.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770310469653
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    Setting benchmarks and evaluating balanced scorecards with data envelopment analysis (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 10 (2003), S. 226-245 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Balanced scorecards are having a major impact on executives' strategic decision making by encouraging their use of future-oriented, non-monetary success indicators. This article explains how to create a balanced scorecard with a reasonable number of indicators, set appropriate benchmarks for them, and evaluate overall management performance against those benchmarks. In doing so, it relies heavily on a controlling tool that is new to the business sector: data envelopment analysis. After discussing the theoretical foundations of this nonparametric optimization procedure and defining several key terms, the article presents a practical example. The example assesses management's performance from several perspectives, paying particular attention to implications of the analytic results for a firm's strategic and operational controlling. The article also offers an overview of various models for data envelopment analysis, describes limits to its use, and concludes with a summary of key findings.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770310477762
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    Benchmarking: achieving best value in public-sector organisations (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 10 (2003), S. 261-286 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Given the emphasis in today's environment on customer focus, stakeholders' interests, public-sector organisational performance and other methods of assessment are employed to address issues in the new public management and prevailing managerialism in measurement of public-sector organisations around the world. Therefore, many public-sector organisations have been encouraged to implement benchmarking as one way of satisfying the government's requirement that public organisations provide best-value services. In order to achieve best-value services in public-sector organisations, benchmarking is considered to be a vital management tool and benchmarking has been used widely in private-sector organisations. This paper focuses on providing a critical view of benchmarking to provide best-value services to taxpayers and local businesses. The paper emphasises that, in order for benchmarking to be successful in public-sector organisations, it is important to have a full commitment to continuous improvement, an ability to learn from others, and a commitment to implement improvement.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770310477780
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    IT projects: evaluation, outcomes and impediments (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 10 (2003), S. 325-342 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Aims to identify the motivational factors for investing in information technology (IT), the impediments to IT investments and the outcomes of the planning and implementation of IT projects by chartered accountants in Australia. The results indicate that firms are motivated to invest in IT primarily for five reasons. IT investments face a number of challenges, the most prominent being the need to keep up with technology, which is likely to worsen as the technology cycles continue to shorten. Identifies resource procurement, lack of appropriate development tools, lack of proper planning or project management and user resistance to change as the four main problems encountered in implementation of IT projects. Many IT projects were undertaken for the purpose of improving efficiency within the organisation and reducing costs, rather than more strategic usage such as providing a flexible IT infrastructure or aligning IT with corporate strategy. The results suggest that firms have largely only utilised IT in their internal operations, rather than for strategic reasons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770310484962
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    Benchmarking performance indices: pitfalls and solutions (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 10 (2003), S. 9-28 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Many organizations include benchmarking as a component of their performance management system. Often, a performance index is used to quantify the ability of an organizational entity to operate successfully. Benchmarking a performance index is done inappropriately when statistical methods are employed that ignore sample size effects or use aggregate performance data over a period during which changes occurred within the organization. Benchmarking will also be ineffective when invalid targets are employed. When benchmarking is done incorrectly, customer satisfaction may actually decline due to gaming and poor morale among employees. Based on the philosophy of W. Edwards Deming, the techniques of statistical process control (SPC), and basic undergraduate statistics, a system is described for effectively benchmarking a performance index. Examples are presented to illustrate the pitfalls that exist in many performance management systems and to explain the system presented for effective benchmarking.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770310457511
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    Benchmarking as an enabler of business excellence in the South African financial sector (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 10 (2003), S. 65-72 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Benchmarking is the process of identifying, understanding, and adapting outstanding practices from within the organization or from other businesses to help improve performance. The importance of benchmarking as an enabler of business excellence has necessitated an in-depth investigation into the current state of benchmarking in South Africa. This research project highlighted the fact that the respondents realized the importance of benchmarking, but that various problems exist regarding the effective implementation of benchmarking. Based on the research findings, recommendations for achieving success are suggested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770310457557
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    Environmental performance of products: Benchmarks and tools for measuring improvement (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 10 (2003), S. 137-152 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Increasingly, manufacturers and service providers face the challenge of improving the environmental performance of their products. A number of studies have shown the importance of environmental goals and measures for successful environmental design efforts in firms. This paper provides a framework of environmental goals or benchmarks and examines Sony Corporation as a case study of improving the environmental performance of products. Specific examples of Sony's targets for improvement are provided along with examples of initiatives for their achievement. In particular, Sony's product assessment check sheet is introduced as a simple yet effective tool for identifying areas for environmental improvement, as well as for measuring and promoting improvement efforts in alignment with the organization's longer-term environmental goals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770310469662
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    A review of literature on benchmarking (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 10 (2003), S. 176-209 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Benchmarking is recognised as an essential tool for continuous improvement of quality. A large number of publications by various authors reflect the interest in this technique. Reviews of literature on benchmarking have been done in the past by a few authors. However, considering the contributions in the recent times, a more comprehensive review is attempted here. In this paper, the authors have reviewed benchmarking literature in a way that would help researchers, academicians and practitioners to take a closer look at the growth, development and applicability of this technique. The authors have examined various papers and have proposed a different scheme of classification. In addition, certain gaps that would provide hints for further research in benchmarking have been identified.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770310477744
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    Outsourcing: guidelines for a structured approach (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 10 (2003), S. 246-260 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Outsourcing is a management approach by which an organization delegates some non-core functions to specialized and efficient service providers. In the era of "global market" and "e-economy", outsourcing is one of the main pillars of the new way to conceive the relationships among companies. Despite outsourcing large diffusion, huge business cases and big deals of documentation available on network or press, there is no structured procedure able to support the govern of the evolution of a generic outsourcing process. In accordance with the principles of total quality management, this paper describes a proposal of a new approach for managing outsourcing processes. The model, which can be easily adapted to different application fields, has been conceived with the main aim of managing strategic decisions, economic factors and human resources. The approach is supported by different decision and analysis tools, such as benchmarking techniques, multiple criteria decision aiding (MCDA) methods, cost analysis, and other process-planning methodologies. An application of the method to a real case is also provided.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770310477771
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    Editorial: Benchmarking: information and communication technologies (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 10 (2003), S. 312-324 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Introduces the special issue. Focuses first on concepts of knowledge in knowledge management before discussing the importance and role of knowledge in learning and the learning organisation. Discusses the role of knowledge and learning with regard to organisational change and the challenges that this poses with regard to benchmarking. Focuses then on information and communication technologies and to the role that these play in the complexities of business organisational change. Concludes with a discussion of the importance of the human aspects before outlining the contribution of the seven papers which comprise this special issue.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770310484953
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    Evaluating application service providers (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 10 (2003), S. 343-354 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Discusses the application service provider (ASP) model, which is emerging as a new form of application outsourcing. At present, the ASP marketplace is largely vendor driven with huge numbers of vendors offering a variety of applications to the customer. These offerings may belong to software applications such as enterprise resource planning, collaborative and vertical industry. Even though there are many benefits attributed to this model suggests that, in order to reap these benefits, customers should evaluate the offerings of the ASPs. Addressing this purpose develops a taxonomy to identify the various ASP offerings and a framework to evaluate the ASP offerings on categories such as security, pricing, integration, service level agreement, and reliability, availability and scalability. Even though this framework is in an early stage of development it intends to present existing customers with performance criteria for evaluating ASP offerings. Concludes that further empirical research needs to be carried out to refine this framework and also to find the relevance of traditional outsourcing literature to this new form of outsourcing.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770310484971
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    Towards meaningful benchmarking of software development team productivity (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 10 (2003), S. 382-399 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Software development projects are known for inaccuracies associated with elapsed time and total cost estimates. Attempts have previously been made to provide tools to facilitate estimation of just how much effort will be required. One such tool is the estimation of project size (and therefore effort and time required) using function point counts. This benchmarking tool facilitates measures of productivity relating this size to the person-hours required. The problem with this is that such relative productivity measures assume labour hours to be homogenous and that the only measure of output is the size of the project. This paper investigates the use of data envelopment analysis as a method of benchmarking which overcomes these issues. The end result is a set of simple tools that can be used to determine whether a given project or project plan is efficient.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/146357703104484999
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    Development of a two-wire thermal flow sensor for industrial applications (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 9 (2003), S. 113-131 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: Thermal flow sensors with a wide dynamic range are at present not available in spite of the large demand which exists for such sensors in practical fluid flow measurements. In this paper, it is shown that the velocity range of a "time-of-flight" thermal flowmeter for slowly changing flows can be increased by using wires (or other heating/sensing elements) with large thermal inertia (time constant) and heating the sending wire with a continuous sinusoidal current, instead of discrete, very short, square-wave pulses as in the usual pulsed-wire anemometer. The device described here uses two parallel wires of 12.5µm diameter and its usable speed range is 0.05 to 25m/s. Although the present thermal flowmeter can be applied as a point measurement device, the main applications are in pipe flow, especially at very low flow rates. The high sensitivity at low flow rates makes the device especially suitable for this purpose.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552510310482370
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    Feature extraction and classification of gear faults using principal component analysis (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 9 (2003), S. 132-143 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: Feature extraction is a key issue to machine condition monitoring and fault diagnosis. The features must contain the necessary discriminative information for the fault classifier to have any chance of accurate classification. This paper presents a study that uses principal component analysis to reduce dimensionality of the feature space and to get an optimal subspace for machine fault classification. Industrial gearbox vibration signals measured from different operating conditions are analyzed using the above method. The experimental results indicate that the method extracts diagnostic information effectively for gear fault classification and has a good potential for application in practice.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552510310482389
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    Interface-capturing finite element technique for transient two-phase flow (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 20 (2003), S. 725-740 
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    ISSN: 0264-4401
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: A numerical model is presented for the computation of unsteady two-fluid interfaces in nonlinear porous media flow. The nonlinear Forchheimer equation is included in the Navier-Stokes equations for porous media flow. The model is based on capturing the interface on a fixed mesh domain. The zero level set of a pseudo-concentration function, which defines the interface between the two fluids, is governed by a time-dependent advection equation. The time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations and the advection equation are spatially discretized by the finite element (FE) method. The fully coupled implicit time integration scheme and the explicit forward Eulerian scheme are implemented for the advancement in time. The trapezoidal rule is applied to the fully implicit scheme, while the operator-splitting algorithm is used for the velocity-pressure segregation in the explicit scheme. The spatial and time discretizations are stabilized using FE stabilization techniques. Numerical examples of unsteady flow of two-fluid interfaces in an earth dam are investigated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02644400310488835
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    A computational model for generalized inelastic materials at finite strains combining elastic, viscoelastic and plastic material behaviour (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 20 (2003), S. 768-787 
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    ISSN: 0264-4401
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This work is concerned with the computational modelling of non-linear solid material behaviour in the finite strain regime. Based on the recent computational formulations for modelling of inelastic material behaviour, a generalized material model is presented for inelastic materials incorporating classical elastic, viscoelastic, plastic and viscoplastic material description, all operating in the finite strain regime. The underlying rheological model corresponds to the combined action of several rheological components, such as Hooke, Maxwell and Prandtl elements, arranged in parallel. This work summarizes the theoretical basis of the material model and presents the computational treatment in the framework of a finite element solution procedure. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the scope of the described computational strategy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02644400310488862
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    Molecular simulation and multiscale homogenization analysis for microinhomogeneous clay materials (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 20 (2003), S. 559-582 
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    ISSN: 0264-4401
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Materials commonly involve microstructure. Clay is a microinhomogeneous material with nanoscale microstructure. Key issues to understand the behavior of such a finely microinhomogeneous material are as follows: the microstructure is characterized in detail, the local distribution of material properties is identified by experiment or simulation, and the microscale characteristics are related to the macroscale behavior by a seamless manner. For characterizing a microstructure of bentonite, we introduce a conforcal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) together with SEM. By CLSM we can specify a 3D configuration under atmospheric condition. Properties of water-saturated bentonite are mainly controlled by hydrated montmorillonite, which is the major clay mineral of bentonite. Smectite minerals including montmorillonite are extremely fine and poorly crystallized, so it is difficult to determine the properties by experiment. We inquire into the physicochemical properties by a molecular dynamics simulation method. Then, we develop a multiscale homogenization method to extend the microscopic characteristics to the macroscopic behavior. We show numerical examples of a diffusion problem.
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    A residual correction method based on finite calculus (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 20 (2003), S. 629-658 
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    ISSN: 0264-4401
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: In this paper, a residual correction method based upon an extension of the finite calculus concept is presented. The method is described and applied to the solution of a scalar convection-diffusion problem and the problem of elasticity at the incompressible or quasi-incompressible limit. The formulation permits the use of equal interpolation for displacements and pressure on linear triangles and tetrahedra as well as any low order element type. To add additional stability in the solution, pressure gradient corrections are introduced as suggested from developments of sub-scale methods. Numerical examples are included to demonstrate the performance of the method when applied to typical test problems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02644400310488790
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    Elasto-plastic analysis of three-dimensional structures (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 20 (2003), S. 274-295 
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    ISSN: 0264-4401
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: In this paper, quasi-Tresca yield surfaces are reviewed. In order to do elasto-plastic analysis, a new yield criterion is presented. The proposed yield surface can be used in nonlinear three-dimensional analysis of structures. Function of the yield surface is presented in principal stress space and also Cartesian one. A computer program has been developed for nonlinear analysis in C++. Numerical examples have been solved by the proposed yield surface and good results have been obtained.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02644400310467207
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    Dynamic T-search for accelerating searching speeds in Delaunay triangulation (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 20 (2003), S. 296-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 0264-4401
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: For realistic simulation of off-road vehicles terrain surfaces have to be modeled in detail, and wheel-surface contacting geometry must be well defined in order to obtain proper ground-reaction and friction forces. Delaunay triangulation is one of the most widely used methods in modeling 3D terrain surfaces, and triangle-search (T-search) is a relevant algorithm for searching resultant triangular polygons. The T-search method searches polygons in successive order and may not allow real-time computation of off-road vehicle dynamics if the terrain is modeled with many polygons, depending on the computer performance used in the simulation. Dynamic T-search, which is proposed in this paper, combines conventional T-search and the concept of a dynamic window, which is a moving subset of the database and where an actual search is made at each frame, by taking advantage of the information regarding dynamic characteristics of a simulated vehicle. Numerical tests show improvement of searching speeds by about 5 percent for randomly distributed triangles. For continuous searches along a vehicle path, which actually occur in a vehicle simulation, the searching speed of the new method becomes four times faster than the conventional one.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02644400310467216
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Indirect formulations for symmetric Galerkin BEM and space derivative problems (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 20 (2003), S. 409-435 
    Details
    ISSN: 0264-4401
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: An indirect symmetric Galerkin BEM (SGBEM) is applied to 2D potential problems in this paper. Based on the assumption that solutions from different methods should be the same, the hypersingular matrix appeared in SGBEM is approximately expressed by those matrices appeared in asymmetric Galerkin BEM (AGBEM). As only strong and weak singularities need to be solved, the problem becomes much simpler. The space derivatives of potential are expressed with a set of new meaning distributed flux, which will produce the same potential on the boundary position for O in the unbounded domain O+O', so that hypersingularity will not appear for boundary points. Therefore, there is no need of C1,a for the spatial interpolation function (no Galerkin integration can be used for this purpose). Formulations for both the steady-state and time-domain potential problems are given. Three numerical examples are analyzed to demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed indirect method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02644400310476324
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FEM and BEM parallel processing: theory and applications - a bibliography (1996-2002) (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 20 (2003), S. 436-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 0264-4401
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This paper gives a bibliographical review of the finite element and boundary element parallel processing techniques from the theoretical and application points of view. Topics include: theory - domain decomposition/partitioning, load balancing, parallel solvers/algorithms, parallel mesh generation, adaptive methods, and visualization/graphics; applications - structural mechanics problems, dynamic problems, material/geometrical non-linear problems, contact problems, fracture mechanics, field problems, coupled problems, sensitivity and optimization, and other problems; hardware and software environments - hardware environments, programming techniques, and software development and presentations. The bibliography at the end of this paper contains 850 references to papers, conference proceedings and theses/dissertations dealing with presented subjects that were published between 1996 and 2002.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02644400310476333
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coupled material modelling and multifield structural analyses in civil engineering (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 20 (2003), S. 524-558 
    Details
    ISSN: 0264-4401
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: In this paper, three research topics are presented referring to different aspects of multifield problems in civil engineering. The first example deals with long term behaviour of wood under multiaxial states of stress and the effect of moisture changes on the deformation behaviour of wood. The second example refers to the application of a three-phase model for soils to the numerical simulation of dewatering of soils by means of compressed air. The soil is modelled as a three phase-material, consisting of the deformable soil skeleton and the fluid phases - water and compressed air. The third example is concerned with computational durability mechanics of concrete structures. As a particular example of chemically corrosive mechanisms, the material degradation due to the dissolution of calcium and external loading is addressed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02644400310488754
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Direct computation of instability points with inequality constraints using the FEM (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 20 (2003), S. 611-628 
    Details
    ISSN: 0264-4401
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The subject of this paper is the computation of instability points in mechanical problems with the finite element method. The objective is to extend the application of critical point detection methods to problems with inequality constraints originating from damage and contact. A simple bilinear model is considered for the damage problems. A bilateral, frictionless contact formulation is used for the contact problems. Among the critical point detection methods the focus is laid on the critical displacement method and the extended system. At first a possible combination of both methods is evaluated by applying them to damage problems. A prediction method based on the extended system is developed to facilitate the comparison of both methods. Secondly, the extended system is used as a computation method for critical points in two-dimensional contact problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02644400310488781
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