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  • PANGAEA  (55,995)
  • Annual Reviews
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 2005-2009  (56,613)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984
  • 1935-1939  (236)
  • 2006  (56,613)
  • 1939  (236)
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  • 2005-2009  (56,613)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984
  • 1935-1939  (236)
Year
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    INSIGHTS ON TRP CHANNELS FROM IN VIVO STUDIES IN DROSOPHILA (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 649-684 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels mediate responses in a large variety of signaling mechanisms. Most studies on mammalian TRP channels rely on heterologous expression, but their relevance to in vivo tissues is not entirely clear. In contrast, Drosophila TRP and TRP-like (TRPL) channels allow direct analyses of in vivo function. In Drosophila photoreceptors, activation of TRP and TRPL is mediated via the phosphoinositide cascade, with both Ca2+ and diacylglycerol (DAG) essential for generating the light response. In tissue culture cells, TRPL channels are constitutively active, and lipid second messengers greatly facilitate this activity. Inhibition of phospholipase C (PLC) completely blocks lipid activation of TRPL, suggesting that lipid activation is mediated via PLC. In vivo studies in mutant Drosophila also reveal an acute requirement for lipid-producing enzyme, which may regulate PLC activity. Thus, PLC and its downstream second messengers, Ca2+ and DAG, constitute critical mediators of TRP/TRPL gating in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040204.100939
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  • 102
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    CARDIAC REGENERATION: Repopulating the Heart (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 29-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Many forms of pediatric and adult heart disease result from a deficiency in cardiomyocyte number. Through repopulation of the heart with new cardiomyocytes (that is, induction of regenerative cardiac growth), cardiac disease potentially can be reversed, provided that the newly formed myocytes structurally and functionally integrate in the preexisting myocardium. A number of approaches have been utilized to effect regenerative growth of the myocardium in experimental animals. These include interventions aimed at enhancing the ability of cardiomyocytes to proliferate in response to cardiac injury, as well as transplantation of cardiomyocytes or myogenic stem cells into diseased hearts. Here we review efforts to induce myocardial regeneration. We also provide a critical review of techniques currently used to assess cardiac regeneration and functional integration of de novo cardiomyocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040104.124530
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  • 103
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    FROM MICE TO MEN: Insights into the Insulin Resistance Syndromes (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 123-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: The insulin resistance syndrome refers to a constellation of findings, including glucose intolerance, obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, that promote the development of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other disorders. Defining the pathophysiological links between insulin resistance, the insulin resistance syndrome, and its sequelae is critical to understanding and treating these disorders. Over the past decade, two approaches have provided important insights into how changes in insulin signaling produce the spectrum of phenotypes associated with insulin resistance. First, studies using tissue-specific knockouts or tissue-specific reconstitution of the insulin receptor in vivo in mice have enabled us to deconstruct the insulin resistance syndromes by dissecting the contributions of different tissues to the insulin-resistant state. Second, in vivo and in vitro studies of the complex network of insulin signaling have provided insight into how insulin resistance can develop in some pathways whereas insulin sensitivity is maintained in others. These data, taken together, give us a framework for understanding the relationship between insulin resistance and the insulin resistance syndromes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040104.124723
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  • 104
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    INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF CAJAL AS PACEMAKERS IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 307-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: In the gastrointestinal tract, phasic contractions are caused by electrical activity termed slow waves. Slow waves are generated and actively propagated by interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). The initiation of pacemaker activity in the ICC is caused by release of Ca2+ from inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptorĐ??operated stores, uptake of Ca2+ into mitochondria, and the development of unitary currents. Summation of unitary currents causes depolarization and activation of a dihydropyridine-resistant Ca2+ conductance that entrains pacemaker activity in a network of ICC, resulting in the active propagation of slow waves. Slow wave frequency is regulated by a variety of physiological agonists and conditions, and shifts in pacemaker dominance can occur in response to both neural and nonneural inputs. Loss of ICC in many human motility disorders suggests exciting new hypotheses for the etiology of these disorders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040504.094718
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  • 105
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    AN INTRODUCTION TO TRP CHANNELS (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 619-647 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: The aim of this review is to provide a basic framework for understanding the function of mammalian transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, particularly as they have been elucidated in heterologous expression systems. Mammalian TRP channel proteins form six-transmembrane (6-TM) cation-permeable channels that may be grouped into six subfamilies on the basis of amino acid sequence homology (TRPC, TRPV, TRPM, TRPA, TRPP, and TRPML). Selected functional properties of TRP channels from each subfamily are summarized in this review. Although a single defining characteristic of TRP channel function has not yet emerged, TRP channels may be generally described as calcium-permeable cation channels with polymodal activation properties. By integrating multiple concomitant stimuli and coupling their activity to downstream cellular signal amplification via calcium permeation and membrane depolarization, TRP channels appear well adapted to function in cellular sensation. Our review of recent literature implicating TRP channels in neuronal growth cone steering suggests that TRPs may function more widely in cellular guidance and chemotaxis. The TRP channel gene family and its nomenclature, the encoded proteins and alternatively spliced variants, and the rapidly expanding pharmacology of TRP channels are summarized in online supplemental material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040204.100431
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  • 106
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    COMMENTARY ON THE PLEASURES OF SOLVING IMPOSSIBLE PROBLEMS OF EXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 1-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: This commentary presents a series of examples of "impossible experimental problems" that we have encountered over the years in addressing various challenging questions in physiology. We aim to show how stimulating the challenges of physiology can be and demonstrate how our naive invocation of methods from disparate fields of science and engineering has led to delightful resolutions of physiological challenges that were utterly new to this intrepid interdisciplinary researcher.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040504.151957
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  • 107
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    NUCLEAR AND MITOCHONDRIAL COMPARTMENTATION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AND REDOX SIGNALING (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 215-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: New methods to measure thiol oxidation show that redox compartmentation functions as a mechanism for specificity in redox signaling and oxidative stress. Redox Western analysis and redox-sensitive green fluorescent proteins provide means to quantify thiol/disulfide redox changes in specific subcellular compartments. Analyses using these techniques show that the relative redox states from most reducing to most oxidizing are mitochondria 〉 nuclei 〉 cytoplasm 〉 endoplasmic reticulum 〉 extracellular space. Mitochondrial thiols are an important target of oxidant-induced apoptosis and necrosis and are especially vulnerable to oxidation because of the relatively alkaline pH. Maintenance of a relatively reduced nuclear redox state is critical for transcription factor binding in transcriptional activation in response to oxidative stress. The new methods are applicable to a broad range of experimental systems and their use will provide improved understanding of the pharmacologic and toxicologic actions of drugs and toxicants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141122
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  • 108
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    TICK PHEROMONES AND THEIR USE IN TICK CONTROL (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 51 (2006), S. 557-580 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Tick pheromones that regulate assembly, attraction/aggregation/attachment, and mating behavior have been described. Most of the compounds regulating these behaviors are purines, substituted phenols, or cholesteryl esters. Other pheromonal compounds include organic acids, hematin, or ecdysteroids. Novel devices have been developed that combine the specific compounds comprising these pheromones with an acaricide. When applied to tick-infested vegetation or directly to the body surfaces of livestock or companion animals, these devices are effective for tick control. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of tick pheromones. In addition, this review also presents examples illustrating how devices using tick pheromones can offer effective alternatives to conventional methods for achieving tick control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151150
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  • 109
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    BIOGEOGRAPHIC AREAS AND TRANSITION ZONES OF LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN ISLANDS BASED ON PANBIOGEOGRAPHIC AND CLADISTIC ANALYSES OF THE ENTOMOFAUNA (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 51 (2006), S. 467-494 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Track and cladistic biogeographic analyses based on insect taxa are used as a framework to interpret patterns of the Latin American and Caribbean entomofauna by identifying biogeographic areas on the basis of endemicity and arranging them hierarchically in a system of regions, subregions, dominions, and provinces. The Nearctic region, inhabited by Holarctic insect taxa, comprises five provinces: California, Baja California, Sonora, Mexican Plateau, and Tamaulipas. The Mexican transition zone comprises five provinces: Sierra Madre Occidental, Sierra Madre Oriental, Transmexican Volcanic Belt, Balsas Basin, and Sierra Madre del Sur. The Neotropical region, which harbors many insect taxa with close relatives in the tropical areas of the Old World, comprises four subregions: Caribbean, Amazonian, Chacoan, and Parana. The South American transition zone comprises five provinces: North Andean Paramo, Coastal Peruvian Desert, Puna, Atacama, Prepuna, and Monte. The Andean region, which harbors insect taxa with close relatives in the Austral continents, comprises three subregions: Central Chilean, Subantarctic, and Patagonian.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.50.071803.130447
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  • 110
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    TACHINIDAE: Evolution, Behavior, and Ecology (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 51 (2006), S. 525-555 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Tachinidae are one of the most diverse and ecologically important families in the order Diptera. As parasitoids, they are important natural enemies in most terrestrial ecological communities, particularly as natural enemies of larval Lepidoptera. Despite their diversity and ecological impact, relatively little is known about the evolution and ecology of tachinids, and what is known tends to be widely dispersed in specialized reports, journals, or texts. In this review we synthesize information on the evolutionary history, behavior, and ecology of tachinids and discuss promising directions for future research involving tachinids. We provide an overview of the phylogenetic history and geographic diversity of tachinids, examine the evolution of oviposition strategies and host associations, review known mechanisms of host location, and discuss recent studies dealing with the ecological interactions between tachinids and their hosts. In doing so, we highlight ways in which investigation of these parasitoids provides insight into such topics as biogeographic patterns of diversity, the evolution of ecological specialization, the tritrophic context of enemy-herbivore interactions, and the role of host location behavior in shaping host range.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151133
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  • 111
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    STRUCTURE OF THE MUSHROOM BODIES OF THE INSECT BRAIN (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 51 (2006), S. 209-232 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The past decade has produced an explosion of new information on the development, neuroanatomy, and possible functions of the mushroom bodies. This review provides a concise, contemporary overview of the structure of the mushroom bodies. Two topics are highlighted: the volume plasticity of mushroom body neuropils evident in the brains of some adult insects and a possible essential role for the ?? lobe in olfactory memory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.150954
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  • 112
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    INSECT VECTORS OF PHYTOPLASMAS (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 51 (2006), S. 91-111 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Plant diseases caused by, or associated with, phytoplasmas occur in hundreds of commercial and native plants, causing minor to extensive damage. Insect vectors, primarily leafhoppers, planthoppers, and psyllids, have been identified for relatively few phytoplasma diseases, limiting the capacity of managers to make informed decisions to protect crops and endangered indigenous plants. In the past two decades our knowledge of insect vectorĐ??phytoplasma interactions has increased dramatically, allowing researchers to make more accurate predictions about the nature and epidemiology of phytoplasma diseases. These better-characterized systems also may provide clues to the identity of insect vectors of other phytoplasma-associated diseases. We review the literature addressing the ecology of insect vectors, phytoplasma-insect ecological and molecular interactions, vector movement and dispersal, and possible management strategies with an emphasis on research from the past 20 years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151039
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  • 113
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    APPARENT COMPETITION, QUANTITATIVE FOOD WEBS, AND THE STRUCTURE OF PHYTOPHAGOUS INSECT COMMUNITIES (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 51 (2006), S. 187-208 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Phytophagous insects and their natural enemies make up one of the largest and most diverse groups of organisms on earth. Ecological processes, in particular negative indirect effects mediated by shared natural enemies (apparent competition), may be important in structuring phytophagous insect communities. The potential for indirect interactions can be assessed by analyzing the trophic structure of insect communities, and we claim that quantitative food webs are particularly well suited for this task. We review the experimental evidence for both short-term and long-term apparent competition in phytophagous insect communities and discuss the possible interactions between apparent competition and intraguild predation or shared mutualists. There is increasing evidence for the importance of trait-mediated as well as density-mediated indirect effects. We conclude that there is a need for large-scale experiments manipulating communities in their entirety and a greater integration of community and chemical ecology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151120
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  • 114
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    PLANT-MEDIATED INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS AND HERBIVOROUS ARTHROPODS (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 51 (2006), S. 663-689 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Plant-mediated interactions between pathogenic microorganisms and arthropod herbivores occur when arthropod infestation or pathogen infection changes the shared host plant in ways that affect a subsequent attacker of the opposite type. Interest in such "tripartite" interactions has increased as the ecological and plant physiological framework for understanding and contextualizing them has developed. The outcomes of plant-mediated interactions are variable, and only a few provisional patterns can be identified at present. However, these interactions can have important consequences not only for individual pathogens and herbivores, but also for the population dynamics of both types of organisms in managed and natural ecosystems. Research has focused on the role of two plant response pathways in mediating tripartite interactions, one involving jasmonic acid and the other salicylic acid. Further studies of plant-mediated interactions will facilitate an understanding of how plants coordinate and integrate their defenses against multiple biotic threats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151117
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  • 115
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    DOPA DECARBOXYLASE: A Model Gene-Enzyme System for Studying Development, Behavior, and Systematics (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 51 (2006), S. 259-284 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Throughout its long evolutionary history, the Dopa decarboxylase gene (Ddc) has acquired a variety of functions in insects. The enzyme (DDC) catalyzes the production of the neural transmitters dopamine and serotonin. Not surprisingly, evidence of the enzyme's involvement in the behavior of insects is beginning to accumulate. In addition, DDC plays a role in wound healing, parasite defense, pigmentation, and cuticle hardening. A high degree of sequence conservation has allowed comparisons of the Ddc-coding regions from various insects, facilitating a number of recent studies on insect systematics. This review outlines the diverse functions of Ddc and illustrates how studies of this model system address many questions on insect neurobiology, developmental biology, and systematics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151143
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  • 116
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    HOST PLANT SELECTION BY APHIDS: Behavioral, Evolutionary, and Applied Perspectives (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 51 (2006), S. 309-330 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: As phloem feeders and major vectors of plant viruses, aphids are important pests of agricultural and horticultural crops worldwide. The processes of aphid settling and reproduction on plants therefore have a direct economic impact, and a better understanding of these events may lead to improved management strategies. Aphids are also important model organisms in the analysis of population differentiation and speciation in animals, and new ideas on plant utilization influence our understanding of the mechanisms generating biological diversity. Recent research suggests that the dominant cues controlling plant preference and initiation of reproduction are detected early during the stylet penetration process, well before the nutrient supply (phloem) is contacted. Aphids regularly puncture cells along the stylet pathway and ingest cytosolic samples, and the cues stimulating settling and parturition likely are metabolites present in peripheral (nonvascular) plant cells. We discuss these findings and their implications for aphid evolution and management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151107
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  • 117
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    HUMAN FLAVIN-CONTAINING MONOOXYGENASES (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 65-100 
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    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This review summarizes recent information concerning the pharmacological and toxicological significance of the human flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO, EC 1.14.13.8). The human FMO oxygenates nucleophilic heteroatom-containing chemicals and drugs and generally converts them into harmless, polar, readily excreted metabolites. Sometimes, however, FMO bioactivates chemicals into reactive materials that can cause toxicity. Most of the interindividual differences of FMO are due to genetic variability and allelic variation, and splicing variants may contribute to interindividual and interethnic variability observed for FMO-mediated metabolism. In contrast to cytochrome P450 (CYP), FMO is not easily induced nor readily inhibited, and potential adverse drug-drug interactions are minimized for drugs prominently metabolized by FMO. These properties may provide advantages in drug design and discovery, and by incorporating FMO detoxication pathways into drug candidates, more drug-like materials may be forthcoming. Although exhaustive examples are not available, physiological factors can influence FMO function, and this may have implications for the clinical significance of FMO and a role in human disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141043
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  • 118
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    PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS: How Their Effects on Macrophages Can Lead to the Development of a New Drug Therapy Against Atherosclerosis (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 1-39 
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    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) alpha (ʼ̛), beta/delta (?‚/??), and gamma (??) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, which also includes the estrogen, androgen, and glucocorticoid receptors. Recent evidence suggests that PPARs regulate genes involved in lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, and inflammation in various tissues; however, the mechanisms involved are not completely understood. Anti-diabetic drugs, called glitazones, can selectively activate PPAR??, and hypolipidemic drugs, called fibrates, can weakly activate PPARʼ̛. Both classes of drugs can decrease insulin resistance and dyslipidemias, which also makes them attractive for treating the metabolic syndrome. The metabolic syndrome exhibits a constellation of risk factors for atherosclerosis that include obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemias, and hypertension. Interestingly, all three PPARs are present in macrophages and can therefore have a profound effect on several disease processes, including atherosclerosis. Macrophages are key players in atherosclerotic lesion development. Currently, the first line of defense in reducing the risk of atherosclerosis is aimed at lowering low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and raising high-density lipoproteins (HDL), but a large percentage of patients on statins still succumb to coronary artery disease. However, with the development of drugs selectively activating PPARs, a new arsenal of drugs specifically targeting to the macrophage/foam cell may potentially have a profound impact on how we treat cardiovascular disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141247
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    THE REGULATION AND PHARMACOLOGY OF ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 235-276 
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    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Nitric oxide (NO) is a small, diffusible, lipophilic free radical gas that mediates significant and diverse signaling functions in nearly every organ system in the body. The endothelial isoform of nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is a key source of NO found in the cardiovascular system. This review summarizes the pharmacology of NO and the cellular regulation of endothelial NOS (eNOS). The molecular intricacies of the chemistry of NO and the enzymology of NOSs are discussed, followed by a review of the biological activities of NO. This information is then used to develop a more global picture of the pharmacological control of NO synthesis by NOSs in both physiologic conditions and pathophysiologic states.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.44.101802.121844
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  • 120
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    CYTOCHROME P450 AND XENOBIOTIC RECEPTOR HUMANIZED MICE * (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 41-64 
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    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Most xenobiotics that enter the body are subjected to metabolism that functions primarily to facilitate their elimination. Metabolism of certain xenobiotics can also result in the production of electrophilic derivatives that can cause cell toxicity and transformation. Many xenobiotics can also activate receptors that in turn induce the expression of genes encoding xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and xenobiotic transporters. However, there are marked species differences in the way mammals respond to xenobiotics, which are due in large part to molecular differences in receptors and xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. This presents a problem in extrapolating data obtained with rodent model systems to humans. There are also polymorphisms in xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes that can impact drug therapy and cancer susceptibility. In an effort to generate more reliable in vivo systems to study and predict human response to xenobiotics, humanized mice are under development.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.100007
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    Growth (1939)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 1 (1939), S. 81-108 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ph.01.030139.000501
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    Energy Metabolism (1939)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 1 (1939), S. 131-162 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ph.01.030139.001023
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    Respiration and its Adjustments (1939)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 1 (1939), S. 185-216 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ph.01.030139.001153
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    The Spinal Cord and Reflex Action (1939)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 1 (1939), S. 363-384 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ph.01.030139.002051
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    The Special Senses (1939)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 1 (1939), S. 447-470 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ph.01.030139.002311
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    Endocrine Glands: Gonads, Pituitary, and Adrenals (1939)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 1 (1939), S. 577-652 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ph.01.030139.003045
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    CHRONIC EFFECTS OF MECHANICAL FORCE ON AIRWAYS (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 563-583 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Airways are embedded in the mechanically dynamic environment of the lung. In utero, this mechanical environment is defined largely by fluid secretion into the developing airway lumen. Clinical, whole lung, and cellular studies demonstrate pivotal roles for mechanical distention in airway morphogenesis and cellular behavior during lung development. In the adult lung, the mechanical environment is defined by a dynamic balance of surface, tissue, and muscle forces. Diseases of the airways modulate both the mechanical stresses to which the airways are exposed as well as the structure and mechanical behavior of the airways. For instance, in asthma, activation of airway smooth muscle abruptly changes the airway size and stress state within the airway wall; asthma also results in profound remodeling of the airway wall. Data now demonstrate that airway epithelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts respond to their mechanical environment. A prominent role has been identified for the epithelium in transducing mechanical stresses, and in both the fetal and mature airways, epithelial cells interact with mesenchymal cells to coordinate remodeling of tissue architecture in response to the mechanical environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    THE ASSOCIATION OF NHERF ADAPTOR PROTEINS WITH G PROTEINĐ??COUPLED RECEPTORS AND RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASES * (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 491-505 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: The sodium-hydrogen exchanger regulatory factors (NHERF-1 and NHERF-2) are a family of adaptor proteins characterized by the presence of two tandem PDZ protein interaction domains and a C-terminal domain that binds the cytoskeleton proteins ezrin, radixin, moesin, and merlin. The NHERF proteins are highly expressed in the kidney, small intestine, and other organs, where they associate with a number of transporters and ion channels, signaling proteins, and transcription factors. Recent evidence has revealed important associations between the NHERF proteins and several G proteinĐ??coupled receptors such as the ?‚2-adrenergic receptor, the ?”-opioid receptor, and the parathyroid hormone receptor, as well as growth factor tyrosine kinase receptors such as the platelet-derived growth factor receptor and the epidermal growth factor receptor. This review summarizes the emerging data on the biochemical mechanisms, physiologic outcomes, and potential clinical implications of the assembly and disassembly of receptor/NHERF complexes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040104.131050
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    Biological Oxidations and Reductions (1939)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 8 (1939), S. 1-36 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.08.070139.000245
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    Nonproteolytic Enzymes (1939)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 8 (1939), S. 59-80 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.08.070139.000423
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    The Chemistry of the Acyclic Constituents of Natural Fats and Oils (1939)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 8 (1939), S. 133-154 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.08.070139.001025
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    Lipid Metabolism (1939)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 8 (1939), S. 231-248 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.08.070139.001311
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    Metabolism of Proteins and Amino Acids (1939)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 8 (1939), S. 249-268 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.08.070139.001341
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    Choline as a Dietary Factor (1939)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 8 (1939), S. 349-370 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.08.070139.002025
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    Mineral Nutrition of Plants (1939)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 8 (1939), S. 503-520 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.08.070139.002443
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    Chemical Aspects of Photosynthesis (1939)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 8 (1939), S. 483-502 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.08.070139.002411
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    Immunochemistry (1939)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 8 (1939), S. 579-610 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.08.070139.003051
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    The Biological Effects of Radiation (1939)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 1 (1939), S. 21-40 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ph.01.030139.000321
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    The Digestive System (1939)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 1 (1939), S. 235-268 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ph.01.030139.001315
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    Heart (1939)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 1 (1939), S. 317-344 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ph.01.030139.001533
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    Physiology of the Liver (1939)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 1 (1939), S. 269-296 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ph.01.030139.001413
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    Bioelectric Studies of the Excitation and Response of Nerve (1939)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 1 (1939), S. 385-406 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ph.01.030139.002125
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    Physiological Psychology (1939)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 1 (1939), S. 471-502 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ph.01.030139.002351
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    General and Local Anesthesia (1939)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 1 (1939), S. 529-550 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ph.01.030139.002525
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    CNG AND HCN CHANNELS: Two Peas, One Pod (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 375-401 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Cyclic nucleotideĐ??activated ion channels play a fundamental role in a variety of physiological processes. By opening in response to intracellular cyclic nucleotides, they translate changes in concentrations of signaling molecules to changes in membrane potential. These channels belong to two families: the cyclic nucleotideĐ??gated (CNG) channels and the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotideĐ??modulated (HCN) channels. The two families exhibit high sequence similarity and belong to the superfamily of voltage-gated potassium channels. Whereas HCN channels are activated by voltage and CNG channels are virtually voltage independent, both channels are activated by cyclic nucleotide binding. Furthermore, the channels are thought to have similar channel structures, leading to similar mechanisms of activation by cyclic nucleotides. However, although these channels are structurally and behaviorally similar, they have evolved to perform distinct physiological functions. This review describes the physiological roles and biophysical behavior of CNG and HCN channels. We focus on how similarities in structure and activation mechanisms result in common biophysical models, allowing CNG and HCN channels to be viewed as a single genre.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040104.134728
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    OXIDATIVE STRESS IN MARINE ENVIRONMENTS: Biochemistry and Physiological Ecology (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 253-278 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Oxidative stressĐ??the production and accumulation of reduced oxygen intermediates such as superoxide radicals, singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicalsĐ??can damage lipids, proteins, and DNA. Many disease processes of clinical interest and the aging process involve oxidative stress in their underlying etiology. The production of reactive oxygen species is also prevalent in the world's oceans, and oxidative stress is an important component of the stress response in marine organisms exposed to a variety of insults as a result of changes in environmental conditions such as thermal stress, exposure to ultraviolet radiation, or exposure to pollution. As in the clinical setting, reactive oxygen species are also important signal transduction molecules and mediators of damage in cellular processes, such as apoptosis and cell necrosis, for marine organisms. This review brings together the voluminous literature on the biochemistry and physiology of oxidative stress from the clinical and plant physiology disciplines with the fast-increasing interest in oxidative stress in marine environments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040104.110001
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    THE CONTRIBUTION OF BIOPHYSICAL LUNG INJURY TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOTRAUMA (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 585-618 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome who die usually succumb to multiorgan failure as opposed to hypoxia. Despite appropriate resuscitation, some patients' symptoms persist on a downward spiral, apparently propagated by an uncontained systemic inflammatory response. This phenomenon is not well understood. However, a novel hypothesis to explain this observation proposes that it is related to the life-saving ventilatory support used to treat the respiratory failure. According to this hypothesis, mechanical ventilation per se, by alterating both the magnitude and the pattern of lung stretch, can cause changes in gene expression and/or cellular metabolism that ultimately can lead to the development of an overwhelming inflammatory responseĐ??even in the absence of overt structural damage. This mechanism of injury has been termed biotrauma. In this review we explore the biotrauma hypothesis, the causal relationship between biophysical injury and organ failure, and its implications for the future therapy and management of critically ill patients.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.072304.113443
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    SIGNALING FOR CONTRACTION AND RELAXATION IN SMOOTH MUSCLE OF THE GUT (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 345-374 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Phosphorylation of Ser19 on the 20-kDa regulatory light chain of myosin II (MLC20) by Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK) is essential for initiation of smooth muscle contraction. The initial [Ca2+]i transient is rapidly dissipated and MLCK inactivated, whereas MLC20 and muscle contraction are well maintained. Sustained contraction does not reflect Ca2+ sensitization because complete inhibition of MLC phosphatase activity in the absence of Ca2+ induces smooth muscle contraction. This contraction is suppressed by staurosporine, implying participation of a Ca2+-independent MLCK. Thus, sustained contraction, as with agonist-induced contraction at experimentally fixed Ca2+ concentrations, involves (a) G protein activation, (b) regulated inhibition of MLC phosphatase, and (c) MLC20 phosphorylation via a Ca2+-independent MLCK. The pathways that lead to inhibition of MLC phosphatase by Gq/13-coupled receptors are initiated by sequential activation of Gʼ̛q/ʼ̛13, RhoGEF, and RhoA, and involve Rho kinaseĐ??mediated phosphorylation of the regulatory subunit of MLC phosphatase (MYPT1) and/or PKC-mediated phosphorylation of CPI-17, an endogenous inhibitor of MLC phosphatase. Sustained MLC20 phosphorylation is probably induced by the Ca2+-independent MLCK, ZIP kinase. The pathways initiated by Gi-coupled receptors involve sequential activation of G?‚??i, PI 3-kinase, and the Ca2+-independent MLCK, integrin-linked kinase. The last phosphorylates MLC20 directly and inhibits MLC phosphatase by phosphorylating CPI-17. PKA and PKG, which mediate relaxation, act upstream to desensitize the receptors (VPAC2 and NPR-C), inhibit adenylyl and guanylyl cyclase activities, and stimulate cAMP-specific PDE3 and PDE4 and cGMP-specific PDE5 activities. These kinases also act downstream to inhibit (a) initial contraction by inhibiting Ca2+ mobilization and (b) sustained contraction by inhibiting RhoA and targets downstream of RhoA. This increases MLC phosphatase activity and induces MLC20 dephosphorylation and muscle relaxation.
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    TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 97-121 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Although there have been important advances in diagnostic modalities and therapeutic strategies for congenital heart defects (CHD), these malformations still lead to significant morbidity and mortality in the human population. Over the past 10 years, characterization of the genetic causes of CHD has begun to elucidate some of the molecular causes of these defects. Linkage analysis and candidate-gene approaches have been used to identify gene mutations that are associated with both familial and sporadic cases of CHD. Complementation of the human studies with developmental studies in mouse models provides information for the roles of these genes in normal development as well as indications for disease pathogenesis. Biochemical analysis of these gene mutations has provided further insight into the molecular effects of these genetic mutations. Here we review genetic, developmental, and biochemical studies of six cardiac transcription factors that have been identified as genetic causes for CHD in humans.
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    STRESS TRANSMISSION IN THE LUNG: Pathways from Organ to Molecule (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 507-541 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Gas exchange, the primary function of the lung, can come about only with the application of physical forces on the macroscale and their transmission to the scale of small airway, small blood vessel, and alveolus, where they serve to distend and stabilize structures that would otherwise collapse. The pathway for force transmission then continues down to the level of cell, nucleus, and molecule; moreover, to lesser or greater degrees most cell types that are resident in the lung have the ability to generate contractile forces. At these smallest scales, physical forces serve to distend the cytoskeleton, drive cytoskeletal remodeling, expose cryptic binding domains, and ultimately modulate reaction rates and gene expression. Importantly, evidence has now accumulated suggesting that multiscale phenomena span these scales and govern integrative lung behavior.
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    Proteolytic Enzymes (1939)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 8 (1939), S. 37-58 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.08.070139.000345
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    Polysaccharides and Lignin (1939)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 8 (1939), S. 81-112 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.08.070139.000501
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    Carbohydrate Metabolism (1939)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 8 (1939), S. 211-230 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.08.070139.001235
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    Hormones (1939)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 8 (1939), S. 301-348 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.08.070139.001505
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    The Water-Soluble Vitamins (1939)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 8 (1939), S. 371-414 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.08.070139.002103
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    The Alkaloids (1939)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 8 (1939), S. 463-482 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.08.070139.002335
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    Growth Hormones in the Higher Plants (1939)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 8 (1939), S. 521-540 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.08.070139.002513
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    CO AS A CELLULAR SIGNALING MOLECULE (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 411-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Many biological functions of heme oxygenase (HO), such as cytoprotection against oxidative stress, vasodilation, neurotransmission in the central or peripheral nervous systems, and anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, or anti-proliferative potential, have been attributed to its enzymatic byproduct carbon monoxide (CO), although roles for biliverdin/bilirubin and iron have also been proposed. In addition to these well-characterized effects, recent findings reveal that HO-derived CO may act as an oxygen sensor and circadian modulator of heme biosynthesis. In lymphocytes, CO may participate in regulatory T cell function. A number of the known signaling effects of CO depend on stimulation of soluble guanylate cyclase and/or activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). Furthermore, modulation of caveolin-1 status may serve as an essential component of certain aspects of CO action, such as growth control. In this review, we summarize recent findings of the beneficial or detrimental effects of endogenous CO with an emphasis on the signaling pathways and downstream targets that trigger the action of this gas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141053
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    REGULATION OF PHOSPHOLIPASE C ISOZYMES BY RAS SUPERFAMILY GTPASES (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 355-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The physiological effects of many extracellular stimuli are mediated by receptor-promoted activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and consequential activation of inositol lipid-signaling pathways. These signaling responses include the classically described conversion of PtdIns(4,5)P2 to the Ca2+-mobilizing second messenger Ins(1,4,5)P3 and the protein kinase CĐ??activating second messenger diacylglycerol as well as alterations in membrane association or activity of many proteins that harbor phosphoinositide binding domains. Here we discuss how the family of PLCs elaborates a minimal catalytic core typified by PLC-?? to confer multiple modes of regulation on their phospholipase activities. Although PLC-dependent signaling is prominently regulated by direct interactions with heterotrimeric G proteins or tyrosine kinases, the existence of at least 13 divergent PLC isozymes promises a diverse repertoire of regulatory mechanisms for this class of important signaling proteins. We focus here on the recently realized and extensive regulation of inositol lipid signaling by Ras superfamily GTPases directly acting on PLC isozymes and conclude by considering the biological and pharmacological ramifications of this regulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141223
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    REGULATION OF DRUG-METABOLIZING ENZYMES AND TRANSPORTERS IN INFLAMMATION (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 123-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Inflammation and infection have long been known to downregulate the activity and expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes involved in hepatic drug clearance. This can result in elevated plasma drug levels and increased adverse effects. Recent information on regulation of human CYP enzymes is presented, as are new developments in our understanding of the mechanisms of regulation. Experiments to study the effects of modulating CYP activities on the inflammatory response have yielded possible insights into the physiological consequences, if not the purpose, of the downregulation. Regulation of hepatic flavin monooxygenases, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, sulfotransferases, glutathione S-transferases, as well as of hepatic transporters during the inflammatory response, exhibits similarities and differences with regulation of CYPs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    PHARMACOGENOMICS OF ACUTE LEUKEMIA (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 317-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Over the past four decades, treatment of acute leukemia in children has made remarkable progress, from this disease being lethal to now achieving cure rates of 80% for acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 45% for acute myeloid leukemia. This progress is largely owed to the optimization of existing treatment modalities rather than the discovery of new agents. However, the annual number of patients with leukemia who experience relapse after initial therapy remains greater than that of new cases of most childhood cancers. The aim of pharmacogenetics is to develop strategies to personalize medications and tailor treatment regimens to individual patients, with the goal of enhancing efficacy and safety through better understanding of the person's genetic makeup. In this review, we summarize recent pharmacogenomic studies related to the treatment of pediatric acute leukemia. These include work using candidate-gene approaches, as well as genome-wide studies using haplotype mapping and gene expression profiling. These strategies illustrate the promise of pharmacogenomics to further advance the treatment of human cancers, with childhood leukemia serving as a paradigm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.100018
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    THE PROTEASOME AND PROTEASOME INHIBITORS IN CANCER THERAPY (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 189-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The proteasome, a multicatalytic proteinase complex, is responsible for the majority of intracellular protein degradation. Pharmacologic inhibitors of the proteasome possess in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity, and bortezomib, the first such agent to undergo clinical testing, has significant efficacy against multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Preclinical studies demonstrate that proteasome inhibition potentiates the activity of other cancer therapeutics, in part by downregulating chemoresistance pathways. Early clinical studies of bortezomib-based combinations, showing encouraging activity, support this observation. Molecular characterization of resistance to proteasome inhibitors has revealed novel therapeutic targets for sensitizing malignancies to these agents, such as the heat shock pathway. Below, we review the pharmacologic, preclinical, and clinical data that have paved the way for the use of proteasome inhibitors for cancer therapy; outline strategies aimed at enhancing the efficacy of proteasome inhibitors; and review other potential targets in the ubiquitin proteasome pathway for the treatment of cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141300
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    MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF 7TM RECEPTOR ACTIVATIONĐ??A GLOBAL TOGGLE SWITCH MODEL (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 481-519 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The multitude of chemically highly different agonists for 7TM receptors apparently do not share a common binding mode or active site but nevertheless act through induction of a common molecular activation mechanism. A global toggle switch model is proposed for this activation mechanism to reconcile the accumulated biophysical data supporting an outward rigid-body movement of the intracellular segments, as well as the recent data derived from activating metal ion sites and tethered ligands, which suggests an opposite, inward movement of the extracellular segments of the transmembrane helices. According to this model, a vertical see-saw movement of TM-VIĐ??and to some degree TM-VIIĐ??around a pivot corresponding to the highly conserved prolines will occur during receptor activation, which may involve the outer segment of TM-V in an as yet unclear fashion. Small-molecule agonists can stabilize such a proposed active conformation, where the extracellular segments of TM-VI and -VII are bent inward toward TM-III, by acting as molecular glue deep in the main ligand-binding pocket between the helices, whereas larger agonists, peptides, and proteins can stabilize a similar active conformation by acting as Velcro at the extracellular ends of the helices and the connecting loops.
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    FUNCTION OF RETINOID NUCLEAR RECEPTORS: Lessons from Genetic and Pharmacological Dissections of the Retinoic Acid Signaling Pathway During Mouse Embryogenesis (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 451-480 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Retinoic acid (RA) is involved in vertebrate morphogenesis, growth, cellular differentiation, and tissue homeostasis. The use of in vitro systems initially led to the identification of nuclear receptor RXR/RAR heterodimers as possible transducers of the RA signal. To unveil the physiological functions of RARs and RXRs, genetic and pharmacological studies have been performed in the mouse. Together, their results demonstrate that (a) RXR/RAR heterodimers in which RXR is either transcriptionally active or silent are involved in the transduction of the RA signal during prenatal development, (b) specific RXRʼ̛/RAR heterodimers are required at many distinct stages during early embryogenesis and organogenesis, (c) the physiological role of RA and its receptors cannot be extrapolated from teratogenesis studies using retinoids in excess. Additional cell typeĐ??restricted and temporally controlled somatic mutagenesis is required to determine the functions of RARs and RXRs during postnatal life.
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    CANNABINOID RECEPTORS AS THERAPEUTIC TARGETS (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 101-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors are the primary targets of endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids). These G proteinĐ??coupled receptors play an important role in many processes, including metabolic regulation, craving, pain, anxiety, bone growth, and immune function. Cannabinoid receptors can be engaged directly by agonists or antagonists, or indirectly by manipulating endocannabinoid metabolism. In the past several years, it has become apparent from preclinical studies that therapies either directly or indirectly influencing cannabinoid receptors might be clinically useful. This review considers the components of the endocannabinoid system and discusses some of the most promising endocannabinoid-based therapies.
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    REGULATION OF PLATELET FUNCTIONS BY P2 RECEPTORS (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 277-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The main role of blood platelets is to ensure primary hemostasis, which is the maintenance of vessel integrity and cessation of bleeding upon injury. While playing a major part in acute arterial thrombosis, platelets are also involved in inflammation, atherosclerosis, and angiogenesis. ADP and ATP play a crucial role in platelet activation, and their receptors are potential targets for antithrombotic drugs. The ATP-gated cation channel P2X1 and the two G proteinĐ??coupled ADP receptors, P2Y1 and P2Y12, selectively contribute to platelet aggregation and formation of a thrombus. Owing to its central role in the growth and stabilization of a thrombus, the P2Y12 receptor is an established target of antithrombotic drugs such as clopidogrel. Studies in P2Y1 and P2X1 knockout mice and selective P2Y1 and P2X1 antagonists have shown that these receptors are also attractive targets for new antithrombotic compounds. The potential role of platelet P2 receptors in the involvement of platelets in inflammatory processes is also discussed.
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    FUNCTIONAL IMAGING OF TUMOR PROTEOLYSIS (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 301-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The roles of proteases in cancer are now known to be much broader than simply degradation of extracellular matrix during tumor invasion and metastasis. Furthermore, proteases from tumor-associated cells (e.g., fibroblasts, inflammatory cells, endothelial cells) as well as tumor cells are recognized to contribute to pathways critical to neoplastic progression. Although elevated expression (transcripts and proteins) of proteases, and in some cases protease inhibitors, has been documented in many tumors, techniques to assess functional roles for proteases require that we measure protease activity and inhibition of that activity rather than levels of proteases, activators, and inhibitors. Novel techniques for functional imaging of protease activity, both in vitro and in vivo, are being developed as are imaging probes that will allow us to determine protease activity and in some cases to discriminate among protease activities. These should be useful clinically as surrogate endpoints for therapies that alter protease activities.
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    ROLE OF ABCG2/BCRP IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 381-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The protein variously named ABCG2/BCRP/MXR/ABCP is a recently described ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter originally identified by its ability to confer drug resistance that is independent of Mrp1 (multidrug-resistance protein 1) and Pgp (P-glycoprotein). Unlike Mrp1 and Pgp, ABCG2 is a half-transporter that must homodimerize to acquire transport activity. ABCG2 is found in a variety of stem cells and may protect them from exogenous and endogenous toxins. ABCG2 expression is upregulated under low-oxygen conditions, consistent with its high expression in tissues exposed to low-oxygen environments. ABCG2 interacts with heme and other porphyrins and protects cells and/or tissues from protoporphyrin accumulation under hypoxic conditions. Individuals who carry ABCG2 alleles that have impaired function may be more susceptible to porphyrin-induced toxicity. Abcg2 knock-out models have allowed in vivo studies of Abcg2 function in host and cellular defense. In combination with immunohistochemical analyses, these studies have revealed how ABCG2 influences the absorption, distribution, and excretion of drugs and cytotoxins.
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    ACCESSORY PROTEINS FOR G PROTEINS: Partners in Signaling (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 151-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Accessory proteins involved in signal processing through heterotrimeric G proteins are generally defined as proteins distinct from G proteinĐ??coupled receptor (GPCR), G protein, or classical effectors that regulate the strength/efficiency/specificity of signal transfer upon receptor activation or position these entities in the right microenvironment, contributing to the formation of a functional signal transduction complex. A flurry of recent studies have implicated an additional class of accessory proteins for this system that provide signal input to heterotrimeric G proteins in the absence of a cell surface receptor, serve as alternative binding partners for G protein subunits, provide unexpected modes of G protein regulation, and have introduced additional functional roles for G proteins. This group of accessory proteins includes the recently discovered Activators of G protein Signaling (AGS) proteins identified in a functional screen for receptor-independent activators of G protein signaling as well as several proteins identified in protein interaction screens and genetic screens in model organisms. These accessory proteins may influence GDP dissociation and nucleotide exchange at the G subunit, alter subunit interactions within heterotrimeric G independent of nucleotide exchange, or form complexes with G or G independent of the typical G heterotrimer. AGS and related accessory proteins reveal unexpected diversity in G protein subunits as signal transducers within the cell.
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    TIMES OF TRANSMISSION FOR SMALL DISTANCES AND FOCAL DEPTHS (1939)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 4 (1939), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1939.tb02918.x
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    ON RAYLEIGH WAVES ACROSS THE PACIFIC OCEAN (1939)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 4 (1939), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1939.tb02919.x
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    THE TIMES OF THE CORE WAVES (Second Paper) (1939)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 4 (1939), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1939.tb02921.x
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    GRAVITY MEASUREMENTS IN CYPRUS (1939)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 4 (1939), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1939.tb02910.x
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    THE ANALYSIS OF TILT RECORDS AT BIDSTON (1939)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 4 (1939), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1939.tb02911.x
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    THE TIMES OF THE CORE WAVES (1939)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 4 (1939), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1939.tb02915.x
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    THE TIMES OF P, S AND SKS, AND THE VELOCITIES OF P AND S (1939)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 4 (1939), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1939.tb02912.x
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    Erratum (1939)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 4 (1939), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1939.tb02917.x
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    THE SEICHES IN AN OCEAN SURROUNDING AN ISLAND. (1939)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 4 (1939), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1939.tb02905.x
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    SOME JAPANESE DEEP-FOCUS EARTHQUAKES. (1939)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 4 (1939), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1939.tb02907.x
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    THEORETICAL TRAVEL-TIMES OF THE PHASES PP, PPP, PS, PPS, SS, PSS AND SSS (1939)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 4 (1939), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1939.tb02920.x
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    THE TEMPERATURE, MELT WATER MOVEMENT AND DENSITY INCREASE IN THE NÉVÉ OF AN ALPINE GLACIER (1939)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 4 (1939), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1939.tb02922.x
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    TEMPERATURES WITHIN THE EARTH (1939)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 4 (1939), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1939.tb02913.x
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    THE TIMES OF PcP AND ScS (1939)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 4 (1939), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1939.tb02914.x
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    ON THE L PHASE OF SEISMOGRAMS (1939)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 4 (1939), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1939.tb02916.x
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    ON THE CURRENTS IN THE NORTH CHANNEL OF THE IRISH SEA. (1939)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 4 (1939), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1939.tb02904.x
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    THE NORTH SEA EARTHQUAKE OF 1931 JUNE 7. (1939)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 4 (1939), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1939.tb02906.x
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    TWO DOUBLE EARTHQUAKES. (1939)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 4 (1939), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1939.tb02908.x
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    ANAEROBIC TECHNIQUE–A MODIFIED DEEP AGAR SHAKE (1939)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 4 (1939), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1939.tb17140.x
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  • 189
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    BACTERIA OF THE COLON-AEROGENES GROUP ON NUT MEATS (1939)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 4 (1939), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1939.tb17141.x
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  • 190
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    SIMULATION, BY CHEMICAL AGENTS, OF COOKING OF POTATO TISSUE (1939)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 4 (1939), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1939.tb17143.x
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  • 191
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    CAROTENE (VITAMIN A) CONTENT OP FRESH AND FROSTED PEAS (1939)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 4 (1939), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1939.tb17144.x
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  • 192
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    SUSCEPTIBILITY OF FROZEN-DEFROSTED POULTRY MEAT TO DRIP (1939)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 4 (1939), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1939.tb17145.x
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  • 193
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    PREPARATION AND USE OF LOW-LACTOSE MILK (1939)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 4 (1939), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1939.tb17146.x
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  • 194
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    REMOVAL OF LEAD IN MAPLE SYRUP BY MEANS OP BASE EXCHANGE MATERIAL (1939)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 4 (1939), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Calcium Zeo-Karb (zeolite) will effectively remove lead from maple sap even when the lead concentration is as much as 36 p.p.m. in terms of syrup. This base-exchange action of the calcium of the Calcium Zeo-Karb and the lead in the maple sap are independent of the temperature in the range between 5 and 60°C.(41 and 140°F.), but it is dependent upon the contact time (rate of percolation of the sap through the zeolite). When a contact time of one minute was used, the lead concentration was effectively reduced from 36 p.p.m. to less than one p.p.m.The present study has been limited to the removal of lead from maple sap by means of a base-exchange material; however, the authors are continuing this work and are now conducting experiments on the removal of zinc, copper, iron, and tin from maple sap with this material.During the 1939 maple-sugar season a calcium Zeo-Karb treatment plant will be set up and used in a sugar bush to ascertain its value under actual operating conditions.This paper is written before the completion of the work on the removal of the other heavy metals from maple sap, since the question of lead in maple products is very keen at the present time and the authors feel that this paper may be of some value to other workers.The use of this base-exchange material would be extremely simple. It would only need to be assembled in the pipe line leading from the maple-sap storage tank to the evaporator. It should require no attention whatever except to recharge it with calcium chloride at the beginning of each sugar season. The Zeo-Karb, if kept clean and washed well after each season's use, should last indefinitely.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1939.tb17142.x
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  • 195
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    EXPERIMENTAL WORK ON LACTIC ACID IN PRESERVING PICKLES AND PICKLE PRODUCTS (1939)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 4 (1939), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1939.tb17148.x
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  • 196
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    EXPERIMENTAL WORK ON LACTIC ACID IN PRESERVING PICKLES AND PICKLE PRODUCTS (1939)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 4 (1939), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1939.tb17149.x
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  • 197
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    VITAMIN C IN VEGETABLES. X. SNAP BEANS (1939)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 4 (1939), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1939.tb17124.x
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  • 198
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    EXPERIMENTAL WORK ON LACTIC ACID IN PRESERVING PICKLES AND PICKLE PRODUCTS (1939)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 4 (1939), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The results show that salt is removed at a much faster rate during the first than during the second 24-hour freshening period. Approximately 50 per cent of the salt was removed during the first hour after heating. A second heating was of little value in facilitating the removal of salt. Salt is removed from small pickles more rapidly than from medium-sized ones.Acetic acid penetrates pickles more rapidly than lactic acid.The rate of penetration of acid into the pickles is greatest during the first 24 hours after they are placed in the acid liquor. In the case of small pickles 75 to 80 per cent of the total amount of acid absorbed by them is absorbed in the first six hours after they are placed in the acid liquor. Equilibrium is reached within 40 hours for small pickles, whereas with medium-sized pickles it requires a longer time. Not only is the concentration of the acid important but also the ratio of weight of the pickles to weight of the acid present.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1939.tb17147.x
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  • 199
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    VARIATIONS IN ASCORBIC ACID CONTENT OF BANANAS (1939)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 4 (1939), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1939.tb17125.x
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  • 200
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    INFLUENCE OF BACTERIA ON OXIDATION OF ASCORBIC ACID (1939)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 4 (1939), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1939.tb17126.x
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