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  • Springer  (58,194)
  • American Society of Hematology  (6,935)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science  (6,865)
  • 2010-2014  (64,010)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1935-1939  (7,984)
  • 1925-1929
  • 2010  (64,010)
  • 1938  (7,984)
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  • 2010-2014  (64,010)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1935-1939  (7,984)
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2020-11-16
    Description: Active volcanoes characterized by open conduit conditions generate sonic and infrasonic signals, whose investigation provides useful information for both monitoring purposes and studying the dynamics of explosive processes. In this work, we discuss the automatic procedures implemented for a real-time application to the data acquired by a permanent network of five infrasound stations running at Mt. Etna volcano. The infrasound signals at Mt. Etna consist in amplitude transients, called infrasound events. The adopted procedure uses a multi-algorithm approach for event detection, counting, characterization and location. It is designed for an efficient and accurate processing of infrasound records provided by single-site and array stations. Moreover, the source mechanism of these events can be investigated off-line or in near real-time by using three different models: i) Strombolian bubble; ii) resonating conduit and iii) Helmholtz resonator. The infrasound waveforms allow us to choose the most suitable model, to get quantitative information about the source and to follow the time evolution of the source parameters.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1215–1231
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: infrasound ; monitoring system ; Mt. Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: A multi-model set of atmospheric simulations forced by historical sea surface temperature (SST) or SSTs plus Greenhouse gases and aerosol forcing agents for the period of 1950–1999 is studied to identify and understand which components of the Asian–Australian monsoon (A–AM) variability are forced and reproducible. The analysis focuses on the summertime monsoon circulations, comparing model results against the observations. The priority of different components of the A–AM circulations in terms of reproducibility is evaluated. Among the subsystems of the wide A–AM, the South Asian monsoon and the Australian monsoon circulations are better reproduced than the others, indicating they are forced and well modeled. The primary driving mechanism comes from the tropical Pacific. The western North Pacific monsoon circulation is also forced and well modeled except with a slightly lower reproducibility due to its delayed response to the eastern tropical Pacific forcing. The simultaneous driving comes from the western Pacific surrounding the maritime continent region. The Indian monsoon circulation has a moderate reproducibility, partly due to its weakened connection to June–July–August SSTs in the equatorial eastern Pacific in recent decades. Among the A–AM subsystems, the East Asian summer monsoon has the lowest reproducibility and is poorly modeled. This is mainly due to the failure of specifying historical SST in capturing the zonal land-sea thermal contrast change across the East Asia. The prescribed tropical Indian Ocean SST changes partly reproduce the meridional wind change over East Asia in several models. For all the A–AM subsystem circulation indices, generally the MME is always the best except for the Indian monsoon and East Asian monsoon circulation indices.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1051-1068
    Description: 3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: CLIVAR C20C ; Asian-Australian monsoon circulation ; AGCM ; Reproducibility ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.02. Climate
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2020-11-16
    Description: The presence of quarry and mine blasts in seismic catalogues is detected using the Wiemer and Baer (Bull Seism Soc Am 90(2):525–530, 2000) algorithm. The procedure is based on the observation that quarry blasts generally take place during daytime hours: the areas with a high ratio of daytime and night-time events are likely to be regions with quarry activity. In the first part of this work we have tested the method, using both a synthetic and a regional catalogue; in the second part the procedure has been applied to some of the European regional catalogues available on line. The comparison between the results obtained and the location of known quarries and mines for the analysed catalogues confirms the reliability of the methodology in identifying mining areas.
    Description: This research was partially supported by the transnational access activity of the European Union project NERIES (contract number 026130)
    Description: Published
    Description: 229–249
    Description: 4IT. Banche dati
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: quarry blast; mine blast; seismic catalogue ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.04. Statistical analysis
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2020-12-21
    Description: BREVIA
    Description: We report on the discovery in southern Egypt of an impact crater 45 m in diameter with a pristine rayed structure. Such pristine structures have been previously observed only on atmosphereless rocky or icy planetary bodies in the Solar System. This feature and the association with an iron meteorite impactor and shock metamorphism provides a unique picture of small-scale hypervelocity impacts on the Earth's crust. Contrary to current geophysical models, ground data indicate that iron meteorites with masses of the order of tens of tons can penetrate the atmosphere without significant fragmentation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 804
    Description: 1.8. Osservazioni di geofisica ambientale
    Description: 3.8. Geofisica per l'ambiente
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Impact crater ; Egypt ; geophysical exploration ; ataxite ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.03. Geomorphology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2020-11-16
    Description: Earthquake catalogues for Romania supply for 11th–15th century earthquakes located in the region of Vrancea records that consist of a complete set of parameters, including magnitude and depth. Scope of this paper is to verify the reliability and consistency of these parameters with the informative background as explicitly referenced by the catalogues. After retrieving the original sources they mention, the set of data appeared to be related almost exclusively to the Russian plain and too poor to be at the very origin of the parameter assessment. Data for 19th–20th century earthquakes, such as instrumental locations and CMT solutions, added to the understanding of the macroseismic response of the Russian plain to Vrancea earthquakes. On the one hand, the investigation and analysis of historical earthquake records for the fourteen events listed by the catalogues in the 11th–15th centuries has shown that for three earthquakes (1022, 1038, 1258) no primary sources could be traced, and three more earthquakes (1091, 1170 and 1328) are attested only by scarcely reliable records and had to be classified as doubtful, and one (1473) is simply a duplication of the 1471 event. On the other hand, the availability of data on recent earthquakes that may be compared to historical ones in terms of macroseismic effects allowed the authors to agree with the previous catalogue compilers’ solution with regard to both magnitude and depth of the past earthquakes for which do exist reliable primary historical records.
    Description: Published
    Description: 575–604
    Description: 4IT. Banche dati
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Vrancea earthquakes ; 11th-15th earthquakes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: A new method of macroseismic surveys, based on voluntary collaboration through the Internet, has been running at the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) since July 2007. The macroseismic questionnaire is addressed to a single non-specialist; reported effects are statistically analysed to extrapolate a probabilistic estimate of Mercalli Cancani Sieberg and European Macroseismic Scale intensities for that observer. Maps of macroseismic intensity are displayed online in almost real time and are continuously updated when new data are made available. For densely inhabited zones, we have received reports of felt effects for even very small events (M=2). Six earthquakes are presented here, showing the ability of the method to give fast and interesting results. The effects reported in questionnaires coming from three towns are carefully analysed and assigned intensities are compared with those derived from traditional macroseismic surveys, showing the reliability of our web-based method.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1.11. TTC - Osservazioni e monitoraggio macrosismico del territorio nazionale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Earthquakes ; Macroseismic intensity ; Questionnaire ; Macroseismic effects ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We investigate the dynamics of turbulent pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) by adopting a 3D, Eulerian-Eulerian multiphase flow model, in which solid particles are treated as a continuum and the grain-size distribution is simplified by assuming two particulate phases. The turbulent sub-grid stress of the gas phase is modelled within the framework of Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) by means of a eddy-viscosity model together with a wall closure. Despite the significant numerical diffusion associated to the upwind method adopted for the Finite-Volume discretization, numerical simulations demonstrate the need of adopting a Sub-Grid Scale (SGS) model, while revealing the complex interplay between the grid and the SGS filter sizes. We also analyse the relationship between the averaged flow dynamic pressure and the action exerted by the PDC on a cubic obstacle, to evaluate the impact of a PDC on a building. Numerical results suggest that the average flow dynamic pressure can be used as a proxy for the force per unit surface acting on the building envelope (Fig. 5), even for such steeply stratified flows. However, it is not possible to express such roportionality as a constant coefficient such as the drag coefficient in a steady-state current. The present results indeed indicate that the large epistemic and aleatory uncertainty on initial and boundary conditions has an impact on the numerical redictions which is comparable to that of grid resolution.
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: (10)
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: open
    Keywords: Large-Eddy Simulation ; pyroclastic density currents ; numerical simulation ; multiphase flows ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration provided warmer atmospheric temperature and higher atmospheric water vapor content, but not necessarily more precipitation. A set of experiments performed with a state-of-the-art coupled general circulation model forced with increased atmospheric CO2 concentration (2, 4 and 16 times the present-day mean value) were analyzed and compared with a control experiment to evaluate the effect of increased CO2 levels on monsoons. Generally, the monsoon precipitation responses to CO2 forcing are largest if extreme concentrations of carbon dioxide are used, but they are not necessarly proportional to the forcing applied. In fact, despite a common response in terms of an atmospheric water vapor increase to the atmospheric warming, two out of the six monsoons studied simulate less or equal summer mean precipitation in the 16xCO2 experiment compared to the intermediate sensitivity experiments. The precipitation differences between CO2 sensitivity experiments and CTRL have been investigated specifying the contribution of thermodynamic and purely dynamic processes. As a general rule, the differences depending on the atmospheric moisture content changes (thermodynamic component) are large and positive, and they tend to be damped by the dynamic component associated with the changes in the vertical velocity. However, differences are observed among monsoons in terms of the role played by other terms (like moisture advection and evaporation) in shaping the precipitation changes in warmer climates. The precipitation increase, even if weak, occurs despite a weakening of the mean circulation in the monsoon regions(‘‘precipitation-wind paradox’’). In particular, the tropical east-west Walker circulation is reduced, as found from velocity potential analysis. The meridional component of the monsoon circulation is changed as well, with larger (smaller) meridional (vertical) scales.
    Description: In press
    Description: 3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: carbon dioxide forcing ; monsoon precipitation ; coupled model experiments ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.02. Climate ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.03. Global climate models ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.03. Physical::03.03.02. General circulation
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In this chapter, a review is given of progress to date on an intercomparison project designed to compare and evaluate the ability of climate models to generate tropical cyclones, the Tropical Cyclone climate Model Intercomparison Project(TC-MIP). Like other intercomparison projects, this project aims to evaluate climate models using common metrics in order to make suggestions regarding future development of such models.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Tropical Cyclones ; general circulation models ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.02. Climate
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In this paper, a Bayesian procedure is implemented for the Probability Tsunami Hazard Assessment (PTHA). The approach is general and modular incorporating all significant information relevant for the hazard assessment, such as theoretical and empirical background, analytical or numerical models, instrumental and historical data. The procedure provides the posterior probability distribution that integrates the prior probability distribution based on the physical knowledge of the process and the likelihood based on the historical data. Also, the method deals with aleatory and epistemic uncertainties incorporating in a formal way all sources of relevant uncertainty, from the tsunami generation process to the wave propagation and impact on the coasts. The modular structure of the procedure is flexible and easy to modify and/or update as long as new models and/or information are available. Finally, the procedure is applied to an hypothetical region, Neverland, to clarify the PTHA evaluation in a realistic case.
    Description: In press
    Description: 4.4. Scenari e mitigazione del rischio ambientale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Bayesian method ; Probability Tsunami Hazard Assessment ; Run-up ; Modular structure ; Seismic sources ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.01. Environmental risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: This study investigates the possible changes that the greenhouse global warming might generate in the characteristics of the tropical cyclones (TCs). The analysis has been performed using scenario climate simulations carried out with a fully coupled high-resolution global general circulation model. The capability of the model to reproduce a reasonably realistic TC climatology has been assessed by comparing the model results from a simulation of the 20th Century with observations. The model appears to be able to simulate tropical cyclone-like vortices with many features similar to the observed TCs. The simulated TC activity exhibits realistic geographical distribution, seasonal modulation and interannual variability, suggesting that the model is able to reproduce the major basic mechanisms that link the TC occurrence with the large scale circulation. The results from the climate scenarios reveal a substantial general reduction of the TC frequency when the atmospheric CO2 concentration is doubled and quadrupled. The reduction appears particularly evident for the tropical North West Pacific (NWP) and North Atlantic (ATL). In the NWP the weaker TC activity seems to be associated with a reduced amount of convective instabilities. In the ATL region the weaker TC activity seems to be due to both the increased stability of the atmosphere and a stronger vertical wind shear. Despite the generally reduced TC activity, there is evidence of increased rainfall associated with the simulated cyclones. Despite the overall warming of the tropical upper ocean and the expansion of warm SSTs to the subtropics and mid-latitudes, the action of the TCs remains well confined to the tropical region and the peak of TC number remains equatorward of 20° latitude in both Hemispheres. An extended version of this work is in available on Journal of Climate (Gualdi et al.,2008 - DOI:10.1175/2008JCLI1921.1)
    Description: Published
    Description: 287-321
    Description: 3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
    Description: open
    Keywords: climate ; tropical cyclones ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.02. Climate
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We describe the mineralogy, geochemistry, and mesomicrostructure of fresh subvolcanic blocks erupted during the 5 April 2003 paroxysm of Stromboli (Aeolian Islands, Italy). These blocks represent ∼50 vol.% of the total erupted ejecta and consist of fine- to medium-grained basaltic lithotypes ranging from relatively homogeneous dolerites to strongly or poorly welded magmatic breccias. The breccia components are represented by angular fragments of dolerites entrapped in a matrix of vesiculated (lava-like to scoriae) crystal-rich (CR) basalt. All of the studied blocks are cognates with the CR basalt of the normal Strombolian activity or lavas and they are often coated by a few-centimeter thick layer of crystal-poor (CP) basaltic pumice erupted during the paroxysm. We suggest that they result from the rapid increase of pressure and related subvolcanic rock failure that occurred shortly before the 5 April 2003 explosion, when the uppermost portion of the edifice inflated and suffered brecciation as the result of the sudden rise of the gas-rich CP basalt that triggered the eruption. Dolerites and magmatic matrix of the breccias show major and trace element compositions that match those of the CR basalts erupted during normal Strombolian activity and effusive events at Stromboli volcano. Dolerites consist of (a) phenocrysts normally found in the CR basalts and (b) late-stage magmatic minerals such as sanidine, An60-28 plagioclase, Fe–Mn-rich olivines (Fo68-48), phlogopite, apatite, and opaque mineral pairs (magnetite and ilmenite), most of which are never found both in lava flows and scoriae erupted during the persistent explosive activity that characterizes typical Strombolian behavior. Subvolcanic crystallization of the Stromboli CR magma, leading to slowly cooled equivalents of basalts, could result from transient drainage of the magma from the summit craters to lower levels. Fingering and engulfing of the material that collapsed from the summit crater floor into the shallow basaltic system during the late evening of 28 December 2002 coupled with the short break in the summit persistent explosions between December 2002 and March 2003 permitted the CR magma pockets to solidify as dolerites, which were confined to the uppermost portion of the system and thus not involved in the ongoing flank effusive activity. Crystal size distribution of the basaltic blocks and crystallization of the finer-grained (〈0.1 mm) mafic minerals of the dolerites over a time interval of ∼100 days closely agrees with the above interpretation. Vesicle filling (miarolitic cavities) locally found in some dolerites, with minerals deposited as vapor-phase crystallization is a result of continuous gas percolation through the rocks of the uppermost portion of the volcanic system. Poorly welded magmatic breccias formed during syn-eruptive processes of 5 April 2003, when the paroxysm strongly shattered the shallow subvolcanic system and many dolerite fragments were entrapped in the CR magma. In contrast, the high degree of welding between the dolerite clasts and the CR basaltic matrix in the strongly welded magmatic breccias provides a snapshot of subvolcanic intrusions of the CR basalt into the dolerite when, after a 2-month break in activity, CR magmas started to rise again to the summit craters. Blocks similar to these subvolcanic ejecta of 5 April 2003 were also erupted during previous paroxysms (e.g., 1930) suggesting that changes in the usual Strombolian activity (e.g., short breaks in the persistent mild explosions and/or flank effusive activity) lead to transient crystallization of dolerites in the shallow plumbing system.
    Description: Published
    Description: 795-813
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Basalt ; Subvolcanic crystallization ; Dolerite ; Magmatic breccia ; Stromboli ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Natural precipitation and water samples from passive devices were collected at Mt. Vesuvius and Vulcano Island, Italy, during the period 2004–2006, in order to investigate its possible interactions with fumarolic gases. Evidence of chemical reactions between fumarolic fluids and rain samples before and after its deposition into the sampling devices was found at Vulcano Island. Very low pH values (down to 2.5) and significant amounts of chlorine and sulfate (up to 22 mEq/l) were measured at sampling points located close to the fumarolic field. In contrast, anthropogenic contributions and/or dissolution of aerosols (both maritime and continental) influence the chemistry of rainwaters at Mt. Vesuvius, which show inter-annual variations that are highly consistent with those recorded at the coastal site at Vulcano Island. Chemistry of waters directly exposed to fumarolic fluids may then give useful information about its temporal evolution, holding the signal of the ‘‘maximum’’ chemical event occurred in the meanwhile. In addition, the observation of the health status of vegetation colonizing the immediate surroundings of the fumarolic fields, due to its strong dependence on the interactions with these fluids, may work as a possible biomarker of volcanic activity
    Description: In press
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Geochemistry ; Precipitation ; Fumarole ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In the last years, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) systems have become very attractive for various commercial, industrial, public, scientific, and military operations. Potential tasks include pipeline inspection, dam surveillance, photogrammetric survey, infrastructure maintenance, inspection of flooded areas, fire fighting, terrain monitoring, volcano observations, and any utilization which requires land recognition with cameras or other sensors. The flying capabilities provided by UAVs require a welltrained pilot to be fully and effectively exploited; moreover the flight range of the piloted helicopter is limited to the line-of-sight or the skill of the pilot to detect and follow the orientation of the helicopter. Such issues are even more important considering that the vehicle will carry and operate automatically a camera used for a photogrammetric survey. All this has motivated research and design for autonomous guidance of the vehicle which could both stabilize and guide the helicopter precisely along a reference path. The constant growth of research programs and the technological progress in the field of navigation systems, as denoted by the production of more and more performing global positioning systems integrated with inertial navigation sensors, allowed a strong cost reduction and payload miniaturization, making the design of low-cost UAV platforms more feasible and attractive. In this paper, we present the results of a flight simulation system developed for the setup of the vehicle’s servos, which our autonomous guidance system, as well as the module for camera photogrammetric image acquisition and synchronization, will be based on. Building a simulated environment allows to evaluate in advance what the main issues of a complex control system are to avoid damage of fragile and expensive instruments as the ones mounted on a model helicopter and to test methods for synchronization of the camera with flight parameters.
    Description: Published
    Description: 85-95
    Description: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: UAV ; Model helicopter ; Kalman filter ; MEMS ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.09. Instruments and techniques
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Panarea volcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy) was considered extinct until November 3, 2002, when a submarine gas eruption began in the area of the islets of Lisca Bianca, Bottaro, Lisca Nera, Dattilo, and Panarelli, about 2.5 km east of Panarea Island. The gas eruption decreased to a state of low degassing by July 2003. Before 2002, the activity of Panarea volcano was characterized by mild degassing of hydrothermal fluid. The compositions of the 2002 gases and their isotopic signatures suggested that the emissions originated from a hydrothermal/geothermal reservoir fed by magmatic fluids. We investigate crustal deformation of Panarea volcano using the global positioning system (GPS) velocity field obtained by the combination of continuous and episodic site observations of the Panarea GPS network in the time span 1995–2007. We present a combined model of Okada sources, which explains the GPS results acquired in the area from December 2002. The kinematics of Panarea volcano show two distinct active crustal domains characterized by different styles of horizontal deformation, supported also by volcanological and structural evidence. Subsidence on order of several millimeters/year is affecting the entire Panarea volcano, and a shortening of 10−6 year−1 has been estimated in the Islets area. Our model reveals that the degassing intensity and distribution are strongly influenced by geophysical-geochemical changes within the hydrothermal/geothermal system. These variations may be triggered by changes in the regional stress field as suggested by the geophysical and volcanological events which occurred in 2002 in the Southern Tyrrhenian area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 609-621
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: GPS monitoring ; Model ; Gas eruption ; Active volcanism ; Aeolian arc ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The Irpinia Seismic Network (ISNet) is deployed in Southern Apennines along the active fault system responsible for the 1980, November 23, MS 6.9 Campania-Lucania earthquake. It is comprised of 28 stations and covers an area of about 100x70 km2. Each site is equipped with a 1-g full-scale accelerometer and a short-period velocimeter. Thanks to its design characteristics, i.e. the wide dynamic recording range and the high density of stations, the ISNet network is mainly devoted to estimating in real-time the earthquake location and magnitude from low- to high- magnitude events, and to providing ground-motion parameters to get some insights about the ground shaking expected. Moreover, the availability of high-quality data allows studying the source processes related to the seismogenetic structures in the area. The network layout, the data communication system and protocols and the main instrumental features are described in the paper. Most of the data analysis is performed through the Earthworm software package, that also provides the automatic earthquake locations, while custom software has been developed for real-time computation of the source parameters and shaking maps. Technical details about these procedures are given in the article. The data collected at the ISNet stations are available upon request.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1105-1129
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: early warning ; real time seismology ; Irpinia region ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In the present work we analyse one of the active normal faults affecting the central Apennines, i.e. the Mt. Morrone normal fault system. This tectonic structure, which comprises two parallel, NW-SE trending fault segments, is considered as potentially responsible for earthquakes of magnitude C 6.5 and its last activation probably occurred during the second century AD. Structural observations performed along the fault planes have allowed to define the mainly normal kinematics of the tectonic structure, fitting an approximately N 20 trending extensional deformation. Geological and geomorphological investigations performed along the whole Mt. Morrone south-western slopes permitted us to identify the displacement of alluvial fans, attributed to Middle and Late Pleistocene by means of tephro-stratigraphic analyses and geomorphological correlations with dated lacustrine sequences, along the western fault branch. This allowed to evaluate in 0.4 ± 0.07 mm/year the slip rate of this segment. On the other hand, the lack of synchronous landforms and/or deposits that can be correlated across the eastern fault segment prevented the definition of the slip rate related to this fault branch. Nevertheless, basing on a critical review of the available literature dealing with normal fault systems evolution, we hypothesised a total slip rate of the fault system in the range of 0.4 ± 0.07 to 0.8 ± 0.09 mm/year. Moreover, basing on the length at surface of the Mt. Morrone fault system (i.e. 22–23 km) we estimated the maximum expected magnitude of an earthquake that might originate along this tectonic structure in the order of 6.6–6.7.
    Description: Dipartimento della Protezione Civile Nazionale
    Description: In press
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Active fault ; Slip rate ; Maximum expected magnitude ; Continental stratigraphy ; Sulmona basin ; Central Apennines ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The South Atlantic magnetic Anomaly (SAA) is an important feature of the present geomagnetic field. In this paper we model the space-time evolution of this anomaly for the last 400 years in terms of the resultant between a decrease of a global axial dipole and an increase of a virtual local monopole source. Some characteristics of this evolution are investigated and some considerations are made on the light of a possible special state of the global geomagnetic field dynamical regime. Among the possible speculations, one is made regarding the topography of the core-mantle boundary (CMB) and its possible aspect underneath the SAA region in terms of simple sinusoidal undulations met by the monopole source during its centennial motion.
    Description: In press
    Description: 1.6. Osservazioni di geomagnetismo
    Description: 3.4. Geomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: South Atlantic Anomaly ; equivalent monopole source ; Earth core topography ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.02. Geomagnetic field variations and reversals ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.04. Magnetic anomalies
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Moderate-magnitude shallow earthquakes in the Atlantic Ocean, hundreds of kilometres southwest of Lisbon, can generate efficient suboceanic Rayleigh waves (SRW) that are well recorded in Portugal. Here we compare moderate-size earthquakes recorded by seismic stations in Portugal with the Tyrrhenian Sea earthquakes recorded in peninsular Italy where SRW were recently observed. In spite of a different behaviour of high frequencies due to the different tectonic setting of the two areas, similar results are found in the intermediate-period range, suggesting that this effect, if extrapolated to a magnitude larger than 8, could be devastating at regional distance in terms of ground motion amplitude and duration. Through 1D models, we explore the hypothesis that the high level of destruction and the long duration of shaking felt during the Great 1755 Lisbon earthquake were caused by SRW. In this preliminary study, we check the role of critical model parameters. We find that duration and amplitude are largest when the average thickness of the water layer is 2 km and shear-wave velocity of the ocean floor is close to the speed of sound in the water. Both conditions are realistic for a source in the Atlantic Ocean, few hundreds of kilometres southwest of Lisbon. Moreover, the propagation of SRW at regional distances accounts for durations of more than ten minutes as the effect of a single large earthquake.
    Description: Published
    Description: 283-295
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: open
    Keywords: ground motion ; surface waves ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: On 30 December 2002, a 25-30 × 106 m3 landslide on the NW flank of Stromboli volcano produced a tsunami that caused relevant damage to the Stromboli village and to the neighboring islands of the Aeolian archipelago. The NW flank of Stromboli has been the site of several, cubic kilometer-scale, landslides during the past 13 ka. In this paper we present sedimentological and compositional data of deep-sea cores recovered from a site located about 24 km north of the island. Our preliminary results indicate that: (i) turbidity currents were effectively generated by the large-scale failures and (ii) volcanogenic turbidity current deposits retain clues of the landslide source and slope failure dynamics. By analogy with Hawaii and the Canary islands we confirm that deep-sea sediments can be effectively used to assess the age and scale of past landslide events giving an important contribution to the tsunami hazard assessment of this region.
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: -
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Landslide ; turbidite ; tsunami ; Stromboli ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.04. Marine geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.08. Sediments: dating, processes, transport ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Active volcanoes characterized by open conduit conditions generate sonic and infrasonic signals, whose investigation provides useful information for both monitoring purposes and studying the dynamics of explosive processes. In this work, we discuss the automatic procedures implemented for a real-time application to the data acquired by a permanent network of five infrasound stations running at Mt. Etna volcano. The infrasound signals at Mt. Etna consist in amplitude transients, called infrasound events. The adopted procedure uses a multi-algorithm approach for event detection, counting, characterization and location. It is designed for an efficient and accurate processing of infrasound records provided by single-site and array stations. Moreover, the source mechanism of these events can be investigated off-line or in near real-time by using three different models: (1) Strombolian bubble; (2) resonating conduit and (3) Helmholtz resonator. The infrasound waveforms allow us to choose the most suitable model, to get quantitative information about the source and to follow the time evolution of the source parameters.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1215–1231
    Description: 1.4. TTC - Sorveglianza sismologica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Infrasound ; monitoring system ; Mt. Etna volcano ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Direct measurements of the geomagnetic field have been made for more than 400 years, beginning with individual determinations of the angle between geographic and magnetic North. This was followed by the start of continuous time series of full vector measurements at geomagnetic observatories and the beginning of geomagnetic repeat stations surveys in the 19th century. In the second half of the 20th century, true global coverage with geomagnetic field measurements was accomplished by magnetometer payloads on low-Earth-orbiting satellites. This article describes the procedures and instruments for magnetic field measurements on ground and in space and covers geomagnetic observatories, repeat stations, automatic observatories, satellites and historic observations. Special emphasis is laid on the global network of geomagnetic observatories.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1.6. Osservazioni di geomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Geomagnetic field ; Observations ; Geomagnetic observatories ; Magnetic satellite missions ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The 2001 and 2002–2003 flank eruptions on Mount Etna (Italy) were characterized by intense explosive activity which led to the formation of two large monogenetic scoria cones (one from each eruption) on the upper southern flank of the volcano. Continuous monitoring of Etna, especially during flank eruptions, has provided detailed information on the growth of these cones. They differ in genesis, shape, and size. A set of high resolution (1 m) digital elevation models (DEMs) derived from light detection and ranging (LIDAR) data collected during four different surveys (2004, 2005, 2006, and 2007) has been used to map morphology and to extract the morphometric parameters of the scoria cones. By comparing LIDAR-derived DEMs with a pre-eruption (1998) 10 m DEM, the volume of the two scoria cones was calculated for the first time. Comparison of the LIDAR-derived DEMs revealed in unprecedented detail morphological changes during scoria cone degradation. In particular, the morphologically more exposed and structurally weaker 2002–2003 cone was eroded rapidly during the first few years after its emplacement mainly due to gravitational instability of slopes and wind erosion.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1209–1222
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Mount Etna ; Scoria cone evolution ; Erosion ; LIDAR ; DEM ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: A multidisciplinary geological and compositional investigation allowed us to reconstruct the occurrence of flank eruptions on the lower NE flank of Stromboli volcano since 15 ka. The oldest flank eruption recognised is Roisa, which occurred at ~15 ka during the Vancori period, and has transitional compositional characteristics between the Vancori and Neostromboli phases. Roisa was followed by the San Vincenzo eruption that took place at ~12 ka during the early stage of Neostromboli period. The eruptive fissure of San Vincenzo gave rise to a large scoria cone located below the village of Stromboli, and generated a lava flow, most of which lies below sea level. Most of the flank eruptions outside the barren Sciara del Fuoco occurred in a short time, between ~9 and 7 ka during the Neostromboli period, when six eruptive events produced scoria cones, spatter ramparts and lava flows. The Neostromboli products belong to a potassic series (KS), and cluster in two differently evolved groups. After an eruptive pause of ~5,000 years, the most recent flank eruption involving the NE sector of the island occurred during the Recent Stromboli period with the formation of the large, highly K calc-alkaline lava flow field, named San Bartolo. The trend of eruptive fissures since 15 ka ranges from N30°E to N55°E, and corresponds to the magma intrusions radiating from the main feeding system of the volcano.
    Description: The mapping of Stromboli was supported by a grant to S. Calvari (Project V2/01, 2005–2007, funded by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia and by the Italian Civil Protection). This work was partly supported by INGV through a research grant financed by MIUR-FIRB to G. Norini. We wish to thank the former Director of INGV-Sezione di Catania, A. Bonaccorso, for making additional funds available for field trip and datings.
    Description: In press
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Stromboli ; flank fissures ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: We investigated the relationship between volcano-seismic events, recorded at La Fossa crater of Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy) during 2004-2006, and the dynamics of the hydrothermal system. During the period of study, three episodes of increasing numbers of volcano-seismic events took place at the same time as geothermal and geochemical anomalies were observed. These geothermal and geochemical anomalies have been interpreted as resulting from an increasing deep magmatic component of the hydrothermal fluids. Three classes of seismic events (long period, high frequency and monochromatic events), characterised by different spectral content and various similarity of the waveforms, have been recognised. These events, clustered mainly below La Fossa crater area at depths of 0.5–1.1 km b.s.l., were space-distributed according to the classes. Based on their features, we can infer that such events at Vulcano are related to two different source mechanisms: (1) fracturing processes of rocks and (2) resonance of cracks (or conduits) filled with hydrothermal fluid. In the light of these source mechanisms, the increase in the number of events, at the same time as geochemical and geothermal anomalies were observed, was interpreted as the result of an increasing magmatic component of the hydrothermal fluids, implying an increase of their flux. Indeed, such variation caused an increase of both the pore pressure within the rocks of the volcanic system and the amount of ascending fluids. Increased pore pressures gave rise to fracturing processes, while the increased fluid flux favoured resonance and vibration processes in cracks and conduits. Finally, a gradual temporal variation of the waveform of the hybrid events (one of the subclasses of long period events) was observed, likely caused by heating and drying of the hydrothermal system.
    Description: Published
    Description: 803-816
    Description: 1.4. TTC - Sorveglianza sismologica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Volcano seismology ; Vulcano Island ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: In this paper we present a model for the growth of a maar-diatreme complex in a shallow marine environment. The Miocene-age Costa Giardini diatreme near Sortino, in the region of the Iblei Mountains of southern Sicily, has an outer tuff ring formed by the accumulation of debris flows and surge deposits during hydromagmatic eruptions. Vesicular lava clasts, accretionary lapilli and bombs in the older ejecta indicate that initial eruptions were of gas-rich magma. Abundant xenoliths in the upper, late-deposited beds of the ring suggest rapid magma ascent, and deepening of the eruptive vent is shown by the change in slope of the country rock. The interior of the diatreme contains nonbedded breccia composed of both volcanic and country rock clasts of variable size and amount. The occurrence of bedded hyaloclastite breccia in an isolated outcrop in the middle-lower part of the diatreme suggests subaqueous effusion at a low rate following the end of explosive activity. Intrusions of nonvesicular magma, forming plugs and dikes, occur on the western side of the diatreme, and at the margins, close to the contact between breccia deposits and country rock; they indicate involvement of volatile-poor magma, possibly during late stages of activity. We propose that initial hydromagmatic explosive activity occurred in a shallow marine environment and the ejecta created a rampart that isolated for a short time the inner crater from the surrounding marine environment. This allowed explosive activity to draw down the water table in the vicinity of the vent and caused deepening of the explosive center. A subsequent decrease in the effusion rate and cessation of explosive eruptions allowed the crater to refill with water, at which time the hyaloclastite was deposited. Emplacement of dikes and plugs occurred nonexplosively while the breccia sediment was mostly still soft and unconsolidated, locally forming peperites. The sheltered, low-energy lagoon filled with marine limestones mixed with volcaniclastic material eroded from the surrounding ramparts. Ultimately, lagoonal sediments accumulated in the crater until subsidence or erosion of the tuff ring caused a return to normal shallow marine conditions.
    Description: In press
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: maar ; diatreme ; volcaniclastic ; hyaloclastite ; Iblean plateau ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 27
    facet.materialart.
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    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Modelling and Management of Engineering Processes, Modelling and Management of Engineering Processes, London, Springer, pp. 53-64, ISBN: 978-1-84996-198-1
    Publication Date: 2014-04-15
    Description: What is the impact of new design methodologies and methods on the industrial product development process and its productivity? This is one of the key questions for today's industrial engineering companies when they decide on the introduction of new methods or tools, as well as for researchers and tool providers when they assess their ideas and work. A quantitative (at best monetary) assessment of a new design method's value and impact will increase a manager's decision basis significantly and will lead to well directed investments in process optimisations. It is not sufficient to analyse the impact of a new design method just for the specific process step it is applied to. Implications on following steps, sometimes on the whole engineering process must be considered as well. Furthermore, decisions on the use of new design methods must be made on a multi-criteria basis through the well-known cost/time/quality triangle (e.g. Burghardt, 2006).
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Inbook , peerRev
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  • 28
    facet.materialart.
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    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Coastal and Marine Geospatial Technologies, Coastal Systems and Continental Margins, Springer, 451 p., pp. 187-196
    Publication Date: 2016-07-11
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Inbook , peerRev
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Authors, 2009. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License. The definitive version was published in Estuaries and Coasts 33 (2010): 15-29, doi:10.1007/s12237-009-9244-y.
    Description: Future estuarine geomorphic change, in response to climate change, sea-level rise, and watershed sediment supply, may govern ecological function, navigation, and water quality. We estimated geomorphic changes in Suisun Bay, CA, under four scenarios using a tidal-timescale hydrodynamic/sediment transport model. Computational expense and data needs were reduced using the morphological hydrograph concept and the morphological acceleration factor. The four scenarios included (1) present-day conditions; (2) sea-level rise and freshwater flow changes of 2030; (3) sea-level rise and decreased watershed sediment supply of 2030; and (4) sea-level rise, freshwater flow changes, and decreased watershed sediment supply of 2030. Sea-level rise increased water levels thereby reducing wave-induced bottom shear stress and sediment redistribution during the wind-wave season. Decreased watershed sediment supply reduced net deposition within the estuary, while minor changes in freshwater flow timing and magnitude induced the smallest overall effect. In all future scenarios, net deposition in the entire estuary and in the shallowest areas did not keep pace with sea-level rise, suggesting that intertidal and wetland areas may struggle to maintain elevation. Tidal-timescale simulations using future conditions were also used to infer changes in optical depth: though sea-level rise acts to decrease mean light irradiance, decreased suspended-sediment concentrations increase irradiance, yielding small changes in optical depth. The modeling results also assisted with the development of a dimensionless estuarine geomorphic number representing the ratio of potential sediment import forces to sediment export forces; we found the number to be linearly related to relative geomorphic change in Suisun Bay. The methods implemented here are widely applicable to evaluating future scenarios of estuarine change over decadal timescales.
    Description: This study was supported by the US Geological Survey’s Priority Ecosystems Science program, CALFED Bay/ Delta Program, and the University of California Center for Water Resources.
    Keywords: Numerical modeling ; Geomorphology ; Scenarios ; Sediment transport
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Authors, 2010. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial License. The definitive version was published in Ecosystems 13 (2010): 239-248, doi:10.1007/s10021-010-9315-8.
    Description: Ecosystem nutrient budgets often report values for pools and fluxes without any indication of uncertainty, which makes it difficult to evaluate the significance of findings or make comparisons across systems. We present an example, implemented in Excel, of a Monte Carlo approach to estimating error in calculating the N content of vegetation at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire. The total N content of trees was estimated at 847 kg ha−1 with an uncertainty of 8%, expressed as the standard deviation divided by the mean (the coefficient of variation). The individual sources of uncertainty were as follows: uncertainty in allometric equations (5%), uncertainty in tissue N concentrations (3%), uncertainty due to plot variability (6%, based on a sample of 15 plots of 0.05 ha), and uncertainty due to tree diameter measurement error (0.02%). In addition to allowing estimation of uncertainty in budget estimates, this approach can be used to assess which measurements should be improved to reduce uncertainty in the calculated values. This exercise was possible because the uncertainty in the parameters and equations that we used was made available by previous researchers. It is important to provide the error statistics with regression results if they are to be used in later calculations; archiving the data makes resampling analyses possible for future researchers. When conducted using a Monte Carlo framework, the analysis of uncertainty in complex calculations does not have to be difficult and should be standard practice when constructing ecosystem budgets.
    Keywords: Monte Carlo ; Hubbard Brook ; Forest biomass ; Allometric equations ; Error analysis ; Ecosystem N budget
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Authors 2009. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License. The definitive version was published in Biogeochemistry 99 (2010): 1-13, doi:10.1007/s10533-009-9392-y.
    Description: Human activities have profoundly altered the global nitrogen (N) cycle. Increases in anthropogenic N have had multiple effects on the atmosphere, on terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems, and even on human health. Unfortunately, methodological limitations challenge our ability to directly measure natural N inputs via biological N fixation (BNF)—the largest natural source of new N to ecosystems. This confounds efforts to quantify the extent of anthropogenic perturbation to the N cycle. To address this gap, we used a pair of indirect methods—analytical modeling and N balance—to generate independent estimates of BNF in a presumed hotspot of N fixation, a tropical rain forest site in central Rondônia in the Brazilian Amazon Basin. Our objectives were to attempt to constrain symbiotic N fixation rates in this site using indirect methods, and to assess strengths and weaknesses of this approach by looking for areas of convergence and disagreement between the estimates. This approach yielded two remarkably similar estimates of N fixation. However, when compared to a previously published bottom-up estimate, our analysis indicated much lower N inputs via symbiotic BNF in the Rondônia site than has been suggested for the tropics as a whole. This discrepancy may reflect errors associated with extrapolating bottom-up fluxes from plot-scale measures, those resulting from the indirect analyses, and/or the relatively low abundance of legumes at the Rondônia site. While indirect methods have some limitations, we suggest that until the technological challenges of directly measuring N fixation are overcome, integrated approaches that employ a combination of model-generated and empirically-derived data offer a promising way of constraining N inputs via BNF in natural ecosystems.
    Description: We acknowledge and are grateful for financial support from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation (C.C. and B.H.), the National Science Foundation (NSF DEB-0515744 to C.C. and A.T. and DEB-0315656 to C.N.), and the NASA LBA Program (NCC5-285 to C.N.).
    Keywords: Amazon Basin ; Ecosystem modeling ; Mass balance ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nutrient cycling ; Rondonia ; Tropical forest
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The South Atlantic magnetic Anomaly (SAA) is an important feature of the present geomagnetic field. In this paper we model the space–time evolution of this anomaly over the past 400 years in terms of the resultant between a decrease of a global axial dipole and an increase of a virtual local monopole source. Certain characteristics of this evolution are investigated and some considerations are made in the light of a possible special state of the global geomagnetic field dynamical regime. Among the possible speculations, one is made regarding the topography of the coremantle boundary (CMB) and its possible aspect beneath the SAA region in terms of simple sinusoidal undulations met by the monopole source during its centennial motion.
    Description: Published
    Description: 339-347
    Description: 3.4. Geomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: South Atlantic Anomaly ; equivalent monopole source ; Earth core topography ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.02. Geomagnetic field variations and reversals ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.04. Magnetic anomalies
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Understanding the historical and future response of the global climate system to anthropogenic emissions of radiatively active atmospheric constituents has become a timely and compelling concern. At present, however, there are uncertainties in: the total radiative forcing associated with changes in the chemical composition of the atmosphere; the effective forcing applied to the climate system resulting from a (temporary) reduction via ocean-heat uptake; and the strength of the climate feedbacks that subsequently modify this forcing. Here a set of analyses derived from atmospheric general circulation model simulations are used to estimate the effective and total radiative forcing of the observed climate system due to anthropogenic emissions over the last 50 years of the twentieth century. They are also used to estimate the sensitivity of the observed climate system to these emissions, as well as the expected change in global surface temperatures once the climate system returns to radiative equilibrium. Results indicate that estimates of the effective radiative forcing and total radiative forcing associated with historical anthropogenic emissions differ across models. In addition estimates of the historical sensitivity of the climate to these emissions differ across models. However, results suggest that the variations in climate sensitivity and total climate forcing are not independent, and that the two vary inversely with respect to one another. As such, expected equilibrium temperature changes, which are given by the product of the total radiative forcing and the climate sensitivity, are relatively constant between models, particularly in comparison to results in which the total radiative forcing is assumed constant. Implications of these results for projected future climate forcings and subsequent responses are also discussed.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1461-1475
    Description: 3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: atmospheric general circulation models ; climate forcing ; climate sensitivity ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.02. Climate ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.04. Processes and Dynamics ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.05. Radiation
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In this paper, a high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) of the Ischia Island has been created, and a digital terrain analysis has been carried out to identify of morphostructural elements of this landscape. Ischia is an active volcano located in the Western sector of the Gulf of Naples that is characterized by historical and recent volcano-tectonic activity. The local kinematics is unclear, and so identification of tectonic lineaments might elucidate recent tectonic processes. We identify morphostructural features using geomorphic parameters derived from analysis of the high-resolution DEM. Successively, the comparison with known geologic features provides validation of the extracted morphotectonic data.We found that one of the main directions of the morphostructural lineaments extracted is consistent with the regional NE–SW extensional stress field; moreover, the lineaments on the northern flank of Mt. Epomeo are strictly correlated with the mapped faults that have a history of strong and moderate earthquakes. The technique implemented for this study area allowed us to identify new original morphostructural lineaments in a reproducible way that may be useful for investigating various landscapes where field survey is not possible. Indeed, the extracted lineaments represent potential active faults near the northern coast of the Ischia Island, where both seismicity and intense urbanization delineate a high seismic risk.
    Description: Published
    Description: 73-82
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Digital elevation model . Morphostructural lineaments . Tectonic geomorphology. Residual topographic surface ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.03. Geomorphology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Natural precipitation and water samples from passive devices were collected at Mt. Vesuvius and Vulcano Island, Italy, during the period 2004–2006, in order to investigate its possible interactions with fumarolic gases. Evidence of chemical reactions between fumarolic fluids and rain samples before and after its deposition into the sampling devices was found at Vulcano Island. Very low pH values (down to 2.5) and significant amounts of chlorine and sulfate (up to 22 mEq/l) were measured at sampling points located close to the fumarolic field. In contrast, anthropogenic contributions and/or dissolution of aerosols (both maritime and continental) influence the chemistry of rainwaters at Mt. Vesuvius, which show inter-annual variations that are highly consistent with those recorded at the coastal site at Vulcano Island. Chemistry of waters directly exposed to fumarolic fluids may then give useful information about its temporal evolution, holding the signal of the ‘‘maximum’’ chemical event occurred in the meanwhile. In addition, the observation of the health status of vegetation colonizing the immediate surroundings of the fumarolic fields, due to its strong dependence on the interactions with these fluids, may work as a possible biomarker of volcanic activity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 159-171
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Precipitation ; Fumarole ; Vesuvius ; Vulcano ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We report on the paleomagnetism of ten sites in the products of the most recent silicic eruptive cycle of Pantelleria, Strait of Sicily. Previously radiometrically dated at 5–10 ka, our comparison with proxies for geomagnetic field directions allows us to narrow considerably the time window during which these eruptions occurred. The strongly peralkaline composition causes the magmas to have low viscosities, locally resulting in strong agglutination of proximal fall deposits. This allows successful extraction of paleomagnetic directions from the explosive phases of eruptions. One of our sites was located in the Serra della Fastuca fall deposit, produced by the first explosive event of the eruptive cycle. The other nine sites were located in the most recent explosive (pumice fall and agglutinate from Cuddia del Gallo and Cuddia Randazzo) and effusive (Khaggiar lava) products. The (very similar) paleomagnetic directions gathered from eight internally consistent sites were compared to reference geomagnetic field directions of the last 5–10 ka. Directions from Cuddia del Gallo agglutinate and Khaggiar flows translate into 5.9- to 6.2-ka ages, whereas the Fastuca pumices yield a slightly older age of 6.2–6.8 ka. Hence, the most recent silicic eruptive cycle lasted at most a millennium and as little as a few centuries around 6.0 ka. Paleomagnetically inferred ages are in good agreement with published (and calibrated by us) 14C dates from paleosols/charcoals sampled below the studied volcanic units, whereas K/Ar data are more scattered and yield ∼30% older ages. Our data show that the time elapsed since the most recent silicic eruptions at Pantelleria is comparable to the quiescence period separating the two latest volcanic cycles.
    Description: Published
    Description: 847-858
    Description: 2.2. Laboratorio di paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: pantelleria ; peralkaline deposits ; paleomagnetic dating ; chronology of eruptions ; cluster of the eruptions ; volcanic hazard ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.06. Paleomagnetism
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Experimental data and numerical modelling were used to study the effect of local geology on the seismic response of the Catania area. The town extends on a marly clays bedrock and terraced deposits made up by coastal sands and alluvial conglomerates. This sedimentary substratum is deeply entrenched by paleo-valleys filled by lava flows and pyroclastics. Available borehole data and elastic parameters were used to reconstruct a geotechnical model in order to perfome 1D numerical modeling. Seismic urban scenarios were simulated considering destructive (Mw = 7.0), strong (Mw = 6.2) and moderate (Mw = 5.7) earthquakes to assess the shaking level of the different outcropping formations. For each scenario seven real accelerograms were selected from the European Strong Motion Database to assess the expected seismic input at the bedrock. PGA and spectral acceleration at different periods were obtained in the urban area through the equivalent linear numerical code EERA, and contour maps of different levels of shaking were drawn. Standard and horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios were achieved making use of a dataset of 172 seismic events recorded at ten sites located on the main outcropping lithotypes. Spectral ratios inferred from earthquake data were compared with theoretical transfer functions. Both experimental and numerical results confirm the role of the geological and morphologic setting of Catania. Amplification of seismic motion mainly occurs in three different stratigraphic conditions: (a) sedimentary deposits mainly diffused in the south of the study area; (b) spots of soft sediments surrounded by lava flows; (c) intensely fractured and scoriaceous basaltic lavas.
    Description: In press
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Scenario earthquake ; 1D modelling ; PGA values ; Earthquake records ; spectral ratios ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.09. Waves and wave analysis
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2017-01-04
    Description: Citation only. Published in Science 316: 567-570, doi: 10.1126/science.1137959
    Description: Funding was obtained primarily through the NSF, Ocean Sciences Programs in Chemical and Biological Oceanography, with additional support from the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research Program, and other national programs, including the Australian Cooperative Research Centre program and Australian Antarctic Division.
    Keywords: Carbon flux ; Carbon sequestration ; Biological pump
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Authors 2009. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License. The definitive version was published in Functional & Integrative Genomics 10 (2010): 97-110, doi:10.1007/s10142-009-0142-y.
    Description: Bacteria of the genus Shewanella can thrive in different environments and demonstrate significant variability in their metabolic and ecophysiological capabilities including cold and salt tolerance. Genomic characteristics underlying this variability across species are largely unknown. In this study, we address the problem by a comparison of the physiological, metabolic, and genomic characteristics of 19 sequenced Shewanella species. We have employed two novel approaches based on association of a phenotypic trait with the number of the trait-specific protein families (Pfam domains) and on the conservation of synteny (order in the genome) of the trait-related genes. Our first approach is top-down and involves experimental evaluation and quantification of the species’ cold tolerance followed by identification of the correlated Pfam domains and genes with a conserved synteny. The second, a bottom-up approach, predicts novel phenotypes of the species by calculating profiles of each Pfam domain among their genomes and following pair-wise correlation of the profiles and their network clustering. Using the first approach, we find a link between cold and salt tolerance of the species and the presence in the genome of a Na+/H+ antiporter gene cluster. Other cold-tolerance-related genes include peptidases, chemotaxis sensory transducer proteins, a cysteine exporter, and helicases. Using the bottom-up approach, we found several novel phenotypes in the newly sequenced Shewanella species, including degradation of aromatic compounds by an aerobic hybrid pathway in Shewanella woodyi, degradation of ethanolamine by Shewanella benthica, and propanediol degradation by Shewanella putrefaciens CN32 and Shewanella sp. W3-18-1.
    Description: This research was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Biological and Environmental Research under the Genomics: GTL Program via the Shewanella Federation consortium.
    Keywords: Phenotypic trait ; Bacteria ; Molecular mechanisms of cold tolerance ; Shewanella ; Protein families
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2022-05-24
    Description: National seismic risk maps are an important risk mitigation tool as they can be used for the prioritization of regions within a country where retrofitting of the building stock or other risk mitigation measures should take place. The production of a seismic risk map involves the convolution of seismic hazard data, vulnerability predictions for the building stock and exposure data. The seismic risk maps produced in Italy over the past 10 years are compared in this paper with recent proposals for seismic risk maps based on state-of-the-art seismic hazard data and mechanics-based vulnerability assessment procedures. The aim of the paper is to open the discussion for the way in which future seismic risk maps could be produced, making use of the most up-to-date information in the fields of seismic hazard evaluation and vulnerability assessment.
    Description: Published
    Description: 149–180
    Description: 4.2. TTC - Modelli per la stima della pericolosità sismica a scala nazionale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Seismic risk ; Seismic hazard ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
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  • 41
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
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  • 43
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    Helgoland marine research 1 (1938), S. 93-111 
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    Helgoland marine research 1 (1938), S. 141-161 
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    Helgoland marine research 1 (1938), S. 162-199 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung der Hauptergebnisse 1. Die Morphologie und Systematik des DekapodenkrebsesCallianassa wurde an 6 europäischen Arten, unter denen sich 3 neue befanden, beschrieben und abgebildet. Diese 6 Arten bilden, obwohl sie z. T. erhebliche Abweichungen zeigen, doch einen einheitlichen Formenkreis. 2. Während die Darstellung der embryonalen Entwicklung vom Ei aus noch nicht gelang, wurde die postembryonale Entwicklung über IV Larvenstadien zum postlarvalen und Parvastadium sowie das voraussichtlich weitere Wachstum vonCallianassa behandelt und durch Abbildungen erläutert. 3. Die Oekologie des Krebses betreffend wurden seine horizontale und vertikale Verbreitung, seine Lebensweise und Umwelt geschildert. Insonderheit wurde die Bedeutung des Grabfußes, des optischen Apparates und der Tastorgane einer eingehenden Betrachtung unterzogen.
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    Helgoland marine research 1 (1938), S. 112-140 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1.) Zur Prüfung der Wärmewertfaktoren für Protein, Aetherextrakt, Kohlenhydrate und Chitin bei Polychaeten, Crustaceen, Mollusken und Fischen wurde je ein relativ leicht zu beschaffendor Typ untersucht. 2.) Der aus experimentellen Daten durch Differenz bestimmte Wärmewert für Protein (5702 cal/g) stimmt mit den schon bekannten Werten für Eiweißprodukte (∼5662 bis ∼5858 cal/g) befriedigend überein. Der Aetherextrakt, der geringe Beimengungen als Folge der Analysenmethode enthält, hat einen etwas niedrigeren Heizwert (9166 cal/g) als bisher bekannt. Der Wert für das Glykogen (4094 cal g) ist ebenfalls etwas kleiner als der letzthin vonBrookens (3) gefundene Wert von 4215 cal g. Der Unterschied wird auf geringen Wassergehalt des in dieser Arbeit untersuchten Glykogens zurückgeführt. Der Wärmewert des Chitins beträgt 4513 cal/g. 3.) Es wurden Analysen vonArctica islandica, Cardium edule undCorbula gibba mitgeteilt. Die Wärmewerte dieser Tiere wurden mit den experimentell ermittelten Faktoren errechnet.
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    Helgoland marine research 1 (1938), S. 199-199 
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    Acta biotheoretica 4 (1938), S. 25-32 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La réduction des animaux de la mer profonde (zone abyssale) est un phénomène primordial. En rapport avec cela, des transformations compensatoriques de conservation personelle, encore non utilisées, rendent possible pour l'organisme, qu'en se réfugiant dans un milieu homogène (zones abyssales) il y puisse maintenir sa vie, de même, que dans un asile suprême. La réduction est un phénomène primordial automatique (autogène), la résidence dans le milieu homogène est un phénomène secondaire.
    Notes: Summary The reduction of deep-see animals is a primordial phenomenon. Connected with this, compensatory transformations of self-preservation, not yet gotten to validity, make it possible for the organism, that while descending in homogeneous surroundings (in abyssal zones) it may keep itself alive, maintaining its life in that last refuge. Reduction is a primordial automatical (autogeneous) phenomenon, permanent dwelling in homogeneous surroundings is a secondary phenomenon.
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  • 49
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    Acta biotheoretica 4 (1938), S. 51-64 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La conception de „prospektive Potenz” fut définie par son auteur H.Driesch comme „l'ensemble des modes de développement possibles d'une certaine partie de l'embryon”. Cependant, le, mot „Potenz” dans le langage de la science répond plutôt à la „puissance” qu'à la „possibilité”. De là résulte, que cette conception dès son origine avait une certaine ambiguïté, qui se fait sentir jusqu'à présent. La distinction entre „potentialité active” et „potentialité passive”, proposée par Roux, n'est pas acceptée généralement. Il se trouvait nécessaire, que la conception de „Potenz” fût soumise à une. analyse profonde. D'abord il est démontré, que l'ambiguïté de cette conception disparaît, si on entend par le mot „Potenz” les propriétés fondamentales du matériel embryonnaire, qui sont à la base de ses diverses possibilités de développement. On peut distinguer parmi ces propriétés les „pouvoirs réactifs”, en vertu desquels le matériel embryonnaire répond à des inductions morphogénétiques, et les „tendances propres” du matériel. Ils ne diffèrent que par leur intensité; un „pouvoir réactif” peut se changer en „tendance” par suite d'un renforcement au cours du développement, une „tendance” peut se changer en „pouvoir réactif” par une diminution d'intensité. La détermination du matériel se réalise par une „lutte” entre les tendances. Les actions inductives influent sur cette lutte en renforçant ou en diminuant l'intensité des diverses tendances, et en activant de nouvelles tendances par le renforcement de „pouvoirs réactifs”.
    Notes: Summary The conception of “prospective potency” was defined by its author H.Driesch as “the sum of the possible modes of development of a given part of the embryo”. However, in the language of science the word “potency” usually means “power”, not “possibility”. Therefore this conception from the beginning possessed a certain ambiguity, that it retained up to the present. The distinction of “active” and “passive” potency, introduced by Roux, has found no general acceptance. It appeared necessary to submit the conception of “potency” to a profound analysis. In the first place it is shown, that the ambiguity of this conception vanishes, if we understand by the word “potency” those fundamental properties of the embryonic material, that are responsible for its various developmental possibilities. We can distinguish among these properties the “reactive powers”, by which the embryonic material reacts to inductive stimulations, and its own “developmental tendencies”. These faculties only differ by their strength; a “reactive power” may change into a “tendency”, when its intensity increases during development; conversely, a “tendency” may change into a mere “reactive power” by a decrease of its strength. The determination of the material results from the conflict of its tendencies. The inductive actions interfere by strengthening or weakening different tendencies, and by activating new tendencies by reinforcement of the “reactive powers” of the embryonic material.
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    Acta biotheoretica 4 (1938), S. 85-96 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans l'organisation des divers animaux on peut distinguer les parallélismes suivants: 1) les homologies qui dénotent la descendance des porteurs des organes similaires d'un seul et même ancêtre, 2) les analogies qui se forment sous l'influence d'une fonction analogue ou des mêmes conditions extérieures, et 3) les homomorphies qui représentent la manifestation des propriétés fondamentales de la substance animée. Les homologies sont les phénomènes de l'ordre historique, tandis que les homomorphies et les analogies doivent être étudiées d'après une méthode typologique. Si une similitude homomorphique des formes se manifeste partout dans le règne animal ou au moins dans tous les cas où se trouvent des conditions favorables, il faut parler d'une homomorphie générale (p. ex. les structures trajectorielles). Si au contraire on observe le parallélisme seulement dans les cas isolés, comme p. ex. les yeux composés chez les Arthropodes, les Vers et les Mollusques, il faut parler de l'homomorphie spéciale. La limite entre ces deux catégories des phénomènes n'est pas très précise. De même il est difficile parfois de définir strictement si nous avons à faire à une homologie, à une analogie ou à une homomorphie. Tous ces phénomènes-là dépendent finalement des lois morphogénètiques. C'est pourquoi qu'on peut les indiquer comme des homomorphies dans le sens le plus étendu de ce mot.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Man unterscheidet in der Organisation verschiedener Tiere folgende Kategorien von Parallelismen: 1) die Homologien, welche auf einen gemeinsamen Ursprung der betreffenden Organe hinweisen, 2) die Analogien, die als eine Folge von ähnlichen Funktionen (typische Analogie) oder der äusseren Wirkungen (Isomorphie) sekundär enstehen, 3) die Homomorphien, wodurch ich diejenigen Übereinstimmungen im Körperbau von verschiedenen Tieren bezeichne, welche auf Grund der allgemeinen Gesetze der Morphogenese zustande kommen. Das Studium der Homologien ist historischer Art, dasjenige der Homomorphien und Analogien typologischer Art. Man kann weiter unterscheiden: eine allgemeine Homomorphie, welche sich im Tierreiche überall, wo dazu günstige Bedingungen vorhanden sind, offenbart (z.B. trajektorielle Strukturen), und eine spezielle Homomorphie, welche als eine der Möglichkeiten bei einer begrenzten Anzahl von Tierformen hervortritt (z.B. die Komplexaugen neben den anderen drei Haupttypen von Sehorganen). Die Grenze zwischen diesen beiden Kategorien ist natürlich nicht sehr deutlich, ebenso wie manchmal die Grenze zwischen Homologien, Homomorphien und Analogien. Alle diese Erscheinungen beruhen letzten Endes auf morphogenetischen Gesetzen, können also als Homomorphien im weitesten Sinne des Wortes bezeichnet werden.
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    Acta biotheoretica 4 (1938), S. 133-153 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Après une mise au point générale de la relation entre les sciences théoriques et expérimentales, diverses questions sont discutées, du point de vue des fondations physico-mathématiques de la biologie, développées récemment par l'auteur. On montre par la comparaison des courbes calculées à celles observées, comment les relations prédites mathématiquement se trouvent vérifiées. Les questions suivantes sont discutées: respiration cellulaire, dimensions cellulaires et leur rapport au métabolisme, division cellulaire, mouvements protoplasmiques, excitation nerveuse, les lois psychophysiques, perception des formes géométriques.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach einer allgemeinen Diskussion des Zusammenhanges zwischen theoretischer und experimenteller Forschung, wird in Hinblick auf die vom Verfasser entwickelten physikalisch-mathematischen Grundlagen der Biologie, eine Reihe von Einzelproblemen betrachtet. Es wird an Hand von Kurvenmaterial gezeigt wie weit die mathematisch vorausgesagten Beziehungen mit den experimentellen Befunden übereinstimmen. Folgende Fragen werden besprochen: Zellatmung, Zellgrössen, deren Abhängigkeit von Stoffwechsel, Zellteilung, Protoplasmaströmungen, Nervenerregung, psychophysische Gesetze, Reaktion auf geometrische Gestalten.
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    Acta biotheoretica 4 (1938), S. 1-24 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le problème de l'asymétrie du protoplasma mérite un examen critique. Cela pourrait aider à formuler une série de questions fondamentales exigeant en premier lieu une étude expérimentale ultérieure. À commencer par la terminologie, on doit distinguer d'une part la dissymétrie, propriété de la molécule individuelle de posséder une image non superposable, qui apparaît à un niveau déterminé de complexité dans l'architecture spatiale de la molécule, et d'autre part, l'asymétrie comme une propriété des ensembles de molécules, représentant le manque dans ces ensembles de l'égalité de forme dissymétriques de droite et de gauche. Pour le biologiste, l'asymétrie des ensembles moléculaires est d'un intérêt particulier, en ce qu'elle présente une propriété spécifique du protoplasma, et qu'elle manque dans toutes les substances dissymétriques, qui se forment au cours des processus terrestres, indépendamment de l'activité des êtres vivants. On peut poser ici trois questions principales: 1. Quel est l'aspect descriptif de l'asymétrie du protoplasma? Quels sont les composants protoplasmiques pour lesquels l'asymétrie des ensembles moléculaires est obligatoire, et ceux pour lesquels elle ne l'est point, chez les divers représentants du règne animal et du règne végétal? 2. Quelle est la valeur physiologique de l'asymétrie protoplasmique, et de quelle manière cet état spécifique se maintient-il? 3. Comment, à la lumière de ces données, peut on se figurer l'origine de l'asymétrie du protoplasma? Dans l'essentiel, l'architecture asymétrique du protoplasma se ramène au fait que celui-ci est construit avec les représentants d'une série déterminée d'antipodes „naturels”. Par cela même il y a là un état de fixité précise du paramètre, qui caractérise les propriétés spatiales de la matière. Cet état de fixité est une condition importante pour la réalisation des délicates coordinations protoplasmiques. Á un point de vue plus général, l'état de fixité du paramètre spatial constitue un cas particulier de la proposition bien connue deClaude Bernard: „La fixité du milieu intérieur est la condition de la vie libre”. Dans le présent article on discute en détail les faits nombreux qui permettent d'affirmer que dans l'organisation physiologique de la cellule, une série d'adaptations spéciales profondes empêchent la racémisation du protoplasma, inévitable au point de vue thermodynamique, et maintenant l'état asymétrique spécifique du protoplasma. Éclairée ainsi par les faits, l'origine du protoplasma asymétrique peut s'expliquer à l'aide de la théorie de la sélection naturelle. L'état asymétrique du système protoplasmique, par comparaison avec l'état racémique, accorde à son possesseur nombre d'avantages biologiques.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Problem der Asymmetrie des Protoplasmas bedarf einer kritischen Besprechung, die der Formulierung einer Reihe grundlegender Fragen, die in erster Linie einer weiteren experimentellen Bearbeitung bedürfen, förderlich sein kann. Vor allem muss hier mit der Terminologie begonnen werden. Man muss unterscheiden: die Dissymmetrie, als Eigenschaft des individuellen Moleküls ein sich mit dem Urbild nicht deckendes Spiegelbild zu besitzen, welche Eigenschaft bei einem bestimmten Niveau der Kompliziertheit der räumlichen Architektur des Moleküls eintritt, und, andererseits, die Asymmetrie als Eigenschaft der Gesamtheit der Moleküle, die in der Abwesenheit der Gleichheit der rechten und linken dissymmetrischen Formen in diesen Gesamtheiten besteht. Für den Biologen bietet die Asymmetrie der molekulären Gesamtheiten insofern Interesse, als sie eine spezifische Eigenschaft des Protoplasmas ist und bei allen dissymmetrischen Stoffen fehlt, die in den irdischen Prozessen unabhängig von der Tätigkeit lebender Wesen entstehen. Hier können folgende grundlegende Fragen gestellt werden: 1. Welcher Art ist der deskriptive Aspekt der Asymmetrie des Protoplasmas? Für welche Komponenten des Protoplasmas ist die Asymmetrie der molekularen Gesamtheiten bei den verschiedenen Vertretern des Tier- und Pflanzenreiches obligatorisch und für welche nicht? 2. Welcher Art ist die physiologische Bedeutung der Asymmetrie des Protoplasmas, und auf welche Weise wird dieser spezifische Zustand aufrechterhalten? 3. Wie kann man sich im Lichte aller dieser Daten die Entstehung der Asymmetrie des Protoplasmas vorstellen? Die asymmetrische Architektur des Protoplasmas läuft im Grunde darauf hinaus, dass das Protoplasma aus Vertretern einer bestimmten Reihe „natürlicher” Antipoden aufgebaut ist. Hierdurch findet eine genaue Fixiertheit des die räumlichen Eigenschaften des Stoffes charakterisierenden Parameters statt. Diese Fixiertheit ist eine wichtige Bedingung für die Verwirklichung der feinen protoplasmatischen Koordinationen. Von allgemeinerem Standpunkt aus ist die Fixiertheit des räumlichen Parameters ein Spezialfall des bekanntenClaude Bernard'schen Gesetzes: „La fixité du milieu intérieur est la condition de la vie libre”. Im Artikel werden zahlreiche Angaben eingehend besprochen, die es gestatten zu behaupten, dass eine Reihe spezieller und tiefer Anpassungen in der physiologischen Organisation der Zelle die vom thermodynamischen Standpunkt unvermeidliche Razemisation des Protoplasmas verhindern, und den spezifischen Zustand der Asymmetrie des Protoplasmas aufrechterhalten. Im Lichte dieser Angaben kann die Entstehung der Asymmetrie des Protoplasmas mit Hilfe der Theorie der natürlichen Zuchtwahl erklärt werden. Der asymmetrische Zustand des Protoplasmasystems verleiht seinem Besitzer eine Reihe biologischer Vorzüge im Vergleich mit dem razemischen Zustand.
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    Acta biotheoretica 4 (1938), S. 119-132 
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    Acta biotheoretica 4 (1938), S. 33-50 
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    Acta biotheoretica 4 (1938), S. 65-72 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé 1) L'ontogenèse peut être expliquée de deux manières différentes: a) historiquement; elle se passe du passé au présent. b) idéalistiquement; elle se passe de l'universel au particulier. 2) Le développement du dimorphisme du sexe est contradictoire à l'interprétation historique et affirme la conception idéalistique. 3) Par conséquent il faut remplacer la morphologie phylogénétique par l'idéalistique. 4) De façon analogue l'idiogenèse et la morphogenèse se passent de l'universel au particulier. Il existe un parallélisme de l'ordre d'existence et de l'ordre des pensées.
    Notes: Summary 1) The Ontogenesis can be explained in a double way: a) historically: it runs from the past to the present. b) idealistically: it runs from the general to the special. 2) The development of the dimorphism of sex tells against the historical and for the idealistical perception. 3) Therefore the idealistical morphology has to be put in the place of the phylogenetical. 4) Idiogenesis and Morphogenesis are going analogically from the general to the special. There exists parallelism of the order of thinking and being.
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    Acta biotheoretica 4 (1938), S. 73-84 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans ce traité il s'agit d'une discussion de la conception de causalité „holistique” qui a remplacé l'autocratie de la „causalité mécanique”, du „mécanisme”. Dans des séquences d'événements, l'intellect reconnaît des causalnexus, en observant ou l'impulsion, le motif, le stimulus de l'action — ou, dans la transformation initiée, la conservation de la matière et de l'énergie: causalité impulsatrice („Anstosskausalität” A.K.) et causalité conservatrice („Erhaltungskausalität” E.K.). A l'ordinaire ces deux causalités sont étroitement liées; mais souvent elles se laissent distinguer sans difficulté. Par exemple, les effets catalytiques et les influences stimulantes sont expressément des formes de l'A.K. Si une „totalité” (un „tout”), c.-à-d. un système, un ordre en coïncidences, plus ou moins clos et stable, est „poussé” ou stimulé (du dehors ou de l'intérieur), il répond, du fonds de son énergie libre, par une action qui unit en soi l'A.K., l'E.K. et la réciprocité („Wechselwirkung” W.W.). Cette causalité complexe est la causalité holistique (la „Ganzheitskausalität” G.K.), déjà existante dans l'inorganique. Elle apparaît parfaite dans la causalité stimulus (la „Reizkausalität” R.K.) de l'organisme à tendances formatives et conservatives, ainsi que dans tous les rapports psychophysiques: A.K. psychique, causalité motive. Ainsi, il y a dans la „Mer constante de la matière et de l'énergie” un „courant d'inquiétude” qui se présente comme l'A.K. Cet „esprit” laisse reconnaître une distincte hiérarchie („Rangordnung”), s'étendant de la causalité dans la physique atomaire et la causalité mécanique, chimique et catalytique, jusqu'à l'„excitation” physio-biologique et jusqu'à la causalité directrice et évolutionnaire, psychique ou même „superpsychique”.
    Notes: Summary The article discusses the concept of “holistic” causality which has superseded that of “mechanistic causality”, “mechanism”. In a sequence of events a causal nexus is mentally established, attention being directed either to the initiation, the starting, the incitation of the process or to the conservation of matter and energy in the initiated transformation: initiation causality (“Anstosskausalität” A.K.) and conservation causality (“Erhaltungskausalität” E.K.). As a rule, the two kinds of causality are intimately interlinked, though they often are easily to be distinguished; for instance, catalytic causation and stimulus influences are clearly forms of A.K. If a “totality” (a “whole”), i.e., a more or les closed and stable uniformity of coexistences, is “pushed” or incited (from without or from within), it actively responds from its content of free energy by an event combining within itself A.K., E.K., and reciprocity (“Wechselwirkung” W. W.). This complex causality is holistic causality (“Ganzheitskausalität” G.K.). Holistic causality, already to be found in the inorganic, appears to perfection in the stimulus causality (“Reizkausalität” R.K.) of organism with its development of form and conservation of form; likewise in the entire psycho-physical phenomenation: psychic A.K., motive causality. Thus, in the constant “Ocean of matter and energy” there is a “demon of unrest” in the guise of A.K., setting up a distinct hierarchy (“Rangordnung”) ranging from atomistic causality to mechanic, chemical, and catalytic causality, and beyond to physiobiological “incitation” and to psychic, or even “supra-psychic”, direction and evolution causality.
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    Acta biotheoretica 4 (1938), S. 111-118 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La biologie totalitaire qui, ces dernières années, a pris une très grande extension chez les biologistes et les philosophes, requiert une attitude nouvelle vis à vis du problème de la vie, attitude qui puisse nous mener au-delà de l'opposition entre le mécanisme et le vitalisme. Le mécanisme est rejeté par les partisans de la biologie totalitaire; la vie est plus qu'un processus physico-chimique excessivement compliqué. D'autre part la nature spéciale du processus vital devra être expliquée par l'idée totalitaire, comprise uniquement de la façon dont on l'entend dans les sciences naturelles. Cette nature spéciale ne devra pas être expliquée, comme le fait le vitalisme, par l'introduction de facteurs métaphysiques comme par exemple l'entéléchie. Le but de la présente critique est de démontrer que l'idée totalitaire est employée souvent par les partisans de la biologie totalitaire purement dans le sens de l'entéléchie, c'est à dire comme un principe métaphysique. D'autre part notre critique cherche à démontrer que la totalité, comprise uniquement de la façon dont on l'entend dans les sciences naturelles, ne nous mène pas au-delà de l'opposition entre le mécanisme et le vitalisme. Cela est vrai aussi pour le holisme deMeyer, dont l'idée fondamentale (la dérivation de la physique théorique de la biologie théorique par la simplification des formules) n'est pas nécessairement fausse pourtant et est en tout cas très digne de considération.
    Notes: Summary Holistic biology, which during the last years has gained wide acceptance amoungst biologists and philosophers, aspires to a new point of view as regards the problem of life which transcends the opposing theories of mechanism and vitalism. The exponents of holism repudiate the purely mechanical theory, the principle of life is something more than a highly complicated physico-chemical process. At the same time, however, the characteristics of life should be traced to the principles of pure natural science, untroubled by the introduction of metaphysical factors such as entelechy etc. This critical review endeavours to show that holism is often used by its exponents entirely in the sense of entelechy, that is to say as a metaphysical principle. On the other hand we seek to point out that where holism has been used in the sense of natural science it by no means bridges the gulf between mechanism and vitalism. The same comment applies to the holism ofMeyer, the foundation of which (namely the deduction of theoretical physics from theoretical biology by simplifying the formula) may be right after all and is worthy of consideration.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'auteur continue la publication des résultats de ses recherches faites sur des êtres vivants unicellulaires, notamment desSaccharomyces. Cette publication fut communiquée dans les Acta Biotheoretica I, p. 113–132. Par la méthode de la culture unicellulaire, l'auteur a créé une culture pure et, de celli-ci, au moyen d'inoculations périodiques, il a créé des descendants. Il a mesuré la marche du développement en pesant le CO2 produit au cours de la vie. La courbe d'évolution ontogénétique, tant de la culture-mère que des descendants, a présenté une ligne enS, mais chacun de cesS ne montait pas de la même façon (Fig. 1). En représentant ces courbes d'évolution enS en fonction du temps et à l'échelle des périodes d'inoculation sur des coordonnées rectilignes, il obtenait une surface d'ondes (Fig. 2). En coupant cette surface par un plan parallèle à l'abscisse et à l'axe vertical, il obtenait des lignes ondoyantes qui ressemblaient à un mouvement oscillatoire se formant autour d'un axe à l'image régulière (Fig. 3). Les examens ont révélé que l'axe suit les lois du mouvement vibratoire harmonique apériodique et que la courbe ondoyante répond au phénomène du mouvement vibratoire harmonique périodique. L'un et l'autre provenant de l'équation différentielle communed 2 s/dt 2 + 2r ds/dt +w 2 s=o. N'importe quel point de l'axes h qui suit un mouvement vibratoire harmonique apériodique est déterminé par l'équation suivante: (8a) $$s_h = a_1 e^{ - r_1 t} \cdot \frac{{e^{ + t\sqrt {r_1 ^2 - w_1 ^2 } } - e^{ - t\sqrt {r_1 ^2 - w_1 ^2 } } }}{2} \cdot \cdot \cdot \cdot \cdot $$ cependant que la courbe ondoyante s p qui montre un mouvement vibratoire harmonique périodique est exprimée par l'équation suivante (8b) $$s_p = a_2 e^{ - r_2 t} \cos (t\sqrt {w_2 ^2 - r_2 ^2 } ) \cdot \cdot \cdot \cdot \cdot \cdot \cdot \cdot $$ Le mouvement complety se compose de la somme des deux mouvements oscillatoires,y =s h +s p . Pour le moment, les examens n'ont trait qu'à l'axe apériodique. Les calculs prouvent que par l'équation sh (8a) les axes apériodiques appartenant à toutes les coupes (Fig. 4) peuvent être suivis avec exactitude comme fonctions du tempst, et que même le changement de la valeur des coefficientsw 1 ,r 1 ,a 1, présente aussi une régularité nette (Fig. 5, 6, 7). L'auteur examine ensuite le calcul du temps maximum=t max et, en outre, la valeur maximum =s hmax de l'axe de la courbe vibratoire et il énonce que toute cellule et tout organisme composé de cellules ont dans le cours de leur développement un temps maximum et une valeur maximum. Le tempst maximum sera: (24) $$t_{max} = \frac{I}{{\sqrt {r_{1^2 } - w_{1^2 } } \log e}}\log \sqrt {\frac{{r + \sqrt {r_{1^2 } - w_{1^2 } } }}{{r - \sqrt {r_{1^2 } - w_{1^2 } } }}} \cdot \cdot \cdot \cdot $$ En substituant la valeur dut max dans l'équation originale de l'axe (8a), on obtient la valeur numérique dut max . Finalement, après avoir déterminé le fait que dans le développement des êtres vivants, on est en présence d'un mouvement vibratoire harmonique périodique et que l'axe de cette oscillation complexe suit l'équation du mouvement vibratoire harmonique apériodique, l'auteur constate que cette détermination constitue un résultat fondamental pour l'étude théoritique des phénomènes vitaux et ce résultat possède en même temps une grande importance pratique pour l'étude de l'amélioration, du sélectionnement, de l'hérédité et de la biologie de la race.
    Notes: Summary Author continues the publication which appeared in the Acta Biotheoretica I, p. 113–132, regarding his results obtained in course of research work on superior plants:Picea excelsa trees, and furthermore on unicellular living beings, namely yeast cells (Saccharomyces spec). Author made a pure culture with the unicellular culture method, and by occasional inoculation produced successors therefrom. He established the progress in development by measuring, according to weight, the CO2 which arose in course of life. The ontogenetic course of development of the original culture as well as that of the successors took the form ofS but theseS curves were not equally precipitous (Fig. 1). When he drew theS-formed development curves in the measure of their time of inoculation in a rectangular co-ordinate system, he received a wave-surface (Fig. 2). When he intersected the wave-surface with the abscissa and the plane parallel with the vertical axis, wave-like lines were the result, which resembled vibratory motion evolving around an axis producing a regular picture (Fig. 3). Research has ascertained that the axis follows the laws of aperiodic vibratory motion, the undulating curve corresponds with the phenomenon of periodic vibratory motion, both of which are derived from the common differential equationd 2 s/dt 2 + 2r ds/dt +w 2 s=o. Any point of thes h axis following the aperiodic vibratory motion is given by the following equation: (8a) $$s_h = a_1 e^{ - r_1 t} \cdot \frac{{e^{ + t\sqrt {r_1 ^2 - w_1 ^2 } } - e^{ - t\sqrt {r_1 ^2 - w_1 ^2 } } }}{2} \cdot \cdot \cdot \cdot \cdot $$ while the wave-curve showing thes h periodic movement is given by the following equation: (8b) $$s_p = a_2 e^{ - r_2 t} \cos (t\sqrt {w_2 ^2 - r_2 ^2 } ) \cdot \cdot \cdot \cdot \cdot \cdot \cdot \cdot $$ The completey movement is made up of the total of the two vibratory movementsy=s h +s p . The research for the time being refers merely to the aperiodic axis. Calculations show that with thes h equation, the aperiodic axes belonging to all the sections (Fig. 4) can be followed exactly, as the time function oft, and moreover, the change according to time in the size of the w1, r1, a1 coefficients also shows definite regularity (Figs 5, 6, 7). Author deals separately with the calculation of the axis maximal time =t max and the maximal value = s h max of the wave-curve, and establishes that the development speed of every cell and every organism built up from cells has a maximal point of time and a maximal value. Thet maximum point of time: (24) $$t_{max} = \frac{I}{{\sqrt {r_{1^2 } - w_{1^2 } } \log e}}\log \sqrt {\frac{{r + \sqrt {r_{1^2 } - w_{1^2 } } }}{{r - \sqrt {r_{1^2 } - w_{1^2 } } }}} \cdot \cdot \cdot \cdot $$ If we put thet max value in the place of the original (8a) equation of the axis we get the numeric value of thet max . Author finally establishes that the recognition of the fact that a harmonic vibratory motion plays a part in the evolution of living beings and that the axis of this complicated vibration follows the equation of aperiodic vibratory motion is a fundamental result in the theoretic study of the phenomena of life, which, besides, has also a great practical importance in the sphere of the study of improvement, inheritance and the biology of the species.
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    Acta biotheoretica 4 (1938), S. 154-164 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les problèmes actuels, se trouvant sur le terrain du système nerveux organo-végétatif ont besoin d'être considérés d'un point de vue synthétique, qui unit les données morphologiques et fonctionnelles. Quant au développement phylogénique du système autonome on est obligé de reconnaître l'insuffisance de la théorie de l'origine ectodermale. Les dates phylogéniques montrent que le système susnommé doit être une differentiation d'une fonction intercellulaire et amboceptoire chez les organismes primitives. Dans ce sens chaque fonction a sa place. Le principe de la „toponomie holosynaptique” exprime la condition spatiale à laquelle doivent obéir toutes les possibilités de développement morphologique d'un système conducteur. Quant à la phylogénie du système végétatif ces considérations mènent jusqu'à une croissance de l'importance du rôle du mésoderme. Ce tissu, surtout considéré dans les théories plutôt en disgrace deTello et d'autres, doit présenter l'origine de quelques éléments tissulaires nerveux. Les données histologiques et celles de l'anatomie comparative, tant que la théorie de la neurobiotaxis sont en accord avec la conception développée.
    Notes: Summary Certain problems about the autonomic nervous system — as f.i. those about the development of ortho- and parasympathetic system — have to be seen in the light of synthetic morphologic-functional considerations. As for the origin of the vegetative nervous elements, the phylogenetic dates show, how the theory of ectodermal descent is one-sided from functional synthetic point of view. Every intercellular function has her place. Therefore the principle of “holosynaptic toponomy” conditions the possibilities of morphological development of every tissue conducting stimuli. In the case of the autonomic system this principle stresses the meaning of the importance of the mesoderm as a base of differentiation to certain nervous elements. Histological, comparative anatomical facts as well as the theory of neurobiotaxis are shown to be very well in harmony with the developed conception.
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    The European physical journal 108 (1938), S. 19-23 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird untersucht, wie sich die Zähleigenschaften von Zählrohren durch Ausheizen und Füllen mit reinem Wasserstoff ändern.
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    The European physical journal 108 (1938), S. 1-18 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird die Zündung und die Zündspannungssenkung untersucht unter der Voraussetzung, daß diese abhängen sowohl von der γ-Ionisierung als auch von sekundären Effekten. Die früher gefundenen Gesetzmäßigkeiten I bis III (vgl. unten) beruhen darauf, daß „quadratische Erregungen“ in die Gleichgewichts — bedingung eingeführt und durch Änderung der γ-Ionisierung mit der Raumladung begründet wurden. Zu den gleichen Gesetzmäßigkeiten I bis III führen daher auch alle sekundären Effekte, die durch quadratische Erregungen in der Gleichgewichtsbedingung berücksichtigt werden können. Die früher angegebenen Koeffizienten erfahren dadurch eine Erweiterung, die geeignet ist, die bisher nicht genügende Übereinstimmung zwischen Versuch und Rechnung bei Edelgasen zu beheben.
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden die Schwerpunkte der in den Emissionsspektren verschiedener Zn S-Phosphore auftretenden Banden bestimmt und untersucht, wie die einzelnen Banden der Gegenwart bestimmter Fremdmetalle oder dem Eigenleuchten des Grundmaterials zuzuordnen sind. Die bei Zusatz von CdS eintretende Verschiebung der Bandenschwerpunkte wird an einer Reihe von Phosphoren mit zunehmendem CdS-Gehalt untersucht und gezeigt, daß die Lage der Maxima mit dem molaren Verhältnis der Komponenten in regelmäßigem Zusammenhang steht. Auf ähnliche Beobachtungen Travničeks an CaSSrS-Mischphosphoren wird hingewiesen. Schließlich wird nachgewiesen, daß CdS nicht nur mit ZnS, sondern auch mit Erdalkalisulfiden Mischphosphore bildet.
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    The European physical journal 108 (1938), S. 40-44 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Bande des S2 λ 2799 (v′=10,v″=0) weist in Absorption und mit großer Dispersion deutliche Verbreiterung der Rotationslinien auf. Die Prädissoziationsgrenze muß daher bei λ 2829 (früher λ 2799) angenommen werden. Weil ein großer Unterschied in den Linienbreiten von den Banden λ 2799 und λ 2769 auftritt, liegt hier ein Fall von langsam einsetzender Prädissoziation vor. — Die Beobachtungen von Lochte-Holtgreven über Druckeinwirkung auf das prädissoziierte Gebiet konnten nicht bestätigt werden.
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    The European physical journal 108 (1938), S. 45-54 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Sprung der Dielektrizitätskonstante des festen HCl bei seinem Umwandlungspunkt (990abs.) wird zwischen 30 und 5000m Wellenlänge untersucht. Für Temperaturen unterhalb der Umwandlung werden Dispersion und dielektrische Verluste festgestellt, die bei der Umwandlung selbst ein Maximum erreichen. Bei 850 abs. liegen die stärkste Dispersion und der größte Verlust bei etwa 300m und rücken mit steigender Temperatur nach kurzen Wellen.
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    The European physical journal 108 (1938), S. 101-106 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Für Äthylalkohol- und Methylalkohol-Wasser-Mischungen wurden die Oberflächenspannungen und ihre Temperaturkoeffizienten bestimmt, um insbesondere Aufschluß zu erhalten über die Abhängigkeit des Temperaturkoeffizienten von der Konzentration.
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    The European physical journal 108 (1938), S. 85-100 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung In früheren Arbeiten ist eine Methode zur Ultrarotphotographie angegeben worden, die das Auftreffen der Strahlung dadurch kenntlich macht, daß eine Substanz an der getroffenen Stelle durch die Wärmewirkung der ultraroten Strahlen zum Verdampfen gebracht wird. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird über den Ausbau der Methode zu einem praktisch brauchbaren Verfahren berichtet. Es werden Vergleiche mit den bisherigen Empfangsinstrumenten und den ultrarotsensibilisierten Platten durchgeführt und einige Absorptionsspektren im Bereich von l bis 10 μ gebracht.
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    The European physical journal 108 (1938), S. 107-127 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Verhalten fester Dielektrika im elektrischen Wechselfeld wird unter der Voraussetzung untersucht, daß der „Nachwirkungsstrom“i(t) einem zeitlichen Verlauf der Formi(t)=B(ϑ+t)−n folgt. Die Ergebnisse werden mit den Resultaten bereits vorliegender experimenteller und theoretischer Untersuchungen verglichen.
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Aufgabenstellung. 2. Zusammenfassung der Beziehungen für die quantitative Untersuchung des Primärstromes in isolierenden Kristallen, die in unseren früheren Arbeiten benutzt worden sind. 3. Die Anwendbarkeit der gleichen Beziehungen auf die Messung stationärer Primärströme in Kristallen mit elektrolytischer Dunkelleitung. 4. Der Einfluß des lichtelektrischen Stromes auf die Feldverteilung in Kristallen mit elektrolytischer Dunkelleitung. 5. Elektronische Dunkelleitung führt zur Entstehung des Sekundärstromes. 6. Die quantitative Behandlung der lichtelektrischen Ströme in Gemischtleitern, d. h. in Kristallen mit sowohl elektrolytscher wie elektronischer Dunkelleitung. Sie wird zunächst nur für den Grenzfall der Sättigungsströme durchgeführt und sie zeigt, daß auch beim Auftreten von Sekundärströmen Sättigung erreicht werden kann. 7. Die allgemeine Beziehung für Gemischtleiter bei Berücksichtigung der Elektronenverluste. Es werden Elektronenverluste nach einem Exponentialgesetz zugrunde gelegt und Versuchsbedingungen vorausgesetzt, bei denen auch im belichteten Kristall eine praktisch lineare Peldverteilung erhalten bleibt. 8. Die elektrischen Eigenschaften unseres KH-KBr-Modellhalbleiters im Dunkeln. 9. Begründung für die Anwendbarkeit des exponentiellen Verlustgesetzes im KH-KBr-Modellhalbleiter. 10. Lichtelektrische Messungen am KH-KBr-Mischkristall mit nur elektrolytischer Dunkelleitung: 1. Kristalle mit homogener Belichtung; 2. Kristalle mit Lichtsonde. 11. Lichtelektrische Messungen am KH-KBr-Mischkristall mit elektronischer und elektrolytischer Dunkelleitung. 12. Lichtelektrische Primärströme, die trotz eines exponentiellen Verlustgesetzes der Wurzel aus der Lichtintensität proportional sind. 13. Zusammenfassung.
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    The European physical journal 108 (1938), S. 128-136 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, daß der von Blackettfestgestellte Abfall des relativen Energieverlustes eines Elektrons beim Durchgang durch Metallplatten sich aus der Annahme einer kleinsten Wellenlänge von λ0=6,2 · 10−13cm (±10%) einwandfrei erklären läßt. Zum gleichen Wert führt eine Diskussion des aus dem Breiteneffekt ermittelten Energieverlustes, den ein Elektron beim Durchgang durch die Atmosphäre erleidet, sowie die Tatsache, daß die Energie der Schauerteilchen nach oben hin begrenzt erscheint.
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    The European physical journal 108 (1938), S. 681-697 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die von Hiedemann und Mitarbeiter entwickelte Sichtbarmachungsmethode zur Bestimmung der Schallgeschwindigkeiten in Flüssigkeiten wird zu einer Präzisionsmethode hoher Absolutgenauigkeit ausgearbeitet. Zur absoluten Bestimmung der Schallfrequenz wurde eine Frequenzmeßeinrichtung konstruiert, deren Genauigkeit durch eine einzige Leuchtnormale gewährleistet wird. Die Leuchtquarzfrequenz wird durch Frequenzteilung beliebig untersetzt, und man kann eine Absolutgenauigkeit der Frequenzmessung von weit besser als 5 · 10−6 erreichen. Die zur Erzeugung der Schallwellen erforderliche Hochfrequenzwechselspannung wird von einem elektronengekoppelten Oszillator geliefert, der zur Erzielung einer großen Frequenzkonstanz in einen vollautomatisch arbeitenden Luftthermostaten eingebaut ist. Mit der so verbesserten Meßanordnung wird die Schallgeschwindigkeit verschiedener organischer Flüssigkeiten in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur mit einer Absolutgenauigkeit von 6 bis 7 · 10−5 bestimmt. Aus den gemessenen Werten wird der Temperaturkoeffizient für das Intervall von 23 bis 27
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    The European physical journal 108 (1938), S. 698-713 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, daß geschichtete Feldkathoden vom Aufbau Al-Al2O3-Cs2O im Hochvakuum außer durch schnelle Elektronen auch durch positive Gasionen angeregt werden können. — Durch Einlassen von Edelgas läßt sich die Erscheinung des abklingenden Malter-Stromes in eine Spritzentladung überführen, und umgekehrt geht aus dieser Entladung durch Abpumpen des Gases der Malter-Strom hervor. In Argon und Helium wurden zwei Spritzentladungstypen bei Drucken zwischen 10−4 und 1 Torr beobachtet, deren eine mit niedriger Brennspannung ohne Funkeln auf der Kathode und deren andere bei höherer Brennspannung mit Funkeln auf der Kathode brennt. — Die Emission der Feldkathoden erweist sich als stark temperaturabhängig. Mit steigender Temperatur nimmt die Emission stark ab und gleichzeitig nimmt die Abnahmegeschwindigkeit des abklingenden Malter-Stromes zu. — Aus den Vorgängen bei der Aktivierung der Malter-Kathode und ihrer Entaktivierung durch Sauerstoff wird auf den Aufbau der Kathodenschicht geschlossen.
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es ist der Intensitätsverlauf der Linien der CuH-Bande λ 4280 bei Anregung im Bogen und bei Anregung in der mit Wasser und mit flüssiger Luft gekühlten Hohlkathode untersucht worden. Dabei wurde folgendes festgestellt: Im Bogen wird die Verteilung der Moleküle auf die verschiedenen Rotationszustände entsprechend der Boltzmann-Verteilung gefunden. In der Hohlkathode wird dagegen eine andere Verteilung beobachtet, die als Verteilung der Moleküle auf die verschiedenen Rotationszustände durch den Elementarprozeß der Molekülbildung gedeutet wird, da, wie gezeigt wird, die bisher bekannten Effekte für eine Erklärung nicht in Frage kommen. Gleichzeitig ändert sich auch die relative übergangswahrscheinlichkeit, und die Intensitäten der Linien von einem gemeinsamen Anfangszustand folgen im Gegensatz zum Bogen nicht mehr den Formeln nach Hönl und London. Es wird weiter gezeigt, daß man den Intensitätsverlauf in der Hohlkathode durch eine einfache Beziehung darstellen kann.
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    The European physical journal 108 (1938), S. 739-747 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aus der Hyperfeinstrukturaufspaltung einiger Linien des Al-II-Spektrums wurde mit Hilfe der Land éschen Intervallregel für das mechanische Kernmoment des Aluminiums der WertI=5/2 ermittelt, für das magnetische der WertΜ=3,7 KM. Das Ergebnis wird dem kürzlich (siehe unten) von Jackson und Kuhn angegebenen WertI=9/2 gegenübergestellt und insbesondere bezüglich der etwa möglichen Störungen der Intervallregel diskutiert.
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    The European physical journal 108 (1938), S. 726-738 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Von den zahlreichen Forschungsarbeiten auf dem Gebiete der künstlichen Radioaktivitäten betrachten verhältnismäßig wenige solche Stoffe, die durch Aktivieren mit α-Teilchen erzeugt worden sind. Denn einmal bieten die α-Prozesse nicht das ausgedehnte Betätigungsfeld, wie es die Neutronenprozesse wegen der überaus zahlreichen Umwandlungsmöglichkeiten eröffnen, zum andern sind bei ihnen auch die experimentellen Schwierigkeiten größer. —In der vorliegenden Arbeit handelt es sich um die Untersuchung der Umwandlungen: Na (α; Nn)Al und P (α; Nn)Cl. — Das Interesse des Physikers richtet sich bei den Umwandlungsprozessen besonders auf die energetischen Verhältnisse. Daher sind gerade die α-Umwandlungen von Bedeutung, weil man es bei ihnen — in weiterem Maße als bei den Neutronenprozessen — in der Hand hat, mit wohldefinierten Geschoßenergien und -zahlen zu arbeiten. Die beiden genannten Kernreaktionen sind zwar schon lange bekannt, die dabei umgesetzten Energien aber noch nicht näher untersucht worden. Die Arbeit will dazu beitragen, diese Lücke zu schließen. — Nebenbei wird eine Methode angegeben, das spezifische Ionisationsvermögen einzelner Positronen exakt zu bestimmen.
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    The European physical journal 108 (1938), S. 748-770 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden die Depolarisationsgrade und die Intensitäten von Raman-Linien bei verschiedenen Kristallstellungen an Kalkspat, Quarz und Beryll untersucht und quantitativ bestimmt. Besonders hervorzuheben ist eine Anordnung, die es ermöglicht, den Polarisationszustand von Raman-Linien auch bei optisch aktiven Substanzen zu messen. Der Vergleich mit der Theorie von Placzek über den Einfluß der Kristallsymmetrie bestätigt die bekannten Zuordnungen der Schwingungen des Kalkspats; Schwierigkeiten ergeben sich nur bei der Pulsation der CO3-Gruppe; diese werden diskutiert. Bei Quarz und Beryll ergeben sich Zuordnungen, die mit der Deutung des ultraroten Silikatspektrums (nach Schaefer, Matossi, Wirtz) in Einklang sind.
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    The European physical journal 108 (1938), S. 771-776 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine elektronenoptische Methode beschrieben, mit deren Hilfe gleichzeitig ein Ionenemissionsbild und ein Elektronenemissionsbild von emittierenden drahtförmigen Körpern auf demselben Leuchtschirm sichtbar gemacht werden kann. Das Ionenemissionsbild wird dabei zuerst in ein Sekundärelektronenbild umgewandelt. Die Methode wird auf Emissionsuntersuchungen an glühenden Steatitröhrchen angewandt.
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    The European physical journal 108 (1938), S. 777-779 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird an Zählrohren versucht, die Zählrohrspannung mit rhythmischen Spannungsstößen zu überlagern; dadurch kann die maximale Stoßzahl der Zählrohre festgestellt werden. Die übereinstimmung mit den Resultaten verschiedener Zählrohrschaltungen wird diskutiert.
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    The European physical journal 108 (1938), S. 780-785 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung An Kathoden aus K, Mg, Al, Cu, Fe, Ag, Pt wurde untersucht, wie sich die Elektronenablösung durch den Stoß positiver Ionen ändert, wenn die Oberflächen mit Deckschichten insbesondere mit Oxydschichten bedeckt werden. Es zeigte sich, daß dadurch die Elektronenablösung stets vergrößert wird, beispielsweise bei Mg und 2000 Volt fast auf den fünffachen Wert. Mit Hilfe dieses Verhaltens kann der Vorgang der Beseitigung einer Oxydschicht durch Kathodenzerstäubung oder ihre Neubildung durch Einführen von Sauerstoff oder analog auch einer Hydridschicht genau verfolgt werden.
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    The European physical journal 108 (1938), S. 137-152 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Durch Berücksichtigung der Oberflächenenergie der Wand zwischen entgegengesetzt mägnetisierten Bezirken werden die theoretischen Schwierigkeiten bebeseitigt, die bisher dem Verständnis der Versuche von Sixtus über das Auswachsen der Ummagnetisierungskeime bei den großen Barkhausen-Sprüngen entgegenstanden. Durch Auswertung der Messungen von Sixtus wird erstmalig eine experimentelle Angabe über die Größe der Wandenergie gewonnen, die in guter Übereinstimmung mit dem von Bloch theoretisch gefundenen Wert ist.
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    The European physical journal 108 (1938), S. 162-167 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Durch Verdampfung gewonnene, dünne (0,2–2,5 μ) NaCl-Schichten haben eine sehr große spezifische elektrische Leitfähigkeit mit sehr kleinen Ionenablösungsarbeiten. Es ist eine Abhängigkeit von der Schichtdicke vorhanden.
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    The European physical journal 108 (1938), S. 153-161 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aus der Diffusionsgleichung wird abgeleitet, wie ein Zusatz von Cadmiumsalz zu Wasser die Konzentration von thermischen Neutronen beeinflußt. Die gefundene Beziehung wird durch Experimente bestätigt. Die Messungen ermöglichen die Relativbestimmung des reinen Absorptionsquerschnitts von Wasserstoff bezogen auf den von Cadmium.
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    The European physical journal 108 (1938), S. 168-170 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung In Hg I wurde eine neue Serie aufgefunden, welche dem Übergang vom Termmd 3,1 D zu einem neuen Term 5d 9 6s 2 6p 3 D 3 entspricht. Über die Lage des Terms 5d 9 6s 2 6p 1 F 3 wurden einige Bemerkungen gemacht.
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    The European physical journal 108 (1938), S. 183-188 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, daß die ursprüngliche Form des Nernstschen Wärmesatzes bestehen bleibt, auch wenn es gelingt, den absoluten Nullpunkt zu erreichen.
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    The European physical journal 108 (1938), S. 189-194 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aus dem Drehimpulserhaltungssatz und den Auswahlregeln für Kernumwandlungen wird die Winkelverteilung der Kerntrümmer gefolgert. Die Ergebnisse werden an den Prozessen H2(d; p) H3, H2(d; n) He3, Li6 (d; p) Li7, Li6 (p; α)He3, Li7 (p; α) He4, B11(p; α) Be8 geprüft.
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    The European physical journal 108 (1938), S. 171-182 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit einer Ionisationskammer von 20,5 Liter Inhalt, die mit Preßluft gefüllt war, wurden Untersuchungen über die Druckabhängigkeit der Ionisation durch Ultrastrahlung in dem Bereich von Normaldruck bis 37 Atm. durchgeführt. Die Messungen ergaben, daß sich die Ionisation aus zwei Komponenten, einer energiereichen Primärstrahlung und einer energieärmeren Sekundärstrahlung, die in den Kammerwandungen ausgelöst wird, zusammensetzt. Durch Berücksichtigung der auf rechnerischem Wege erhaltenen Restionisation der verwendeten Ionisationskammer und des Sättigungsgrades der Kammerspannung konnte ein eindeutiger Verlauf der Ionisationsstrom-Druckkurven gegeben werden. — Die Druckabhängigkeit der Ionisation durch Ultrastrahlung ist von der durch γ-Strahlung in dem untersuchten Druckbereich bis 37 Atm. verschieden. — Durch Verwendung von Absorptionsmaterialien (Blei, Aluminium, Eisen) in der Druckkammer konnte die Bildung einer Sekundärstrahlung von geringer Energie nachgewiesen werden. Reichweite und Intensität der ausgelösten Sekundärstrahlung ergaben bei den einzelnen Absorptionsmaterialien ein grundsätzlich verschiedenes Bild.
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    The European physical journal 108 (1938), S. 195-199 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Dämpfung piezoelektrischer Schwingungen einer Quarzplatte wird mit Hilfe einer neuen Methode untersucht. Die Verwendung einer Braunschen Röhre gestattet den Abklingvorgang eines elektrisch in seiner Eigenfrequenz erregten und dann frei ausschwingenden Piezokristalls photographisch aufzunehmen. Die Dämpfung nimmt mit sinkender Temperatur stark ab und erreicht bei −100° C einen annähernd konstanten Wert.
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    The European physical journal 108 (1938), S. 200-203 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Dieser wird erzeugt von den Erweiterungen eines hyperkomplexen Zahlsystems 1), welches der Verfasser als Angelpunkt aller quantenmechanischen Matrizensysteme erkannt hat. Die neue Raum-Zeit-Struktur wird angegeben. Zu ihrer Eichung benötigt man drei Meßwerte (g, cm, sec). Die physikalischen Konstanten sind hierauf theoretisch berechenbar. Im besonderen werden Eigenschaften der Elementarteilchen quantitativ erfaßt.
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    The European physical journal 108 (1938), S. 212-217 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wurden mit drei verschiedenen Anordnungen Messungen angestellt über das Zahlenverhältnis der nicht-ionisierenden zu den ionisierenden Strahlen in einem kosmischen Ultraschauer. Die ionisierenden Strahlen wurden dabei durch das Auftreten von Koinzidenzen, die nicht-ionisierenden durch das Ausbleiben von Koinzidenzen festgestellt. Es ergab sich, daß mit jedem Elektronenschauer ein relativ intensiver und stark diffuser Photonenschauer verkoppelt ist. Es entfallen in einem Schauer auf ein Elektron rund 50 Photonen.
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    The European physical journal 108 (1938), S. 204-211 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Hyperfeinstruktur der verbotenen Quecksilberbogenlinie 2655,8 Å, die bei optischer Anregung des Hg-Dampfes und bei Zusatz von Stickstoff auftritt, mittels eines hochauflösenden Spektralapparates untersucht. Es hat sich ergeben, daß diese Linie aus zwei Komponenten besteht, die von den zwei ungeradzahligen Hg-Isotopen emittiert werden. Die Durchbrechung des für die Impulsquantenzahl J geltenden Verbots J=0 → J=0 wird durch die Kopplung des magnetischen Moments des Kerns mit dem Leuchtelektron verursacht.
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    The European physical journal 108 (1938), S. 218-222 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der quantenmagnetische Halbmesserformalismus fügt sich in den klassischen elektrischen ein.
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    The European physical journal 108 (1938), S. 223-224 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Verhältnis der Impulsänderung zur Energie ist keine strenge Invariante gegenüber Lorentz- Transformationen.
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    The European physical journal 108 (1938), S. 225-231 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die in dieser Arbeit beschriebene Methode zur Bestimmung der elastischen Konstanten gehört zu den dynamischen Methoden 1) und erlaubt den Elastizitäts-modul E und die Poissonsche Konstante σ aus den Eigenfrequenzen von Radialschwingungen 2) der kreisförmigen Platten zu ermitteln. Diese Methode wurde an Turmalin, Quarz und Nickel nachgeprüft; am Nickel wurde auch die Temperaturabhängigkeit der beiden elastischen Konstanten untersucht.
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    The European physical journal 108 (1938), S. 244-264 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung I. Ableitung der Gleichungen. 1. Einleitung. 2. Der Mechanismus des Gleitens. 3. Die Entfestigung. 4. Die Verfestigungsfunktion τ. — II. Experimentelle Prüfung. 5. Bemerkungen über die Möglichkeit der experimentellen Prüfung. 6. Bestimmung der Konstanten. 7. Beginn der Gleitung. Temperatur- und Geschwindigkeitsabhängigkeit der kritischen Schubspannung. 8. Temperatur- und Geschwindigkeitsabhängigkeit der Verfestigung. — III. Zusammenfassung.
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    The European physical journal 108 (1938), S. 232-243 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird auf Grund von Hyperfeinstrukturmessungen an reinem Sr 87 gezeigt, daß im Falle des radioaktiven β-Zerfallsprozesses Rb 87 → Sr 87 ein von der Theorie geforderter allgemeiner Zusammenhang zwischen Lebensdauer eines β-Strahlers und Kernspinänderung beim β-Zerfallsprozeß besteht. Das mechanische Kernmoment des Sr 87 hat den Wert I=9/2, das magnetische Kernmoment beträgt μ=−1,1 KM. Der Vergleich zwischen dem mechanischen Kernmoment des Sr 87 und dem des Rb 87, der Muttersubstanz des Sr 87, ergibt eine Kernspinänderung von Δ I=3.
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    The European physical journal 108 (1938), S. 279-287 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mikrophotographische Nachweise von Zwischenbeugungsbildern und von Rowland-Geistern im Öffnungsbild geeigneter Strichgitter werden in Zusammenhang gebracht mit auffälligen Schwankungen in der nicht-konformen mikroskopischen Objektabbildung von Gitterstörungen.
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    The European physical journal 108 (1938), S. 295-313 
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    The European physical journal 108 (1938), S. 265-278 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Deutung der Charakteristik der positiven Säule der Niederdruckentladung werden die in der Säule auftretenden Elementarprozesse und deren Anteil am Leistungsumsatz betrachtet. Da nur derjenige Anteil der in den Elementarprozessen umgesetzten Leistung die von der Säule aufgenommene Leistung bestimmt, der durch Strahlung, Wandverluste und Wärmeleitung der Säule entzogen wird, wird die gesamte, in der Säule umgesetzte Leistung in eine der Säule entzogene, den Gradienten bestimmende „Wirk“leistung und in eine, in der Säule verbleibende „Blind“leistung eingeteilt. Für diese sind vor allem die von der Thermodynamik geforderten „inversen“ Prozesse (Stöße zweiter Art, Bekombination im Dreierstoß und ähnliche) maßgebend. Die Elementarprozesse werden zu Zyklen zusammengefaßt und die zu jedem Zyklus gehörenden Anteile der Wirk- und Blindleistung für ein vereinfachtes Modell der Niederdruckentladung (Konstanz über den Querschnitt und Unabhängigkeit der Elektronentemperatur von der Stromstärke) untersucht. Die Wandverluste durch Wärmeleitung und durch ambipolaren Diffusionsstrom wirken im Sinne eines konstanten Gradienten. Die Anregung der Terme aus dem Grundzustand liefert einen konstanten Gradienten, solange die Terme ungesättigt sind und einen mit l/I fallenden Gradienten, wenn sie gesättigt sind. Die stufenweise Anregung führt zu einem mit I ansteigenden Gradienten, wenn beide, der untere und der obere Term ungesättigt sind. Ebenso ergibt die Rekombination unter Ausstrahlung einen mit I steigenden Gradienten. Das Verhältnis der Zahl der inversen Blindprozesse zu der zu einer Wirkleistung führenden Prozesse ist ein Maß für die Annäherung an das thermische Gleichgewicht in dem zugehörigen Zyklus.
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    The European physical journal 108 (1938), S. 288-294 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die kondensierte Entladung zwischen Elektroden im Vakuum ist mit Kathodenstrahloszillographen untersucht worden. Der Druck war 0,001 mm Hg. Der Dämpfungswiderstand des Entladungskreises wurde aus den Oszillogrammen bestimmt. Aus diesen Messungen geht hervor, daß der Widerstand des Vakuumfunkens nach der Zündung zuerst praktisch gleich Null ist, um dann allmählich größer zu werden. Mit Elektroden aus Aluminium und Kupfer war der Widerstand 50 μsec nach der Zündung des Funkens etwa 0,01 Ω, mit Elektroden au. Kohle dagegen etwa 0,03 Ω. Die ganze Entladungszeit war etwa 100 bis 125 μsecs
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    The European physical journal 108 (1938), S. 314-321 
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    The European physical journal 108 (1938), S. 322-325 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach den üblichen halbklassischen Berechnungen sollten die Grenzkurven der Prädissoziation isotoper Moleküle gleich sein, was experimentell (AlH/AlD) jedoch nicht bestätigt wird. Die Abweichungen stehen mit einer von Kronig abgeleiteten quantenmechanischen Formel in Übereinstimmung.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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