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  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (442)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (317)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1935-1939  (125)
  • 1977  (317)
  • 1938  (125)
Collection
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Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (317)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1935-1939  (125)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of the gonads and gametes in the soft-shell clam (Mya arenaria) (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 91-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The clam Mya differs from other pelecypods which have been investigated in this respect in having most of the reserve nutritive materials formed within the vacuolated follicle cells of the gonads instead of within the very limited amount of mesenchymatous connective tissue of the visceral mass. The profusely branching tubular gonads originate from two groups of primordial germ cells situated in the position of the future genital apertures. The germinal primordia soon become differentiated into two types of nuclei, one of which becomes associated with the large, vacuolated follicle cells, which form the principal volume of the gonadal tissue, while the other type proliferates to form the primary gonia which become widely scattered along the walls of each alveolus.There is much degeneration and cytolysis during gametogenesis in both sexes, with the accumulation of characteristic inclusions within the follicle cells. Atypical spermatogenesis followed by cytolysis occurs throughout the year but the normal method only in preparation for spawning. No evidence of protandry or change of sex was obtained; only three hermaphrodites were found in the examination of more than 1000 individuals.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050620106
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
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    Editorial (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 1-2 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050620102
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  • 3
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    The histogenesis of muscle in the regenerating fore limb of larval Amblystoma punctatumThesis presented to the faculty of Princeton University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy. (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 17-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The regeneration of muscle in larval Amblystoma punctatum is preceded by an extensive dedifferentiation of the old muscles of the limb stump. The process of muscle dedifferentiation consists in a separation of muscle nuclei, surrounded by a small amount of cytoplasm, from the injured ends of the muscle fibers. The dedifferentiation of the cut muscles of the limb stump progresses proximad as far as the origin of the muscles on the humerus and results in a complete transformation of these muscles into undifferentiated cells which appear to contribute to the formation of the regeneration blastema. Shoulder muscles, which were attached to the humerus, also undergo a partial dedifferentiation when their points of insertion on the humerus are destroyed by the degeneration of the perichondrium. These muscles never dedifferentiate, however, for more than one-fourth their original length. The process of dedifferentiation in the shoulder muscles is similar to that found in the cut muscles of the limb stump.The regeneration of the injured muscles occurs in two ways. The shoulder muscles reconstitute themselves by means of terminal and lateral sarcoplasmic buds formed near the distal regions of the muscle fibers. The muscles of the limb proper, distal to the shoulder, differentiate out of local aggregations of blastema cells. No myoblasts were observed.The regeneration blastema arose chiefly from dedifferentiated cells of muscle, nerve connective tissue sheath, perichondrium and cartilage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050620104
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    Masthead (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050620201
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Morphogenesis of the architecture of hip and thigh (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 177-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The original innominate bone consisted of ischiopubis only. From this developed a dorsally-directed ilium, upon which the dorsal limb muscles, originally arising from fascia, settled, and which thrust dorsalward between roots of the limb plexus, thus dividing the nerves into prozonal (dorsal and ventral) and metazonal (dorsal and ventral) groups. The primitive muscles of the tetrapod hip and thigh comprised a dorsal mass, soon divisible into sheets, innervated by both prozonal and metazonal dorsal nerves, and a similar ventral mass comparably innervated. The original two elements thus became four basic elements, and probably in early mammals or mammal-like reptiles all dually innervated muscles split into singly innervated units. With this four-group basis as the chief criterion, but considering other factors as well, it is possible to homologize the muscles of urodeles (ventral components only), lacertilians, mammals, and birds in entirely satisfactory manner, except for doubt in several instances in which specialization has secondarily obscured the precise relationships. In different mammals there is shown a tendency toward a final fusion of certain unrelated muscle units (biceps plus gluteus longus, human type of biceps, adductor magnus, and tensor fasciae femoris with gluteus maximus).
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050620203
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  • 6
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    Masthead (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050620301
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  • 7
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    The early development of the avian embryo. I. Endoderm formation (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 415-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the blastula stage the roof of the subgerminal cavity is composed of an irregular layer of cells, the nuclei of which lie in the upper or middle part of the cytoplasm.On the floor of the subgerminal cavity groups of already degenerating cells occur. They represent the vegetative pole of the blastula. Almost every cell contains glycogen, and mitotic cells show no special orientation.In the gastrula stage the cells of the area pellucida become regularly arranged as a single-layered, cylindrical epithelium with basally situated nuclei.The yolk endoderm cells are formed from the proliferating upper layer of the area opaca.The embryonic endoderm is formed at the posterior end of the area pellucida by outgrowth of single cells from a circumscribed area, the primitive plate.This plate eventually bends inward to form a typical archenteric canal, through which endoderm continues to invaginate from the epiblast.The endoderm spreads in a cranial and lateral direction until it has formed a complete layer.The epiblast cells lose their glycogen as they invaginate to form endoderm, which is free of glycogen.In the area opaca the upper layer and the yolk endoderm contain glycogen.The mitotic cells of the epiblast of the area pellucida are always orientated horizontally, but in the primitive plate and archenteric canal they are orientated vertically as well.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050620304
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  • 8
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    The morphology of the aortic arches in four genera of plethodontid salamanders (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 559-597 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The larval, metamorphosing and definitive aortic arches of Desmognathus fuscus, Plethodon cinereus, Eurycea bislineata, and Gyrinophilus porphyriticus, described in this paper, were investigated because it was thought possible that, if the fourth or pulmonary arch failed to develop in these lungless forms, a new factor associated with the loss of lungs might be revealed.The salient points of structure disclosed, so far as the problem involved is concerned, are: D. fuscus and P. cinereus develop fourth arches which remain functional in the larvae and adults and supply the pharynx, oesophagus, stomach and skin of the shoulder region. In some instances the fourth arch in the larvae of P. cinereus is reduced in length or entirely lacking in which cases correspondingly less of the fourth arch and more of the third arch is present in the adult. E. bislineata and undoubtedly G. porphyriticus fail to develop fourth arches and hence do not possess these in either the larval or adult states.It is concluded, therefore, that the failure of the fourth arch to develop has evidently not been a factor involved in the advent of lunglessness in plethodontid salamanders. Also, the fact that E. bislineata never develops a fourth arch, yet is able to transform, furnishes additional evidence against Figge's view that Necturus fails to metamorphose because the ventral portion of the fourth arch is absent.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050620308
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  • 9
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    Masthead (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050630101
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  • 10
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    Notes on the brain case of a therocephalian (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 75-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study is based on serial sections of the occipital and otic regions of a therocephalian from the Tapinocephalus zone. The occipital region as preserved consists of the basioccipitals and exoccipitals. The basioccipital is long and slender and is separated from the more anterior basisphenoid by an unossified zone. The exoccipitals are large and contain a part of the jugular foramen and two foramina for cranial nerve XII.The otic bones are fused together to form a periotic. The most striking feature of the inner ear is the medioventral position of the vestibule. Passing back into the periotic from the vestibule is a deep recessus scala tympani. This recess opens anteriorly into a ventral fenestra in the vestibule, the fenestra rotunda. These structures are similar to those of Dimetrodon and the gorgonopsian.The anterior part of the periotic is projected ventrally to form a basicranial process. This probably arose by intramembranous ossification. The unossified zone between the basioccipital and basisphenoid may represent a persistent basicranial fenestra.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050630104
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  • 11
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    The development of the imaginal eye in the larva of Drosophila melanogaster (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 63-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study has been made of the growth of the eye anlage, and of the increase in number of the elements of the dioptric system of larvae of Drosophila melanogaster.In newly hatched larvae the eye rudiment grows fast, but slows down later and becomes nearly stationary during the second half of larval life. The increase in number of elements in the eye disc parallels the growth of the whole anlage and reaches a maximum about 70 hours after hatching. The imaginal disc cells increase in number but not in size, in contrast to other larval cells which increase in size but not in number.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050630103
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  • 12
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    The comparative morphology of the vertebrate spinal column. Its form as related to function (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 87-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The form of the vertebral column is definitely related to its function as a supporting rod, a base for attachment of body and limb muscles, and a protection of the spinal cord and nerves. Primitively composed of a series of simple undifferentiated blocks, it progressively becomes complicated through development of articular processes giving added strength and greater mobility. Simultaneously, the centrum and the neural arch become adapted to withstand tension and compression stresses which vary with the movements possible in different regions of the column. These movements are partially determined by the plane of the zygapophyses and the nature of the intercentral articulation, together with the action of the axial muscles and ligaments.In fish and primitive tetrapods the axial musculature serves as the chief locomotor organ and consists of a series of myomeres extending with little interruption from the head to the tail. In tetrapods the locomotor function is taken over by the limbs and the axial muscles become progressively differentiated into long flexors and extensors of the column and gradually lose their external segmentation.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050630105
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  • 13
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    Sexual differentiation of urogenital ducts of Ambystoma tigrinumAided by grants from the national research council committee for research in problems of sex, as administered by Prof. E. Witschi. (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 119-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Adult salamanders of Ambystoma tigrinum show a high degree of sexual dimorphism. The normal growth of the urogenital ducts system in relation to the development of the gonads is traced from the sexually indifferent period preceding metamorphosis to sexual maturity at 1 year. Differentiation and growth of secondary sex characters is correlated with spermatogenesis in the male and with growth of ovocytes in the female.Testicular hormone manifests its initial appearance in male differentiation of the wolffian and urinary collecting ducts following metamorphosis. Growth of ovocytes and oviducts begins before metamorphosis and may be assumed to indicate the initial appearance of the ovarian hormone. Females retain the larval arrangement of wolffian and urinary ducts. The oviducts of the male regress during the period of rapid male differentiation. This suggests the possibility of antagonistic activity of the male hormones in Ambystoma.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050630106
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  • 14
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    Blood-cell changes during experimental nutritional deficiency anemia and recovery in the newt, Triturus viridescens, with special reference to the erythrocytes (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 143-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A batch of fifty newts was subjected to complete food deprivation for a period of 4 months. During the experiment twenty-two individuals died and twenty-eight were killed at intervals. From the end of the second month the erythrocytes began to show in increasingly greater numbers a progressive alteration in the nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio. The nucleus of these atypical erythrocytes gradually enlarged and ultimately occupied the entire cytosome. Meanwhile the nuclear reticulum became extremely fine and closely meshed, eventually appearing practically homogeneous and relatively chromophobic. The end result was complete dissolution. The leukocytes became greatly reduced in number, the eosinophils disappearing completely. The neutrophils and basophils were agranular in the blood smears. The erythrocyte transformations represent late results of a chain of factors: cytoplasmic hypotonicity, nuclear endosmosis, attenuation and fenestration of nuclear membrane. The subcapsular lymphogranulocytopoietic tissue of the liver had almost completely disappeared. The spleen was greatly reduced in size; it was essentially lymphoid in character and erythrocytopoietic activity had ceased practically completely. Complete restoration of normal conditions in blood, liver and spleen was effected by the end of 2 weeks by feeding with earthworms. The regenerating blood showed many naked nuclei of disintegrating atypical erythrocytes, many immature erythrocytes in mitosis, increased number of small lymphocytes (lymphoid hemoblasts), large but variable numbers of microcytes, many giant thrombocytes and normal granulocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050630107
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  • 15
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    The absorption of colloidal carbon from the body cavity of Ammocoetes. A study of the structure and function of the larval kidneys and blood forming tissuesContribution no. 249 from the zoological laboratories, indiana university. (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 163-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Colloidal carbon injected into the coelom of the larval lamprey, Ammocoetes, is taken up directly by the pronephric tubules. Due to the absence of nephrostomes the mesonephric tubules do not function in a similar way. The tubules of neither show any intracellular deposition of carbon. The reticular elements which support both these kidneys exhibit pronounced phagocytic and hemocytopoietic activity. Carbon in either a free or included form reaches all the other organs both as a result of direct invasion or secondary distribution by the vascular system. The liver is the only organ whose vascular endothelium exhibits cytopoietic properties. To the diffuse spleen as a site of blood cell formation thus should be added the reticular tissue of the pronephros and mesonephros and the vascular endothelium of the liver. Playing a minor role in a similar way are the intestinal mucosa exclusive of that in the typhlosole and the spongy tissue dorsal to the neural tube.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050630108
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  • 16
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    Masthead (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050630201
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  • 17
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    A cytological study of the pleuropodia of Melanoplus differentialis (Orthoptera, Acrididae) which furnishes new evidence that they produce the hatching enzyme (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 181-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In an earlier paper (Slifer, '37) experiments were reported which showed that in Melanoplus differentialis eggs the hatching enzyme, which destroys the white cuticle, is secreted by the pleuropodia (appendages of the first abdominal segment of the embryo) during the last few days of incubation. In the present report the development and differentiation of the pleuropodia, together with the cytological changes which occur in them before, during and after they become functional, have been followed. The time at which the secretion granules are discharged from the pleuropodial cells was found to be closely correlated with the time at which the tough, white cuticle begins to disintegrate. The cytological evidence, then, supports the author's earlier conclusion, based upon experimental work, that the pleuropodia secrete the hatching enzyme.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050630109
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  • 18
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    Cursorial adaptations in birds. Limb proportions in the skeleton of geococcyx (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 207-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Comparison of intramembral and trunk/limb proportions in the roadrunner (Geococcyx) and two related genera of cuckoos (Coccyzus and Crotophaga), together with a consideration of their habits of locomotion, lead to the following two generalizations: (1) The incipient cursorial leg of more primitive, arboreal birds, with the metatarsus shorter than the femur, is not an efficient mechanism for bipedal terrestrial locomotion. The direct adaptation to the cursorial habit in terrestrial birds lies in the further elongation of the whole leg, the distal segments undergoing a relatively greater elongation than the femur; the greatest degree of elongation is shown by the most distal segment. (2) When the development of terrestrial, cursorial habits in birds leads to diminished use, or discuse, of the wings as organs of locomotion, the wing skeleton becomes reduced in length; each segment of the wing is reduced, but the degree of reduction is greatest in the more distal segments. It is probable that reduction appears first in the most distal segment and later successively in each segment proceeding proximally therefrom.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050630202
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  • 19
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    Origin and fate of the median cord in the grasshopper, Melanoplus differentialis (Acrididae: Orthoptera) (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 219-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The median cord arises as a hypodermal invagination along the midline from stomodeum to end of tenth abdominal ganglion. It separates from the hypoderm, but does not differentiate into any tissue; apparently it degenerates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050630203
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  • 20
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    The multiple chromosomes of Paratylotropidia brunneri Scudder (Orthoptera: Acrididae)Aided by grant from the rockefeller foundation for work on cellular biology. (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 289-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: There are 19 chromosomes in diploid cells of male Paratylotropidia brunneri; of these, four are V-shaped multiples. There are twenty chromosomes in diploid cells of females; of these, four are V-shaped multiples. If the two arms of each multiple are counted as separate chromosomes, we have the usual number of chromosomes for the Acrididae, i.e., twenty-three in male and twenty-four in female.There are nine chromosomes in the first spermatocyte divisions: seven tetrads, one octad and a decad. The latter is made up of the accessory chromosome associated with an octad.One of the V-shaped multiples in the male is limited to that sex. The homologue of one of the dyads of which it is composed is a free dyad, the homologue of the other forms a V-shaped multiple with the accessory chromosome. The V-shaped multiple limited to the male shows differential heteropycosis in the prophases of the first spermatocyte. There is evidence that its homologous parts are isolated from each other as far as crossingover is concerned.A study of the first maturation division of the heterogametic sex is essential for the identification of the sex chromosome.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050630206
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  • 21
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    The aortic diverticula of the Odonata (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 229-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Although thoracic diverticula of the aorta ending dorsally in pulsatile organs were discovered by Brocher as early as 1917 no detailed account of their structure was published. The condition of these structures in the adult was not investigated and their development through larval instars was not followed. Brocher's later papers announced the discovery of similar organs in the orders Orthoptera, Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. In 1931 E. Meyer described in some detail pulsatile organs in the Ephemerida. In general these accounts are either superficial or of doubtful interpretation.The present paper deals with the Odonata and stresses the Anisoptera. Anax junius has been studied as the type both anatomically and histologically in all stages of larva and imago except the first four instars. Other types have been compared with Anax, and some of the other orders mentioned have been checked for presence and nature of these organs.Aortic diverticula and pulsatile organs occur in all Odonata both larval and adult. These are derived from the same origins and their histology is that of the membranes involved in aortic and body walls. Through inference from morphology and from physiological examination it appears that pulsatile organs (1) supplement heart action, perhaps substituting for it during emergence. (2) assist in the functioning of the ostia and ostial glands, and (3) may even be important in production and distribution of hormones.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050630204
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  • 22
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    The follicular cycle in the sexually mature thirteen-lined ground squirrel (Citellus tridecemlineatus Mitch.)Thesis presented in partial fulfillment for the degree of doctor of philosophy. (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 263-287 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The germinal epithelium was studied in an effort to determine its role in postpubertal ovogenesis. Active and inactive areas of epithelium were observed regardless of the oestrous periods. The active areas, exemplified by numerous mitoses and a frequent stratification of the epithelium, are foci for egg cell production.Egg cells are produced from the germinal epithelium by: activation, migration and transformation of single germinal epithelial cells; migration and differentiation of nests of cells; ingrowths of cords of cells.Young ova in the cortex of the ovary are at first surrounded by a single layer of flattened follicular cells of germinal epithelial origin. In the subsequent development of the follicle stratified layers make their appearance. The zona pellucida appears as a well-defined structure coincident with the stratification of the follicular layers.The follicular cavity develops as a split between the follicular cells at one side of the follicle. In the mature follicle the cavity is broad and contains liquor folliculi. The theca interna and externa are not distinguishable until the follicle is highly cellular.
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    Seasonal changes in the testis of the musk turtle, Sternotherus odoratus L.Aided by a grant from the committee for research in problems of sex of the national research council, as administered by prof. emil witschi. (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 301-317 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The spermatogenetic cycle of the testis of the musk turtle is limited to the summer months of the year, and closely parallels that of the anuran Amphibia. Spermatozoa are present in the testis from September to May, and breeding may occur in either fall or spring. A pronounced increase in the size of the epididymis and a corresponding decrease in the size of the testis occurs at the end of the cycle (September).During the months of March, April and May, all spermatozoa are eliminated from the seminal tubules, and the germinal epithelium is built up in preparation for spermatogenesis. Spermatogonial divisions occur in small numbers in May, and the division tempo increases during June. Primary spermatocytes and maturation divisions appear after the middle of June, and continue through July and August. Spermiogenesis begins in late July, is in full progress in August, and is practically completed by October. Laboratory specimens usually show an active spermatogenesis in winter, but it is not probable that a second spermatogenetic cycle occurs in specimens under normal hibernating conditions.No seasonal changes are observed in the interstitial cells of the testis, and no seasonally variable secondary sex characters are known for turtles. Special studies of the problem are being conducted.
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    Sexual phases in the gastropod Crucibulum spinosum (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 345-361 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This species represents a typical example of protandric consecutive sexuality, the male phase becoming functional at a very early age, when the body has reached a length of only 3 to 7 mm. Those males which become functional earliest usually seek the association of older individuals in the female phase; others, maturing later, are more likely to remain solitary. Mated males have accentuated masculine characteristics and retain the male phase longer than solitary individuals or those that are isolated experimentally. Unfavorable environmental conditions postpone or prevent functional sexuality and terminate the male phase promptly without inaugurating the female phase. The influence of the female in accentuating the sexuality of the male is thought to be due to stimuli received by the latter through sense organs in tentacles and penis and mediated by the nervous system through hormonal secretions. Termination of the male phase and transition to the functional female are comparable to metamorphosis from the immature to the mature condition in other animals and, like metamorphosis, the primary (male) sexual phase can be abbreviated or prolonged experimentally, but the sequence cannot be reversed.
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    Notes on the breeding habits of the nudibranchs of Monterey bay and vicinityThis work was begun during the tenure of a national research fellowship in the biological sciences. I wish to acknowledge my appreciation to Dr. C. V. taylor, and to Dr. W. K. fisher and the staff of the hopkins marine station for many courtesies during the course of this work. I am also indebted to Dr. C. V. Taylor for a critical reading of the manuscript. (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 319-343 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Data concerning the seasonal distribution of twenty-two species of nudibranchs are recorded for a period of 9 months. The occurrence of copulation and of egg laying for these animals in the laboratory aquaria is recorded for the same period. These data indicate that the seasonal distribution of certain species is well marked, and that there is in many cases a definite breeding season.The characteristics of the egg ribbons of these nudibranchs are described, and figured by means of photographs. These egg ribbons approach the mathematical form of a spiral of Archimedes. In every case observed, the ribbon was deposited in a counter-clockwise direction, viewed dorsally.The relationship between these observations and earlier work on the life histories of the nudibranchs is discussed.
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    Studies on the structure of nucleolusforming regions and related structures in the giant salivary gland chromosomes of DipteraContribution from the department of embryology, carnegie institution of washington, baltimore, maryland. (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 363-395 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Salivary gland nuclei in Chironomus regularly show large, conspicuous nucleoli. In Sciara no true nucleoli have been found, but sometimes certain particular chromosome regions expand greatly, forming ‘puffs’ or ‘bulbs,’ somewhat nucleolus-like in nature. Detailed study has been made of the chromosome structure in the affected regions in both genera.In the nucleolar regions of Chironomus the banded structure of the chromosome is distinctly modified. In the case of the large nucleolus the chromosome breaks up into a heavy network in which solid discs are replaced by interconnected chromatic spheres and granules, extending out somewhat into the clear nucleolar substance. In the case of the smaller nucleolus, Balbiani's ring, the banded structure is less disturbed. A chromatic network, resembling a system of rootlets, runs out from the chromatic bands into the clear nucleolar substance.In Sciara ocellaris the ‘puff’ regions are at times normally banded, but at other times in the condition described as ‘puffed.’ The same is true of the ‘bulb’ regions. The relation between nucleoli, puffs and bulbs is discussed. Also that between ‘heterochromatin’ and ‘euchromatin.’ Evidence seems to indicate that the latter are merely extremes in a continuous range involving different relative amounts of chromatic and achromatic materials. The ‘puff’ regions appear to be structurally similar to the chromocenter in Drosophila.
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    Masthead (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050630301
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    The postpartum formation of egg cells in the cat (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 397-419 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The summary of this paper is as follows:1From an examination of 108 ovaries from eighty-nine individuals it was apparent that, in the cat a certain but variable amount of degeneration of primary follicles occurs in all life epochs.2The primary oocytes undergo the degeneration, while the follicle cells remain for an undetermined time.3The most profound instances of such degeneration were encountered in kittens of 6 to 9 weeks, accompanying or follwing the resolution of the egg cords into primary follicles and the establishment of the cortical or marginal zone. A sporadic degeneration of young oocytes occurs at earlier periods.4No evidence was seen of a new formation of egg cells from the residual follicle cells after the degeneration of the oocytes. The degenerations of the 6 to 9 weeks epoch are not believed to be of universal occurrence.5No adequate evidence was encountered of a new formation of egg cells from the surface epithelium, either before or after sexual maturity.6No evidence linking the degeneration of primary follicles with the estrous cycle was seen.7The stock of primary follicles established in the first few weeks after birth is believed to be adequate for the growth of graafian.
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    The chromosomes in the maturation of the germ cells of two species of triclad Turbellarians (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 421-439 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The maturation of the germ cells of the two hermaphroditic species, Curtisia foremanii (Girard) and Bdelloura candida (Girard) has supplied the material for this chromosome study.Both species of flatworms are believed by the author to possess a diploid number of twelve chromosomes and a haploid number of six, although Curtisia foremanii has previously been reported as having a smaller and variable number of chromosomes.A tendency of the chromatids comprising individual chromosomes to separate from one another at certain times was noted in both species. This action results in giving the appearance of a larger number of chromosomes than the germ cells actually possess. A further source of apparent increase in chromosome number in the Curtisia oocytes, after treatment with the usual Allen's B3 and B15 and Heidenhain's iron haematoxylin, is the presence of some deeply staining, non-chromatin material.No significant differences in number, form and behavior of chromosomes of male and female complexes were noted, with the possible exception of the tendency of the chromatids to separate from one another, to be greater in the female than in male germ cells.
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    Gynandromorph spiders (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 441-475 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Four cases of gynandry in American spiders present the following morphologic deviations: The specimen belonging to Neoantistea agilis (Keyserling) externally is a bilateral gynandromorph with distortion of the single male palp, with half of the epigynum nearly normal; internally both testes and ovaries are present. The Drassodes neglectus (Keyserling) is not a completely developed bilateral gynandromorph. One side has a normal male palp, a larger chelicera and longer legs than the other, the epigynum is complete and normal; internally only degenerate ovaries are present. The Linyphiid, near Bathyphantes, is three-quarters female, the only male organ being an imperfectly developed male palp. Ovaries are well developed but immature, whereas the epigynum is complete. In the Pardosa sternalis (Thorell) the anterior part of the body is male, as indicated by the swollen palps and the length of the legs; the epigynum is completely developed, but internal reproductive organs are missing except for a very much aborted ovary. The bisexuality in all cases has caused degeneration or abnormalities in the reproductive structures.Included is a tabulation of all recorded instances of gynandry in spiders, arranged according to the type of abnormality. The term ‘leg-index’ is introduced to express ratio between length of the leg and length of cephalothorax.
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    Pigmentation changes in tadpoles of Rana pipiens following centrifugation during the early gastrulaAided by a grant from the rockefeller foundation for work on cellular biology. (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 477-489 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Centrifuging the eggs of Rana pipiens in the early gastrula stage prevents the formation of the hypophysis in some of the tadpoles. The absence of the melanophorotropic hormone normally secreted by the hypophysis seems to be responsible for the contraction of the pigment cells. In addition, there are actually fewer pigment cells present in both the dermal and epidermal layers of the light tadpoles than there are in the controls. The paleness, therefore, of the tadpoles seems to be due to both a contraction of the pigment cells present and to an actual reduction in their number. The failure of the hypophysis to develop was brought about by centrifuging at an earlier stage in development of the embryo than in previous extirpation studies. The effects produced by centrifuging that are responsible for the failure of the hypophysis to develop are unknown. However, it is suggested that interference in some way with the presumptive hypophysis-forming tissue has resulted in an inactivation of its inductive potencies.
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    The morphology of the skull of a young Galesaurus planiceps and related forms (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 491-529 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This paper is based on evidence obtained from sectioned skull of Galesaurus planiceps, Owen. Width-length index of skull is 67.7; height-width index 47.6. Dental formula is: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \frac{{{\rm I\; 3\; or\; 4}}}{{{\rm I\; ?}}} $\end{document}, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \frac{{{\rm C\; 1}}}{{{\rm C\; 1}}} $\end{document}, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \frac{{{\rm PC\; 7}}}{{{\rm PC\; 9}}} $\end{document}. Length of prevomer is 24.0 mm., that of skull 62.0 mm. Maxilla contains cavity which appears to be equivalen of sinus maxillaris of mammals. Ear structure shows large internal auditory meatus. There is no evidence that horizontal and posterior semicircular canals pass through bone. Fenestra ovalis is large. Parasphenoid, basisphenoid, and basioccipital are fused. Parasphenoid consists of short body and a medial anterior process. Sella turcica lacks floor, probably due to erosion. Detached bone may be sphenethmoid. Dentary contains two canals, probably vascular. Comparisons with related forms lead to following conclusions: (1) Specimen is of young animal. (2) Dental succession of postcanines, distichical replacement of postcanines, long prevomer, short parasphenoid, incomplete osseous incasement of semicircular canals, and other characteristics label Galesaurus as primitive cynodont. (3) Reduction of parasphenoid and development of prevomer support Broom's view that Ictidosaurus is not a cynodont. (4) Prevomer as nasal septum; fusion of parasphenoid, basisphenoid, and basioccipital; large lacrimal, splenial, and articular; and other characteristics indicate that Galesaurus is off line leading to mammals. (5) In certain respects cynodonts are more mammal-like than gorgonopsians.
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    Morphogenesis of the cranial muscles of Amblystoma punctatumRevision of a dissertation presented in partial fulfillment for the degree of doctor of philosophy in yale university. (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 531-587 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The development of the cranial musculature of Amblystoma punctatum is described in detail, for both larva and adult. In addition, a brief account of the innervation of each muscle is given. The study of normal development is supplemented by extirpation experiments performed on embryos in early stages of development. These extirpations include the mesodermal head segments, mesoderm of mandibular, hyoid, second branchial, third branchial arches, and somites 1, 2 and 3. The eye muscles are found to develop from the mesodermal head segments in precisely the same manner as in other classes of vertebrates; head segmentation of Amphibia, though less accentuated, is shown to be homologous with that of other classes. The remaining extirpation experiments corroborate, in general, the finding from normal development studies. An attempt is made to summarize in tabular form the prospective fate of the prechordal plate and parachordal mesoderm, the two earliest divisions of the head mesoderm, with regard to their complete muscle derivatives.
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    Masthead (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051510101
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    The effect of the hormone(s) from the corpus allatum complex on the ovarian tissue of Oncopeltus fasclatus. A light and electron microscopic investigation (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 81-109 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: (1) In an animal where the corpus allatum complex is inhibited by glucose feeding, the ovariole develops to a certain size without yolk deposition in the oocytes. Histologically this can be registered as: (a) Lipid spheres are found in the young oocytes in the vicinity of the Balbiani body (as in young normal oocytes). However, this lipid decreases in amount and “new” lipid (from the fat body via haemolymph) is not deposited in the later oocytes. (b) No carbohydrate/protein yolk is formed. (c) Glycogen is not synthesized in the oocytes. (d) The follicle cells aggregate glycogen instead of lipid. (e) No qualitative differences have been observed regarding the contributions from the tropharium (the so-called Type 1 vacuole, ribosomes, mitochondria, annulated lamellae: Schreiner, '77).(2) Implantation of a corpus allatum complex results in deposition of lipid, carbohydrate/protein and glycogen yolk. However, the restoration period differs histologically from the normal development as: (a) Glycogen appears in the oocyte earlier than normal, i.e., at Stage 4, while normally at Stage 6′. (b) Glycogen appears in the nutritive tube adjacent to the interfollicular plug cells. (c) Both the inner and outer layer of the ovariole sheath contain glycogen, the outer layer contains lipid spheres as well.
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    Masthead (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051510201
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    Ultrastructure and histochemistry of the supportive structures associated with the radula of the slug, Limax maximus (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 187-211 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The odontophore and connective tissue-filled portion of the radular sac (called the “collostyle”) of the slug, Limax maximus, were examined by light and electron microscopy. While both of these structures grossly resemble vertebrate cartilage, neither is composed of a type of tissue with the microscopic appearance and histochemical properties of cartilage. The roughly U-shaped odontophore possesses a thin capsule composed of connective tissue. The parenchyma of the odontophore consists of modified muscle cells which are organized into irregular groups by incomplete trabeculae composed of conventional muscle cells. The odontophoral cells are variable in size; they contain glycogen-filled “cores” as well as bundles of peripherally located filaments resembling myofilaments; and they are innervated like muscle cells. The nuclei of the cells are located eccentrically in the glycogen-filled portions of the cells and typically contain prominent nucleoli. The nuclei are surrounded by multiple small Golgi complexes and pleomorphic dense bodies resembling lysosomes. The extracellular matrix of the odontophore is very sparse and contains glycogen and fibrillar material but no histochemically demonstrable acidic mucosubstances. The collostyle consists of a gelatinous type of tissue somewhat like vertebrate mucoid connective tissue. The abundant extracellular matrix contains cross banded filaments, a flocculent material disposed in wavy indefinite strands, and small electron-dense particles. The matrix contains histochemically demonstrable neutral and weakly acidic mucosubstances. The cell population of the collostyle includes solitary muscle cells and fibrocytes containing large quantities of glycogen.
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    Ca+2-accumulating components in developing skeletal muscle (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 213-237 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This ultrastructural study on the localization of Ca+2 in developing skeletal muscle indicates that the formation of calcium-accumulating components begins during embryonic development. Both oxalate and pyroantimonate techniques are used to localize Ca+2 in distinct cellular components of chick pectoral and sartorius muscles. Two major sites for Ca+2 accumulation are present in ultrathin sections of embryonic and post-embryonic muscles: the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and specific lines in the I-bands. Calcium oxalate-accumulating vesicles are present in the smallest recognizable myotubes at the twelfth day of incubation, but calcium-accumulating components are not seen at myofibrillar I-band sites until the fourteenth to seventeenth days of incubation. The fact that myofibrils first form and later in development accumulate a Ca+2-binding component suggests that this Ca+2-binding component is not necessary for the formation of myofibrils, but is added to myofibrils before hatching to serve a probable regulatory role in contraction.
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    The oral apparatus of Tetrahymena pyriformis, Strain WH-6. IV. Observations on the organization of microtubules and filaments in the isolated oral apparatus and the differential effect of potassium chloride on the stability of oral apparatus microtubules (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 239-257 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This report is an ultrastructural analysis of the organization of the isolated oral apparatus of Tetrahymena pyriformis, strain WH-6, syngen 1. Attention has been focused on the organization of microtubules and filaments in oral apparatus membranelles. Oral apparatus membranellar basal bodies were characterized with respect to structural differentiations at the distal and proximal ends. The distal region of membranellar basal bodies contains the basal plate, accessory microtubules and filaments. The proximal end contains a dense material from which emanate accessory microtubules and filaments. There are at least two possibly three different arrangements of accessory structures at the proximal end of membranellar basal bodies. All membranellar basal bodies appear to have a dense material at the proximal end from which filaments emanate. Some of these basal bodies have accessory microtubules and filaments emanating from this dense material. A possible third arrangement is represented by basal bodies which have lateral projections, from the proximal end, of accessory microtubules and filaments which constitute cross or peripheral connectives. There are at least three examples of direct associations between oral apparatus microtubules and filaments: (1) filaments which form links between basal body triplet microtubules, (2) filaments which link the material of the basal plate to internal basal body microtubules, (3) filaments which link together microtubule bundles from membranellar connectives. KCI extraction of the isolated oral apparatus resulted in the selective solubilization of oral apparatus basal bodies, remnants of ciliary axonemes and fused basal plates. Based on their response to KCl extraction two distinct sets of morphologically similar microtubules can be identified: (a) microtubules which constitute the internal structure of basal bodies and ciliary axonemes, (b) microtubules which constitute the fiber connectives between basal bodies.
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    Initiation of the actinotrichial development in the early fin bud of the fish, Salmo (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 353-361 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ultrastructural analysis of initial development of actinotrichia, the skeleton anlage of the pelvic fin buds, was performed on the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. It shows that the first actinotrichial rudiments appear in the subepidermal space of the pseudoapical cap. No mesenchymal cell bodies or their filopods are present. Hyaloplasmic protrusions of the basal epidermal cells are seen in the subepidermal space, limited by a dermoepidermal boundary reduced to a discontinuous thin adepidermal lamina without a collagenous layer. These morphological data suggest that the epidermal pseudoapical cap probably initiates the development of actinotrichia. Later, mesenchymal cells invade the subepidermal space and are probably involved in the further growth of actinotrichia.
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    Synaptic organization of the nucleus rotundus in some teleosts (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 397-417 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Synaptic organization of the nucleus rotundus was studied with the electron microscope in three teleost species belonging to the same order. In spite of the different histological organization (non-laminated, incompletely laminated, and laminated), the same kinds of axon terminals (S and F) are observed in all species. A fibrous layer which is clearly formed only in the laminated nucleus is composed of F1 terminals and dendrites from a layer of small cells. The same kind of synapses formed between F1 terminals and dendrites of small cells are also found among glomeruli in the non-laminated and incompletely laminated nuclei. The main constituents of glomeruli are S and F2 terminals and dendrites of large cells in the non-laminated and incompletely laminated nuclei, and are S terminals and star-like structures which correspond to the tips of the dendrites of large cells in the laminated nucleus. The star-like structure contains numerous mitochondria and clusters of small polymorphic vesicles. Some of the vesicles aggregate at thickened cell membranes of the structure as in presynaptic dendrites.
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    Intrinsic organization of snake medial cortex: An electron microscopic and golgi study (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 152 (1977), S. 247-279 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The intrinsic organization of medial cortex in snakes, primarily of the genera Natrix and Boa, was studied using Golgi and electron microscopic techniques. The area has three distinct layers, each containing a characteristic population of neurons. Stellate cells comprise a relatively small population of neurons with their somata and dendrites restricted to layer 1, the most superficial layer. Their axons course horizontally in layer 1. Candelabra cells form the largest population of neurons in medial cortex. Their somata lie densely packed in layer 2 and are joined by specialized junctions. Ascending dendrites extend from the somata into layer 1. They consist of spine-free proximal segments and spine bearing distal segments. Descending dendrites extend from the somata into the upper half of layer 3. The proximal segments bear few spines but branch into several tapered, distal segments which have a moderate covering of spines. One or two axons originate from the descending dendrites and descend through layer 3. The axons bear collaterals in the deep half of layer 3 and eventually bifurcate in the alveus. The medial branches run into the septum; the lateral branches course through other cortical areas. The axons bear frequent varicosities within medial cortex. Periventricular cells lie in the deep half of layer 3, either singly or in clusters. Their ascending dendrites extend radially into layer 1 where they branch into distal segments which resemble those of the candelabra cells. Their descending dendrites arborize horizontally in the alveus and bear a moderate covering of spines. Ependymal cells line the ventricular surface and send radial processes through the area's depth bearing lamellate processes.
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    Oogenesis in the Female Sterile (1)42 Mutant of Drosophila melanogaster (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 152 (1977), S. 329-339 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The sex-linked mutation fs(1)42 was induced by ethyl methane sulfonate. It has no effect on either the external morphology or longevity of adult hemizygotes or homozygotes. Heterozygotes and hemizygotes are fertile, but homozygotes are sterile. Egg chamber development proceeds through stage 8, and thereafter chambers degenerate. Dying follicle cells are seen in chambers at all positions in the ovarioles. Profollicle cells also die within germaria, and clusters of sister cystocytes take longer than normal to receive their coverings of follicle cells. Egg chambers in the vitellarium contain only about 60% the normal number of follicle cells, these generally have greater lateral dimensions, and their nuclei and nucleoli are also larger than normal. The follicular envelope of mutant chambers often contains gaps through which cystocytes send cytoplasmic projections. Abnormalities seen in development of the fs(1)42 oocyte are likely to be due to its envelope of defective follicle cells.
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    Comparative studies on the structure of reproductive organs of four botryllid ascidians (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 152 (1977), S. 363-379 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Reproductive organs of four botryllid ascidians, Botryllus primigenus, Botryllus schlosseri, Botrylloides violaceus and Botrylloides leachi, were studied histologically. In every species, the egg follicle consisting of an egg and its inner and outer follicles, is attached to the follicle stalk, the vesicle being composed of a flat epithelium, which in its turn is connected to the atrial epithelium or to the brood pouch specialized from it. In B. schlosseri, the egg is ovulated into the atrial cavity and remains there held by the brood cup, of which the inner epithelium is derived from the follicle stalk and the outer one from the atrial epithelium. In B. primigenus, the brood pouch develops as a diverticulum of the atrial cavity, around the entrance of which a fold differentiates from the atrial epithelium and closes the pouch during embryogenesis. In both species of Botrylloides, the brood pouch is formed by the outgrowth of the thickened atrial epithelium into the blood space, the entrance of which is closed during embryogenesis. The discarded outer follicle completely disintegrates soon after ovulation in B. schlosseri, but part of it remains throughout embryogenesis in the blood space in B. primigenus or projecting into the interior of the brood pouch in Botrylloides. In B. primigenus, the testis, when it accompanies the egg follicle, is placed at the bottom of the brood pouch and the sperm is shed through the pouch prior to ovulation. In B. schlosseri and the Botrylloides species, the testis is located independently from the egg follicle and the sperm matures after ovulation.
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    Cytoplasmic bridges within the follicular epithelium of the ovarioles of two diptera, Aedes Aegypti and Stomoxys CalcitransApproved for publication by the Director, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, as TA 12442This paper reports the results of research only. Mention of a proprietary product in this paper does not constitute an endorsement for use by the U.S. Department of Agriculture nor does it imply registration under FIFRA as amended. (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977), S. 81-85 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cells of the follicular epithelium of the ovarioles of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.), and of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), have been found to be interconnected by cytoplasmic bridges. Cytoplasmic bridges have been reported between sibling gamete cells of both male and female insects, but these bridges have not been previously reported to exist between somatic cells of insects.
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    An unusual cytoplasmic organelle in oocytes of Ilyanassa obsoletaSubmitted to the City University of New York in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977), S. 119-127 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An unusual organelle in the oocytes of the marine mud snail Ilyanassa obsoleta is described and called a polymerosome, because of its several components. Polymerosomes appear at the beginning of vitellogenesis and persist, in part, through postvitellogenesis. The persistent part is similar to an organelle that has been described by other workers in the vegetal region and the polar lobe of the Ilyanassa egg.
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    Masthead (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051530201
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    The actions of three hamstring muscles of the cat: A mechanical analysis (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 152 (1977), S. 315-327 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An analysis of mechanical and architectural aspects of three hamstring muscles in the cat, semitendinosus (ST), semimembranosus anterior (SMa), and semimembranosus posterior (SMp), is presented based on whole muscle tetanic tension profiles. Length-active tension curves for each muscle were obtained by electrical stimulation of the whole muscle with a train of stimuli at 100 pulses per second (pps) for 600 milliseconds.Information from motion picture analysis (Goslow et al., '73) and electromyographic (EMG) activity (Engberg and Lundberg, '69) as seen during the step cycle is combined with analysis of joint torques to present a picture of the differential functions of the three muscles. The length-active tension characteristics of ST and SMa are such that they develop high amounts of tension throughout their physiological excursions. Maximal tension is produced over a much more limited range by SMp. A division of labor for the three muscles is proposed: the one-joint SMa is shown to be a primary hip extensor whose action facilitates smooth oscillation of the leg. Torque and electrical activity during the step cycle indicate the two-joint ST is a primary knee flexor. The more limited range of maximum torque and variable EMG pattern of the other two-joint muscle, SMp, relate to the fact that it has primary activity during high speed gaits when it may act to initiate spine flexion and assist in hip extension.Excursion and activity data have led to the conclusion that biarticular muscles (ST and SMp) may benefit from the combined action of two joints to maintain near maximal tension and torque during active phases of the step cycle. Thus, biarticular muscles may have evolved as much for the mechanical and physiological benefits they derive as for two-joint action itself.
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    An ultrastructural and cytochemical analysis of oogenesis in the squid, Loligo pealei (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 152 (1977), S. 381-400 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Oogenesis has been investigated utilizing both light and electron microscopical techniques in the squid, Loligo pealei. This complex process has been divided into five stages according to the structure of the follicle. Because of the highly coordinated differentiation of the follicle cells (and follicular syncytium) and the oocyte, their development is described in concert. Specific attention is given to the contribution of the follicular syncytium to vitellogenesis and the formation of the extracellular egg envelope or chorion. Our observations indicate heterosynthetic yolk production and the synthesis of the secondary envelope by the follicular syncytium.
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    Tongue evolution in the lungless salamanders, family plethodontidae. II. Function and evolutionary diversity (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977), S. 39-79 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A recently presented model of tongue projection dynamics is used to generate a series of predictions concerning morphologies to be expected under selection for increased distance of projection, increased speed of projection, and increased directional versatility. A general understanding of biomechanical events and the model are used as points of departure for making specific predictions concerning details of structure in skeletal, muscular and connective tissue components of the tongue and associated structures. Comparative methods are used to examine these predictions in the genera of plethodontid salamanders. These salamanders are known to project their tongues to different degrees, and this knowledge is used to test the hypotheses concerning morphological specialization. Three distinct groups of plethodontid salamanders have evolved specializations for long distance projection, and these genera differ from one another in important ways in respect to specific character complexes. For example, the tropical genera and Hydromantes use CBII as the major force transmission element in the skeleton, while Eurycea and its allies use CBI in this role. Hydromantes differs from both in having a uniquely proportioned and structured hyobranchial skeleton and associated musculature. Less extreme specializations for tongue projection are found in different combinations in three other groups. Finally, two distinct groups of generalized species having only limited tongue projection capabilities are recognized, each having a unique complex of inter-related features. Each of these eight groups is recognized and characterized as a functional mode, and hypotheses concerning the biomechanical meaning of the character complexes of each are formulated.
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    Ankle flexor muscles in the cat: Length-active tension and muscle unit properties as related to locomotionSupported in part by the Institutional Studies and Research Committee of Northern Arizona University and by USPHS Grant Ns 07888 to D. G. Stuart. (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977), S. 23-37 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The mechanical properties of the whole muscle and fast-twitch muscle units of the cat hindlimb pretibial flexors have been explored and related to normal locomotion. Tibialis anterior (TA) is parallel-fibered and functionally crosses a single joint, the ankle, whereas extensor digitorum longus (EDL) is pinnate and spans the ankle, knee, metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints. The active tetanic tension of TA remains near its peak value over a range of muscle lengths associated with normal ankle movement. In contrast, the length-tension curve of EDL is sharply peaked. However, normal corollary action of the knee, ankle and metatarsophalangeal joints during stepping minimizes EDL's excursion and maintains it at or near a length optimal for peak tension development. EDL is capable of producing synchronous but sterotyped digit and ankle movements while TA provides for independent ankle flexion at all relevant joint angles.The mechanical properties of 84 TA and 98 EDL fast-twitch muscle units were studied by measuring twitch contraction time (≤45 msec), peak tetanic tension, response to repetitive stimulation, and contractile fatigue resistance during electrical stimulation of single alpha axons, functionally isolated from ventral root filaments. These mechanical properties were essentially similar for both muscles with the exception of mean peak tetanic tension which was 30% lower for TA units (14 gm-wt) than for EDL units (20 gm-wt). A high proportion of units in both muscles demonstrated fatigue resistance which is reflective of the repetitive, phasic demand upon these muscles during locomotion.
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    Observations on the morphology of the developing primate cornea: Epithelium, its innervation and anterior stroma (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977), S. 263-297 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A survey is made of some ultrastructural features of the developing cornea of Macaca mulatta. The observations are confined to the anterior central area, starting with the lens vesicle stage and progressing through midgestation, when the morphologic characteristics of the cornea are fully established. Subepithelial filaments and some partially aggregated collagen fibrils are present in the earliest embryo and are of a size and appearance similar to those in the future vitreous cavity. Epithelial secretory activity points to, but does not prove direct contribution to the deposition of the acellular matrix components beneath it. No trace of a structured, orthogonal collagenous stroma can be visualized. The primitive endothelium forms prior to the fibroblast invasion of the distended filamentous matrix. Bowman's layer has undoubted epithelial contributions. Its aggregated collagen fibrils have approximately the same diameter as those of the anterior stroma. Intraepithelial appearance of single nerve fibers and fascicles takes place during the first trimester of gestation, as soon as the two continuous epithelial layers are formed. Terminal areas approach closely to the basal cell's nucleus, without touching it. The plasmalemma of the invaginating nerve fiber is surrounded by that of the epithelial cell in a mesaxon-like manner, with occasional gap junctions uniting adjoining neural and epithelial cell membranes. The fetal neurites contain microtubules, some clear vesicles and dense vacuoles resembling those of mature monamine and non-monamine neurons. Mitochondria are small and compact, their presence indicating a high rate of metabolic activity in the immature terminal area.
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    Structure of the sinus hair follicle in the big-clawed shrew, Sorex unguiculatus (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977), S. 333-353 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structural features of sinus hair follicles in Sorex unguiculatus were studied by macroscopic dissection, serial section light microscopy and electron microscopy. The shrew has about 540 sinus hairs regularly arranged on the snout. The maxillary nerves innervating them are extremely thick, while the optic nerves are very thin. Thus the follicle must be one of the most important sense organs in this animal. In the follicle the ring sinus is well-developed and the trabeculae of the cavernous sinus are reduced in number and thickness. The ring bulge is not a unified structure but a pair of bodies which consist of head, stalk and attachment plaque. It is characterized by the presence of numberous thick collagen fibrils (400 nm) and appears to be mechanically rigid. Lanceolate nerve terminals, free endings, Merkel cells with nerve terminals and unmyelinated fibers are observed, but encapsulated endings are lacking in and around the follicles. Straight lanceolate terminals on the posterior side of the follicle are thick and three-sided in cross section, while those on the anterior side are thin and two-sided. Free endings are located on the anterior side of the follicle. These and other findings are discussed on the basis of the assumption that the Sorex sinus hair follicle is more specialized as a vibrating system than in other mammals.
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    The diversity of neurosecretory cell types in the cave tick Ornithodoros tholozani (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977), S. 371-385 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Neurosecretory cells are arranged in 16 NSC centers in the different regions of the brain of O. tholozani. The component cells belong to 13 different types, of which five types are paraldehyde fuchsin positive and the remaining types are negative. Three of these cell types are here described for the first time. Some of these NSC show an affinity to certain localities inside the brain. Cells comprising a neurohaemal organ were found near the exit of the esophagus.
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    Role of acid phosphatase in the breakdown of yolk platelets in developing amphibian embryos (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977), S. 419-425 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Yolk platelets in differentiating embryonic amphibian cells degrade by a membranous “unraveling” or “delamination” process. Acid phosphatase activity was demonstrated at the peripheries of those platelets which were in the process of degrading and thus this lytic enzyme appears to be involved in the breakdown process. We believe that this relationship provides a means by which early cells obtain the nutrients necessary for early differentiation.
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    The coelomocytes of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris: morphology and phagocytic properties (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977), S. 467-477 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The coelomocytes of Lumbricus terrestris have been classified and described, based on Wright's stained preparations and on living cells. The five major categories consist of basophils, acidophils, neutrophils, granulocytes and chloragogen cells. Both the acidophil and chloragogen cell groups contain two subgroups. Granulocytes also exhibit heterogeneity with respect to staining properties of granules. Some possess acidophilic granules, some basophilic granules, and others contain both types. Granules of acidophils have been observed to be occasionally excreted from the cells. All cell types, with the exception of chloragogen cells, produce pseudopodia and are capable of phagocytosis, a vital component of the earthworm's immune response.
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    A scanning electron microscopic study of differentiation of the digital pad in regenerating digits of the kenyan reed frog, Hyperolius viridiflavus ferniqueiContribution number 78 from the Amphibian Facility.Supported in part by a grant from the Muscular Dystrophy Associations, Inc. and NIH Grants HD08150 and RR 0572 (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977), S. 387-395 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Newly metamorphosed Kenyan reed frogs, Hyperolius viridiflavus ferniquei, are able to regenerate amputated digits. The terminal digital pad is also completely reformed. Differentiation of the regenerating digital pad was studied by scanning electron microscopy. External differentiation of the digital pad began late in the second postamputational week with the appearance of small patches of specialized epidermal cells on the ventral surface of the regenerating digit. The differentiation of the pad spread out radially until late in the fourth week, when its overall shape approximated that of the normal digital pad. The appearance of patches of digital pad epidermis on the ends of spike regenerates arising from the forearm was also confirmed.
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    Morphology of the thoracic skeleton and muscles of the mosquito, Culiseta inornata (Williston), (Diptera: Culicidae) (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977), S. 427-460 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The objectives of this research were to investigate the morphology of the thoracic skeleton and muscles of the mosquito, Culiseta inornata (Williston). The results are presented in 25 text figures and descriptions of each skeletal part and muscle. Undescribed exoskeletal structures are the postmediotergite, intersegmental cleft on the caudal margin of the metapleuron, and the parascutellar process. This process is considered a homologue of the fourth axillary. The acrotergite 2 and subalifer were identified. The prescutum has been called the paratergite by previous authors. The morphological basis for self amputation of legs is described. Undescribed parts of the endoskeleton are: lateral arm of sternal apophysis 1 and its socket on the mesal surface of coxa 1, furcopleural apodeme on sternal apophysis 1, precoxal and postcoxal apodemes arising from the ventral pleural arm, upper and lower laterotergite apodemes on the postnotum, and the pleural and intersegmental apodemes for attachment of halter muscles. Seventy-two muscles are illustrated with their attachments and the origin, insertion, and action of each is described. Ten of the muscles are newly described for the mosquito. There are no muscles inserted on the subalare, second axillary, or third axillary.
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    Masthead (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 154 (1977) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Regeneration in Hydra viridis with multiple-gastric region grafts: Reversal of the middle piece (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 154 (1977), S. 1-17 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The results of reversing the polarity of the middle gastric region in Hydra viridis with multiple-gastric region grafts (3grp animals) are contrasted to previously reported results on comparably elongated animals (3g animals) whose middle gastric regions retain their original polarity. The middle gastric regions of 3grp animals are also bisected (the animals are hemisected) at various times after grafting. Compound heads and compound feet form at the proximal and distal graft borders, respectively, in nearly all 3grp animals. The regeneration of structures at points is a built-in property, not influenced by reversing the polarity of pieces during grafting. Regeneration is accelerated when comparable wound surfaces are brought together by grafting with reversed polarity. Graft rejection is influenced by the total length of an animal and distances from terminal structures, but not the polarity of pieces. Budding is also influenced by total length and distance, but is dependent on polarity and diminished by head regeneration. When fresh wound surfaces are made on the middle piece of 3grp animals, an initial refractory period, during which head and foot (but not budding region) regeneration is inhibited in about half the animals, is followed by an indefinite period in which head and foot regeneration is permitted (and budding region regeneration prevented). Hemisection does not interfere with the regeneration of compound structures already in progress. These results are interpreted in terms of theories of competence, negative dominance, threshold (positional value), inhibition (positional signal), and induction (positive or constructive dominance, stimulation or enhancement).
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    Fine Structure of the A Cells of the Pars Intercerebralis of Normal and Gamma-irradiated Female Milkweed Bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae)This research was supported by National Research Council of Canada Grants A4669 and E2465. (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 154 (1977), S. 59-81 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Neurosecretory A cells in the pars intercerebralis of O. fasciatus were identified at the ultrastructural level. Fine structural study of the A cells of female insects during the period of production of the first batch of eggs revealed that these cells undergo qualitative and quantitative changes during the first eight days of adult life. The A cells appear to be inactive in the newly emerged females. There is a significant depletion of neurosecretory granules (NSG) in the perikarya in the 2-day-old females followed by an increase and decrease in the 4- and 6-day-old females, respectively. The A cells in the 8-day-old females showed an accumulation of NSG. The mitochondrial population increases after adult emergence reaching a peak in the 4-day-old females, and then declines gradually in the subsequent age groups. The effect of sublethal dose of gamma radiation on the ultrastructure of the A cells was also investigated. Radiation damage is evident as early as four hours after irradiation with 10 kR. There is considerable swelling of the lysosomes and the membrane system in the A cells of irradiated insects. Synthetic activity of the A cells, based on the distribution of the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex and mitochondria, as well as release of the NSG are apparently inhibited after irradiation. Radiation-induced damage becomes more conspicuous as post-irradiation interval increases. It is surmised that the damage to the A cells might have contributed at least in part, to the failure of yolk deposition in the irradiated insects.
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    Microscopy of the junctional region between human coronal primary and secondary dentine (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 154 (1977), S. 133-145 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The junction between human primary dentine and regular and irregular secondary dentine was examined with a number of different light and electron microscopic techniques. In decalcified material, a narrow band along the innermost surface of the primary dentine stained intensely. The walls of the tubules within the band stained intensely, whereas the tubular walls within the bulk of the primary dentine were not stained. Generally, the walls of the tubules in both types of secondary dentine were also preferentially stained. Although not readily apparent in ground sections, observations of thin sections revealed a dramatic reduction in the number of tubules in regular secondary dentine. Generally, the radiodensity of the intertubular matrix was the same in primary and secondary dentine and the intensely stained band was not seen radiographically. The pulpal ends of the tubules in primary dentine were often occluded with a material having the same radiodensity as peritubular matrix. Both patent and occluded tubules were seen in irregular secondary dentine. Scanning electron microscopy of acid-etched specimens of secondary dentine revealed that some tubules had irregular walls of highly mineralized matrix which was less acid-soluble than the peritubular matrix of primary dentine.
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    Feeding in golden hamsters, Mesocricetus auratus (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 154 (1977), S. 427-458 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Simultaneous cine and electromyographic records of freely feeding, unanesthetized golden hamsters show that their motion and muscular activity during mastication differ from those of albino rats (Weijs, '75). Rats show only propalinal motion while hamsters show lateral translation as well. The masticatory muscles of hamsters and rats are generally similar, but their molar dentitions differ. The interlocking molar cusps of hamsters restrict propalinal protrusion and retrusion when the molars are in occlusion; however, hamsters readily unlock occlusion by a twisting movement in the horizontal plane. Rats may perform propalinal movements even with the teeth in occlusion.In mastication the hamstery's jaw moves laterally as well as vertically and anteroposteriorly. Chewing orbits typically reverse after one to three orbits. Reversal begins at the start of the upstroke and involves a lateral shift in the opposite direction with the mouth closed.Electromyograms show that symmetric and asymmetric activities of closing protrusive and closing retrusive muscles produce a unilateral force couple on both sides. (This couple accompanies a midline closing stroke.) When the mouth is closed, unilateral activity of closing retrusors and closing protrusors also induces lateral translation. A bilateral force couple pits the retrusors of one side against the protrusors on the opposite side. Simultaneous with lateral excursion to the opposite side of midline and the action of these closing muscles, the anterior digastric and lateral pterygoid muscles of one side fire asymmetrically.The mandible moves downward coincidently with bilateral activity of the digastrics and lateral pterygoids. As the jaw opens further, activity differences of the lateral pterygoids accompany a shift of the mandible toward midline. At the end of the downstroke, all masticatory muscles studied are silent. The jaw returns to midline when the adductors fire asymmetrically at the start of closing.Trituration appears to coincide with an initial simple protrusion, which is subsequently accompanied by lateral translation. Different food types are reduced by distint chewing patterns with the differences clearest when the teeth are near occlusion. During gnawing the lateral pterygoids and digastrics fire longer, and the closing muscles fire less strongly. Chewing patterns in golden hamsters appear more generalized than those of rats; the differences may be directly associated with the ability of hamsters to store food in their cheek pouches.
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    Masthead (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Comparison of the weights of suprarenals of dogs in oestrus, pregnancy and lactation (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 3-15 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Comparisons have been made of the weights of the suprarenals of 525 mature female dogs in dioestrus, oestrus, pregnancy and lactation. Tables and graphs show that there was a slight increase in the size of the suprarenals during oestrus. There was hypertrophy of both the cortex and the medulla in the oestrous dogs. Only slight increase was shown in the weights of the glands of pregnant animals when the net body weight was considered and no increase when the total body weight was used in the study. There was no hypertrophy of the glands of lactating animals.There was only a slight variation in the seasonal occurrence of oestrus. From 34 to 37% of the total numbers of mature females examined in the seasons were found to be in oestrus. From 13 to 16% of the total numbers were found to be pregnant.
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    A study of the nucleoli of certain insects and the crayfishContribution no. 244 from the Zoölogical Laboratory of Indiana University. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree, Doctor of Philosophy. (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 113-139 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Nucleoli in the germ cells of certain Orthoptera, Hemiptera and the crayfish have been studied. In Ceuthophilus (camel cricket) these bodies are found to be definitely connected with chromatin threads and are believed to be products of chromatin.The large structure in the ova of Nemobius (cricket) is interpreted as a nucleolus because of its very irregular behavior and apparent complete disappearance.It is found that some of the nucleoli of Gelastocoris (toad bug) arise within the chromatin threads.Observations on Cambarus (crayfish) fail to show nucleolar extrusion, a phenomenon which has formerly been reported for this form.The unique behavior and fate of the nucleolar material in Pselliopus (true bug) is described. In this species the nucleolar material is added to and becomes part of the general oxychromatin network of the nucleus.This study fully supports the opinion that nucleoli have a chromatin origin.
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    The histogenesis of the regenerating fore limb of larval Amblystoma after exarticulation of the humerusThesis presented to the faculty of Princeton University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 219-241 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A new limb skeleton will form in regenerating limbs of the larval Amblystoma in which the humerus had been completely removed. The cartilage of the new limb skeleton develops out of a blastema in which there are no cells of cartilage origin. This regeneration blastema is a composite structure made up of cells derived from a dedifferentiation of the injured tissues of the limb. The tissues which have been observed as contributing to the regeneration blastema are: muscles, especially the muscles of the shoulder; connective tissue of the sheath of the brachial nerve plexus; muscle connective tissue; and, to a certain extent, subcutaneous connective tissue. The new cartilage of the limb skeleton develops out of this composite blastema by means of a differentiation of cells in the central axis of the blastema.The amount of cartilage regenerated appears to depend on the mass of the blastema. When the blastema does not extend fully into the glenoid cavity of the scapula, the head of the developing humerus is deficient in size and structure. However, a complete limb skeleton is regenerated when the blastema does extend fully into the glenoid cavity.Since the new cartilage of the regenerated limb has no genetic continuity with the old limb skeleton, it would appear that the limb field exerts some kind of histogenetic determining action.
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    The segmental excretory glands of Artemia salina linn., var. principalis simon. (the brine shrimp) (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 263-297 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Artemia salina, a very widely distributed species in North America, Europe and Asia, breeds freely and rapidly under laboratory conditions, living in all salinities from fresh water to almost saturated brine. Its soft exoskeleton permits of easy sectioning.The morphology and embryology of the segmentally arranged excretory glands - the antennal, mandibular and maxillary glands, are described. The antennal gland, consisting of extracellular end sac and intracellular excretory duct, is located in the second antenna and opens to the exterior on the lateroposterior face of the protopodite. It attains its maximum development by the sixth instar, degenerating by the tenth. The vestigial mandibular gland consists only of an end sac surrounding a schizocoele, and a rudimentary duct. The large maxillary gland in the adult consists of an end sac, an excretory duct of three circular coils, and a terminal duct opening to the exterior. The maxillary gland develops from a mass of mesenchyme cells in the maxillary segment of the nauplius, becoming fully differentiated by the sixth instar.The vestigial second maxilla has two bristles. It serves only as a terminus for the maxillary gland. A pair of small ganglia are accepted as internal evidence for the presence of a maxillular segment.The presence of three pair of schizocoeles in three consecutive segments is interpreted as evidence of homology with the Annelid coelome, with the possibility of further homologizing the excretory ducts with the segmental nephridia.
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    The changes in the central nervous system during the life history of the beetle, Passalus cornutus fabricius (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 503-521 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In early embryonic stages of Passalus there are, in addition to the brain and suboesophageal ganglion, three thoracic and ten abdominal ganglia; one ganglion to each body segment. Before hatching the tenth, ninth and eighth abdominal ganglia coalesce. During the three larval instars the terminal ganglion remains in the sixth abdominal segment and only minor changes occur. By the end of the third day of pupal life the adult form of the nervous system is practically assumed. All abdominal ganglia are fused into a single, solid, elongated ganglionic mass. Connectives have disappeared between meso- and meta-thoracic and between metathoracic and abdominal ganglia; and with exception of the brain, sub-oesophageal and prothoracic ganglia, the entire ventral chain has come to lie in the mesothorax. The peripheral nerves still arise from the ganglia and ganglionic mass in their same relative positions and still supply the same segments in which they were originally located.
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    Variation in bone length and limb proportions in the coot (Fulica americana) (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 599-607 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Analysis of measurements of the trunk region of the vertebral column and of the various segments of the wing and leg skeleton in sixty-four specimens (thirty-four males, thirty females) of Fulica americana shows that: The males average about 7% larger (longer) than females in all parts of the skeleton; the difference is uniform throughout the body. The coefficient of variability ranges from about 3.00 (humerus, et al.) to about 5.00 (hind toe). The correlation between lengths of parts is very high between different segments of the wing skeleton, or of the leg; it is somewhat less between homologous segments of the wing and leg; and it is still less between limbs and trunk. This decreasing order of correlation indicates an increasing order of independence of variability. The wing proportions in Fulica are those characteristic of the type of flight called flatterflug. The proportions of the leg are those of a bird moderately adapted for cursorial locomotion; the very long toes characterize a swimming bird.
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    Development of bioluminescence and photophores in the midshipman fish, Porichthys notatusI thank Dr. Steven Fisher for the use of the facilities of his laboratory, and Drs. J. F. Case and A. T. Barnes for criticizing the manuscript. The research was supported by U.S. Office of Naval Research Contract N00014-75-C-0242 with J. F. Case. This investigation represents part of a thesis for the Ph.D submitted to the University of California, Santa Barbara. (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 363-395 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Correlative studies of luminescent responses, light and electron microscopy of Porichthys photophores during development were conducted. The photophores differentiate as an outgrowth of the basal cell layer of the epidermis, from which they delaminate into the dermis. Reflector cells are formed from dermal fibroblasts. Early photophore cells differentiate into three distinct cell types: photocytes, supportive and lens cells. Elaborate profiles of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies and vesicles suggest intense secretory activity in the early photocytes, while supportive and lens cells differentiate by two different transformations of the microfilament arrangement of primordial photophore cells.Luminescent capabilities of Porichthys photophores arise in two successive phases: (1) an aneural phase during which photophores become fluorescent, photocytes are in process of maturation and respond only to chemical stimulation and (2) a neural phase in which photophores luminesce upon electrical and pharmacological stimulation and are densely innervated with terminals showing relatively narrow neurophotocyte gaps. The presence of neural elements intimately associated with the early photophore anlagen suggests the involvement of the peripheral nervous system in the formation of photophores.
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    Histological and histochemical studies on the nervous influence on minced muscle regeneration of triceps surae of the ratSupported in part by NIH predoctoral training grant and a grant from Muscular Dystrophy Association of America to Dr. B. M. Carlson., Reported earlier in abstract form (Mong, '75). (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 451-462 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The degree of minced rat muscle regeneration in the absence of nerve fibers was compared with that of normal regenerates between one and 270 days postoperatively. Up to around 30 days, the number of muscle fibers and their morphology were comparable in both normal innervated and denervated regenerates; both showed clear cross striations and peripherally located nuclei. Histochemically, SDH and myofibrillar ATPase (pH = 9.4) reactions were positive, but there were no typical signs of fiber types in either case of regeneration. The only consistent difference in the early period was the smaller fiber cross sectional areas in denervated regenerates than in innervated ones. Starting about 40 days, the muscle fibers in innervated regenerates became differented into different fiber types (fast-twitch-oxidative-glycolytic, FOG., fast-twitch-glycolytic, FG., slow-twitch-oxidative, SO.) but there were no such activities in denervated regenerates, although their SDH and myofibrillar ATPase reactions remained positive for a long time. Degenerating muscle fibers could no longer be identified in innervated regenerates. In the denervated regenerates, however, muscle fibers underwent atrophic or degenerative changes and were replaced by connective tissue. The complete disappearance of muscle fibers varied with individual regenerates. In some cases, it occurred about 90 days and in others, traces of muscle fibers could still be seen as late as 150 days postoperatively. Thus, nerves seem to be important primarily in the late phase of regeneration; namely, differentiation of fiber types and maintenance of the structural integrity of muscle fibers.
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    Studies on the gill ciliation of the American oyster Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 439-449 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Latero-frontal, para-latero-frontal, and frontal ciliary tracts on the gill filaments of Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) were studied with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Latero-frontal cirri are complex structures composed of varying numbers of paired cilia. The multiple pairs of cilia which constitute a single cirrus are closely appressed for a portion of their length; they then branch laterally from the central axis in a plume-like fashion. Latero-frontal cirri of adjacent gill filaments create a filtration sieve which should be capable of retaining particles smaller than 1 μm in diameter. Para-latero-frontal cilia are short, closely spaced cilia arranged as a staggered row along the frontal side of each tract of latero-frontal cirri. Latero-frontal cirri and para-latero-frontal cilia occur on ordinary, principal, and transitional gill filaments. Frontal ciliary tracts of ordinary filaments are divided into a central, ventrally directed coarse tract, flanked on either side by a dorsally directed fine ciliary tract. The coarse tract is covered by cirri which are comprised of five to eight cilia, while the fine frontal tracts are made up of individually functioning cilia. The frontal ciliary tracts of principal and transitional filaments bear only dorsally directed fine cilia. The unique direction of effective beat of the coarse frontal cirri of ordinary filaments, in combination with the action of fine frontal cilia and the strategic location of mucus producing cells, is used to describe a possible mechanism for the sorting of filtered particles.
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    Erratum (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 463-463 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Comparative study of the stomatogastric system of several decapod crustacea. I. Skeleton (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 152 (1977), S. 21-53 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The skeletal structure of the stomachs of several decapod Crustacea is described in detail. The general organization of the ossicles is similar for all species and the homologies of the elements can be recognized despite large variations from group to group. The Reptantia are characterized by a complex ossicle organization while the Natantia, on the other hand, are characterized by a simple organization. The various types of ossicle organization found in the decapod stomach can be arranged in a series ranging from simple to complex. The Brachyura have the most complex ossicle system and the Penaeidea the most simplified. This graded series of complexity closely follows the evolution of the Decapoda.
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    Mechanics of the syrinx in Gallus gallus. II. Electromyographic studies of Ad Libitum vocalizations (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 152 (1977), S. 1-19 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Records of electrical activity in the tracheal muscles of domestic chickens were obtained for a variety of ad libitum vocalizations. Primary attention was given to an analysis of events during the most complex call, crowing.Three pairs of muscles, Mm. tracheohyoideus, tracheolateralis, and sternotrachealis, can affect the configuration of a chicken's syrinx. The firing patterns of the three muscle pairs are related to their different abilities to affect the tension of the syringeal membranes. The influence of M. tracheohyoideus is most indirect and imprecise, and its role the least clearly defined. It appears to adjust the position of the trachea so that the syrinx is isolated from unpredictable and/or undesirable consequences of nuchal position and tracheal elasticity, and also helps draw the glottis caudad, thereby deepening the pharyngeal chamber. The other two muscles interact to control the tension of the vocal membranes. M. sternotrachealis relaxes the membranes by drawing the drum of the trachea caudad, or, via the syringeal ligament, by rotating the pessulus cranioventrad, or both. M. tracheolateralis tenses the membranes and/or prevents caudal movement of the origin of M. sternotrachealis, a necessity if the syringeal ligament is to rotate the pessulus.Vocalization depends on both syringeal configuration and appropriate air flow. Hence, tracheal muscles, syrinx, air sacs, and ventilatory muscles cooperate to form a vocal system. Cooperation elicits a surprising degree of redundancy. At least one call, a high pitched wail, may be produced by two very different techniques.
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    Some correlates of cranial and cervical morphology with predatory modes in snakes (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 152 (1977), S. 89-99 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Dissection of the cervical and basicranial regions in three species of snakes indicates that compared to Crotalus viridis and Lichanura roseofusca, Masticophis flagellum possesses relatively high numbers of compound axial muscle insertions on the atlas-axis and vertebrae numbers 3-5. It is suggested that the condition in Masticophis facilitates its vertical-neck-horizontal-head foraging posture and has allowed axial muscles inserting on the dorsocaudal braincase in this snake to generate vertical and lateral head movements more effectively.
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    Masthead (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 152 (1977) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051520201
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    The osteology and musculature of the pectoral limb of small captorhinids (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 152 (1977), S. 101-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The osteology of the pectoral limb of small captorhinids is described and figured in detail. A cartilaginous sternum was present. The glenoid was not a simple sliding or rocking joint, as was previously supposed, but considerable rotation was also an integral part of the humeral movement. The structure of the elbow joint is such that when the lower arm was extended, its distal end swung forward and extended the anterior reach of the hand. When the lower arm was flexed, the posterior reach of the hand was extended. Articulated specimens allow a recontruction of the manus. There was no well developed wrist joint, but rather the manus, as a whole, was a flexible structure. A pisiform was present. Sesamoid bones were developed in the tendons of the palmaris communis profundus muscle.Study of forelimb musculature of living reptiles based on dissections and the literature indicates that its evolution has been very conservative. The forelimb musculature of small captorhinids probably was very similar to that of all living reptiles except turtles.
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    Auditory systems of heteromyidae: Cochlear diversity (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 152 (1977), S. 153-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cochleae (125) from 26 species of the rodent family Heteromyidae (genera Dipodomys. Microdipodops, Perognathus, and Liomys) were compared. In Perognathus and Liomys the scala tympani in the apical portion is extremely narrow with a correspondingly minute helicotrema. In Liomys there is no bone separating scala tympani from spiral ganglion in the upper second and entire third turn. In all species studied the zona pectinata of the basilar membrane is enlarged, with a hyaline mass between upper and lower basilar membrane fibers. This zona pectinata hypertrophy is least at the base of the cochlea and greatest in the upper second turn, decreasing again toward the apex. Basilar membrane width increases rapidly in the first turn and then changes only slightly.Except for Liomys, all the heteromyids studied have hypertrophied Hensen's cells with long apical processes supporting and forming an elevated reticular lamina. These Hensen's cells reach their maximum size in the upper second and lower third turns; throughout they rest on inner Claudius' cells rather than the basilar membrane. Relative to naso-occipital length the cochlear specializations are greatest in Microdipodops and least in Liomys just as is the case for middle ear modifications.The morphological data are consistent with the concept that standing wave phenomena may be important in heteromyid cochlear biomechanics. Single unit data of other workers are also consistent with this interpretation. Like middle ear morphology, inner ear morphology appears adapted to low-frequency sensitivity-especially in Dipodomys and Microdipodops.
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    Embryogenesis of Xyleborus ferrugineus (Fabr.) (Coleoptera, Scolytidae). II. Developmental rates of male and female embryosResearch supported by C.A.L.S., University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; and in part by Research Grant RR-00779 from Division of Research Resources, National Institutes of Health, and funds from Schoenleber Foundation, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 152 (1977), S. 221-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The developmental rates of male and female embryos of Xyleborus ferrugineus were compared by charting for each sex the mean age for each of ten discrete morphological stages of embryogenesis from pole cell exclusion to eclosion. Male and female embryos developed synchronously from stage 1 (which begins with pole cell exclusion) through stage 4 (which ends with the completion of germ band extension and metamerization). After stage 4 and throughout the remainder of embryogenesis, the mean ages per morphological stage of male embryos were significantly greater than those for female embryos. The expected physiological consequences of a haploid genome in the male embryo as compared to a diploid condition in the female embryo are discussed as the possible basis for the persistent lag observed in male developmental rate after stage 4.
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    The functional morphology and possible taxonomic significance of the parapodia of the maldanid polychaetes Clymenella torquata and Euclymene oerstedi (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 152 (1977), S. 281-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of the chaetae of the maldanid polychaetes Clymenella torquata (Leidy) and Euclymene oerstedi (Claparède) (= Caesicirrus neglectus Arwidsson, '11) are described and related to movements observed in the laboratory. Graphs are constructed of the number and length of the neuropodial chaetae of each chaetiger throughout the body of Clymenella and of species of the genera Euclymene, Macroclymene and Axiothella, and show a characteristic and relatively constant pattern for each species. This work suggests that in making taxonomic decisions, more attention should be paid to the overall pattern of the neuropodial chaetae and less to the confusing distinction between aciculae and rostral uncini.
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    On the neurosecretory system of Dendrobaena atheca Cernosvitov (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977), S. 163-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Four kinds of neurosecretory cells A, B, U and C are distinguished in the central nervous system of Dendrobaena atheca Cernosvitov. A cells, which show different morphological characteristics under different physiological states and during their cyclic changes, are the most active neurosecretory cells. They form the outer layer of the cortical cell zone in the cerebral ganglion. B cells are large and medium sized and are distributed in all parts of the central nervous system. U cells are found only in the sub-pharyngeal ganglion while C cells are distributed in the sub-pharyngeal as well as in the ventral nerve cord ganglion. The number and secretory activity of C cells decrease in caudal direction. Further, Gomori-positive cells are also observed in the ganglia of the vegetative nervous system.A rudimentary neurohaemal organ, the storage zone, has been observed in the cerebral ganglion and there appears to be another neurohaemal area in the ventral nerve cord ganglion. The storage zone is formed by the terminal ends of the axons of A cells. The chrome alum haematoxylin phloxin (CHP) and aldehyde fuchsin (AF) positive substances in the form of granules are found in this area. The cerebral ganglion is richly supplied by blood capillaries. The distal end of the axons of B cells are swollen like a bulb while in some cases the axons are united to form an axonal tract. Extra-cellular material is abundant in different parts of the nervous system. In all cell types, the perinuclear zone is the first to show activity in the secretory cycle. It appears that the nucleus may be involved in the elaboration of the neurosecretory material in the cells.
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    Vascularization, innervation, and ultrastructure of the endocrine cell types of stannius corpuscles in the teleost Gasterosteus aculeatus (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977), S. 225-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The blood circulation of the Stannius corpuscles, like that of the kidneys to which the corpuscles are attached, represents a portal system. The corpuscles receive blood from the dorsal caudal vein and from a vein coming from the hypaxial musculature. They are drained by veins which enter the caudal parts of the kidneys and therefore endocrine substances released by the corpuscles pass through the kidneys before they enter the general body circulation. The corpuscles are penetrated by sympathetic nerves coming from a small subvertebral ganglion. It is likely that these nerves innervate the muscular coat around the blood vessels. The muscular coat surrounding the renal blood vessels, the collecting tubules and part of the ureters, is innervated by nerves from the same ganglion. The secretory activity of the gland cells appears to be controlled by blood borne factors, because neither synaptic contacts with these cells, nor gap junctions among the cells, have been found in thin sections and freeze-etch replicas of the corpuscles.The corpuscles contain two cell types, both presumed to have endocrine function. Histochemical and ultrastructural data indicate that the gland cells produce glycoproteins. It is likely that the contents of the secretory granules are released by exocytosis. One cell type is structurally similar to the cells described in many other teleosts and thought to be engaged in the synthesis of a hypocalcemic hormone. The ultrastructure of the second cell type resembles cells described only in other migratory species: salmonids and eels. It may be involved in the control of monovalent ions.
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    The structure of the salivary glands of the human soft palate (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977), S. 107-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The glandular layer constitutes the greatest bulk of the human soft palate and is composed of individual compound tubulo-acinar salivary glands. Connective tissue partitions of the submucosa divide the glandular layer into lobules of irregular shapes and sizes. The glands are interwoven and bound firmly together by a connective tissue stroma rich in elastic fibers. The secretory units consist of elongated, branched, and sometimes convoluted tubules lined by a single layer of pyramidal mucous cells.Mucous secretion by acini is supplemented to some degree by mucous acinar cells, which were found as epithelial components of all ducts except the main excretory ducts, suggesting a diffuse distribution of progenitor cells. Some mucous acini communicate with highly convoluted intercalated ducts which occupy partially isolated positions within inter- and intralobular connective tissue septa. These ducts follow the connective tissue septa and eventually join the main duct system. The significance of this system of intercalated ducts is not known. A supplemental functional role is hypothesized.
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    Thyroxine-induced gill resorption in the axolotl (ambystoma mexicanum)Supported in part by a grant from the University of Connecticut Research Foundation and General Research Support for the University of Connecticut Health Center from the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977), S. 479-503 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Normal gill structure and thyroxine induced resorptive changes were studied in Ambystoma mexicanum. The gill is normally composed of a mesenchymal core covered with a multilayered epithelium. The general architecture is simpler than that of the teleost and elasmobranch, but the vascular arrangement is analogous. There are three basic cell types in the epithelium: a characteristic epithelial cell containing tonofibrils and mucus, a ciliated cell with an ultrastructure similar to that of the chloride cell, and the mucin-filled Leydig cell. The basal lamella and mesenchymal tissue appear typical of amphibians.Cytologic changes during thyroxine induced gill resorption varied with cell type. Some epithelial cells demonstrated a cytoplasmic response with swelling of mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum and late, lytic nuclear changes, while others remained viable and went on to cornify. Ciliated cells showed early changes in nuclear chromatin pattern followed by rapid, progressive dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum. Leydig cells sustained variable changes leading to collapse of the perinuclear mucus, and cells of this type were absent in mature epidermis. Early basement membrane changes included widening and reduplication of the adepidermal membrane followed by morphologic fraying of collagen plies. There is no cytologic evidence to suggest that autolysis plays a major role in gill tissue dissolution.Resorption involved the maintenance of structural integrity in the face of diminishing physical dimensions. The epithelium became cornified, the basement lamellae dissolved, and the mesenchymal tissue was resorbed through action of macrophages in an orderly distal to proximal direction.
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    Vascular follicle system of the sea cucumber, Stichopus moebii (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 154 (1977), S. 19-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Sea cucumbers, Stichopus moebii, have a unique specialization of their blood vascular system: The vascular follicle network is composed of numerous small chambers (follicles) interconnected by minute vessels. The fine structure of the follicle system was studied in detail. The follicles are composed of several layers: an external ciliated epithelium, neuromuscular layer and basement membrane, connective tissue, and a fenestrated endothelial lining. The follicle lumen is filled with coelomocytes and necrotic cells surrounding particles of iron. The follicle may function in coelomocyte production and destruction.
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    Avian scale development. Absence of an “epidermal placode” in reticulate scale morphogenesisAided by Biology Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina. (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 154 (1977), S. 83-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Timed-sequence studies have shown that reticulate scales on the ventral footpads of birds do not undergo “epidermal placode” formation during their morphogenesis, but arise as symmetrical evaluations similar to the scales of snakes and lizards. Unlike the scutellate scales on the dorsal surface of the foot, in which the formation of an “epidermal placode” and its subsequent morphogenesis result in distinct outer and inner epidermal surfaces, the reticulate scales elaborate only one type of epidermal surface.
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    Oxytalan fibre organization in marsupial mandibular periodontal tissues (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 154 (1977), S. 115-131 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The arrangement and distribution of oxytalan fibers in Australian marsupials has not previously been reported. Periodontal tissues of wombat, wallaby, possum, and marsupial mouse were examined to ascertain oxytalan fibre organization. Despite adaptation of the marsupial masticatory apparatus to different diets the oxytalan fibre organization in the periodontal ligament shows a basic pattern which corresponds with that reported in other animals. The oxytalan system forms a continuous meshwork of fine, branching fibres which completely invests each tooth root and connects adjacent teeth. Thick ribbon-like apico-occlusally orientated oxytalan fibres, thought to form by the coalescence of thinner fibres, are restricted to the periodontal ligament. The oxytalan fibres are embedded in cementum and attached to blood vessels in the periodontal ligament. Oxytalan fibres do not insert into alveolar bone. Histological evidence indicates functional remodelling of the oxytalan fibre system in continuously erupting teeth.
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    Development of dorsoventral polarity and mesentoblast determination in Patella vulgata (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 154 (1977), S. 157-186 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In Patella vulgata the 32-cell stage represents a pause in the mitotic activity prior to the differentiation of the mesentoblast mother cell 3D. At the onset of this stage, the embryo is radially symmetrical. Nevertheless, the plane of bilateral symmetry is indicated as it passes through the macromeres forming the vegetal cross-furrow. From the early beginning of the 32-cell stage, all four macromeres intrude far into the interior and touch the centrally radiating cells of the first quartet of micromeres. The two cross-furrow forming macromeres (3B and 3D) intrude the farthest and come into contact with the greatest number of micromeres. Finally, the contacts are extended significantly and maintained with only one of these macromeres. From that moment, this cell can be called the macromere 3D and the dorsoventral axis is determined. The evolution of the internal cell contacts between the micromeres of the first quartet and the macromeres indicates an essential role of the former in the determination of one of the latter as the mesentoblast mother cell, and thus in the determination of dorsoventral polarity.
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    Nucleolar reorganization in cells of the kidney of the rat and its relation to aging (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 154 (1977), S. 459-477 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A process of nucleolar reorganization apparently identical to that encountered in intestinal epithelial cells (Adamstone and Taylor, '72) develops in kidney cells of aging rats. The polymorphic nucleoli of young tubule cells soon change to amphinucleoli and, while terminal nucleolar reorganization is delayed in cells of collecting tubules, in the nephrons nucleoli soon begin to undergo terminal reorganization becoming bipartite structures with separate plasmosomes and karyosomes. This suggests disruption of the DNA-dependent RNA protein transcription system and failure to maintain the flow of messenger RNA into the cytoplasm. Old cells are not discarded immediately from the kidney tubules and they retain much rough endoplasmic reticulum, numerous ribosomes and polysomes and large plasmosomes. Thus a high RNA concentration is known to develop in old kidney tissue while protein synthesis is also known to be low (Kanungo et al., '70; Buetow and Ghandi, '73). Nucleolar counts show gradual increase in bipartite nucleoli at the expense of amphinucleoli and in the senescent kidney bipartite nucleoli predominate. It is suggested that nucleolar reorganization, with final separation of plasmosomes and karyosomes, includes the process of nucleolar segregation and is triggered by some innate nucleolar mechanism in response to encoded genetic information stored in the nucleolus during nucleogenesis. At this time both DNA and RNA are incorporated into the developing nucleolus. It is also to be noted that two shifts in nucleolar dominance occur with advancing age. These may be fundamental to the process of aging and to the onset of senescence. Furthermore, the changes in dominant nucleolar types are the direct result of the process of nucleolar reorganization.
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    The centriole in the parthenogenetic and fertilized eggs of Habrobracon juglandisThis thesis has been accepted by the Graduate School of New York University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy. (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 49-89 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cyto-centrosomes containing centrioles but lacking asters originate de novo in great number throughout the ooplasm of Habrobracon eggs during the formation of the first maturation metaphase. These cyto-centrosomes apparently arise from accessory nuclei which are formed from granules extruded by the germinal vesicle. The accessory nuclei react negatively to the Feulgen nucleal test.Asters similar to those present in artificially parthenogenetic eggs appear around many of the cyto-centrosomes, thus forming cytasters. These are manifest only after the female pronucleus establishes an association with a cyto-centrosome, which thus becomes the nuclear centrosome.In the parthenogenetic egg the centriole of the nuclear centrosome is continuous from one cell generation to the next, whereas the centrioles of the cyto-centrosomes which are unassociated with nuclear material are not perpetuated and disappear during early cleavage.Concerning the origin of the first cleavage centrioles in fertilized eggs, evidence shows that in some ova it is entirely maternal, that is, from two cyto-centrosomes, one associated with the female pronucleus and occupying one pole of the first mitotic spindle, and the other associated with the male pronucleus and located at the opposite pole; while in other ova it is maternal-paternal; from two centrosomes, one the sperm centrosome which occupies one pole of the first cleavage spindle, and the other a cyto-centrosome associated with the female pronucleus and situated at the opposite pole.
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    Morphology of Campeloma rufum, a parthenogenetic snailContributions from the Zoölogical Laboratory of the University of Illinois, no. 517. (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 243-261 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Collections of Campeloma rufum were made at all seasons of the year from the Salt Fork River at Homer Park, Illinois, for gross anatomical and histological studies. No males nor male reproductive cells were found, all individuals showing definite female structures. The gonad, found on the columellar surface of the digestive gland, shows ovarian cells. A U-shaped tube from the albumen gland to the uterus receives the oviduct near its proximal end. This duct leads into a glandular pocket, the shell gland, which in turn empties into the sac-like uterus. The uterus terminates near the edge of the mantle in a muscular vaginal tube. The previously undescribed kidney, a glandular, pyramidal organ, lies posterior and to the left of the upper end of the mantle cavity. The kidney possesses two orifices opening into the pericardium and ureter respectively. The ureter opens between the vagina and the anus. Intra-uterine young were observed during all seasons of the year varying progressively from small veliger to fully formed young. A later paper on oogenesis, will attempt to substantiate parthenogentic reproduction for C. rufum.
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    The embryology of the guinea pig. II. The polydactylous monster. A new teras produced by the genes PxPxThe material embodied in this paper forms part II of a doctoral thesis in zoology submitted to the faculty of The Unversity of Chicago. (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 299-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A detailed study of Wright's polydactylous monster (produced by a semi-dominant lethal gene) indicates that it belongs to a general type found also in rare human cases. The diagnostic characteristics are: clubbed feet and approximately double the usual number of digits, embryonic posture, microphthalmia and enlargement of the diencephalon, and missing tibia and telescoped sternum; all organ systems in the body except the genital and circulatory are grossly abnormal. The defects appear to be produced by an arrest of morphogenesis and an alteration of relative growth rates. It is indicated that a controlling center of digit formation exists on the lateral (postaxial) side of the foot, that skeletal and dermal structures are controlled by it, but that muscles are differentiated according to the area of the limb in which they lie. The gene itself is not atavistic, although its effects in the heterozygote have that appearance.
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    The microscopical anatomy of metamorphosis in a haploid salamander, triton taeniatus laur (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 393-413 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The microscopical examination of the first haploid salamander to live through metamorphosis shows that the transformation to a terrestrial vertebrate was normal and practically completed at the time of its death. All the organs and structures that develop shortly before and during metamorphosis and are typical for the adult salamander, e.g., the integument, the pharyngeal derivatives, and various glands of special function, are present.The nuclei in all organs and tissues of the haploid animal are smaller than normal. This is indirect evidence of the uniformly haploid condition of the animal. The majority of the organs are smaller than in the control but contain a larger number of cells. In some glands, the reduced cell size has been completely compensated by the increase in cell number.
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    Studies on the amphibian digestive system. III. The origin and development of pancreatic islands in certain species of anura (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 375-391 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study is made of the pancreatic islands in Rana clamitans, R. catesbiana, R. sylvatica and Hyla versicolor during various stages of development. The islands, which were first seen in the 8-mm. R. clamitans larvae, originate from the endodermal cells of the primitive pancreatic anlagen. Following early larval development in all of the species, new islands differentiate from the cells of the pancreatic ductules. During metamorphosis, much of the acinous tissue degenerates, but the islands persist. They become aggregated and the definitive islands are formed from the primary islands before the mature adult stage is reached.With the azure-eosin technique, two types of island cells were distinguishable before, or at the time of metamorphosis, in all of the anurans studied. They are designated as the red and blue types. The blue cells are considered the primitive or embryonic type, and may transform into the red type; or the red type may originate independently.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050620302
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    A cytological study of the ovaries of the bats Myotis lucifugus lucifugus and Myotis grisescens (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 523-557 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ovaries of bats, Myotis lucifugus lucifugus and M. grisescens, have been studied in all phases, except gestation, of the annual reproductive cycle. Oocytes arise in the germinal epithelium and grow with an orderly differentiation of the storage products of metabolism - chondriosomes, fat drops, and yolk vesicles. The evidence indicates that the zona pellucida is derived from the oocyte. Squamous cells of the primary follicle become cuboidal and then columnar as follicular growth begins (unilaminar secondary stage). The secondary follicle becomes multilaminar and in a very few cases gives rise to a tertiary follicle by antrum formation. Most growing follicles undergo retrogression by one of two methods. Degeneration of type I is common in multilaminar follicles and begins in the granulosa which is almost completely obliterated before the oocyte is affected. Spindles occur in some of these oocytes and fragmentation is common; phagocytes eliminate the contents of the zona. In type II, which is rare and has been found only in unilaminar secondary follicles, the oocyte degenerates, leaving an uninjured granulosa. Medullary cords are common embryonic vestiges in these ovaries; epithelial nodules are less frequent. Interstitial cells are very numerous in newborn bats, arise throughout life from the hypertrophied thecae internae of retrogressing follicles of type I, are phagocytized and, also, undergo hyaline degeneration, are hypertrophied in late pregnancy, and continue so during lactation.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050620307
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    The feeding mechanism of the oyster. I. On the pallium and the branchial chambers of Ostrea virginica, O. Edulis and O. Angulata, with comparisons with other species of the genusFrom the marine biological laboratory, plymouth, england; the new jersey oyster investigation laboratory, and the zoological laboratory, rutgers university. (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 1-61 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Separation of the mantle from the visceral mass on the right side in deeply cupped species of oyster provides a shorter channel for egress of water from the right demibranchs. Correlated with this change is reduction in size of the right epibranchial chamber beneath the adductor together with backward displacement of the adductor itself. This water passage, designated the promyal chamber, develops during the first week after attachment of the oyster larva. The greatest displacement of the adductor and the largest promyal chamber occur in O. frons. The mantle border shows three reduplications of which the innermost, the pallial curtain, controls the amount and the place of entrance and egress of water. The importance of pallial curtains and promyal chamber to survival in turbid waters is discussed; oysters with the promyal chamber have invaded the river mouths, the flat oysters without this chamber have remained in the clear waters of high salinity near the sea. The bearing of these factors on the disappearance of fossil oysters is considered. It is proposed to relate to the genus Ostrea all flat, larviparous oysters which lack the promyal chamber and to raise the subgenus Gryphaea to generic rank to include all deeply cupped oviparous oysters with the promyal chamber. Anatomical and histological features of the pallium and branchial chambers are considered in detail.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050630102
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  • 99
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    Semicircular canal radii of curvature (R) in cat, guinea pig and man (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 1-15 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The radii of curvature (R) of the horizontal (Rh), anterior (Ra) and posterior (Rp) semicircular canals were measured by a new technique (called ROTA) for cat, guinea pig and man. For each canal, data points from the ossecus canal were rotated and plotted by computer such that the plane of the sheet of computer plot corresponded to the plane best fitting that canal. The radius of each osseous canal was determined and where necessary, the radius of the are of data points was corrected for thickness of the absent tissue. For cat, guinea pig and man there are differences in R between canals within a labyrinth suggesting that if other things are equal there could be differences in the average mechanical sensitivity of the canals, which is consistent with physiological recordings from primary vestibular neurons in the cat, The Rs determined by ROTA are compared with Rs determined by conventional histological means.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051510102
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  • 100
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    Vitellogenesis in the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus Dallas (Hemiptera). A light and electron microscopic investigation (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 35-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Histochemical and electron microscopic methods have revealed that there are four types of cell inclusions in the late vitellogenic oocytes of Oncopeltus. (a) Type 1 is a vacuole which seems to be contributed from the tropharium via the nutritive tubes. It is suggested that this type consists partly at least of nucleolus-like material (ribonucleoprotein) emitted from the nuclei of the Zone III trophocytes. (b) Type 2 is lipid yolk which in early stage oocytes seems to be produced in the “Balbiani body.” In the vitellogenic oocytes these lipid spheres are apparently imported by the oocyte from the haemolymph either through the follicle cells, or through the extracellular space in the follicular epithelium. (c) Type 3 is carbohydrate/protein yolk where at least part of the protein (“vitellogenic protein”) is taken up from the haemolymph, transported through the extracellular space in the follicular epithelium, and deposited into the oocyte by pinocytosis. (d) Glycogen is deposited from the early phases of vitellogenesis.The tropharium may contribute, besides Type 1 vacuoles, ribosomes, mitochondria, stacks of annulated lamellae, and “food vacuoles” to the oocytes. Specialized cells which line the tropharium and send projections toward the trophic core have been called “peripheral trophocytes.” Contrary to the regular trophocytes, they contain glycogen and an abundance of Golgi complexes.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051510104
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