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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 44 (1959), S. 179-187 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Results from Russian stations prove the existence of a «Continental effect», on the Maximum electron density of theF2-layer. In summer, in the interior of the asiatic continent a tendency exists for a higher concentration in daytime; on the other side the so-called «evening concentration» is missing there.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Messwerte russischer Stationen beweisen die Existenz eines «Kontinental-Effektes» bei der maximalen Elektronendichte derF2-Schicht. Im Sommer besteht im Innern des asiatischen Kontinents vorzugsweise eine höhere Konzentration bei Tag; andererseits fehlt dort die sogenannte «Abend-Konzentration».
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  • 12
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    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 44 (1959), S. 188-190 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The author describes the pulsing ionospheric technique which since 1939 has been successfully employed for forecasting surface weather.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Following a recent hypothesis on the role of activated sodium chloride particles as potential nuclei of atmospheric precipitation, further analysis is made of average annual data due toC. Junge on the chemical composition of rainwater salts, and correlation of some parameters with the total amount of rainfall is attempted. It is found that the results obtained are in agreement with the proposed role of activated sodium chloride as a nucleus of a substantial part of the atmospheric precipitation.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Annual average results of rainwater analysis, carried out byC. Junge at about 60 stations of the United States sampling network are used in an attempt to correlate the ionic species present in rain, as a general contribution to atmospheric chemicstry. Correlation with physical parameters is attempted at the same time in some cases, and the resulting trends discussed. The results obtained are presented in the general form of linear and planar correlation, and linear regression coefficients.
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  • 15
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    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 44 (1959), S. 257-264 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The null layer (Nullschicht), identical with the layer of maximum wind in the upper troposphere, inverts the large scale vertical motions in the atmosphere. The lifting motion in a high reaching low pressure system ends in the null layer, whereas ascending motion above the null layer exists — and vice versa in a high pressure system. The null layer is the domain of the maximum of non-gradientic mass flow from low to high pressure (null layer effect). Applied to the theory of the general circulation of the atmosphere the null layer effect explains the mass flow aloft from the polar zones to the subtropic latitudes, demanded by almost all hypotheses of the general circulation. —It can be shown that a persistent layer of minimum winds has to be a null layer; a persistent layer of minimum winds represents a null layer of 2nd kind, which inverts the vertical motions too; but in this case the non-gradientic mass flow is directed from high to low pressure. There are evidences for the existence of a null layer of 3rd kind with calm and no mass flow between high and low pressure and no vertical motion. This null layer of third kind separates two atmospheric regions with vertical motions independent from each other. All three kinds of null layers have great importance with regard to the general circulation of the atmosphere.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der Nullschicht, die identisch ist mit der Schicht des hochtroposphärischen Windmaximums, kehren sich im Mittel die großräumigen Vertikalbewegungen um und herrschen die stärksten ageostrophischen Windkomponenten zum hohen Druck hin. Diese übergradientischen Winde in der Nullschicht können zur Erklärung der thermisch-indirekten Zirkulation der planetarischen Westwinddrift herangezogen werden. Ein echtes persistentes Windminimum hat ebenfalls Nullschichtcharakter mit ageotrophischem Massenfluß zum tiefen Druck hin (Nullschicht 2. Art mit negativem Nullschichteffekt). Eine persistente Schicht mit verschwindendem horizontalen Druckgradienten kann vielleicht als Nullschicht 3. Art bezeichnet werden, die keinen Nullschichteffekt aufweist. Sie kehrt die großräumigen Vertikalbewegungen nicht direkt um, sondern trennt übereinanderliegende Bereiche mit voneinander unabhängiger Vertikalbewegung. Alle drei Arten von Nullschichten sind im Zusammenhang mit der allgemeinen Zirkulation von großer Bedeutung.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 44 (1959), S. 271-286 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The transport of radioactive particulate matter by the atmosphere introduces new meteorological problems. A kinematical method of forecasting air trajectories demonstrates substantial differences compared with stream-lines. The spread of particle clouds can be derived from the standard vector deviation of winds and a time-dependent parameter. Between the troposphere and the stratosphere with its much higher concentration of particles, the mass exchange occurs mainly in a horizontal direction near the jet-stream level. Some pecularities of the stratosphere above the Tropical Pacific are shortly described: the splitting of the tropopause above the equator, and the large time-variations of the zonal currents. While particles with a diameter of at least 2 micron are mainly deposited by gravitation and rain scavenging, coagulation with cloud droplets prefers particles below 0.1 micron.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Transport radioaktiver Aerosol-Partikel durch die Atmosphäre wirft neue meteorologische Probleme auf. Eine kinematische Methode der Vorhersage von Trajektorien zeigt erhebliche Unterschiede gegenüber den Stromlinien. Die Ausbreitung von Partikelwolken ist eine Funktion der Vektorstreuung des Windfeldes und einem von der Zeit abhängigen Parameter. Der Massenaustausch zwischen der Troposphäre und der viel partikelreicheren Stratosphäre vollzieht sich vorwiegend in horizontaler Richtung im Niveau der Strahlströmungen. Einige Besonderheiten der Stratosphäre über dem tropischen Pazifik werden kurz beschrieben: die Aufspaltung der Tropopause über dem Äquator und die großen zeitlichen Änderungen der zonalen Windströmungen. Während die Gravitation und das Auswaschen durch Niederschläge vorwiegend gröbere Partikel (Durchmesser〉2μ) zur Sedimentation bringen, fällt die Koagulation an Wolkenelementen hauptsächlich die kleinsten Partikel (〈0.1 μ) aus.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 42 (1959), S. 7-7 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 18
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    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 42 (1959), S. 21-23 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract I has been shown that irradiation of air by sun-rays leads to a formation of atmospheric condensation nuclei, as measured with the automatic nucleus counter (1). To control the influence of the material, experiments were done in a gasometer where a rubber balloon was built in, also in a metal container covered either with uviol glass or window glass, or with air in a polyethylene balloon. The same influence of sunrays was observed in each case. Similar experiments were then done with compressed air from a metal container, or with oxygen gas, nitrogen gas or nitrous oxide all from metal containers. In all cases sun-rays produced condensation nuclei; the effect was present both at 1800 m and at 270 m altitude. Diffuse sunlight with high clouds also had an effect. Infra-red radiation and mechanical shaking were without result, but ultraviolet rays from a quartz-mercury lamp increased the nucleus count of the balloon whether it contained air or one of the above-mentioned gases. As yet it has not been possible to decide the mechanism of formation of these nuclei and what their meteorological and biological role might be. The detailed paper will appear later in «Geofisica pura e applicata».
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  • 19
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    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 42 (1959), S. 53-61 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary In brief a newly developed freezing nuclei meter is described. Results of measurements made with this instrument in New Jersey, California and in the Thule area, Greenland, are shown. These data are compared with measurements of condensation nuclei, simultaneously made with the General Electric and the Aitkennuclei counters. Also the results obtained from some measurements of the lightscattering function of the aerosol in industrial areas near New York City are presented.
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  • 20
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    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 42 (1959), S. 109-116 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über eine Untersuchung von geheizten Glas-, Metall-und Öloberflächen als Quelle von Kondensationskernen berichtet. Unterhalb einer gewissen Übergangstemperatur ist die Kernerzeugung unbeständig und sinkt bei fortgesetzter Heizung der Oberfläche auf null. Oberhalb dieser Temperatur ändert sich die Kernproduktion nicht mit der Zeit. Es wurde gefunden, dass sich die Übergangstemperatur mit dem Material der Oberfläche ändert und nicht immer mit dem Beginn des Glühens assoziiert ist. Die Kerne, welche bei den niedrigeren Temperaturen erzeugt werden, haben einen mittleren Radius von ungefähr 10−5 cm und sind bei ihrem Entstehen grösstenteils ungeladen. Elektrische Glühlampenkönnen eine beträchtliche Zahl dieser Kerne erzeugen.
    Notes: Summary An investigation of heated surfaces of glass, metal and oil as sources of condensation nuclei is reported. Below a certain transition temperature the nucleus production is of a temporary nature and decreases to zero with the continued heating of the surface. Above this temperature, however, the nucleus production does not change with time. The transition temperature varies with the material of the surface and is not always associated with the onset of incandescence. The nuclei produced at the lower temperatures have a radius of about 10−5 cm and, on production, are mainly uncharged. Electric light bulbs can produce appreciable numbers of these nuclei.
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