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  • Articles  (15)
  • microstructure  (15)
  • Springer  (15)
  • American Association of Petroleum Geologists
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  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (14)
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  • Articles  (15)
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  • Springer  (15)
  • American Association of Petroleum Geologists
  • American Meteorological Society
  • American Physical Society (APS)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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  • 2000-2004  (15)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: NbAl3 ; microstructure ; high-temperature oxidation ; “pest” phenomenon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The NbAl3 intermetallic compound was prepared two different ways:first, by the classical induction-melting technique; the end product is acoarse-grain massive compound, including cracks and pores. Second, bymechanically activated annealing process (M2AP); the end product is afine-grain, powder of submicron crystallites. The oxidation behavior in airunder atmospheric pressure over the temperature range 500–1350°Cwas studied for each material in order to determine the influence of theNbAl3 microstructure on the oxidation mechanism. In all cases,the massive compound does not form the expected compact alumina, protectivescale. In the lower temperature range, the “pest” phenomenonoccurs. No grain disintegration was evidenced by oxidation of the M2APNbAl3 powder despite the high number of crystallites forming onegrain. This is a good argument with expected behavior for a massive materialproduced from the M2AP precursor by powder metallurgy processing.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 54 (2000), S. 63-71 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: microstructure ; Inconel 625 ; oxidation ; deformation substructure ; deformation twins ; energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) ; internal oxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The high-temperature, isothermal-oxidation behavior of a superalloy was studied in the as-rolled and deformed conditions. The microstructural changes occurring during the oxidation of samples were examined using optical, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fine-probe EDS microanalysis, and X-ray diffraction techniques. The topography of the oxide layers formed in the as-rolled and cold-deformed specimens exposed at various temperatures and time intervals is also examined. The kinetics and microstructural results are presented for the comparative study of the structural changes occurring during high-temperature oxidation. It was found that a Cr2O3 external layer was adherent and uniform on the rolled specimens in comparison to the scattered and preferential oxide developed on the deformed specimens. The latter can be attributed to the concurrent dynamic changes occurring in the deformed substructure that subsequently lead to breaking and spallation of the oxide.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: γ-TiAl-based intermetallic alloy ; oxidation ; microstructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The influence of microstructure of the two-phase alloyTi–46Al–1Cr–0.2Si on the oxidation behavior in air between600 and 900°C was studied. The oxidation rate, type of scale, and scalespallation resistance were strongly affected by the type of microstructure,i.e., lamellar in as-cast material and duplex after extrusion at1300°C. The oxidation rate was affected by the size and distribution ofthe α2-Ti3Al phase, being faster for the extrudedmaterial with coarse α2-Ti3Al. The type of oxide scaledetermines the spalling resistance. Cast material developed a uniform scalethat spalled off after short exposure times at 800 and 900°C when a criticalthickness was reached. The extruded material presented a heterogeneous scalewith predominant thick regions formed on γ-TiAl-α2-Ti3Algrains and thin scale regions formed on γ-TiAl grains. Thistype of scale could permit an easier relaxation in the matrix of stressesgenerated by both thermal-expansion mismatch between scale and alloy andoxide growth, resulting in a higher spallation resistance.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1614-3116
    Keywords: phase transformation ; microstructure ; hardening and softening ; polycrystalline material ; shape memory alloys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Based on the microstructure-based constitutive model established in Part I, a detailed numerical investigation on the role of each microstructure parameter in the kinematical and kinetic evolution of polycrystalline SMA under axisymmetrical tension loading is performed. Some macroscopic constitutive features of stress-induced martensite transformation are discussed.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1614-3116
    Keywords: phase transformation ; microstructure ; hardening and softening ; polycrystalline material ; shape momory alloys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effects of microstructure and its evolution on the macroscopic superelastic stress-strain response of polycrystalline Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) are studied by a microstructure-based constitutive model developed in this paper. The model is established on the following basis: (1) the transformation conditions of the unconstrained single crystal SMA microdomain (to be distinguished from the bulk single crystal), which serve as the local criterion for the derivation of overall transformation yield conditions of the polycrystal; (2) the micro- to macro-transition scheme by which the connection between the polycrystal aggregates and the single crystal microdomain is established and the macroscopic transformation conditions of the polycrystal SMA are derived; (3) the quantitative incorporation of three microstructure factors (i.e., nucleation, growth and orientation distribution of martensite) into the modeling. These microstructural factors are intrinsic of specific polycrystal SMA systems and the role of each factor in the macroscopic constitutive response is quantitatively modeled. It is demonstrated that the interplay of these factors will result in different macroscopic transformation kinematics and kinetics which are responsible for the observed macroscopic stress-strain hardening or softening response, the latter will lead to the localization and propagation of transformation bands in TiNi SMA.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of porous materials 7 (2000), S. 381-383 
    ISSN: 1573-4854
    Keywords: porous silicon ; microstructure ; infrared spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated the effect of light exposure and ultrasonic (US) treatment on the formation of porous Si layers grown by electroless stain-etching technique. It was shown that; the He-Ne laser exposure resultedin a considerable increase in both the hydrogenation and the oxidation amounts in n-type Si, but a decrease in p-type wafers. The effect is attributable to effective change in the concentration of free hole carriers. The UV light exposure has led to the shift at the peak positions, indicating probably a change in bonding configuration, and increase in oxidation. Also, a correlation was established between the ultrasonic treatment and the microstructure. The US treated samples exhibit a decrease in hydrogenation and oxidation. UV exposure together with the US has led to a further decrease in both hydrogen and oxygen amounts, which was rather indicative of an excessive surface etching.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of electroceramics 5 (2000), S. 37-51 
    ISSN: 1573-8663
    Keywords: impedance spectroscopy ; effective media theories ; equivalent circuits ; microstructure ; grain boundaries
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The immittance spectra (i.e., impedance and modulus representations) are calculated for various effective medium theories, i.e., the Maxwell-Wagner (MW), Hashin-Shtrikman (HS), Bruggeman Asymmetric (BA) and Bruggeman Symmetric (BS) models, with emphasis on their individual microstructures. In addition the brick-layer (BL) model is also considered. The BL and MW-HS models yield similar single impedance arcs for a relatively low volume fraction conductive matrix (coating on the low conductivity phase). The BA model yields single impedance arcs different from the MW-HS models. The BL and MW-HS models yield virtually identical dual impedance arc behavior for a low volume fraction insulating matrix (coating on the high conductivity phase). At low volume fractions of insulating matrix, the low frequency arc due to the insulating material for the BA model is much smaller than for the MW-HS model. The BS model exhibits single impedance arc behavior when the volume fraction of conductor is above or near the percolation threshold and dual arc behavior somewhat below the percolation threshold. Equivalent circuits for these model materials are discussed, and application is made to experimental data for various electroceramic systems.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of electroceramics 5 (2000), S. 217-223 
    ISSN: 1573-8663
    Keywords: microstructure ; buried resistor ; LTCC ; XRD ; SEM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Embedded resistor circuits have been generated with the use of a Micropen system, Ag conductor paste (DuPont 6142D), a new experimental resistor ink from DuPont (E84005-140), and Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC) green tape (DuPont A951). Sample circuits were processed under varying peak temperature ranges (835°C–875°C) and peak soak times (10 min–720 min). Resistors were characterized by SEM, TEM, EDS, and high-temperature XRD. Results indicate that devitrification of resistor glass phase to Celcian, Hexacelcian, and a Zinc-silicate phase occurred in the firing ranges used (835–875°C) but kinetics of divitrification vary substantially over this temperature range. The resistor material appears structurally and chemically compatible with the LTCC. RuO2 grains do not significantly react with the devitrifying matrix material during processing. RuO2 grains coarsen significantly with extended time and temperature and the electrical properties appear to be strongly affected by the change in RuO2 grain size.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-9066
    Keywords: pressureless sintering ; boron carbide ; titanium diboride ; microstructure ; coarsening ; density ; heating rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Pressureless sintering of boron carbide ceramics containing 0-25 vol. % TiB2 phase, produced via an in-situ chemical reaction between B4C, TiO2, and elemental carbon, was studied in the isothermal and constant-heating-rate regimes. The presence of TiB2 results in a decrease in activation energy for sintering from 717 kJ/mol at 0 vol. % TiB2 to 266 kJ/mol at 25 vol. % TiB2. Ceramic bodies of B4C ― TiB2 particulate composites with relative densities of up to 99% were sintered without pressure at temperatures of 2050-2100°C. Grain boundary diffusion is the primary mechanism of TiB2 particle coarsening. TiB2 particle size is bimodal depending on whether the particle is confined within a B4C grain or located on the grain boundary. Densification behavior of the B4C ― TiB2 system is identical at different heating rates in the temperature range of 1800-2150°C.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Powder metallurgy and metal ceramics 39 (2000), S. 504-513 
    ISSN: 1573-9066
    Keywords: boron carbide ; titanium diboride ; fracture ; toughness ; strength ; microstructure ; circumferencial microcracking ; thermal mismatch stress ; particle-matrix interface
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The fracture response of pressureless sintered boron carbide ceramics containing 5-25 vol.% TiB2 phase produced via the in-situ chemical reaction between B4C, TiO2 and elemental carbon was studied. Both strength and fracture toughness depend on TiB2 volume fraction, reaching their maximum values of 500 MPa and 4.6 MPa·m1/2, respectively, at 15 vol.% TiB2. The observed increase in strength and fracture toughness was ascribed to the interaction between the propagating crack front and local thermal mismatch stress associated with TiB2 particles. Induced circumferencial microcracking and crack impedance are discussed as the major toughening mechanisms. Spontaneous circumferencial microcracking due to thermal mismatch stress in TiB2 particles was found to occur when the particle size exceeds its critical value. The theoretical interpretation of spontaneous circumferencial microcracking, toughening via induced microcracking, and crack impedance was justified experimentally.
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