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  • Articles  (3,222)
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  • Articles  (3,222)
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  • 1960-1964  (2,348)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 133-142 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The basic equations for the ionisation-neutralisation balance in theE layer have been shown the necessity to take in account the influence of the local ionisation sources on the disk of the sun, the dynamic ionospheric processes and the variations in the equivalent recombination coefficient. The method for determining the characteristic quantities of the ionisation-recombination balance (q 0m ,q d, α) has been exhibited for this purpose are used measurement data from two ionospheric stations located not far from each other, in the period of the solar eclips on 15 February, 1961. The quantity of the recombination coefficient lay between 0.63×10−7 sec−1 cm3 and 2.32×10−7 sec−1 cm3; the electron production under the action of the ionising radiation of the homogen disk showsq 0m ≈1700 sec−1 cm−3.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden die Grundgleichungen der Ionisations-Neutralisationsbilanz in derE-Schicht präzisiert und auf die Notwendigkeit der Berücksichtigung des Einflusses der lokalen ionisierenden Strahlungsquellen auf der Sonnenscheibe, der dynamischen ionosphärischen Vorgängen und der Veränderungen des äquivalenten Rekombinationskoeffizienten hingewiesen. Ferner wird eine Methodik zur Bestimmung der charakteristischen Grössen der Ionisations-Rekombinationsbilanz (q 0m ,q d, α) dargelegt. Zu dem Zweck werden die Messergebnisse aus der Periode der Sonnenfinsternis von zwei unweit voneinander gelegenen Ionosphärenstationen verwendet. Die Methodik wird auf die während der totalen Sonnenfinsternis am 15. Februar 1961 auf den Ionosphärenstationen in Sofia und Nesebar erhaltenen Ergebnisse angewandt. Für den Rekombinationskoeffizienten werden Werte zwischen 0,63·10−7 cm3sec−1 und 2,32·10−7 cm3sec−1 und für die Elektronenproduktion unter dem Einfluss der ionisierenden Strahlung von der homogenen Sonnenscheibeq 0m ≈1700 cm−3sec−1 erhalten.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 143-148 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The kinematics of magnetic field lines in a plasma can be studies by means of the mathematical methods used in the kinematics of vorticity. Starting withFaraday's law of induction for moving circuits the following results can be derived: a necessary and sufficient condition that the magnetic field lines remain material lines; a formula describing the convection and diffusion of the magnetic field lines in a plasma, which is analogous to the «basic vorticity formula» ofC. Truesdell; general theorems containing an arbitrary tensor field of any order, which are analogous to general vorticity theorems ofH. Ertel, especially a «commutation formula» corresponding to the «Euler-Ertel commutation formula» for circulation preserving motions. Given an isentropic ideal plasma it follows that $${d \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {d {dt}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {dt}}({1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 \eta }} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \eta }\vec B \cdot grad s) = 0$$ (η denoting the density, $$\vec B$$ the magnetic induction,s the specific entropy, andd/dt the material time derivative).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Kinematik der magnetischen Feldlinien im Plasma kann mit denselben mathematischen Hilfsmitteln studiert werden, welche sich in der Kinematik der Wirbel bewährt haben. Ausgehend vom Faradayschen Induktionsgesetz für bewegte Medien können gefolgert werden: eine notwenige und hinreichende bedingung dafür, dass die magnetischen Feldlinien mit materiellen Kurven zusammenfallen; ein Analogon zuC. Truesdells «basic vorticity formula», welches die Mitführung und Diffusion der magnetischen Feldlinien im Plasma beschreibt; Sätze zur Kinematik der Feldlinien, welche eine frei wählbare tensorielle Feldfunktion beliebiger Stufe enthalten und den vonH. Ertel formulierten «allgemeinen Wirbelsätzen» entsprechen, insbesondere Analoga zuErtels «Vertauschungsrelationen». In einem isentropen idealen Plasma ist das mit dem spezifischen Volumen multiplizierte Skalar-produkt aus der magnetischen Induktion und dem Gradienten der Entropiedichte zeitlich individuell konstant.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 161-166 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The possible modes of vertical transport of angular momentum in the atmosphere are considered. Momentum balance calculations for both hemispheres show the possibility of countergradient transport by vertical eddies in the region of the mid-latitude jet. As a consequence, it is pointed out that the transport of momentum downward from the region of maximum westerlies would have to be accomplished by the mean meridional motions, through the action of “Coriolis torques’. The same mechanism may account for a large part of the upward transport in the tropics. The very approximate nature of the calculations must, however, be borne clearly in mind.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 167-180 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The mean zonal and meridional wind components of the northern hemisphere at different pressure levels for the summer season June–August have been determined and the mean meridional mass circulation has been computed as a function of latitude. From the mass circulation the meridional flux of moisture is computed for the latitudinal belt 0°–45° N. Using the horizontal divergence of this flux the average difference between precipitation and evapotranspiration from the earth's surface is evaluated.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 189-192 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The definition of a ‘generator’ in atmospheric electricity is considered, and various phenomena are discussed as to whether they can be described as ‘generators’.
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  • 6
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    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 181-188 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Juli 1963 wurde die Konzentration von Kondensationskernen entlang des Little Whiteface Mt. zwischen 1200 und 3670 Fuss ü. d. M. gemessen. Im Mittel nimmt die Konzentration mit der Höhe exponentiell ab und zeigt eine starke Abhängigkeit von der Windrichtung. Zusätzlich wurde der Einfluss der lokalen Verunreinigung durch einen Autopark und eine Heizanlage eines grösseren Restaurants auf die Kernzahl studiert. Man fand, dass in einer Entfernung von ungefähr 350 m, selbst in der vorherrschenden Windrichtung, die Verunreiningung durch diese Quellen vernachlässigbar ist.
    Notes: Summary Concentrations of condensation nuclei were measured on the slopes of the Little Whiteface Mt. between 1200 and 3670 feet altitude in July 1963. On the average the concentration decreases exponentially with altitude and shows a strong dependence on wind direction. In addition, the influence of local contamination from a car park and a large domestic heating furnace on nuclei counts was studied and it was found that even downwind at a distance of about 1000 feet (or 350 m) the contamination by these sources is negligible.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 206-212 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary If needle-shaped ice crystals are grown in an atmosphere containing traces of nitrous gases, the amount of electrical charge generated when sharp crystal points break away, is between 10 and 50 times as high as in the case of crystals grown in absence of nitrous gases A definite relation has been found to exist between the NO 3 ′ ion concentration of the ice crytals and the amount of charge (average value 2.7×10−8, maximum value 13×10−8 coulombs per gram of ice splinters) generated upon fragmentation. The relation found is possibly of importance with respect to thunderstorm electricity generation.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 213-220 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary We wish to learn whether annual precipitation over the Colorado watershed is determined by occurrence or non-occurrence of a few large storms; or by other controls such as variations in frequency of minor disturbances. It is found that there is a semi-constant ‘noise’ level of about six inches precipitation per year, composed of small rains. Occasional very large storms do contribute to rank order of annual precipitation over the available data sample which covers the period 1930–1960. However, most contribution to the rank order is derived from medium-sized storms yielding 0.3–1.2 inches of precipitation over the basin. Since storm yield depends mainly on duration rather than on precipitation intensity per day, a good correlation exists between annual precipitation and the number of days with precipitation above a certain threshold.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 221-224 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Using the highest global irradiance values (Sun plus sky) at noon derived from the records gathered during the years 1958 to 1963 at Genova, Monte Capellino and Sauze d'Oulx, it is demonstrated that the thermal energy which the Earth receives from the Sun is dependent from the Sun activity. Precisely, an increase of the thermal energy withR Z occurs up toR Z=160–170, whereas for greater values ofR Z the thermal energy received decreases with the increase ofR Z.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 58-74 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The reliability of earthquake fault plane solutions usingP andPKP first motion data is discussed. Effects of the usefulness of the individual data, of the number and distribution of data around the focus, of great velocity contrasts in the focal region, and of the kind of projection technique are considered. The increase of the number of inconsistent data by a change in position of the three principal axes can be used as a more or less objective measure for the reliability of a solution. A selection of 52 mantle shock solutions is presented. More than 75% of these shocks is of the thrust (or block) and the normal or reverse fault motion type. Transcurrent type shocks decrease from 40 to 50% in the upper 200 km of the mantle to less than 15% below this level. Thrust (or block) type fault motions clearly represent the normal reaction of the deeper mantle material to earthquake generating stresses.
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