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  • Articles  (28)
  • N2-fixation  (15)
  • Wheat  (13)
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  • Springer  (28)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acridine orange ; Cochliobolus sativus ; Common root rot ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nuclear staining ; Roots ; Senescence ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Natural senescence of the root cortex was assessed by nuclear staining, for cultivars and chromosome substitution lines of spring wheat known to differ in (1) susceptibility to common root rot, (2) total rhizosphere populations and (3) ability to support growth of a free-living nitrogen-fixing bacterium. Together, three root rot susceptible wheat lines showed significantly more cortical senescence than did three resistant lines; the susceptible lines also support larger rhizosphere populations. The wheat line that supports growth of a nitrogen-fixing bacterium showed significantly less cortical death than did any other line. Substitution of chromosome pairs 5B or 5D between the parent cultivars Rescue and Cadet substantially altered the amount of root cortex death, which is thus genetically determined. It is suggested thatCochliobolus sativus and other weak parasites benefit from early natural senescence of the root cortex, and that the degree of susceptibility or resistance of wheat lines to common root rot is at least partly determined by differences in cortical senescence.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Gaeumannomyces graminis ; Hydroponics ; Ion uptake ; Radionuclides ; Root pathogens ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Triple-labelled nutrient solution was used to compare the effects of seven root-infecting fungi on uptake of K, Ca and P by wheat. Plants grown in sand or hydroponic culture were transferred to solutions that contained42K,45Ca and32P for 24 h, then dried, ashed and digested in 6M HCl. To distinguish radiation emitted by42K,45Ca and32P plant digests were counted on two channels of a liquid scintillation counter immediately and 7 days later, after the decay of42K radiation. Plants infected byGaeumannomyces graminis took up and translocated less K, Ca and P to their shoots than uninfected plants. Other root-infecting fungi had little effect on uptake of these ions.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 81-90 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Fertilizers ; N-budgets ; N2-fixation ; N-losses ; N-resources ; Research priorities ; Soil processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen El uso mas eficiente de los recursos nitrogenados del mundo que llevará a una mayor productividad vegetal depende de las investigaciones que (a) aumenten la eficiencia económica del uso de nitrógeno en los ecosistemas, (b) hagan mas efectivo el uso del nitrógeno dentro del ambiente de las plantas y (c) reduzcan las pérdidas de nitrógeno mas allá de la zona radical. Los estudios del balance de nitrógeno pueden servir para identificar lagunas en el conocimiento de los procesos del ciclo de nitrógeno.
    Notes: Abstract The more efficient management of the world's nitrogen resources, leading to greater plant productivity, depends on research which (a) improves the economic efficiency of nitrogen inputs into ecosystems, (b) makes more effective use of the nitrogen within the plant environment, and (c) reduces nitrogen losses, particularly from the root region. Ecosystem nitrogen budget studies can emphasize gaps in knowledge of nitrogen cycle processes.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 293-303 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Burning ; Denitrification ; N-cycling ; N2-fixation ; Nitrification ; Oxisol ; Rhizobium ; Savanna ; South America ; Ultisol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Las sabanas ocupan alrededor de 300 millones de hectáreas de Sudamérica. Los suelos son básicamente oxisoles y ultisoles de muy baja fertilidad y alta acidez. La vegetación natural varía en densidad y en la cantidad de biomasa producida anualmente, la cual puede llegar a ser igual a la producida por bosques de la región. Entre los microorganismos fijadores de nitrógeno, los únicos bien estudiados son las bacterias del género Rhizobium. En el manejo de la biomasa de estas áreas, es importance considerar la fijación del nitrógeno, como una fuente posible que reemplace al que fué exportado en las cosechas. La nitrificación y la denitrificación en estos, es intensa pero no bien estudiada. La distribución de lluvias durante la estación de crecimiento parece tener una influencia considerable en la provisión de nitrógeno de los suelos. Se registran considerables pérdidas de nitrógeno en este ambiente, cuando amplias áreas son quemadas anualmente.
    Notes: Abstract Savannas cover about 300 million hectares of South America. The soils are mainly oxisols and ultisols and their natural fertility is very low with high acidity. The natural vegetation varies in density and in the amount of biomass produced annually, which can be equal to that produced by forests in the region. Among the nitrogen-fixing micro-organisms, the only ones well-studied are Rhizobium bacteria. In managing the biomass in these areas, it is important to consider biological nitrogen-fixation as a possible source of nitrogen to replace that removed in crops. Nitrification and denitrification in these soils are intense but not well studied. The rainfall distribution during the growing season seems to have a considerable influence of the nitrogen supply to the soils. A considerable loss of nitrogen occurs in this environment when vast areas are burned annually.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aeration ; Calcium ; Carbon dioxide ; Ethylene ; Nitrate ; Nitrite ; Nitrous oxide ; Oxygen ; Potassium ; Roots ; Triticum aestivum ; Waterlogging ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary We report a study of the mechanism by which the response of plants to waterlogging can be modified by soil temperature. Wheat was grown initially in well-aerated soil in a controlled environment room before the soil was flooded with aerated, deionized water. The soil temperature was maintained constant in the range 6–18°C while the air temperature was at 14°C. Waterlogging damage was greater in plants at the higher soil temperatures when the plants were compared at the same chronological age. However, when compared at the same growth stage, the response to soil temperature was little differenti.e. plants subjected to waterlogging for a long time at low soil temperatures exhibited a similar reduction in growth and other properties as those subjected briefly at higher temperatures. The concentration of dissolved oxygen in the soil solution declined rapidly at all temperatures, being almost zero after 36 h waterlogging. Temperature affected rates of change of the concentrations of dissolved carbon dioxide, ethylene, nitrous oxide, nitrite, nitrate, calcium and potassium. The importance of soil-and plant-determined properties in the waterlogging response of plants at different temperatures are discussed.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Barley ; Gaeumannomyces graminis ; Nuclear staining ; Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides ; Root rot ; Senescence ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nuclear and cytoplasmic staining methods were used to study natural senescence of the root cortex and coleoptile of wheat and barley seedlings grown in glasshouse conditions. Coleoptiles of barley senesced more slowly than those of wheat, paralleling the known difference in rates of root cortex senescence in these cereals. The coleoptiles and root cortices of both cereals senesced more slowly in shaded than in unshaded conditions, but infection of the shoots of barley byErysiphe graminis had little effect on root cortex senescence. The results are discussed in relation to infection by root- and foot-rot fungi. Previous reports on the effects of illumination on take-all infection (Gaeumannomyces graminis) are explained. It is suggested that natural senescence of the coleoptile might affect establishment of infection by the eyespot fungus,Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides, either directly or through the activities of competing microorganisms.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Mg/Ca ratio ; Water quality ; Nutrient content ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A study conducted in pots to evaluate the effect of different Mg/Ca ratios (2, 4, 8 and 16) and electrolyte concentrations (20 and 80 meq/l) at SAR 10 in irrigation water on the nutrient uptake and yield of wheat crop in two soils revealed that the average grain and dry matter yields of wheat decreased significantly with an increase in Mg/Ca ratio in irrigation water, but the magnitude of decrease was greater at higher electrolyte concentration than at lower electrolyte concentration. The concentration of Na in both straw and grain of wheat increased and that of K decreased with an increase in Mg/Ca ratio and electrolyte concentration of irrigation water, which led to higher Na/Ca and Na/K ratios in the plant. Further, the concentration of Ca and Mg both in straw as well as in grain increased with increasing electrolyte concentration of the irrigation water. An increasing proportion of Mg in saline irrigation water resulted in decreased concentration of Ca and increased concentration of Mg in both straw and grain of wheat crop. It was also noticed that the increasing proportion of Mg over Ca in the poor quality irrigation water increased the P content of both straw and grain of wheat crop.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 65 (1982), S. 433-436 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper-nutrition ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In a pot culture study, copper addition to soil increased the crop yield only in presence of nitrogen. The latter increased the utilization of both native as well as applied copper but more that of applied. It also minimised the adverse effect of applied phosphorus on copper utilization. Phosphorus at the rate 45 ppm had the tendency of decreasing copper uptake by wheat if applied without nitrogen or with its low level.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 439-442 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: N2-fixation ; Nodulation ; Rhizobium ; Soybean ; Symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of mineral nitrogen on establishment and activity of symbioses between soybean and several strains ofRhizobium japonicum and on the establishment of nodules ofR. japonicum isolated from nodules of field crops is studied. All strains were highly susceptible to the effects of 200 ppm NO3−N on the establishment of symbiosis; 50 ppm NO3−N had little effect. Response of symbioses establishhed in the absence of mineral N to short term exposure to nitrate or ammonium varied significantly between strains. Nodule isolates from soybean crops growing in nitrifying soil were no less susceptible to the inhibitory effects of mineral N on nodule formation than a laboratory culture of the commercial inoculant strain.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alfalfa ; Deserts ; K-fertilization ; N-cycling ; N2-fixation ; Peru ; P-fertilization ; Rhizobium Urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen La alfalfa irrigada y altamente fertilizada cultivade en los desiertos del Sur del Perú, ha alcanzado tasas máximas de crecimiento de cerca de 200 kg ha−1 día−1 de forraje seco, durante el período de verano, y de 150 ka ha−1 día−1 durante el invierno. Estas altas tasas fueron mantenidas por 10–20 días, después de los cuales las tasas de crecimiento bajaron. Rendimientos tope de cerca de 5000 kg ha−1 de forraje seco en verano y 3500 kg ha−1 en invierno, fueron obtenidos en un período de crecimiento de 53 días. Simulaciones con un modelo adaptado, indican que una tasa decreciente de fotosíntesis de hojas viejas, es una probable causa para esta baja. Simulaciones de curvas de crecimiento fueron también sensibles al nivel de reservas de carbohidratos en el sistema de raíces en la cosecha. La alta fertilización NPK (420, 280 y 420 kg ha−1 año−1 Urea-N P y K respectivamente) aumentó el nivel de NO3−N en el suelo 2,5 veces, K disponible 1,6 veces y P disponible 4,3 veces. El contenido de NH4−N no aumentó. Las altas cantidades de nutrientes disponibles resultaron en solo cerca de 10% de aumento en tasas máximas de crecimiento y en máximos rendimientos. Con respecto a la composición de plantas (%N, %P y %K) se observó una respuesta significativa solo al alto nivel de P, y una muy ligera, no significativa, respuesta al más alto nivel de K fué también notada. Alta fertilización con N no aumentó el contenido de N de la planta; indicando que las cepas de Rhizobium presentes son capaces de fijar hasta 900–1000 kg N ha−1 anño−1 en el forraje. Inoculantes comerciales no mejoraron esta capacidad de fijación de N; aún en suelos vírgenes desérticos después de solo algunas cosechas, rendimientos tanto como contenidos de N de alfalfa no inoculada fueron del mismo orden de magtitud que alfalfa inoculada.
    Notes: Abstract Irrigated and highly fertilized alfalfa growing in the deserts of Southern Peru reached maximum growth rates of about 200 kg dry forage ha−1 d−1 during the summer period and of 150 kg ha−1 d−1 during winter. These high rates were maintained for 10 to 20 days, after which growth rates declined. ‘Ceiling’ yields of about 5000 kg dry forage ha−1 in summer and 3500 kg ha−1 in winter were obtained in a growth period of 53 days. Simulations with an adapted model indicate that a decreased photosynthetic rate for aging leaves is a probable cause for the decrease. Growth curve simulations were also very sensitive to the level of carbohydrate reserves in the root system at harvest. High NPK fertilization (420, 280 and 420 kg ha−1 yr−1 of urea-N, P and K respectively) increased NO3−N in soil 2.5 fold, available-K 1.6 fold, and available-P 4.3 fold. NH4−N content did not increase. The higher amounts of available nutrients resulted in only about 10 percent increases in maximum growth rate and maximum yields. With respect to plant composition (%N, %P and %K), a significant response only to the higher P level was observed and a very slight, non-significant response to the higher K level was also noted. High N-fertilization did not increase the N-content of the plant, indicating that the rhizobia present are able to fix up to 900–1000 kg N ha−1 yr−1 in the aboveground herbage. Commercial inoculants did not improve this N-fixation capacity; even in virgin desert soils after only a few harvests, yields as well as N-contents of non-inoculated alfalfa were of the same order of magnitude as inoculated alfalfa.
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