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  • Articles  (26)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 63-71 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen efficiency ; nitrogen fate ; rational use ; rice ; supergranules of urea ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Using15 N tracer technique, the fate and efficiency of nitrogen in supergranules of urea as compared with that in powdered urea were studied in rice fields. The results obtained show that supergranules of urea were characterized by the slight N loss and high N recovery as well as by delayed but long lasting fertilization effects. It follows that the supergranules should be applied earlier and at a lower rate as compared with powdered urea.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 31 (1982), S. 243-249 
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: wheat ; grain protein ; prolamin ; inheritance ; chromosome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Electrophoretic gliadin components are inherited as highly stable blocks of linked components. Multiple allelism of blocks controlled by polygenic loci of six gliadin-coding chromosomes has been revealed. The allelic states of these loci are interrelated with the variability of grain. The regularities discovered permit the use of gliadin polymorphism for estimation of genotype properties in breeding programs.
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  • 3
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    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 31 (1982), S. 229-241 
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: wheat ; genetics ; endosperm ; seed proteins ; gliadins ; glutenins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews our present knowledge of the chromosomal location of the genes that control the synthesis of gliadins and glutenins, the two major groups of storage protein in the endosperm of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Allelic relationships and genetic linkage between genes are also discussed. The areas that require futher investigation are identified.
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  • 4
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    Springer
    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 81-90 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Fertilizers ; N-budgets ; N2-fixation ; N-losses ; N-resources ; Research priorities ; Soil processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen El uso mas eficiente de los recursos nitrogenados del mundo que llevará a una mayor productividad vegetal depende de las investigaciones que (a) aumenten la eficiencia económica del uso de nitrógeno en los ecosistemas, (b) hagan mas efectivo el uso del nitrógeno dentro del ambiente de las plantas y (c) reduzcan las pérdidas de nitrógeno mas allá de la zona radical. Los estudios del balance de nitrógeno pueden servir para identificar lagunas en el conocimiento de los procesos del ciclo de nitrógeno.
    Notes: Abstract The more efficient management of the world's nitrogen resources, leading to greater plant productivity, depends on research which (a) improves the economic efficiency of nitrogen inputs into ecosystems, (b) makes more effective use of the nitrogen within the plant environment, and (c) reduces nitrogen losses, particularly from the root region. Ecosystem nitrogen budget studies can emphasize gaps in knowledge of nitrogen cycle processes.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 293-303 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Burning ; Denitrification ; N-cycling ; N2-fixation ; Nitrification ; Oxisol ; Rhizobium ; Savanna ; South America ; Ultisol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Las sabanas ocupan alrededor de 300 millones de hectáreas de Sudamérica. Los suelos son básicamente oxisoles y ultisoles de muy baja fertilidad y alta acidez. La vegetación natural varía en densidad y en la cantidad de biomasa producida anualmente, la cual puede llegar a ser igual a la producida por bosques de la región. Entre los microorganismos fijadores de nitrógeno, los únicos bien estudiados son las bacterias del género Rhizobium. En el manejo de la biomasa de estas áreas, es importance considerar la fijación del nitrógeno, como una fuente posible que reemplace al que fué exportado en las cosechas. La nitrificación y la denitrificación en estos, es intensa pero no bien estudiada. La distribución de lluvias durante la estación de crecimiento parece tener una influencia considerable en la provisión de nitrógeno de los suelos. Se registran considerables pérdidas de nitrógeno en este ambiente, cuando amplias áreas son quemadas anualmente.
    Notes: Abstract Savannas cover about 300 million hectares of South America. The soils are mainly oxisols and ultisols and their natural fertility is very low with high acidity. The natural vegetation varies in density and in the amount of biomass produced annually, which can be equal to that produced by forests in the region. Among the nitrogen-fixing micro-organisms, the only ones well-studied are Rhizobium bacteria. In managing the biomass in these areas, it is important to consider biological nitrogen-fixation as a possible source of nitrogen to replace that removed in crops. Nitrification and denitrification in these soils are intense but not well studied. The rainfall distribution during the growing season seems to have a considerable influence of the nitrogen supply to the soils. A considerable loss of nitrogen occurs in this environment when vast areas are burned annually.
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  • 6
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    Springer
    Euphytica 31 (1982), S. 549-564 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; grain yield ; selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four selection experiments were sown: single-row plots with single row-spacing (≃20 cm), single-row plots with double row spacing (≃40 cm), three-row plots and six-row plots both with single row-spacing (≃20 cm). Selection entries were mimiced by 16 different varieties or advanced breeding lines, which were also sown in a yield trial. Each experiment was laid out as a 4-times replicated randomized block design. Row length was 2 m. Alley borders and border-rows of multiple-row plots were harvested separately to evaluate the effects of different harvesting procedures on the selection efficiency. Removal of alley borders was found to be disadvantageous, since the gain in precision was more than offset by the loss in sampled area. Wide spacing of single-row plots improved the selection efficiency in comparison with normal spaced single-row plots. In multiple-row plots the selection efficiency was not improved by harvesting only the central rows. For gross plot yield (= yield of net plot + yield of alley borders) the differences in selection efficiency between the various selection plot-types were explained on the basis of the genetic variance, the environmental variance and the coefficient of genetic correlation with ‘farm’ yield as determined in the yield trial.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 439-442 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: N2-fixation ; Nodulation ; Rhizobium ; Soybean ; Symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of mineral nitrogen on establishment and activity of symbioses between soybean and several strains ofRhizobium japonicum and on the establishment of nodules ofR. japonicum isolated from nodules of field crops is studied. All strains were highly susceptible to the effects of 200 ppm NO3−N on the establishment of symbiosis; 50 ppm NO3−N had little effect. Response of symbioses establishhed in the absence of mineral N to short term exposure to nitrate or ammonium varied significantly between strains. Nodule isolates from soybean crops growing in nitrifying soil were no less susceptible to the inhibitory effects of mineral N on nodule formation than a laboratory culture of the commercial inoculant strain.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alfalfa ; Deserts ; K-fertilization ; N-cycling ; N2-fixation ; Peru ; P-fertilization ; Rhizobium Urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen La alfalfa irrigada y altamente fertilizada cultivade en los desiertos del Sur del Perú, ha alcanzado tasas máximas de crecimiento de cerca de 200 kg ha−1 día−1 de forraje seco, durante el período de verano, y de 150 ka ha−1 día−1 durante el invierno. Estas altas tasas fueron mantenidas por 10–20 días, después de los cuales las tasas de crecimiento bajaron. Rendimientos tope de cerca de 5000 kg ha−1 de forraje seco en verano y 3500 kg ha−1 en invierno, fueron obtenidos en un período de crecimiento de 53 días. Simulaciones con un modelo adaptado, indican que una tasa decreciente de fotosíntesis de hojas viejas, es una probable causa para esta baja. Simulaciones de curvas de crecimiento fueron también sensibles al nivel de reservas de carbohidratos en el sistema de raíces en la cosecha. La alta fertilización NPK (420, 280 y 420 kg ha−1 año−1 Urea-N P y K respectivamente) aumentó el nivel de NO3−N en el suelo 2,5 veces, K disponible 1,6 veces y P disponible 4,3 veces. El contenido de NH4−N no aumentó. Las altas cantidades de nutrientes disponibles resultaron en solo cerca de 10% de aumento en tasas máximas de crecimiento y en máximos rendimientos. Con respecto a la composición de plantas (%N, %P y %K) se observó una respuesta significativa solo al alto nivel de P, y una muy ligera, no significativa, respuesta al más alto nivel de K fué también notada. Alta fertilización con N no aumentó el contenido de N de la planta; indicando que las cepas de Rhizobium presentes son capaces de fijar hasta 900–1000 kg N ha−1 anño−1 en el forraje. Inoculantes comerciales no mejoraron esta capacidad de fijación de N; aún en suelos vírgenes desérticos después de solo algunas cosechas, rendimientos tanto como contenidos de N de alfalfa no inoculada fueron del mismo orden de magtitud que alfalfa inoculada.
    Notes: Abstract Irrigated and highly fertilized alfalfa growing in the deserts of Southern Peru reached maximum growth rates of about 200 kg dry forage ha−1 d−1 during the summer period and of 150 kg ha−1 d−1 during winter. These high rates were maintained for 10 to 20 days, after which growth rates declined. ‘Ceiling’ yields of about 5000 kg dry forage ha−1 in summer and 3500 kg ha−1 in winter were obtained in a growth period of 53 days. Simulations with an adapted model indicate that a decreased photosynthetic rate for aging leaves is a probable cause for the decrease. Growth curve simulations were also very sensitive to the level of carbohydrate reserves in the root system at harvest. High NPK fertilization (420, 280 and 420 kg ha−1 yr−1 of urea-N, P and K respectively) increased NO3−N in soil 2.5 fold, available-K 1.6 fold, and available-P 4.3 fold. NH4−N content did not increase. The higher amounts of available nutrients resulted in only about 10 percent increases in maximum growth rate and maximum yields. With respect to plant composition (%N, %P and %K), a significant response only to the higher P level was observed and a very slight, non-significant response to the higher K level was also noted. High N-fertilization did not increase the N-content of the plant, indicating that the rhizobia present are able to fix up to 900–1000 kg N ha−1 yr−1 in the aboveground herbage. Commercial inoculants did not improve this N-fixation capacity; even in virgin desert soils after only a few harvests, yields as well as N-contents of non-inoculated alfalfa were of the same order of magnitude as inoculated alfalfa.
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  • 9
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    Springer
    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 209-220 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonification ; Crop residues ; Denitrification ; Flooded soil ; 15-N ; N-fertilizers ; N2-fixation ; Nitrification ; Rice ; Volatilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Se revisaron varios aspectos del ciclo de nitrógeno estudiados con15N en un ecosistema de arroz de innundación en suelos franco limosos Crowley en Louisiana, USA, conel fin de construir un balance de masas para el nitrógeno. Las tranformaciones que se incluyeron en el modelo fueron: 1) amonificación neta (0,22 mg NH4−N kg−1 suelo seco dia−1), 2) nitrificación neta (2,07 mg NO3−N kg−1 suelo seco dia−1), 3) desnitrificación (0,37 mg N kg−1 suelo seco dia−1) y 4) fijación biológica de nitrógeno (0,16 mg N kg−1 suelo seco dia−1). Las entradas de nitrógeno al sistema serían aquellas por aplicación de fertilizantes, incorporación de residuos de cosecha, fijación biológica de nitrógeno, deposición. Las salidas serían por cosecha, perdidas gaseosas por volatilización de NH3 y la ocurrencia simultanea de nitrificación y desnitrificación, lixiviación y escorrentía. El balance de masas indicó que el 33% del nitrógeno inorgánico disponible fué recuperado por el arroz y el resto se perdió del sistema. Las pérdidas por volatilización de NH3 fueron minimas porque el fertilizante fué incorporado al suelo. Una proporción significativa del nitrógeno inorgánico se perdió por difusión de NH4 de la capa anaeróbica a la aeróbica en respuesta al gradiente de concentraciones; luego ocurre nitrificación en la capa aeróbica, difusión y finalmente desnitrificación y pérdida en forma gaseosa. Las perdidas por lixiviación y escorrentía fueron minimas.
    Notes: Abstract 15N studies of various aspects of the nitrogen cycle in a flooded rice ecosystem on Crowley silt loam soil in Louisiana were reviewed to construct a mass balance model of the nitrogen cycle for this system. Nitrogen transformations modeled included 1) net ammonification (0.22 mg NH4 +−N kg dry soil−1 day−1), 2) net nitrification (2.07 mg NO3 −−N kg−1 dry soil−1 day−1), 3) denitrification (0.37 mg N kg dry soil−1 day−1), and 4) biological N2 fixation (0.16 mg N kg dry soil−1 day−1). Nitrogen inputs included 1) application of fertilizers, 2) incorporation of crop residues, 3) biological N2 fixation, and 4) deposition. Nitrogen outputs included 1) crop removal, 2) gaseous losses from NH3 volatilization and simultaneous occurrence of nitrification-denitrification, and 3) leaching and runoff. Mass balance calculations indicated that 33% of the available inorganic nitrogen was recovered by rice, and the remaining nitrogen was lost from the system. Losses of N due to ammonia volatilization were minimal because fertilizer-N was incorporated into the soil. A significant portion of inorganic-N was lost by ammonium diffusion from the anaerobic layer to the aerobic layer in response to a concentration gradient and subsequent nitrification in the aerobic layer followed by nitrate diffusion into the anaerobic layer and denitrification into gaseous end products. Leaching and surface runoff losses were minimal.
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  • 10
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    Springer
    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 227-239 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Extension ; Inoculant production ; Latin America ; N2-fixation ; Rhizobium ; Training
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Más de 60 instituciones y 100 investigadores están trabajando de la investigación con Rhizobium en América Latina. La mitad de los investigadores están localizados en Argentina y Brasil. La actividad de investigación y la aplicación de los conocimientos científicos varían ampliamente de acuerdo con los paises. Los problemas de la investigación incluyen: 1) Entrenamiento inadecuado de los investigadores y poca atención para la simbiosis Rhizobium/Leguminosas en las escuelas de Agronomía; 2) investigaciones de baja prioridad sin consideración para las necesidades más inmediatas para los agricultores tales como identificación de los factores limitantes ambientales (por ejemplo: deficiencias nutricionales), técnicas para la producción de inoculantes en pequeña escala y poco control de calidad de los inoculantes disponibles; 3) aislamiento de los investigadores e insuficiente apoyo de literatura; 4) baja interdisciplinaridad en las investigaciones (por ejemplo: en muchas instituciones los investigadores son microbiológos sin conocimientos de agronomía, o agrónomos sin entrenamiento en microbiología y 5) insuficiente diseminación de los conocimientos científicos. Los problemas de la producción y control de inoculantes incluyen: 1) las cepas empleadas en los inoculantes (nacionales o importadas) no son seleccionadas localmente; 2) poco control de calidad de los inoculantes y como resultado, inoculantes malos traen descrédito para la práctica de la inoculación, y 3) precios muy altos de los inoculantes. Los problemas de la extensión incluyen: 1) falta o deficiencia de los programas de promoción de leguminosas por las organizaciones gubernamentales, 2) poco contacto entre los investigadores y los extensionistas y 3) administradores líderes, extensionistas y agrónomos que trabajan en el campo no poseen adecuados conocimientos sobre la simbiosis Rhizobium/Leguminosas. Algunas medidas inmediatas para promover la extensión y programas de promoción de las leguminosas y/o control oficial de la calidad de los inoculates son necesarias en Argentina, Uruguay, Brasil, México y posiblemente Colombia. Perú, Venezuela, Costa Rica y Chile necesitan esfuerzos combinados dirigidos prioritariamente para promover la investigación y extensión. En Ecuador, Paraguay, Bolivia, Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, República Dominicana y Panamá, la prioridad debe ser dada para la investigación. Colombia debe ser incluída en este grupo por la razón de que las instituciones nacionales deben ser fortalecidas. La tabla 2 relaciona estas prioridades con mas detalles.
    Notes: Abstract More than 60 institutions and 100 researchers were involved in Rhizobium research in 1978 in Latin America. Half of these researchers were located in Argentina and Brazil. Research activity and the application of research findings vary widely among countries. Problems that plague research include 1) inadequate training of research personnel and insufficient attention paid to the Rhizobium/Legume symbiosis at agriculture schools; 2) poorly-established research priorities that do not sufficiently weigh the immediate needs for the farmers such as the identification of limiting environmental factors (e.g. nutritional deficiencies), techniques for smallscale inoculant production, and quality control of available inoculants; 3) isolation of the researchers and a lack of adequate library support; 4) poorly integrated research teams (e.g. in many institutes researchers are either microbiologists with no agricultural background or agronomists lacking microbiological training); and 5) insufficient dissemination of research findings. Problems with inoculant production and control include 1) a local dependence on national or imported inoculants rather than on locally-selected strains, 2) poor inoculant quality control which results in low inoculation success rates and subsequent discredit to the inoculation practice, and 3) high prices for inoculants. Extension problems include 1) lacking or deficient legume-promotion programs by government agencies, 2) poor contact between research and extension workers, and 3) administrators, leaders, extension workers and agronomists working in the field that lack adequate knowledge of the Rhizobium/Legume symbiosis. Immediate measures to foster extension and legume promotion programs and informal and/or official quality control are needed in Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, Mexico, and probably Colombia. Countries where combined efforts should primarily be directed toward stimulating research and extension include Peru, Venezuela, Costa Rica, and Chile. In Ecuador, Paraguay, Bolivia, Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, the Dominican Republic and Panama, priority should be given to research. Colombia should also be included in this group as national research institutions need to be strengthened. Table 2 lists these priorities more fully.
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