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  • Articles  (29)
  • Nitrogen fixation  (19)
  • Nitrate  (10)
  • Springer  (29)
  • American Geophysical Union
  • American Meteorological Society
  • American Physical Society (APS)
  • Cambridge University Press
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  • 1982  (29)
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  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (29)
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  • Articles  (29)
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  • Springer  (29)
  • American Geophysical Union
  • American Meteorological Society
  • American Physical Society (APS)
  • Cambridge University Press
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  • 2000-2004
  • 1980-1984  (29)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Drought stress ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Prosopis spp ; Semi-arid ; Tree legumes ; Water potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The literature does not contain a field report of nodulation for the xerophytic tree legumes of the genus Prosopis despite their widespread occurrence in semi-arid regions of the world. A phraetophytically simulated greenhouse experiment was conducted with mesquite in a 3m deep soil column to determine if nodules would form in deper depths where moisture is more abundant. The upper 0.5m in the soil column was allowed to dry to 2200 kPa but the 3.2 m depth was maintained at soil moistures more positive than 70 kPa by water additions to the bottom of the soil column. Over 100 nodules and an acetylene reduction rate of 1.9 mg/h were observed at the 3.2m depth. Nodulation or acetylene reduction were not observed closer than 2.7m from the surface. Air temperatures during these assays exceeded 45°C. Leaf xylem water potentials were in the 2800–3500 kPa range.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 65 (1982), S. 383-396 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Frankia ; Microbial ecology ; Nitrogen fixation ; Purshia ; Revegetation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrogen fixing trees and shrubs may be useful in revegetation efforts. Speculation that insufficient endophyte populations in surface soils may limit non-leguminous symbiotic nitrogen fixation in marginal land was explored.Purshia tridentata andP. glandulosa seedlings were grown in greenhouse trials using ten soils from nativePurshia sites. Treatments include a control, an inoculated treatment, and six mmole nitrogen amendment. When inoculated with aP.tridentata crushed nodule inoculum, two of five non-nodulating soils and three sparsely nodulating soils produced well nodulated plants. Inoculation also increased nodule mass, total nitrogen, nitrogen content and shoot dry mass in plants from some of the soils. Of the three soils failing to produce nodulated plants when inoculated, one produced plants that responded well to nitrogen additions but failed to nodulate under low nitrogen conditions; another produced severely stunted plants indicating nutritional limitations on the host; and the third produced plants that were not nitrogen deficient. An application of nitrogen completely suppressed nodulation in all but one soil. The twoPurshia species were similar in nodulation, nitrogen fixation and growth, although important exceptions exist that indicate species may differ in adaptability to certain soil conditions.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acridine orange ; Cochliobolus sativus ; Common root rot ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nuclear staining ; Roots ; Senescence ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Natural senescence of the root cortex was assessed by nuclear staining, for cultivars and chromosome substitution lines of spring wheat known to differ in (1) susceptibility to common root rot, (2) total rhizosphere populations and (3) ability to support growth of a free-living nitrogen-fixing bacterium. Together, three root rot susceptible wheat lines showed significantly more cortical senescence than did three resistant lines; the susceptible lines also support larger rhizosphere populations. The wheat line that supports growth of a nitrogen-fixing bacterium showed significantly less cortical death than did any other line. Substitution of chromosome pairs 5B or 5D between the parent cultivars Rescue and Cadet substantially altered the amount of root cortex death, which is thus genetically determined. It is suggested thatCochliobolus sativus and other weak parasites benefit from early natural senescence of the root cortex, and that the degree of susceptibility or resistance of wheat lines to common root rot is at least partly determined by differences in cortical senescence.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 68 (1982), S. 55-67 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Klebsiella ; Nitrogen fixation ; Oryza sativa ; Phyllosphere ; Rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The beneficial effect of spraying some highly active phyllosphere N2-fixing microorganisms on high and low yielding cultivars of rice plants as compared with that of urea applied at different doses are described. The dry weight, N-content, 1000 grain weight, and yield were remarkably increased in all cases with the application of phyllosphere microorganisms. The performance of two isolates KUP4 and KUPBR2 with IR-8 and IR-26 rice, was better than that of 52 kg urea-N per hectare. IR-579 rice leaves in association with some phyllosphere bacteria reduced acetylene at the rate of 664–816 nmoles/g leaf/h. In IR-26 rice the effect of application of bacterial suspension at three phases of plant growth corresponded very well with that of urea application in three split doses under identical conditions. Recommended fertilizer rates produced the same yield as the half dose plus bacterial spray in the cultivars Pankaj and Rupsail. Fertilizer application in Pankaj and Rupsail rice reduced nitrogenase activity and the beneficial effects of phyllosphere N2-fixation was reduced by 40–55%.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Deep placement ; Light intensity ; Nitrate ; Nitrogen ; Oryza sativa L. ; Rice ; Surface application ; Urea ; Wetland rice ; Yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Lowland rice (RD 3) was cultivated in containers of clay soil submerged with 5 cm water under controlled conditions in the phytotron. Deep placement of urea supergranules 5 cm in the soil significantly enhanced both plant growth and fertilizer efficiency when the plants were cultivated under high light intensity (70 Wm−2). At the highest urea level grain yield increased 119% above the control level, while growth and fertilizer efficiency was not as high when deep placement of calcium nitrate was used. The application of urea prills and calcium nitrate (18.4g Nm−2) in two split doses on the soil surface increased grain yield as much as 91% above the control level. At the lower nitrogen concentration (9.2 g N m−2), the urea prills were more efficient than calcium nitrate as indicated by the grain yield. The height of those plants fertilized by surface application was affected by the concentration and not the type of fertilizer. The number of tillers, however, was significantly higher on urea fertilized plants. When the rice plants were cultivated under low light intensity 930 Wm−2), neither the nitrogen fertilizers nor the method of application had a significant effect on growth and yield.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 233-238 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; Azospirillum spp. ; Azospirillum lipoferum ; Wheat yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Seven isolates belonged toA. brasilense and 3 belonged toA. lipoferum. Isolates having more denitrifying capacity fixed less nitrogen in nitrogen free semi-solid malate medium. One strain ofA. lipoferum having high nitrogen fixing capacity with negative test for denitrification was tested as inoculant to supplement the nitrogen need of a wheat crop in field condition with different doses of N with and without the inoculant. While control without nitrogen yielded 1260 kg/ha the yield in inoculated treatment was 2070 kg/ha resulting in significant increase. In a treatment receiving 40 kg N/ha the grain yield was 2370 kg/ha as against yield of 3110 kg/ha in a similar treatment receiving fertiliser plus inoculant. Thus increase in yield was about 30%. Further the treatment receiving 80 kg N/ha yielded 2970 kg/ha as against yield of 4150 kg/ha in a treatment receiving inoculant alongwith the above dose of the fertiliser. Thus increase in yield due to application of inoculant was about 36%. Similarly, the uptake of N in different treatments was augmented due to inoculation of seeds with the culture.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 293-297 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ecology ; Frankia ; Nitrogen fixation ; Water potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Growth responses of Frankia isolates to decreasing water potential were monitored in systems where potentials were controlled by KCl, NaCl and Polyethylene glycol. The highest potential tested was −2 bar (basal medium). The general pattern emerging was that isolates fromAlnus glutinosa, A. viridis andComptonia peregrina showed declining growth at potentials below −2 to −5 bar. AMyrica gale isolate showed declining growth with decreasing potential. All isolates were more sensitive to decreases in potential in a matric controlled than an osmotic controlled system. They all showed approximately 50 percent growth reduction at −5 to −8 bar, and meagre growth at −16 bar after 35 days. The Comptonia isolate was the most vigorous at low potentials. Nitrogen fixation ability was monitored for two isolates. Highest specific activities were observed between −3 and −5 bar for the Myrica isolate and between −5 and −7.5 bar for theA. glutinosa isolate.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aeration ; Calcium ; Carbon dioxide ; Ethylene ; Nitrate ; Nitrite ; Nitrous oxide ; Oxygen ; Potassium ; Roots ; Triticum aestivum ; Waterlogging ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary We report a study of the mechanism by which the response of plants to waterlogging can be modified by soil temperature. Wheat was grown initially in well-aerated soil in a controlled environment room before the soil was flooded with aerated, deionized water. The soil temperature was maintained constant in the range 6–18°C while the air temperature was at 14°C. Waterlogging damage was greater in plants at the higher soil temperatures when the plants were compared at the same chronological age. However, when compared at the same growth stage, the response to soil temperature was little differenti.e. plants subjected to waterlogging for a long time at low soil temperatures exhibited a similar reduction in growth and other properties as those subjected briefly at higher temperatures. The concentration of dissolved oxygen in the soil solution declined rapidly at all temperatures, being almost zero after 36 h waterlogging. Temperature affected rates of change of the concentrations of dissolved carbon dioxide, ethylene, nitrous oxide, nitrite, nitrate, calcium and potassium. The importance of soil-and plant-determined properties in the waterlogging response of plants at different temperatures are discussed.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 341-352 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Barley ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizoplane ; Rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Aerobic and anaerobic N2-fixing bacteria developed in the rhizosphere of barley seedlings and exhibited N2ase activity when seedlings were grown in sterilized sand-nutrient cultures containing low levels of combined nitrogen. The source of the N2-fixing bacteria appeared to be the seed. Average daily rates up to 0.9 μmoles C2H4 h−1 g−1 dry root tissue were measured, but the intensity of the activity was affected by moisture levels and concentration of combined N in the rhizosphere. Removal and washing of the roots did not remove the activity, and roots remained active even after surface-sterilization. An unidentified aerobic N2-fixing bacterium was isolated from the rhizoplane of active barley roots. Inoculation of barley seedlings with the aerobic N2-fixing bacterium enhanced N2ase activity of excised roots 10-fold, with average rates of 0.9, 1.1 and 1.3 μmoles h−1 g−1 dry root assayed under pO2 of 0.01, 0.02 and 0.04 atm respectively. The aerobic N2-fixing bacterium also exhibited N2ase activity when inoculated into the rhizosphere of oat, rice and wheat seedlings. Microscopic observations of sterilized live and stained barley roots suggest that the aerobic N2-fixing bacterium is an endophyte which infects root tissue and metamorphoses into vesicle-like structures.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 64 (1982), S. 129-138 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium ; Buffering power ; Nitrate ; Nutrient availability ; Phosphate ; Potassium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In most arable soils the nitrate availability depends mainly on the quantity of nitrate present in the rooting zone at the beginning of the growing season. Easily mineralizable organic N and the release of non-exchangeable NH4 from clay minerals may in addition control the nitrogen availability during a season. In flooded soils, ammonium is the major form of nitrogen absorbed by plants. Ammonium dynamics in these soils is similar to that of potassium. The availability of both is controlled mainly by the intensity and buffering power for ammonium or potassium, respectively. Basically, intensity of the supply and buffering power for phosphate are the main factors determining the phosphate availability. The determination of the phosphate buffer power, especially in the root zone, however, remains to be difficult. Soil test methods should take into consideration the major factors and processes relevant to the availability of a particular plant nutrient.
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