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  • Life and Medical Sciences  (1,488)
  • 1980-1984  (1,272)
  • 1935-1939  (216)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1983  (697)
  • 1981  (575)
  • 1937  (104)
  • 1936  (112)
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  • 1980-1984  (1,272)
  • 1935-1939  (216)
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of ultracentrifuging on Paramecium, with special reference to recovery and macronuclear reorganizationAided by a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation for the study of cellular biology. (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 27-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Paramecium caudatum becomes much elongated upon centrifuging at 21,000 times gravity. The chromatin is sometimes forced from the achromatic matrix of the macronucleus. The materials in the cell are redistributed according to their relative specific gravities as follows: At the centrifugal end of the cell, crystals, layer of fluid, micronucleus and macronuclear chromatin, food vacuoles and neutral red inclusions, achromatic matrix of the macronucleus, endoplasm with large clear alveoli, and fat, at the centripetal end of the cell. The contracting vacuole is displaced sometimes but not the feeding canals or pore. In some cases the crystals, micronucleus and macronuclear chromatin may be extruded from the cell. Animals which survive centrifuging regain their usual shape and the disturbed materials return to their usual distribution rapidly. Sometimes the crystals remain in large compact masses and are so passed to the daughter cells upon fission. The two components of the macronucleus do not fuse the macronuclear chromatin regenerates an achromatic matrix, and division is somewhat delayed. The old macronuclear matrix persists over a long time and sometimes interferes with division. Animals which have no micronucleus may survive and divide, but no amicronucleate races have been established. Apparently macronuclear chromatin is necessary for the survival and division of P. caudatum; in the absence of the macronuclear chromatin no replacement occurs from the micronucleus. The membrane of the contracting vacuole is temporary.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050610103
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050590101
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The histology of the paraphysis of Amblystoma (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The paraphysis of adult Amblystoma is made up of low columnar ependymal epithelit m which forms the paraphyseal tubules which end blindly and which communicate with one another by a common mouth with the third ventricle. Between the paraphyseal tubules venous sinusoids anastomose freely with one another forming a complicated rete. The sinusoids are made up entirely of endothelium. The blood supply to the paraphysis is entirely venous.Mitochondria were found in great abundance in the paraphysis of one female just previous to laying. Other specimens showed very few present. No conclusions can be drawn from these few observations as to the relationship between physiological activity and cellular structures.The Golgi apparatus was observed definitely localized between the nucleus and the ventricular end of the cell.Many large crystalloids were also observed to be localized between the nucleus and the ventricular end of the cell.Intercellular spaces are readily observed in sections stained with Mallory's connective tissue stain. Nassonow's osmic acid technique for the Golgi apparatus and Benda's crystal violet and alizarin stain clearly bring out the intercellular canals. Acid fuchsin stained particles within the intercellular spaces are more abundant toward the sinusoids than the cavities of the paraphyseal tubules. The intercellular canals have not been seen to communicate with either the sinusoids or the cavities of the paraphyseal tubules in any of the preparations observed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050590102
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    Studies on cell number and the progression factor in the growth of Japanese beetle larvae (Popillia japonica Newman) (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 91-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Increases in weight, total body length, and width and length of the head capsule of Japanese beetle larvae were studied. Since the progression factors decreased with succeeding molts and exhibited considerable variation it was concluded that Przibram's principle is inapplicable. Cells were counted in the mid-intestine and brain. Columnar cells of the mid-intestine were measured. The data show: (a) No increase in cell number occurs at the time of molting. (b) The progression in weight and length cannot be correlated with an increase in cell number. In the first instar the progression for increase in weight was 5.73; while for increase in cell number, it was 1.67 for the mid-intestine, and 1.19 for the brain. In the second instar, the corresponding figures were 5.24, 1.98 and 1.69. In the third instar average weight increased 3.18 times, but there was practically no increase in cell number. Thus, molting does not represent a definite increase in number of cells of the insect's body as suggested by Przibram and Megusar, and Bodenheimer's method of calculating cell divisions seems to have no factual basis. Increase in size of the larva is largely due to an increase in cell size. The ratio of increase in total cell volume of the columnar cells of the mid-intestine is approximately equal to the ratio of weight increase.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050590105
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  • 5
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    The intergeneric homology of an atypical euchromosome in several closely related Acridinae (order orthoptera) (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 123-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An atypical euchromosome, characterized by the large size and deep stainability of its chromomeres during the meiotic prophase, occurs in representatives of seven genera of Acridinae, viz., Chorthippus curtipennis, Euchorthippus pulvinatus, Stenobothrus lineatus, Omocestus ventralis, Stauroderus biguttulus, Gomphocerus rufus, and Aeropedellus clavatus. This element, which is termed the ‘megameric chromosome,’ stains more deeply than the other euchromosomes also during interkinesis and early spermiogenesis. The megameric chromosomes of the individual exhibit striking similarity in the number, size, and arrangement of their chromomeres through successive stages of the meiotic prophase. All the evidence from cytological study indicates that these chromosomes are intergenerically homologous. This is chiefly significant in the support it gives to the theory of chromosome individuality. The heteromorphic megameric tetrad of one individual of S. biguttulus - unequal because of a deficiency - usually undergoes segregation in the second division. The megameric chromosomes display splits previous to synapsis. Pairing begins at their proximal ends and proceeds distally. All the euchromosomes of the spermatid nucleus show splits in preparation for the first cleavage division of the zygote.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050590107
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Branchial glands in fishes (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 215-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In a comparative study of the branchial epithelium of fishes we find the occurrence of three distinct types and seven subtypes of intra-epithelial glands which are in intimate association with the branchial epithelium of fishes.These glands have been classified according to their morphological patterns, cytoplasmic content and other features dealing with structural complexity.Although these structures arrange themselves in a graded series which become increasingly more and more complex, there does not appear to be any definite correlation between the structural complexity of the glands, and the apparent evolutionary history of the fishes.We conclude from the characteristic arrangement, relationships, and specific staining reactions that these structures are intra-epithelial mucous glands.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050590202
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  • 7
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    Spermatophores of the snail Neritina reclivata (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. 191-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Differing from hitherto known spermatophores, these are found to have the form of a loop with a thick body and the slender ends twisted together.Also one end bears a spiral row of triradiate spicules, unique in being chitinoid secretions. Each is formed within a vacuole of a cell of a small gland found in the males. The ends of the spermatophores hold sperms, but the main mass consists of granules of problematical value. Spermatophores after discharge are stored up within the female, where remnants of them remain indefinitely.For the first time stages in the formation of spermatophores were found within the males. The head organ in the male is found to be more complex than hitherto known in this genus. A special head organ in the female is described for the first time in this family. An hypothesis is advanced as to the possible use of these male and female head organs in transfer of spermatophores. The suggestion is made that in this family the spermatophores and their organs of transfer and of storage may serve as generic characters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050600110
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  • 8
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    Cell division and differentiation in the growth of specialized vertebrate tissues (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. 243-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The post-embryonic growth of the notochord, sensory retinal cells, cartilage and gut epithelium in frog tadpoles, trout and lamprey is described. Increase in the number of notochord and sensory retinal cells results only from the mitotic division of cells which have not yet undergone the structural modifications characteristic for these cells. The specialized and functional cell does not divide. In the frog tadpole the cartilage cells increase by mitotic division of the fully-formed and functional cell: in addition there are centers of proliferation consisting of small, rapidly-dividing cells. The trout is similar except that there are no centers of proliferation, in addition amitotic division occurs. The gut epithelium grows by mitotic division of the functional constituent cells. During division the cell assumes a spherical shape and its functional activities are suspended.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050600113
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    The gularis muscle in Urodela (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1937), S. 317-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The last muscle in the transverse superficial throat series in all genera of salamanders is here called ‘gularis.’ This eliminates a long list of synonyms. A description of its metamorphic changes in Dicamptodon (Ambystomidae) and comparison of the larval and adult conditions in this genus with those in other known genera clears up the homologies of the muscle throughout the series. The study is based on dissections and a survey of the literature covering all important groups except the Hynobiidae.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050600202
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  • 10
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    Weights and linear dimensions of the skull and some of the long bones of the skunk (Mephitis mesomelas avia) (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1937), S. 379-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The skull, mandible, atlas, scapula and the six long bones from seventy-four male and sixty-nine female skunk skeletons were weighed. Nine dimensions of the skull, two dimensions of the mandible and of the scapula, the length of the os coxa and the lengths of the same six long bones, were measured from 99 male and 109 female skeletons.The weights of the skull and of the nine bones are significantly heavier in the male skunks and all but one of the linear measurements are likewise significantly greater in the males. The weights and the linear dimensions of the skull and the mandible are more variable in the males but the lengths of the long bones are more variable in the females.The rather high positive correlations of the skull weight and the weights of the other parts of the skeleton studied, show that the weight of the skull is a good criterion of the weights of the other bones. These correlations are slightly higher in the males. The nineteen linear dimensions are likewise well correlated with the skull length. They average somewhat higher in the females.The data on the symmetry of the paired bones are not very conclusive, but there is a preponderance of heavier and longer right bones and a crossed symmetry is suggested.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050600205
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  • 11
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    Observations on sperm formation in the centrurid scorpions with especial reference to the Golgi material (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1937), S. 407-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The Mexican scorpion Centruroides shows exactly the same type of chondriokinesis (by ring formation) as that hitherto known only in the related form Centrurus, as earlier reported by one of us ('31). The Golgi bodies show no trace of ring formation but are distributed by random assortment like that of the chondriosomes in other scorpions. The Golgi bodies, clearly visible in vivo, show the typical plate-like or lamellar structure characteristic of them in other forms. In the first division, after Weigl, there appear to be two metaphase stages, an earlier one in which the dictyosomes are irregularly scattered and a later one in which they tend to mass near the mitotic poles. In the same division, after Champy-Kull, the (presumable) dictyosomes are regularly massed near the poles and may be traced through the whole mitosis. The neural red bodies (‘vacuome’) undergo an irregular distribution and are cast out in the slough. The problem of distribution and localization in the sperm-cell formation are discussed with reference to the principle of genetic continuity in the germ cell.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050600207
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  • 12
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    The development of the cortical adrenal in the four-toed salamander Hemidactylium scutatum (Schlegel)Contribution from the Department of Zoölogy, University of Michigan. (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1937), S. 521-561 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Accounts of cortical adrenal development in urodeles are few in number and mostly incomplete from the point of view of development. Hence, an investigation was initiated to fill in existing gaps and present a complete developmental history of the glands in one of the urodeles.The primary anlagen of the cortical adrenal (interrenal) were seen first in the 8.8-mm. embryo as paired or unpaired cell groups in the interrenal area of the 'tween zone lying either in contact with or just beneath the coelomic epithelium. It was not possible to determine definitely whether they originate from the coelomic mesothelium or from the subjacent mesenchyme. Subsequent primordia are formed continuously throughout the period of larval development in an antero-posterior time sequence. Almost immediately they become associated with the postcaval system and the relationship thus established persists throughout life. There is no evidence of a budding process as described by Albrand ('08).During development there is a progressive increase in the size and number of cortical masses, an increase in the total area occupied by them, and a posterior shifting of the tissue as a whole as determined by its position in relation to the spinal ganglia. The definitive distribution is attained at the time of metamorphosis. The tissue occurs abundantly along the postcava, but strands along the median edge of the mesonephroi, as in some urodeles, are only sparingly developed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050600211
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  • 13
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    Panniculus carnosus and formation of the pouch in Didelphids (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 1-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Panniculus carnosus is well developed in the five Didelphids studied. It is described in three parts: pars dorsalis, pars thoracoabdominalis and pars pudenda, in Marmosa, Didelphis, Metachirops, Metachirus and Chironectes, and in Orolestes, a caenolestid marsupial. Pars dorsalis is well developed in all five genera, but not so well developed as in Orolestes; pars thoracoabdominalis is present in all five Didelphids, but not in Orolestes; and the degree of development of pars pudenda is correlated with the development of the pouch, being absent in Orolestes, weak in Marmosa and strong in both males and females of the other genera. In Chironectes, in which genus the male develops a pouch, pars pudenda is strikingly developed. The ‘sphincter marsupii’ of other writers is considered to be a portion of pars pudenda.In early development an epidermal ridge arises surrounding part of the mammary area. In Marmosa these ridges move laterally and posteriorly before the expanding mammary area. In Didelphis, Metachirops, Metachirus and Chironectes the ridges form the lips of the pouch. The pouch is formed when the ridges remain stationary and the expanding mammary area throws the skin into a double-walled fold.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050610102
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  • 14
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    Oogenesis of Meretrix casta (chemnitz) with a note on the nature of the contents of neutral red vacuoles (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 127-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The Gelgi bodies in Meretrix casta being visible in fresh eggs, an attempt was made to elucidate the nature of the contents of neutral red vacuoles. These are neo-formations which arise on treatment with neutral red Ringer. As recent researches have shown that neutral red forms compounds with enzymes, it is suggested that the new vacuoles in Meretrix are visible products of the attempt of the Golgi apparatus to eliminate neutral red which is a foreign substance to the egg. The function of Golgi bodies in the control of cell metabolism by production of intra-cellular enzymes is discussed.
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050610107
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  • 15
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    Reproductive system of the bruchid beetles bruchus quadrimaculatus Fabr., bruchus (callosobruchus) chinensis L., (bruchidae - Coleoptera) (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 175-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The reproductive organs of Bruchus quadrimaculatus Fabr., and B. (Callosobruchus) chinensis L., including histology are described in detail. The role of the different parts of the male and female copulatory apparatus is discussed and the physical composition and function of the secretions of the accessory glands are indicated. The specific differences in the structure of the genitalia of the two species are shown.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050610110
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  • 16
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    An analysis of the early development of the chick by means of the mitotic indexContributions from the Zoölogical Laboratory, University of Oklahoma, second series, no. 150. Summary of a thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Oklahoma in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, June, 1935. (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 257-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Using the percentage of mitotic figures in the cells as an index, a study was made of the distribution of cell multiplication in the development of the chick embryo. Counts were made of all regions in embryos ranging from the embryonic shield stage to sixteen somites, and of the neural and sensory epithelia and axial mesoderm of older embryos. Figures are presented which are believed to establish the sufficiency of mitotic division in producing the cell increases in the early embryo. In the developing primitive streak, areas of superior division rate were found in the presumptive medullary plate ectoderm at the sides of the streak. The node and the primitive plate tend to exhibit lower rates than the axis of the streak. The posterior nerve cells multiply more rapidly than the average of the neural tube, and areas of activity in the mesoderm tend to be located near the posterior end. An antero-posterior gradient of the index is indicated in the anterior neural tube, meeting a transient postero-anterior gradient of the hinder cord in the yolk-sac region. A lower rate of division in the floor than in the sides of the neural ectoderm may be implicated in the inrolling of the medullary plate and in the ventral ourvature of older embryos. All indices drop progressively with advancing age and differentiation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050610203
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  • 17
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    Masthead (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050610301
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  • 18
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    Oogenesis in a thelytokous wasp, Nemeritis canescens (Grav.) (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 453-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the fifty generations of reared Nemeritis, males have been totally lacking. Oogenesis is atypical in (1) the occurrence of a pronounced and lengthy prochromosome stage, (2) the partial fusion of the eleven tetrads at early first anaphase, (3) following first anaphase, a return of all dyads from both poles to form a common second metaphase plate consisting of twenty-two separate dyads, (4) a second division which forms a single polar nucleus and an egg nucleus, each with twenty-two chromosomes, (5) the parthenogenetic development of the egg nucleus with twenty-two chromosomes. Oviposition, which occurs at first anaphase, is followed by a pronounced swelling of the egg through osmosis. Oogonia, follicle cells, cleavage nuclei and somatic cells in later embryogeny all show twenty-two metaphase chromosomes, while pupai tissue shows also tetraploid and octoploid complexes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050610303
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  • 19
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    Certain reproductive organs in the Neritidae (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 525-561 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Descriptions and figures of the subordinate sex-organs are given for thirty species taken at random throughout the entire family.It is found: that the higher genera have organs not present in the lower; that they have a storage sac for mineral particles to be added to the secreted capsules within which the eggs will develop; that the anus is more or less fused to the mouth of the oviduct to allow of easy passage of the above materials from anus to oviduct; that spermatophores grade from simple elongated tubes of the lower to stout double tubes with various forms, with spicules, or with spirals, in the higher forms; that the sacs for holding the spermatophores may be simple, when the spermatophores are cast out after discharge, but are more evolved when spermatophores are to be permanently retained and digested; that while lower forms have no sex organs upon the head, peculiar organs occur in the higher genera, in one or both sexes.These organs have value as aids in classification of genera within the family Neritidae. The very marked coordination among these organs may be better understood when further observation reveals how they are used in sperm transfer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050610307
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  • 20
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    Studies on the amphibian digestive system II. Comparative histology of the pancreas, following early larval development, in certain species of anura (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 581-611 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Anatomically, the structure of the pancreas in four species of anura studied, is very similar during various stages of development. The gland is greatly reduced in size during both artificially induced and natural metamorphosis. When metamorphosis is artificially induced, the regression of the pancreas occurs somewhat earlier and is a little more rapid than in the case of natural metamorphosis, but the condition exhibited at the end of the phenomenon is similar in each case. Correlated with the anatomical regression during metamorphosis, many of the acinous cells, small collecting ducts and sinusoidal capillaries, undergo degeneration. This histolysis occurs somewhat earlier in animals that undergo artificially induced metamorphosis, but regeneration occurs about the same time in both metamorphic types. Most of the degenerated elements are autolyzed in situ; some are sloughed into sinusoidal capillaries; while a small number are eliminated through pancreatic ducts. It is doubtful whether these elements are ingested by phagocytes. The pancreas, in certain cases during later stages of metamorphosis, appears to take on a temporary hematopoietic function leading to the differentiation of red blood cells. Zymogen granules, lipoid granules, and X-granules are demonstrated in the anuran pancreas. X-granules, found in the larvae, are indeterminate in nature and are quite probably remnants of vitelline material found in the early embryo.
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    Erratum (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. i 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050600109
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    The development and metamorphosis of the mid-intestinal epithelium of Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) (Coleoptera)The author is indebted to Prof. Wm. S. Marshall, University of Wisconsin, for helpful criticisms and suggestions throughout the course of this investigation. (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. 221-241 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two sizes of cells are found in the mid-gut epithelium of late embryos. The larger cells contain nuclei having twice the number of prochromosomes and nearly twice the volume as compared with the nuclei of the smaller cells. During each larval instar, the nuclei of the functional mid-gut epithelium nearly double their volume and there is a corresponding increase in the amount of chromatin. It is suggested that chromosome division without nuclear division occurs in these epithelial cells during the pre-ecdysial periods of each instar. The mid-intestinal epithelial cells and their nuclei undergo characteristic changes during the feeding and pre-ecdysial periods of each instar. Prochromosomes as well as cytoplasmic globules, which represent a cytoplasmic diminution process, are visible in the latter period. The regeneration cells which give rise to the pupal and mid-gut epithelia have origin from the small embryonic mid-gut cells and from nuclei and cytoplasm derived from the larval epithelium by means of an apparent ‘pseudoreduction’ of the large larval nuclei during the late third and fourth instars.
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    The bodies of Eberth as a source of connective tissue ground substance in Rana catesbiana, ShawThis study was aided by a grant from the National Research Council, Committee on Radiation. Grant administered by W. C. Curtis. (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. 279-285 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The bodies of Eberth in the skins of tadpoles appear in young stages as fine threads and develop into heavy, amorphous masses in close contact with the basal membranes of the epidermal cells. They possess extensions which pass from the epidermal cells through their membranes into the corium. During metamorphosis, when the amount of dermal connective tissue is greatly increased, the bodies disappear the more distal first and the most proximal latest. The processes which pass into the dermis are the last parts to remain visible. Examination of a series of stages suggests that they pass through the cell membranes of the epidermis and into the corium. The bodies then, may be regarded as reserve accumulations of secreted material which are used up in the formation of dermal connective tissue. This explanation accounts for three otherwise unexplained peculiarities of the skin of the developing frog: (1) the presence and growth of the bodies of Eberth; (2) their disappearance during metamorphosis; (3) the sudden large increase in connective tissue fibers of the dermis at metamorphosis.
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    The adrenal-autonomic complex in Alligator mississippiensis (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1937), S. 361-377 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The adrenal-autonomic systems were studied in embryonic and juvenile alligators. In the class Reptilia virtually no previous work has been done on the adrenal-autonomic systems.The adrenals are definite bodies, distinct from the kidney. In young forms they are in close proximity to the gonads and in both the embryonic and young forms the adrenals lie against the wall of the inferior vena cava.Cortical cells predominate. In embryonic forms the medullary tissue is not dispersed as in older forms. The medullary tissue lies in close proximity to the blood sinuses or may completely surround them.The arterial supply is scanty there being only a few small arteries to the adrenal while the blood supply from the inferior vena cava is profuse.The innervation is segmental in nature with four or five consecutive sympathetic ganglia giving off sympathetic nerves to the adrenal. Parasympathetic innervation was not observed in the forms studied. The innervation suggests a transition from lower forms with their segmental diffuse medullary material to the higher forms that display concentration of nerve supply and adrenal tissue.
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    A comparative study of the contents of the gelatinous accumulations of the culture media and the contents of the cytoplasm of Amoeba proteus and Arcella vulgaris (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1937), S. 325-359 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Comparative data give the basis for reinterpreting alleged chromidia, mitochondria and Golgi material described for certain rhizopods.Three distinct groups of granules can be demonstrated in both Amoeba and Arcella by techniques ordinarily employed for revealing chromatin elements of a cell, mitochondria or Golgi material. With respect to physico-chemical properties the granules appear identical with certain forms of bacteria in the culture media. They are not destroyed by alcohol, ether, or Altmann's fluid containing 5% acetic acid.These granules are apparently bacteria; two groups representing permanent cytoplasmic entities either as symbionts or commensals, the third possibly temporary invaders.None of the cytoplasmic inclusions of these rhizopods have given the characteristic mitochondrial reaction when treated with Janus green. Spherules and granules, or alleged Golgi material, in Amoeba blackened with osmic acid can be revealed by techniques ordinarily employed for demonstrating the chromatin elements of a cell. Similar spherules and granules occur in the gelatinous material of the culture media, free or in bodies similar to those sometimes found in food vacuoles.In Arcella, neutral-red-stainable and osmiophilic bodies, apparently identical with granules or small globules found individually distributed in the cytoplasm, can be observed both in food bodies in food vacuoles and in similar food organisms in the medium. Those occurring in the cytoplasm may represent indigestible material.
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    Studies on the anatomy of the respiratory system of Drosophila melanogaster (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1937), S. 445-458 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A description is given of the gross anatomy of the tracheal system of the larva of Drosophila melanogaster. Comparisons of findings are made with those of Lowne for Calliphora, Wahl for Eristalis, Simms for Hylemyia, Dufour for Sarcophaga, Wandolleck for Platycephala, Trägårdh for Ephydra, and De Meijere for Lonchoptera.
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    The continuity of the germ cells in the urodele, Plethodon cinereus (Green) (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1937), S. 489-519 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Plethodon cinereus is favorable for a study of the history of the germ line. The germ cells are large, while the gonads are small and show an almost diagrammatic structure. Germ cell degeneration is not extensive during ontogeny. As long as all the germ cells contain yolk during development, these cells are derived solely from germ cells. In Plethodon, yolk lasts in all germ celis through sex differentiation. A comparison of the number of mitoses necessary for the primordial germ cells to produce the numbers of germ cells in gonads where every germ cell contains yolk, with the mitoses necessary for the primordial cells to produce the adult complements of germ cells, shows that at least 72% of the increase of germ cells can be followed by yolk. A cytological study from the embryo through the adult sexual cycle gave no evidence that somiatic cells ever transform into germ cells. Mitoses are abundant in the testes of salamanders starved 4 months. This fact together with a statistical study on the adult male sexual cycle indicates that the germ cells present in the testis do not need to be augmented by transformed somatic cells. It is concluded that in Plethodon germ cells alone give rise to germ cells, and that the germ line is continuous.
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    Division and conjugation in Nyctotherus cordiformis (EHr.) Stein (Protozoa, Ciliata) with special reference to the nuclear phenomenaA thesis in Zoölogy presented to the faculty of the graduate school of the University of Pennsylvania in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy.An abstract of this paper has appeared in the Biological Bulletin, vol. 71, 1936. (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1937), S. 563-611 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A cytological study of the complete life cycle of Nyctotherus cordiformis (Ehr.) Stein, a heterotrichous ciliate from the large intestine of tadpole and adult Hyla versicolor hosts is presented. In division a partial dedifferentiation of parental ingestatory structures occurs, then redifferentiation, to be retained by the anterior daughter. For the posterior daughter, the ingestatory apparatus arises de novo. In conjugation, two ciliates fuse along their peristomes. The macronucles undergoes complete fragmentation while the micronucleus divides three times. The first pregamic division results in two micronuclear products; the second division, four micronuclear products, three of which degenerate. The remaining product enters into the third pregamic division to produce the two functional, migratory and stationary, pronuclei. Interchange of migratory pronuclei follows at the fused anterior ends of the conjugants to form the amphinucleus which divides once to produce the micronucleus and the macronuclear anlage. Development and behavior of the unusual macronuclear anlage (‘spireme-ball’ of Stein and Schneider) is described for the first time. At the end of the conjugation process, ingestatory structures of each conjugant completely dedifferentiate while a complete new set arises de novo posterior to the old ones. In this case, conjugation occurs only in tadpoles which are metamorphosing into frogs. Conjugation here is interpreted as an effort made by the ciliates to overcome a physiological crisis during the drastic host transformation changes.
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    Structural and vascular changes accompanying the resorption of the proctodaeal processes after birth in the embryos of the Goodeidae, a family of viviparous fishesI wish to express my appreciation for the kind advice and guidance of Dr. C. L. Turner, under whose direction this investigation was undertaken. (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 95-125 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The types of processes encountered in the various species investigated are described. There is included the topography and structure before birth of the gonads, mesonephric ducts, urinary sinus and gut. Following birth, there are but slight changes in the topography of these organs. The most important structural change involves a complete ectodermal reconstitution of the end of the gut to form a true rectum. The vascular supply to the processes in the different species is similar and varies only in the minute details. The arterial supply is furnished by an extension of a single mesenteric artery along the gut. The number of arteries and their position at the gut opening depends on the number and position of the processes at that point. Two venous channels drain the processes; one is somatic and drains into the caudal vein, the other is visceral and empties into the hepatic portal through the subintestinal vein. The former drains the posterior process, the latter, the anterior processes. This basic pattern is constant in all species investigated. A description of the rich capillary plexus on the surface of the processes is included. With the resorption of the processes after birth, vessels that supply them become variously modified. The vein to the anterior processes and the single artery are discontinued. The vein that drains the posterior processes either disappears or is retained in part, undergoing secondary connections.
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    Masthead (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050610201
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    A comparative study of the chromosomes of eight genera of Indian Pyrgomorphinae (Acrididae) (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 223-255 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In the spermatogonia of all the genera studied, there are nineteen rod-shaped telomitic chromosomes, which differ considerably regarding their actual sizes in the different genera. However, an analysis of the measurements of second spermatocyte chromosomes shows that as regards proportional sizes and in seriation there is some degree of uniformity within the sub-family. In Aularches, Atractomorpha, Chrotogonus, Colemania and Pyrgomorpha, the members of the smallest pair of autosomes appear as roundish or oval bodies and are comparable in shape, relative size and behavior with the ‘small’ dot-like chromosomes of the general Acrididae, while in Orthacris and Zarytes they are not so and merge into the general series. The sex chromosome is the largest one in the complexes, or the second largest as in Poecilocerus. The usual forms of tetrads occur in the spermatocytes. It is found that the number of ring tetrads in any genus depends upon the length of its chromosomes; in genera with longer chromosomes there are more of them than in genera with shorter ones. While no final explanation has been offered regarding the chromosome relationship between this sub-family and the other Acrididae, some points arising out of the present study have been briefly discussed, and it is shown that a simple process of elimination of two pairs is not sufficient to explain the smaller chromosome number in Pyrgomorphinae.
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    Changes in the volume, form and internal architecture of the nuclei of the granular glands of the integument of the newt, Triturus viridescens (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 385-397 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Concomitant with the appearance of the early secretion granules the nucleus enlarges slightly, the basichromatin is reduced and discrete acidophilic granules appear within the nuclei. Some nuclei become vacuolated and in others the basichromatin is practically reduced to a thin shell reinforced with occasional chromatic strands. Such nuclei are filled with acidophilic granules.In many instances the portion of the nucleus adjacent to the secretion is greatly modified, the basichromatin is reduced and presents an alveolar pattern with the alveoli filled with acidophilic material and elongated at right angles to the nuclear membrane. This appearance suggests that material is passing from the nucleus into the cytoplasm but no cytological evidence of such a passage was obtained.During the storage phase giant nuclei are present. They appear to be the result of a simple hypertrophy but in a few instances it appeared that multiplication by direct division, followed by coalescence might be a contributory factor to their formation.Following thyroidectomy or hypophysectomy the production of secretion was retarded but no profound regression was observed. After treatment with implants or injections of anterior pituitary a mild stimulation was observed.The evidence for nuclear participation in the formation of secretion is not conclusive but many of the changes which occur strongly suggest such an activity.
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    A cytological study of the Golgi substance of striated muscle of vertebratesA dissertation presented to the Board of Graduate Studies of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 399-431 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The silver chromate method used by Cajal, Fusari, and others supporters of the ‘network’ theory, fixes the contraction bands and (M) membranes in contracted muscle and the (Z) membranes and borders of the (Q) discs in relaxed fibers. The same structures are preserved by fixation in gold chloride. Kolatchev, and Bouin solutions. Muscle tissue subjected, prior to fixation, to fat extractives: ether, chloroform, etc., and subsequently fixed by these methods has an appearance similar to control preparations. The Cajal-Fusari ‘network’ is therefore considered to result from an impregnation of the membranes and bands; the various types of ‘nets’ described by these observers being due to fixation of fibers in different stages of contraction.The true Golgi substance of striated muscle consists of osmiophilic bodies located in the sarcoplasm in proximity to the nuclei. Cone, saucer, or crescent-shaped osmiophilic bodies occur at the poles, and granules, rods or curved rods of similar staining material along the sides of the nuclei. The disposition of these structures varies from nucleus to nucleus. Heart muscle possesses a relatively larger amount of the substance than does skeletal muscle.
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    The trophotaeniaeThe term trophotaeniae, ‘growth ribbons,’ was introduced by Hubbs and Turner ('37). of the goodeidae, a family of viviparous cyprinodont fishes (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 495-523 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The embryos of twenty-one species of the family Goodeidae have extensive rectal processes (trophotaeniae) which serve as absorptive organs, by means of which the embryos while they are retained in the ovarian cavity absorb substances dissolved in the ovarian fluid. Embryos of three species have not been available for study. No trophotaeniae are present in one species Ataeniobius toweri. There are three general types of trophotaeniae, rosette, sheathed and unsheathed. The structure of the trophotaeniae is sufficiently constant in each species to be used in species determination.
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    Vasculogenesis of the bursa cloacalis (bursa of Fabricius) of the chick embryo (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 167 (1981), S. 35-42 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Vasculogenesis of the bursa cloacalis (bursa of Fabricius) was examined in 10- to 21-day chick embryos and in chicks during the first 5 days post-hatching. The entire circulatory system was injected with India ink, and the bursae were then removed and either cleared for examination in toto or sectioned serially. The bursa was supplied by three pairs of extrinsic blood vessels. At 10 and 11 days of incubation, most intrinsic vessels were arranged in a superficial, hexagonal network. In regions of developing plicae, the hexagonal plexus extended into the core of each plica, forming middle plical vessels. The latter were interconnected across interplical areas by cross-connecting vessels. The middle plical vessels gave rise to small capillary offshoots, which soon increased in complexity, forming delicate loops. Branches extended from these loops through the subepithelial lamina propria to incipient epithelial buds by 12 days of incubation. All epithelial buds were supplied by at least one such branch, and similar branches extended to the basal aspect of the epithelium in areas where epithelial buds had not yet formed. This observation is consistent with the hypothesis that blood vessels induce formation of epithelial buds. At about 15 days of incubation, the cortex and medulla of each developing lymphatic follicle were defined clearly, and an intricate, web-like, capillary network coursed throughout the follicular cortex. The medulla appeared to be devoid of capillaries. The diameters of all intrinsic and extrinsic bursal blood vessels gradually increased throughout development. During post-hatching stages, the diameters of the extrinsic vessels continued to increase, whereas those of the intrinsic vessels were markedly decreased from late pre-hatching stages.
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    An investigation of the prolactin-thyroxine synergism in newt limb regeneration (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 167 (1981), S. 103-108 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The use of hormone replacement to support limb regeneration in hypophysectomized newts has been the subject of many investigations. Growth hormone, as well as prolactin (PL) in combination with exogenously supplied thyroxine, have all been shown to he effective. However, the bovine growth hormone used to support limb regeneration was contaminated by prolactin and thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH). The present investigation evaluates the significance of (1) prolactin contamination and (2) endogenous thyroxine synthesis resulting from TSH contamination on limb regeneration in hypophysectomized newts. The effect of supplying exogenous thyroxine was also evaluated. Our studies showed that when hypophysectomized newts were injected with contamination levels of PL and TSH, regeneration occurred, suggesting that the newt's thyroid synthesized sufficient thyroxine to support a prolactin-thyroxine synergism. The endogenous thyroxine was synthesized by thyroid glands that were indistinguishable from those of saline-injected, hypophysectomized controls.
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    The effects of androgens on the β-glands of the tokay (Gekko gecko): Modification of an hypothesis (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 167 (1981), S. 109-118 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Study of the posterior abdominal epidermis in hypophysectomized/thyroidectomized male and female tokays following surgery, and subsequent androgen therapy, indicates that, contrary to a previous model, all aspects of β-gland differentiation are under direct androgenic control. On the other hand, another epidermal specialization, the digital foot-pad, shows a pattern of histogenesis directly comparable to that of β-glands, but is unaffected by androgens. These data are discussed with respect to the evolution of glandular epidermal specializations in gekkonid lizards and the possible role of androgens in modifying the control of cell differentiation in lizard epidermis.
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    Ontogeny and phylogeny of tooth attachment modes in actinopterygian fishes (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 167 (1981), S. 167-184 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: There are four major tooth attachment modes in actinopterygians. Type 1 mode is characterized by complete ankylosis of the tooth to the attachment bone; it is the primitive attachment mode for actinopterygians. In Type 2 mode there is a ring of collagen between the tooth base and the bone. In Type 3 mode mineralization extends near or to the bone at the anterior tooth border, and there is a relatively large collagen area on the posterior surface of the tooth; Type 3 teeth are hinged with an anterior axis of rotation. Type 4 teeth also have a relatively large posterior collagen area, but there is no collagenous connection between the anterior basal tooth border and the attachment bone; Type 4 teeth are hinged, with a posterior axis of rotation. Types 2, 3, and 4 attachment modes appear to result from retardation of mineralization and resemble, with some modifications, ontogenetic stages in the development of Type 1 mode; they are considered to be paedomorphic features. Attachment modes 2, 3, and 4 are each associated with a major evolutionary lineage within the Teleostei. The degree to which paedomorphosis has been a factor in teleostean evolution is discussed.
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    Heterochronic mechanisms of morphological diversification and evolutionary change in the neotropical salamander, Bolitoglossa occidentalis (Amphibia: Plethodontidae) (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 167 (1981), S. 249-264 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Bolitoglossa occidentalis, a lowland salamander of Mexico and Guatemala, has a highly derived morphology. The features that are derived with respect to the condition in generalized members of the genus include the following: (1) small body size; (2) short tail; (3) fully webbed hands and feet; (4) reduction and loss of certain phalangeal elements; (5) fusion of carpals and tarsals; (6) absence of prefrontal bones; and (7) reduced skull ossification. The ontogeny of this species was analyzed quantitatively and compared with the patterns of growth and differentiation encountered in two morphologically generalized members of the genus, B. rostrata and B. subpalmata. Most of the derived features can be explained by invoking a single heterochronic process: truncation of development at a small size (most likely the product of early maturation). Therefore, B. occidentalis is a paedomorphic species whose morphology has been attained through the process of progenesis. This result supports Alberch's ('80a) prediction, based on functional analysis, that the principle adaptation to arboreality in B. occidentalis is small size; other derived morphological features are associated with the organism's truncated development and may have no adaptive significance. However, patterns of dissociation are found within this overall progenetic process. Some of these include the following: (1) accelerated growth rates of the metatarsals and first phalanges, and retarded growth rates of the second and third phalangeal elements; (2) dissociation between rates of ossification of the skull and the autopodial elements; and (3) dissociation between the timing of termination of the process of shape change during the ontogeny of the foot (the product of differential growth between digital and interdigital areas) and termination of growth in overall foot size (foot surface area). This later result illustrates the independence of morphogenetic phenomena (shape change) from processes of growth (size increase).
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    Embryonic stages of Gastrotheca riobambae (fowler) during maternal incubation and comparison of development with that of other egg-brooding hylid frogs (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 167 (1981), S. 277-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A table of development (25 stages) for the period of incubation in the pouch was constructed for Gastrotheca riobambae; it can be used to stage embryos of other egg-brooding hylids. Analysis of embryonic weights during incubation shows that the mother does not contribute nutrients, but gases and other factors are probably exchanged between mother and embryos.According to species, incubation on the back of the mother is carried to the froglet or to the tadpole stages. Development in these hylids is characterized by specialized gills, the bell gills derived from the branchial arches. In some species, the bell gills derive from the first branchial arch and cover less than 50% of the embryo, while in others, the bell gills come from both branchial arches I and II and cover from less than 50% to 100% of the embryo. The most complex bell gills derive from the fusion of the two branchial arches.The majority of egg-brooding hylids live in tropical forests and carry development to the froglet stage. Tadpoles are produced by species of Flectonotus, Fritziana, and Gastrotheca. Tadpole-producing species of Gastrotheca have the most complex reproductive adaptations among egg-brooding hylids Acceleration and retardation in development seem to have played important roles in the evolution of these frogs. The evolutionary trend has been toward direct development, i.e., disappearance of the free-living larval stages through maternal incubation, and later to a recovery of the free-living tadpole stages in species of Gastrotheca with the most complex reproductive adaptations.
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    Structure, histochemistry, ontogenetic development, and regeneration of the ocellus of Cladonema radiatum dujardin (cnidaria, hydrozoa, anthomedusae) (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 167 (1981), S. 313-331 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ectodermal eyes, 45-55 μm in diameter, of the cnidarian hydrozoan Cladonema radiatum Dujardin possess a lens approximately 15 μm in diameter enveloped by an eyecup (retina). An overlying layer of intensely vacuolated distal process of the adjoining epithelial cells forms a transparent cornea. The eyecup is composed of three cell types: basal cells, melanin-containing pigment cells, and photoreceptor cells. The last two cell types occur in the ratio of approximately 2:1. Histogenesis of the eye both during ontogeny and regeneration is described from light and electron microscopic investigations. During ontogeny the cell types forming the retina are derived from a compact group of morphologically undifferentiated cells, but during regeneration a primordium is formed by regeneration cells. In both cases the lens is built from distal nonnucleated cytoplasmic portions pinched off from the pigment cells. The cornea is formed by distal lamellar processes of the ocellus adjoining the epithelial cells. Through EM-histochemical methods (silver impregnation and DOPA-oxidase reaction) the pigment of the chromatophores of the retina was identified as melanin.
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    Announcement (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 168 (1981), S. 247-247 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Masthead (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 168 (1981) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051680301
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    Patterns of olfactory projections in the desert iguana, Dipsosaurus dorsalis (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 168 (1981), S. 189-227 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The neural organization of the olfactory system in the desert iguana, Dipsosaurus dorsalis, has been investigated by using the Fink-Heimer technique to trace the efferents of the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, and Golgi preparations to determine the spatial relations between olfactory afferents and neurons in the primary olfactory centers.The accessory olfactory bulb projects to the ipsilateral nucleus sphericus via the accessory olfactory tract. The main olfactory bulb projects to the ipsilateral telen-cephalon via four tracts. The medial olfactory tract projects to the rostral continuation of medial cortex and to the septum. The intermediate olfactory tract projects to the olfactory tubercle and retrobulbar formation. The lateral olfactory tract projects to the rostral part of lateral cortex. The intermediate and lateral olfactory tracts also merge caudally to form the stria medullaris, which crosses the midline in the habenular commissure and distributes fibers to the contralateral hemisphere via two tracts. The lateral corticohabenular tract terminates in the contralateral lateral cortex. The anterior olfactohabenular tract terminates in the contralateral olfactory tubercle, retrobulbar formation and septum.The relation of olfactory afferents to neurons in the medial cortex, lateral cortex, nucleus sphericus, and septum corresponds to a pattern of organization that is typical of many olfactorecipient structures. Such structures are trilaminar, with neurons whose somata are situated in the intermediate layer (layer 2) sending spine-laden dendrites into an outer, molecular layer (layer 1). Olfactory afferents intersect the distal segments of these dendrites. By contrast, other olfactorecipient structures in Dipsoaurus deviate from the familiar pattern. Olfactory afferents intersect somata lying in layer 2 of the retrobulbar formation. Olfactory afferents include some fibers which course perpendicularly to the surface of the olfactory tubercle and extend deep to layer 2.
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    Observations on preadipocytes and their distribution patterns in rat adipose tissue (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 168 (1981), S. 281-288 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Microscopic examination of adipocytes isolated from adult rat epididymal adipose tissue revealed numerous small cells (〈 10 μm) morphologically similar to larger adipocytes. These small adipocytes appear identical to a new classification of adipose cells termed preadipocytes. Electron micrographs of these preadipocytes revealed examples of cells 〈 10 μm in diameter in various stages of maturation and lipid accumulation. The percent distribution pattern of these small adipocytes was not significantly altered by exercise although exercise shifted the distribution patterns of the larger cells (〉 30 μm) toward a smaller mean cell size. The quantitative significance of preadipocytes is not established but these preliminary observations indicate that adipocytes 〈 10 μm in diameter may account for a numerically greater proportion of the total adipocytes observed in collagenase isolated preparations than heretofore recognized, although their contribution to total adipose mass is probably negligible.
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    Hormone dependent changes in the apical connective tissue during early stages of forelimb regeneration in the hypophysectomized newt, Notophthalmus viridescens (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 168 (1981), S. 297-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: When a newt is hypophysectomized prior to or at the time of forelimb amputation a dermal barrier eventually forms between the apical cap of epithelium and the underlying mesenchymal tissues, and the typical regeneration response is transformed to a wound-healing morphology. When hypophysectomized newts are injected on continuous alternate days beginning either at the time of amputation or following a fifteen-day delay, with either growth hormone (GH) or prolactin in combination with thyroxine (PLT4), normal regeneration occurs. Our experiment was designed to examine critically the early changes occurring in apical connective tissue that had been allowed to form as a consequence of hypophysectomy prior to forelimb amputation. Adult newts were hypophysectomized and five days later both forelimbs were amputated distal to the elbow. Following a delay of eight days, to permit the formation of connective tissue beneath the apical epithelium, they were injected intraperitoneally on successive alternate days with GH or with PL in combination with T4 in the aquarium water. The apical connective tissue of the limb stumps underwent a progressive erosion and became discontinuous by day 4. The limb morphology of hypophysectomized newts receiving ACTH or PL or maintained in thyroxine was virtually identical to sham-injected hypophysectomized controls. It appears that an initial effect of GH or PLT4 therapy is to establish the epithelial-mesenchymal interface that previously has been suggested to be a requisite for the regenerative event.
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    External features of embryonic development of a jumping bristletail, Pedetontus unimaculatus Machida (Insecta, Thysanura, Machilidae)Contributions from Sugadaira Montane Research Center, University Of Tsukuba, no. 56. (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 168 (1981), S. 339-355 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The external features of the embryo and the first instar larva of Pedetontus unimaculatus are described. Blastokinesis of P. unimaculatus is very similar to that of Petrobius brevistylis (Larink, '69), but differs from that of Machilis alternata (Heymons and Heymons, '05). The superficial structures of three pairs of protocerebral lobes are present. The terga of the mandibular, maxillary, and labial segments take part in the formation of the head capsule. In the maxilla and labium, the palpi are homologous with the telopodites of the legs; the other parts proximal to the palpi are homologous with the coxopodites. No sternal element contributes to the postmentum. Both glossa and paraglossa consist of two lobes. The pleuropodium, stylus and ventral sac are derived from distal parts of appendage anlagen. The pleuropodium of the first abdominal segment is homologous with the styli of the successive abdominal segments; the ventral sacs of succeeding segments are serially homologous. The basal parts of appendage anlagen cover each sternum in the first to ninth abdominal segments to form coxites, which are therefore appendicular in origin. The basal part of the cercus also covers the ventral and lateral surfaces of the eleventh abdominal segment.
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    The embryonic development of the primitive moth, Neomicropteryx nipponensis Issiki (lepidoptera, micropterygidae): Morphogenesis of the embryo by external observation (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 49-59 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The micropterygid moth Neomicropteryx nipponensis belongs to the most primitive suborder Zeugloptera of the Lepidoptera. During embryogenesis the small circular germ disk formed on the ventral egg surface invaginates deeply into the yolk. It finally separates from the egg periphery or rudimentary serosa, and becomes a sac-shaped germ rudiment. Its anterior part later develops into the germ band, while its posterior part is the future amnion. Just before revolution of the embryo, the embryo assumes a completely superficial position beneath the yolk. Neither amnion nor serosa rupture during revolution; by completion of dorsal closure they have been incorporated into the yolk to form the secondary dorsal organ.The formation of the germ rudiment and embryonic membranes in N. nipponensis resembles those of swift moths, Endoclyta (suborder Monotrysia) and of the caddisflies, Stenopsyche (Trichoptera), but differs from those of ditrysian Lepidoptera. The secondary dorsal organ has never been found in any other lepidopteran embryos; however, it is formed in N. nipponensis and in the Trichoptera. The results of the present study strongly support the general phylogenetic views that the Zeugloptera have a close affinity to the Trichoptera.
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    Masthead (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Ultrastructure of the lung of the rattlesnake, Crotalus viridis oreganus (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 29-47 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Scanning and transmission electron microscopic observations were made on the rattlesnake lung, which has the form of a cigar-shaped bag enclosing a large axial air chamber. The lungs were fixed by tracheal instillation of fixative to preserve the structural features of inflated lungs. An open tracheal groove along the ventral aspect of the lung is the only structural “airway” present. The wall of the lung has two histologically distinct regions: anteriorly, a respiratory portion, where up to three generations of septa subdivide the wall into cup-shaped gas-exchange chambers, termed faveoli; and posteriorly, a simple, thin-walled saccular portion. The epithelium lining the internal surface of the lung is composed of several cell types: (1) ciliated cells; (2) type I pneumonocytes; (3) type II pneumonocytes, secretory cells characterized by the presence of lamellar bodies; and (4) serous epithelial cells, secretory cells characterized by the presence of homogeneous, densely staining secretory granules. However, the distinctiveness of the secretory cell types in the snake lung is blurred because intermediate-appearing cells have both the lamellar body and homogenous type of secretory granule. The nonepithelial components of the pulmonary wall and septa consist of blood vessels and lymphatics, smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts, embedded in a matrix of extracellular connective tissue fibers. Tubular myelin figures were observed in the faveolar lining layer.
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    Olfactory bulb efferents in the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 91-111 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Autoradiographic, HRP, and Fink-Heimer techniques define olfactory bulb efferents in the channel catfish. The olfactory bulb projects bilaterally to eight targets in the area ventralis telencephali including the preoptic area, five targets in area dorsalis telencephali, and the posterior tuber of the diencephalon. There is additional input to the peripheral margin of the internal cell layer of the contralateral olfactory bulb. Fibers cross in rostral (nervus terminalis and commissure of Goldstein) and caudal components of the anterior commissure and the habenular commissure. HRP techniques reveal the origin of bulb efferents from the internal and mitral cell layers of the olfactory bulb. The olfactory tract is divided into five major components, each with a unique subset of ipsilateral and commissural pathways.
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    Establishment of the site of involution at novel locations on the amphibian embryo (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 149-159 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Anuran (Rana) and urodele (Ambystoma) amphibian eggs were subjected to prolonged unnatural orientations in relation to gravity. In some cases eggs were rotated 90°, while in other instances eggs were rotated 180° (complete inversion). Alterations in the pigmentation pattern, cleavage pattern, and site of involution were observed. Despite these unnatural orientations to gravity, the morphogenesis of axial structures was frequently normal. Reorganization of the egg cytoplasm apparently takes place after the unnatural orientation. Rather than being localized in a fixed position in the egg (e.g., the egg cortex), the determinants for the pattern of early embryogenesis are probably located in that portion of the cytoplasm (e.g., “internal” cytoplasm) that orients to gravity.
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    The cytoarchitecture of the torus semicircularis in the red-eared turtle (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 207-223 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cytoarchitecture and neuronal morphology of the torus semicircularis in the red-eared turtle, Chrysemys scripta elegans, were examined in Nissl-stained and Golgi-impregnated material. The torus semicircularis begins in the caudodorsal mesencephalon and extends rostrally and laterally to end ventrally to the tectal ventricle. The torus semicircularis consists of a central nucleus and a laminar nucleus, which is interposed between the central nucleus and the ventricle.The central nucleus can be divided into two regions, a small, large-celled area, located dorsally, and a larger area of small spherical (6-17 μm), large spherical (18-25 μm), triangular (15-27 μm) and fusiform (10-26 μm) neurons. The small spherical cells have two dendritic patterns: “radiate” and “single.” The radiate pattern has a dorsoventral orientation, several secondary branches and few dendritic spines. These cells are usually located in the center of the central nucleus. The single pattern is oriented mediolaterally. This cell type is most often observed at the periphery of the central nucleus. These neurons have few secondary branches and dendritic spines. The large spherical neurons display two dendritic orientations: dorsoventral and mediolateral. All dendritic trees have numerous secondary branches and few dendritic spines. The triangular neurons exhibit primary dendrites projecting from the corners of the somata and have few secondary branches and dendritic spines.The fusiform neurons have a majority of their dendrites oriented mediolaterally, few secondary branches and a small number of dendritic spines.The laminar nucleus consists of several layers and three cell types: ovoid (9-15 μm), triangular (20-40 μm), and fusiform (20-40 μm). All neurons have few secondary dendritic branches and few dendritic spines. The dendrites of many neurons course perpendicularly to the long axis of the brainstem and encapsulate the central nucleus. Some ovoid and fusiform neurons display dendrites that enter the central nucleus.
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    Observations on the morphology and histochemistry of the foregut muscles of spiders (Arachnida: Araneida) (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 170 (1981), S. 113-131 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of the foregut muscles of five spider families (Theraphosidae, Agelenidae, Araneidae, Lycosidae, Salticidae) was described, and the individual fibre numbers and fibre cross diameters of the muscles were determined. The nomenclature of these muscles was reviewed and modified if necessary.Oxidative enzyme and myosin-ATPase histochemistry revealed eight dilatatory muscles of the foregut to consist of slow (type I) fibres, while fast fibres (type IIB), and intermediate fibres, were only to be found in the two other muscles of the foregut, and in the remaining prosomal muscles (type IIA fibres around the poison gland).The eight sucking muscles proper of the foregut also showed stronger activities of transmitter metabolizing enzymes [monoamine oxidase, glutamate dehydrogenase(NAD)], and comparatively distinct amounts of glycogen and lipids.
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    An electron microscopic study on the innervation of the gill filaments of a lamprey, Lampetra japonica (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 325-336 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This paper reports observations on the innervation of gill filaments of the lamprey, Lampetra japonica. Nerve fibers run on each side of the afferent filament artery (AFA nerve) and in the connective tissue compartment along the efferent filament artery (EFA nerve). The AFA nerve supplies vasomotor fibers to the afferent filament artery and arteriovenous anastomoses and special visceral motor fibers to branchial muscle fibers (musculus compressor branchialis circularis). Nerve endings of the vasomotor fibers contain large, cored vesicles (60-180 nm in diameter) with a variable number of small, clear vesicles (30-70 μm in diameter), whereas those of the visceral motor fibers have many small, clear vesicles with few large, cored vesicles. The EFA nerve supplies vasomotor fibers to the efferent filament artery. Their endings, containing mixtures of predominantly large, cored vesicles and small, clear vesicles make close synaptic contacts with reticular cells. The latter in turn are connected with each other or with smooth muscle cells in the wall of the efferent filament artery by nexuses. No nerves are found in the axial plate between the afferent and efferent filament arteries nor in the secondary lamellae of individual gill filaments. No afferent nerve supply to the gill filament has been found.
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    Morphology of soma and dendrites of the giant fiber system in the sixth abdominal ganglion of the cockroach (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 351-355 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study, using the cobalt chloride technique, clarifies the origin of the giant axons in the cockroach, Periplaneta. Each giant axon in the ventral nerve cord arises from a single cell body located in the sixth abdominal ganglion. The position of the soma is always contralateral to the giant axon; it projects anteriorly. In six giant neurons, the axonic and dendritic branches are ipsilateral while the somata are contralateral. In two neurons, both the soma and the dendritic branches are ipsilateral while the axons are contralateral. The dendritic arborizations of the giant neurons form a dense and compact mass of neuropile in each half of the posterior and middorsal part of the ganglion where sensory fibers, primarily from the cercal nerves terminate. The relation of these findings to earlier electrophysiological studies is discussed.
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    Masthead (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 170 (1981) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051700101
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    Limb regeneration following the discontinuation of growth hormone therapy in the hypophysectomized newt, Notophthalmus viridescens (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 168 (1981), S. 309-319 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Untreated adult newts do not undergo normal limb regeneration following hypohysectomy. A fibrocellular dermal barrier (cicatrix) atypically forms between the apical epithelium and the underlying mesenchymal tissues. Historically, continuous administration of growth hormone or of prolactin in combination with thyroxine restored regenerative capacity to these newts. In a previous investigation, we demonstrated that the initial effect of these two hormone treatments, when administered on alternate days to hypophysectomized newts beginning eight days post-amputation, was to facilitate the erosion of the fibrocellular barrier and establish the epithelial mesenchymal interface that is observed in a regenerating limb.The present investigation was designed to evaluate the necessity of continuous hormone therapy to maintain limb regeneration in hypophysectomized newts. One, two, or three injections of growth hormone or of prolactin in combination with thyroxine was administered on successive alternate days to hypophysectomized newts either immediately following limb amputation (ID) or beginning eight days post-amputation (DD). The ID and DD newts receiving one, two, or three injections of growth hormone showed evidence of regeneration to the digitiform stage by day 30 post-amputation, while those receiving prolactin and thyroxine underwent wound healing. While both hormone treatments initially promoted a dermis-free apical epithelium, only hypophysectomized newts that had received growth hormone were able to continue regenerating.We have, therefore, concluded that discontinuous growth hormone therapy is sufficient to initiate and maintain the conducive environment for limb regeneration to advanced stages in the hypophysectomized newt. While initiating this process, prolactin and thyroxine therapy on a discontinuous regime does not maintain regeneration. The direct and indirect role of growth hormone in supporting limb regeneration in normal and hypophysectomized newts is discussed.
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    Masthead (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 170 (1981) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051700301
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    Structural characterization of the hemocytes of Plodia interpunctella (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 175 (1983), S. 1-16 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Six types of hemocytes were identified in fifth instars of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella. The morphology of these cells was characterized by phase contrast and electron microscopy, with Sudan black B, Giemsa, Janus green B, and periodic acid-Schiff staining. Reaction of the hemocytes with seven fluorescing lectin conjugates revealed distinctive binding patterns by their plasma and nuclear membranes and cytoplasmic inclusions. A direct line of descent from prohemocytes to plasmatocytes to granulocytes is suggested from these morphological observations.
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    Extraordinary fossorial adaptations in the oligocene palaeanodonts Epoicotherium and Xenocranium (Mammalia) (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 175 (1983), S. 33-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: New fossils of the rare Oligocene mammals Xenocranium and Epoicotherium add information on their skulls and provide the first information on their postcranial skeletons. These epoicotheres, the latest surviving palaeanodonts, have numerous fossorial adaptations and must have been predominantly subterranean. Their skeletal specializations are similar to, and equal or surpass in degree of development, those of most living fossorial mammals.Principal modifications of the skull are the expanded, domed occiput with broad lambdoid crests, hypertrophy of the malleus-incus and related changes in other ear components, reduced eyes, and (in Xenocranium) a flaring, upturned, spatulate snout. The neck was strengthened by synostosis of the 2nd through 5th cervical vertebrae. The forelimb elements have exaggerated crests, processes, and fossae for muscles used in digging or in stabilizing certain joints. The scapula has a high, stout spine with bifid acromion, a “secondary spine,” and an expanded postscapular fossa for attachment of the teres major muscle. The humerus has an elongate pectoral crest, large lesser tuberosity, long entepicondyle, and large hooklike supinator crest. The enormous incurved olecranon process of the ulna provided insertion for the massive triceps and origin for the carpal and digital flexors, and the latter gained mechanical advantage by incorporating in its tendon a large carpal sesamoid. In the greatly shortened hand, digit three is largest, with its metacarpal and proximal phalanx fused and its claw-bearing ungual-phalanx very large.These traits indicate that Xenocranium and Epoicotherium were among the most specialized “rapid-scratch” diggers ever to evolve. Their remarkable convergence to chrysochlorids reflects a similar mode of digging, with extensive use of the snout for loosening and lifting soil when making shallow foraging burrows. For deeper burrowing, the forelimbs probably loosened the soil while the rear limbs moved it behind. Like many extant subterranean mammals, Xenocranium and Epoicotherium were essentially sightless, but they were specialized for low frequency sound reception. Their extinction may have been due to a combination of environmental change and competition with other fossorial animals, such as proscalopine insectivores and rhineurid amphisbaenians.
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    The mechanism of forearm rotation in Varanus exanthematicus (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 175 (1983), S. 119-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the sprawling gait of Varanus exanthematicus, the bicondylar distal humerus requires both the radius and ulna to rotate in the same direction. The joints between the radius and radiale and between the ulna and ulnare and pisiform accomodate these specific rotations. A ligament system between radius, ulna, radiale, and ulnare causes the radius and ulna to approximate one another during external rotation of the forearm. This approximation is conveyed distally resulting in a narrowing of the hand during external rotation of radius and ulna or during pronation of the free hand. The significance of these and related linkages is discussed.
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    Hemoglobin-containing cells of Neodasys (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotida). I. Morphology and ultrastructure (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 175 (1983), S. 57-64 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The overall anatomy of Neodasys as well as data for hemoglobin-containing cells are described. Hemoglobin-containing cells are shown to be mesodermal specializations constituting approximately 14% of the animal's total body volume (4.87 ± 104 μl). These globular cells (10-14 μm) are situated in two longitudinal rows, each dorsolateral to the straight gut. Branches from the cells enwrap perikarya of muscle and nerve cells whose mitochondria are found just below their respective plasmalemmata in intimate association with the hemoglobin-containing cells. The ground substance of the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm of these nearly organelle-free cells is extremely electron-dense and is presumed to represent the hemoglobin molecules. Locomotion analyses indicate that the cells can undergo a threefold change in linear dimension in 0.25 seconds, raising the possibility of convective mixing in these cells. Structural and ultrastructural comparisons with similar cells in adults of other species of Gastrotricha indicate that the hemoglobin-containing cells of Neodasys may be homologous to the socalled Y cells of other species, some of which contain myofilaments. A muscle-cell origin is considered for the evolution of hemoglobin-containing cells of Neodasys.
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    Digestive anatomy of Halella azteca (Crustacea, Amphipoda) (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 175 (1983), S. 91-100 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The digestive tract of the freshwater amphipod Hyalella azteca is a straight but differentiated tube consisting of foregut, midgut, and hindgut divisions. The foregut is subdivided into a tubular esophagus, a cardiac stomach, and a pyloric stomach. The cuticular lining of the cardiac stomach is elaborated into a set of food-crushing plates and ossicles, the gastric mill, while the pyloric cuticle forms a complex straining and pressing mechanism. Nine caeca arise from the midgut, seven anteriorly and two posteriorly. Four of the anterior caeca, the hepatopancreatic caeca, are believed to be the primary sites of digestion and absorption. The remaining caeca may be absorptive, secretory, or both. The much-folded hindgut wall is capable of great distention by extrinsic muscle action for water intake to aid in flushing fecal material out of the anus; such action also may stimulate antiperistalsis by intrinsic rectal muscles.
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    Ultrastructure of the tubular nephron of the lizard Podarcis (= Lacerta) Taurica (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 175 (1983), S. 131-142 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The proximal, intermediate, and distal convoluted tubules of the neprhon of Podarcis (= Lacerta) taurica were examined by electron microscopy. Proximal tubule cells have large, apical cytoplasmic protrusions and microvilli interpreted to function in urate secretion. Adjacent cells are bound apically by tight junctions and desmosomes but interdigitate in their basal region. This situation is repeated in the other tubules with significant differences in intercellular space width. The basal surfaces bear numerous cytoplasmic processes. The intermediate tubule has proximal and distal segments each with dark, ciliated, and light cells, the cuboidal dark cells with dense cytoplasm constituting the main bulk of the wall. As the cells of the proximal and distal segments resemble those of the proximal and distal convoluted tubules, respectively, the intermediate tubule is considered as a transition region. The ciliated cell body has two broad processes extending from the lumen, one to the basement membrane and one to a foot process of a light cell. The light cell is surrounded by dark and ciliated cells. It does not reach the lumen, but contacts the basement membrane through a process running below a ciliated cell to form a mushroom-shaped structure in tubule cross-section, the light cell process forming the stalk and a ciliated cell the cap. The cilia probably propel the glomerular filtrate towards the distal convoluted tubule. This latter tubule has initial, middle, and terminal zones, all nonciliated but with different lumen widths and cell shapes.
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    S.E.M. and polarization microscopy of nemertean stylets (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 175 (1983), S. 153-169 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructure of the stylets produced by nine species of nemerteans has been examined by scanning electron microscopy (S.E.M.) and polarized light microscopy. Stylets are solid, nail-shaped structures that typically reach lengths of 50-200 μm. Each stylet is composed of a centrally located organic matrix surrounded by an inorganic cortex that contains calcium and phosphorus. When viewed at high magnifications, fine granules can be seen throughout the organic matrix, and the cortex appears to be composed of densely packed homo-geneous material. Fractured specimens and whole matrices isolated from decalcified stylets reveal a close correspondence between the shape of the organic matrix and that of the surrounding cortex. This similarity in morphology suggests that the organic matrix serves as a template during calcification of the stylet. The fact that abundant material can be seen in the core of incinerated stylets, and in the central region of stylets that had been soaked for several hours in sodium hypochlorite, supports the hypothesis that the organic matrix is also highly calcified. Polarization microscopy of nemertean stylets indicates that they are composed of a crystalline, rather than amorphous, form of calcium phosphate. The probable organization of the calcium phosphate crystals is discussed.
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    Corneal morphogenesis in the Indian garden lizard, Calotes versicolor (agamidae) (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 175 (1983), S. 293-306 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The present study traces corneal morphogenesis in a reptile, the lizard Calotes versicolor, from the lens placode stage (stage 24) until hatching (stage 42), and in the adult. The corneal epithelium separates from the lens placode as a double layer of peridermal and basal cells and remains bilayered throughout development and in the adult. Between stages 32- and 33+, the corneal epithelium is apposed to the lens, and limbic mesodermal cells migrate between the basement membrane of the epithelium and the lens capsule to form a monolayered corneal endothelium. Soon thereafter a matrix of amorphous ground substance and fine collagen fibrils, the presumptive stroma, is seen between the epithelium and the endothelium. Just before stage 34 a new set of limbic mesodermal cells, the keratocytes, migrate into the presumptive stroma. Migrating limbic mesodermal cells, both endothelial cells and keratocytes, use the basement membrane of the epithelium as substratum. Keratocytes may form up to six cell layers at stage 37, but in the adult stroma they form only one or two cell layers. The keratocytes sysnthesize collagen, which aggregates as fibrils and fibers organized in lamellae. The lamellae become condensed as dense collagen layers subepithelially or become compactly organized into a feltwork structure in the rest of the stroma. The basement membrane of the endothelium is always thin. Thickness of the entire cornea increases up to stage 38 and decreases thereafter until stage 41. In the adult the cornea is again nearly as thick as at stage 38.
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    Metamorphic changes in the intestine of three species of lampreys (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 176 (1983), S. 181-196 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Measurements have been made of those changes which lead to increases in the surface area of the intestine during the metamorphosis of three species of lampreys. Although the intestine of the Southern Hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, increases in length by 1.13 times and in diameter by 1.12 times, the main factor influencing the 5.71 times increase in surface area is the development of longitudinal folds. The contribution of the typhlosole to the internal perimeter of the intestine is less in most life cycle stages of G. australis than in Lampetra spp. The changes in the various intestinal measurements of the nonparasitic species L. planeri parallel those of the presumed ancestral parasitic species, L. fluviatilis, during the first six stages of metamorphosis. However, the longitudinal folds, but not the typhlosole, subsequently start regressing in L. planeri just after the time when the rate of gonadal development increases markedly. An account is also given of the pattern of fold formation and the development of the typhlosolar vein in G. australis.
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    Announcement (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 176 (1983), S. 247-247 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: No Abstracts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051760213
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    Masthead (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 176 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051760301
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    Embryonic development of the alimentary canal and ectodermal derivatives in the primitive moth, Neomicropteryx nipponensis issiki (Lepidoptera, Micropterygidae) (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 176 (1983), S. 289-314 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The formation of the alimentary canal, nervous system, and of other ectodermal derivatives in the embryo of the primitive moth, Neomicropteryx nipponensis Issiki, is described. The stomodaeum is formed from an invagination in the medioposterior portion of the protocephalon. The proctodaeum arises as an extension of the amnioproctodaeal cavity. The midgut epithelium orginates from anterior and posterior rudiments in blind ends of the stomodaeum and proctodaeum. The decondary dorsal organ is formed in developing midgut. The development of the brain is typical of insects. The ventral nerve cord originates in large part from neuroblasts arising in 3 gnathal, 3 thoracic, and 11 abdominal segments. Intrasegmental median cord cells probably differentiate into both ganglion cells and glial elements of the ventral nerve cord; intersegmental cells appear not to participate in the formation of the nervous system. The stomatogastric nervous system develops from three evaginations in the dorsal wall of the stomodaeum, and consists of the frontal, hypocerebral, and ventricular ganglia, the recurrent nerve, and corpora cardiaca. Five stemmata arise from the epidermis on each side of the head. Five pairs of ectodermal invaginations are formed in the cephalognathal region to produce the tentorium, mandibular apodemes, corpora allata, and silk glands. Prothoracic glands orginate in the prothorax. Mesothoracic spiracles shift anteriorly to the prothorax during development. Oenocytes arise in the first seven abdominal segments. Invaginated pleuropodia are formed in the first abdominal segment.
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    The structure of the larval nervous system of Pisaster ochraceus (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 178 (1983), S. 23-35 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ultrastructural observations and glyoxilic acid-induced fluorescence of catecholamines indicate that tracts of axons lie at the base of the ciliary bands and run throughout their length in bipinnaria and brachiolaria larvae of Pisaster ochraceus. Two types of nerve cells occur at regular intervals within the ciliary bands. Type I nerve cells are associated with the axonal tracts, and type II nerve cells, which are ciliated, occur along the edge of the ciliary bands. Two prominent ganglia, which appear as accumulations of nerve cells and neuropile, occur on the lower lip of the larval mouth. Smaller ganglia occur irregularly throughout the ciliary band. Synapses were never clearly identified and were assumed to be unspecialized. Nervous tissues were also found associated with the esophageal muscles, the attachment organ, and the larval arms. Organization of the nervous system and its association with effectors suggest it controls swimming and feeding. Several similarities exist between the nervous systems of larval asteroids, larval echinoids, and adult echinoderms.
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    Functional and morphological bases of trophic specialization in sunfishes (Teleostei, centrarchidae) (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 178 (1983), S. 1-21 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The gross morphology and electrical activity of the muscles of the pharyngeal apparatus of centrarchid sunfishes (Lepomis) are analyzed within a monophyletic clade containing species specialized for snail-eating. Outgroup comparisons of both structure and activity patterns of muscles permit examination of the relationship between specialized diet and function of the trophic apparatus. In most sunfish species, electrical activity in the pharyngocleithralis internus muscle significantly overlaps that in the retractor dorsalis muscle during pharyngeal transport, indicating that the upper and lower pharyngeal jaws retract together. Activity in the pharyngohyoideus, levatores externi, and levator posterior also significantly overlaps activity of the retractor dorsalis.Snail-eating is associated with derived morphological, behavioral, and functional features. The shell is crushed before pharyngeal transport, correlated with extensive overlap in activity periods of muscles. One species, Lepomis microlophus, possesses a highly stereotyped neuromuscular repertoire that does not vary with prey type. All prey, even fish and worms, are subjected to crushing. Lepomis gibbosus exhibits the crushing pattern of muscle activity only when feeding on snails. L. microlophus has a hypertrophied levator posterior muscle, but the lines of action of the pharyngeal muscles are similar to the primitive condition. Pharyngeal transport in this species is unique in that activity of the pharyngocleithralis internus alternates with that of the retractor dorsalis.In sunfishes, alterations in the central control of peripheral structures have produced major changes in the sequence in which homologous components of the structural network are activated.
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    The exocrine glands of the male of Eldana saccharina walker (Lepidoptera, galleriinae): Intervention in precopulatory behavior (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 178 (1983), S. 77-87 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The scent apparatus of male Eldana saccharina is a glandular complex on the costal area of the forewing. It consists of two parts; glandular complex 1 is composed of five kinds of cells (epidermal cells, scale cells, glandular cells, supporting cells, duct cells); glandular complex 2 also shows five types of cells (epidermal cells, scale cells, glandular cells, duct cells, trichogen cells). The secretory products of the two parts are discharged into separate ducts which converge before opening onto the lower side of the wing. The male also has two prominent hair-pencils borne on the coremata and large secretory trichogen cells on the genital valves. Each of these exocrine gland components plays an important part in formation of the chemically complex pheromones utilized in the precopulatory behavior of the male.
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    Organization of the telencephalon in the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 71-90 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cytoarchitectonics of the telencephalon of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, are described as a basis for experimental analysis of telencephalic afferents and efferents. The olfactory bulb comprises: (1) an outer layer of olfactory nerve fibers, (2) a glomerular layer, (3) an external cell layer, (4) an inner fiber layer, and (5) an internal cell layer. The telencephalic hemispheres comprise the areas ventralis and dorsalis telencephali. The area ventralis consists of: (1) a precommissural, periventricular zone including nucleus 'nother (Vn), the ventral nucleus (Vv), and the dorsal nucleus (Vd); (2) a precommissural, migrated zone of central (Vc) and lateral (VI) nuclei; (3) a supracommissural nucleus (Vs); (4) a caudal commissural zone of postcommissural (Vp) and intermediate (Vi) nuclei; and (5) a preoptic area (PP). The area dorsalis comprises: (1) medial (DM), (2) dorsal (Dd), (3) lateral [DL, containing dorsal (DLd), ventral (DLv), and posterior (DLp) regions], (4) posterior (DP), and (5) central (DC-1, -2, -3) areas. Nucleus taeniae (NT) is transitional between areas dorsalis and ventralis.
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    Larval morphology of the Nemertean Carcinonemertes epialti (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea) (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 61-70 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of the newly hatched larva of Carcinonemertes epialti Coe has been examined by light and electron microscopy. The newly hatched larva is covered with cilia and measures about 110 μm in length. Four types of epidermal cells are recognizable: (1) Multiciliated cells, (2) vacuolated cells, (3) mucous cells, and (4) “knob cells”. The knob cells protrude from the posterior end of the larva and contain granules and bundles of microfilaments. The gut is incomplete and is located ventral to the bipartite proboscis. A bilobed brain and two subepidermal ocelli are found in the anterior end of the larva. The anterior and posterior cirri are composed of long, tightly appressed cilia that arise from an invagination of the epidermis at each end of the larva. The anterior cirrus is surrounded by two types of glandular cells. It is proposed that the knob cells have a role in larval attachment, combining the functions of the adhesive cells and anchor cells described in the duo-gland system of turbellarians. The cirri are believed to be larval sensory structures that function in substrate selection. Histological and ultrastructural observations suggest that the larvae of Carcinonemertes are relatively long lived and develop into juveniles without a drastic metamorphosis.
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    Carbohydrates in the webs of Argiope spiders (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 141-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Glycoproteins are present in the web of the orb-weaving spiders Argiope trifasciata and Argiope aurantia. Periodic acid-Schriff reactive glyco-proteins are confined in large part, to the sticky spiral and sticky spiral-radial junctions. Glycoproteins containing amino sugars appear associated with all fibers, especially the radial fibers. Enzymes may be used to remove glycoproteins selectively from the sticky spiral and stabilimentum.
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    Morphology of the pineal organ in the salamander Ensatina eschscholtzi (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 191-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The pineal organ of Ensatina eschscholtzi, a terrestrial and secretive species of salamander of the family Plethodontidae, is a photoreceptive structure lying on the dorsal surface of the diencephalon. The pineal is flattened with a broad lumen and consists of three cell types: photoreceptors, supportive cells, and neurons. Pineal photoreceptors are typical vertebrate photoreceptors and possess outer segment formations which, however, are frequently contorted and disorganized. Sloughing of apical portions of outer segments and vesiculation along the lateral edges of outer segment membrane disks are consistently observed and presumed to represent mechanisms of outer segment membrane recycling. Photoreceptors have basal processes which synapse with neural dendrites. Synapses between photoreceptor basal processes are occasionally observed. All synapses are characterized by synaptic ribbon structures of variable number, size, and configuration. Dense-core vesicles are occasionally observed mingled with clear synaptic vesicles within photoreceptor basal processes. Supportive cells within the pineal function in phagocytosis and recycling of shed outer segment membrane material, and neurons are localized at the lateral margins of the organ. The latter send axons into the ipsilateral side of the dorsal diencephalon. The pineal organ of Ensatina shows marked variation in overall size (cell total), cell type proportions, absolute neuron number, and ratio of photoreceptor number to neuron number for individual pineals. None of these morphological parameters is correlated with body size, sex, or season, and it is assumed that such variability represents significant variation in photosensory capabilities. It is suggested that the pineal organ of Ensatina is a partially degenerate photoreceptive structure.
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    Masthead (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051690301
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    A Study of the influence of the ambient microflora on the structure of lung alveolar macrophages and an ultrastructural comparison of lung and peritoneal macrophages in germ-free and conventionally reared mice (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 283-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In order to investigate quantitatively and objectively the influence of the normal microbial flora on the ultrastructure of the alveolar macrophage, three groups of mice were studied stereologically: germ-free (GF), conventionally reared under non sterile isolation conditions (IC), and conventionally reared in an open environment (OC). The alveolar macrophages of GF mice possess a smaller mitochondrial compartment, possibly with fewer organelles, than the macrophages of conventional mice. Other influences of the normal microflora on alveolar macrophage substructure are obscured by the effects of nonmicrobial stimuli such as droplets of lung surfactant.No previous comparison exists of alveolar and peritoneal macrophage ultrastructure. Lung macrophages are larger than the phagocytes of the peritoneum, but the difference in size is much less than is commonly believed. Alveolar macrophages are rounder than peritoneal macrophages, and exhibit much less rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) as well as differences in mitochondrial morphometry. No difference in mitochondrial volume fraction exists between the two types of macrophage even though alveolar macrophages represent the extreme of aerobic adaptation in the mononuclear phagocyte system. Phagosomes occupy a significant fraction of cellular volume only in the alveolar macrophages. Moreover alveolar phagocytes contain fewer but larger lysosome-like granules than are found in peritoneal macrophages. The results represent the first objective, quantitative structural evidence confirming the common belief that alveolar macrophages experience greater physiological stimulation than peritoneal macrophages. The normal microflora accounts for only a small proportion of the differing degree of stimulation exerted on the two types of macrophage.
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    Comparative analysis of the development of the lizard, Liolaemus tenuis tenuis. II. A series of normal postlaying stages in embryonic development (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 337-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In this work, we have completed a study of the development of the ovoviviparous lizard Liolaemus tenuis tenuis. Ovoviviparity in this lizard is a condition in which eggs are retained within the reproductive duct for about 60 days. During this period the phases of segmentation, gastrulation, neurulation, presomitic, and somitic embryos transpire. During the months of December and January the eggs are laid, and at this time the embryos are comparable to stage 27 Liolaemus gravenhorsti lizard embryos, or to stage 29 Calotes versicolor lizard embryos. Differentiation of the facial region occurs between Days 12 and 42 after egg laying. Limbs develop rapidly between the 8th and 23rd days. By 53 days the appendicular skeleton is completely formed. After 36 days the mesonephros begins to degenerate, and its function is gradually taken over by the developing metanephros. Newborn lizards do not possess an egg caruncle. During the period up to hatching, there is a great increase of liquid within the egg, presumably amniotic fluid. Cracks develop in the leathery shell shortly before hatching and are, perhaps, the first sign of the onset of hatching. Increase of liquid in the egg during postlaying development accounts for its increase in weight and change in shape. Weight of the embryo at hatching does not exceed 32% of the total weight of the egg.
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    Comparative cardiac anatomy of the reptilia. IV. The coronary arterial circulation (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 170 (1981), S. 1-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The coronary arterial supply and associated structures have been examined and described for 29 species covering 11 reptilian families, with supplementary observations on other species. Variation in the origin, number, and configuration of coronary arterial vessels is mainly interfamilial and the same is true regarding the presence or absence of a gubernaculum cordis. It is suggested that the presence of a hitherto unrecognized intertruncal branch of the coronary artery has been responsible for much of the alleged intrafamilial variation reported in earlier literature. A general review of the cardiac blood supply and coronary arterial supply of other lower vertebrates is presented and used as a basis for interpreting phyletic and functional aspects of the reptilian conditions.
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    Histochemistry of lower vertebrate calcified structures. I. Enamel of the dogfish Squalus acanthius compared with mammalian enamel and homologous dentine (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 170 (1981), S. 95-111 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The enameloid and dentine of Squalus acanthius have been compared histochemically with those of Bos taurus. Squalus enameloid is much less reactive to a variety of stains or reagents than dentine or bovine immature enamel but it does have positive reactions with picromethyl blue, Mallory's and Van Gieson's stains, and Alcian blue. It stains faintly with Biebrich scarlet, indicating some anionic groups. Specific reactions for tyrosine, tryptophane, lysine, histidine, arginine, and cysteine are negative. Bos immature enamel is positive for cationic, anionic, and aromatic reactive groups by all test procedures, and dentine was positive for the anionic components. Bovine maturing enamel, however, is more similar in terms of lack of reactivity to Squalus enameloid but differed because the bovine enamel was moderately positive for tyrosine; tryptophane, and anionic groups and negative with Mallory's picromethyl blue and Van Gieson's stains. A fibrous transitional area between Squalus dentine and enameloid has staining reactions characteristic of both collagen and keratins.
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    Consequences of cell death after nitrogen mustard treatment on skeletal pelvic fin morphogenesis in the trout, Salmo gairdneri (Pisces, teleostei) (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 170 (1981), S. 181-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Five concentrations of nitrogen mustard (methyl-bis-chlorethylamine) have been administrated to different stages of development of trout embryos (Salmo gairdneri), in order to study their effect on the formation of both pelvic fins soft tissue and skeleton. Sensitivity of epidermis and mesoderm toward this cytotoxic agent has been assessed histologically. Although both components are sensitive to nitrogen mustard, mesoderm is more sensitive than epidermis. These results are compared with the results of similar studies on tetrapod limb buds. The pelvic fin skeleton of some treated animals was doubly stained in toto for cartilage and bone by Alcian blue and alizarin, followed by clearing. Other specimens were processed for histological serial sections. Analysis included comparison of the following parameters: (1) dose of nitrogen mustard, (2) stage of fin bud development at the time of treatment, (3) importance of necrosis in the fin bud, and (4) abnormalities of the endoskeleton of the fin (pelvic girdle and radials) and of the dermal skeleton (lepidotrichia and actinotrichia) one month after the hatching of control animals. Results suggest (1) that material of endoskeleton and lepidotrichia are laid down simultaneously, and (2) that differentiation of actinotrichia is independent of differentiation in endoskeleton and lepidotrichia.
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    Spermatogenesis of the prawn, Palaemon lamarrei (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 149-163 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The spermatozoon of Palaemon lamarrei is like a cricket ball having a small hole at the top. The outer leather covering of the ball represents the nucleus and the internal stuffing the cytoplasmic vesicle, in the formation of which almost the whole of the cytoplasm of the spermatid along with its mitochondrial and Golgi material is sacrificed. The hole is very efficiently plugged with a ring-like centrosome, which gives off inward a large number of axial filaments radiating through the vesicle toward the nucleus and outward a long prominent spine ending into a fine point. The acrosome is conspicuous by its absence. It has been suggested that, as in Paratelphusa spinigera, the cytoplasmic vesicle forms the mechanism, which is responsible for the explosion of the sperm at the time of fertilization. It has also been suggested that the bizarre structure of the sperm is closely associated with the necessity of ensuring the safety of this explosive vesicle until the time of fertilization. The chromatoid bodies described by Fasten in the crayfish, Cambarus virilis, must be interpreted as the Golgi masses.
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    The dimensions of the renal tubules of Necturus maculosusThe expenses of this work were defrayed in large part from a grant by the Commonwealth Fund. (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 51-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The method of micro-injection was used in the study of a large number of tubules. The limits of the several parts of the tubule were determined with a high degree of accuracy without sectioning; the error of the measurements was small. Of 137 tubules studied the measurements of forty-nine comprised the entire length from renal corpuscle to collecting duct or ureter.The proximal tubule was found to be about twice as long as the distal. While the longest proximal tubule was nearly six times the length of the shortest, the great majority of tubules fell within a much shorter range. There was little or no correlation between proximal tubule length and weight of the animal.The proximal tubule is larger in diameter than the distal tubule. Calculations indicate that the area of exposed cell surface in the proximal tubule is nearly four times as great as in the distal; however, compared to tubule volume, a relatively greater cell surface is exposed in the distal tubule.
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    The growth, maturation and atresia of ovarian eggs in the rabbitThis investigation was aided by a grant from the National Research Council Committee for Problems of Sex. (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 351-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study is made of the development of ovarian ova in mature rabbit does before and during various stages of pregnancy and after the injection of thyroid and anterior-pituitary-like hormones. No appreciable ovogenesis during sexual maturity was found. Nine types of ovarian follicle are distinguished according to size and degree of development. Full ovum size is reached in pre-antral follicles, and is marked by the formation of a dictyate nucleus and slight reduction in nuclear size. Full follicle size is attained much later. The nature of follicle migration in the course of development is described. Ovum migration within the follicle is found to be a consequence of the nature of the egg's attachments to the follicular epithelium. The least atresia is found in young oocytes (10%), the larger follicles showing about 60% atretic at all stages of the reproductive cycle. The hormone preparations administered affect only the largest follicles and their contained ova.
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    The development of the swim bladder of the Atlantic salmon (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 309-319 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The anlage of the swim bladder of the Atlantic salmon arises as a small mass of undifferentiated cells resting dorso-laterally on the posterior wall of the fore-gut. This mound of cells is proliferated from the narrow band of mesoderm which lies between the epithelium and the serosa of the alimentary canal. The concentration thus formed elongates slowly for 11 weeks. At the end of this time an evagination from the lumen of the right side of the oesophagus grows into it. This tube commences to elongate rapidly just previous to the time of hatching, and reaches the posterior end of the body cavity at approximately the time when the young salmon emerge from the gravel. Throughout the fresh water life of the fish this organ is a relatively large thin walled sac, lying dorsal to the body cavity. Microscopic examination reveals layers typical of those of the digestive tract.
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    The morphology of the hypophysis of amblystoma (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 485-494 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This paper presents an account of the morphology of the hypophysis and adjacent hypothalamic regions of young adult Amblystoma tigrinum. The description deals primarily with reconstructed models made from blotting paper; transverse and sagittal sections are also considered. A new term, hypophysis, pars subdistalis, is used to describe a discrete portion of the hypophysis embedded in the medial and ventral portion of the pars distalis. The other portions of the hypophysis also are described in detail.
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    Some factors in the morphogenesis of vertebrate embryonic epithelia (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 563-579 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This paper correlates the various aspects of the author's previous work on embryonic columnar epithelia and deals especially with the mechanical factors that determine the form of an epithelium. The origin of the terminal bars, the various forms the terminal bars assume, and the significance of the terminal bar net in maintaining the epithelial structure are discussed. The paper also gives detailed consideration to the elongation of columnar cells after division. When this change in shape cannot be attributed to crowding from without, it is suggested that a thrusting action of elongating spindle fibers is the internal force responsible. In either case elongation is influenced by the development of the terminal web limiting the free surface. Further observations on this structure, first described by the author in 1935, are presented. The terminal web, which is generally present in columnar epithelia, is a specialized part of fixed cytoplasm, condensed, and lying in the plane of the terminal bars. It disappears in mitosis, but its reappearance as the new cell elongates limits the area of the free end of the cell. Hence, the terminal web plays an important part in determining the form of columnar cells.
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    The origin of new epidermal cells in the skin of normal and x-rayed frogsThis investigation has been supported in part through grants made to W. C. Curtis from the Committee on Radiation of the National Research Council. (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 327-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The skins of normal and x-rayed tadpoles and frogs were compared. Almost no mitotic figures occurred after the tenth day of larval life. The number of mitoses and the length of the period during which mitosis occurred were reduced by x-rays in proportion to the exposure. Spindle-shaped cells were found on the vertical connective tissue fiber bundles which connect the lower layer of the dermis with the under side of the epidermis in adult frogs. After exposure to 4000 r the number of these cells, which are believed to be traveling up the vertical strands to join the epidermis, was doubled. New, uninjured cells appeared in the basal epidermal layer following this increase. Since no appreciable number of mitotic divisions and no amitotic divisions were found in the epidermis, either normally or during the regeneration following exposure to x-rays, these ‘traveling-cells’ are held to be an important source of replacement in correlation with normal desquamation as well as desquamation caused by the irradiation.
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    The osteology and relationships of the phallostethid fishes (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 453-483 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two genera of the Phallostethid fishes were anatomized using both the clearing and the dissection methods. While resembling Poecillids and agreeing with them in numerous anatomical features, these fish are true Acanthopterygians and apparently are correctly placed by Myers in the suborder Phallostethoidea erected for them in the order Percesoces. The two divergent types of priapia found in the group are readily derivable one from the other, corresponding bone for bone. The priapial bones can be homologized with the missing pelvic fins and girdle plus, perhaps, the post cleithrum and some of the pectoral pterygials. A comparison is made between the Phallostethid priapial skeleton and the highly modified girdle complex of the Polynemids.
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    Haploidy and aberrant spermatogenesis in a coleopteran, Micromalthus debilis LeConteSubmitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Faculty of Pure Science, Columbia University. (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 485-515 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The coleopteran Micromalthus debilis LeConte has two additional female reproductive forms besides the male and female adults. One of these is a paedogenetic viviparous female which produces female offspring by diploid parthenogenesis; the other is a paedogenetic ovoviviparous female which produces males by haploid parthenogenesis; The male has been shown to be somatically haploid in both early and late stages of development, while all three female types are diploid. The first spermatocyte division is completely abortive as regards division of chromosomes and cell. However, a very characteristic unipolar spindle is regularly formed. The chromosomes of the first spermatocyte anaphase move away from the single pole with their attachment regions hindermost. The spindle consists of ten fibers, each one connecting a chromosome with a single pole. They elongate during the anaphase. The second spermatocyte division is apparently normal in all respects and it ultimately results in two normal sperm. It has been shown that the theories of Belar, Bleier and Schaede concerning the problem of chromosome movement are deficient in view of the peculiarities of this monocentric mitosis.
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    On the structure and function of the ascidian test (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 589-601 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The test consists of a clear matrix in which cells, fibrils, spicules and vascular tubes are embedded. It is supplied with two main blood vessels which ramify in the test substance and end in a large number of vascular ampullae near the outer surface of the test. Three different kinds of spicules are present. The test cells are of five different kinds. Besides these cells, the author has, for the first time in the history of our knowledge of the Tunicata, demonstrated the presence of nerve cells, nerve fibers and receptor cells in the test. The nerve cells are found throughout the test (except the foot) but are more numerous in the test of the siphons. The epithelial cells of the vascular ampullae act as receptor organs being supplied with nerve fibers that connect them with the nerve cells of the test. Receptor cells are also present in the regions of the test devoid of ampullae (except the foot). Stimuli are received by the receptor cells and conducted by nerve fibrils to the nerve cells, which are in turn connected with the nerve ganglion. The test, therefore, not only serves for the protection and attachment of the animal but also acts as a respiratory and receptor organ.
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    The interkinetic migration of embryonic epithelial nuclei (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. 1-11 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Nuclei of columnar epithelia of vertebrate embryos move to the free epithelial surface before a division, the movement of the nucleus accompanying a shortening of the columnar cell. After division at the free surface the daughter cells elongate, the nuclei passing away from the free surface. This is illustrated by drawings and measurements of cells of the fore-gut it of the garter snake embryo. The elongation of these cells after mitosis is associated with an elongation of the spindle fibers to produce a prominent cytoplasmic fiber which persists through the interkinetic stage and into the next mitosis. The appearance of nests of nuclei in mitosis is accounted for by the fact that descendants of an earlier cell have kept approximately in step in their divisions.
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    Germ cell origin and spermatogenesis in the Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendensAcknowledgment is made of the writer's indebtedness to Dr. C. L. Turner for advice and assistance, to Dr. C. L. Hubbs and Dr. G. S. Myers for classifying the fish used in this investigation, and to Virginia Bennington for the drawings. (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. 103-125 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Residual germ cells larger than primary spermatogonia but similar in other respects are found throughout the testis in the walls of the lobules and in the cysts of developing germ cells. There is no evidence for germ cell migration through the testis. Spermatogonia arise in situ from residual cells.Forty-two chromosomes are found in the spermatogonial cells. Two of these chromosomes are much larger than the others and possibly represent sex chromosomes. The haploid chromosome number as seen in primary spermatocyte cells is twenty-one. A large ovoid chromosome, considered to be a sex chromosome, lags during the formation of the primary spermatocyte spindle. It divides after the division of the other chromosomes into equal chromosomes which pass to opposite poles of the spindle.The evidence for sex chromosomes as presented here is meagre but is consistent with the evidence from chromosome studies in other teleosts. It has been proposed that sex chromosomes are in a nascent condition and hence are differentiated but little from autosomes and also that the members of the sex chromosome pair are morphologically alike.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050600106
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    The cytology of the hypophysis cerebri of the batA thesis submitted from the Department of Zoölogy for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Missouri. The work was supported in part by a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation administered by Prof. Mary J. Guthrie. (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. 127-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A cytological study of the hypophyses of more than 100 female bats, collected at fortnightly intervals from October to April, is reported. The bats were decapitated within 24 hours after collection. and then hypophyses fixed in Champy's fluid or Helly's fluid followed by staining by the acid fuchsin-thionin-aurantia method of Kull.The pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars nervosa lie adjacent to one another in the flattened gland. In some hypophyses the lumen of the original buccal evagination persists as a narrow residual cleft which may be expanded to form ciliated vesicles.Observations on cell size. nucleoplasmie ratio, degree of chromaticity in the nucleus, staining reactions of the cytoplasm and secretory granules, and the presence of chondriosomes, secretory granules, and vesicles in the cytosome are recorded. Secretory cells and histiocytes are idintified. Sceretoty cells are found in successive stages of growth, differentiation, secretion, and degeneration. Cells which have discharged their secretion apparently do not resynthesize secretory granules. Mitosis is not observed. The available evidence suggests utilization of a large supply of embryonic cells as the source of the fully differentiated cells. The cells of the pars intermedia are interpreted as potential secretory cells which do not differentiate under the inadequate nutrient conditions of that region.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050600107
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    The segmentation of the abdomen of Lipeurus heterographus Nitzsch (Mallophaga)Contribution from the Department of Entomology, New York State College of Agriculture, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York and the Department of Zoology, Tulane University of Louisana, New Orleans, Louisana. (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. 211-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Eleven segments are recognized in a comparative study of the abdomens in immature and adult instars of Lipeurus heterographus Nitzsch.The abdomen of the first instar appears ten segmented but with the apparent first segment twice as long as any one of the others and with two transverse rows of hairs on the tergum while the other abdominal segments have but one. This indicates that the apparent first segment is the true first and second abdominal segments which have fused. The apparent tenth segment of the abdomen is the true eleventh segment. A fusion of the true ninth and tenth segments occurring in the third molt further reduces the number of segments to nine which is the apparent number of segments found in the adult.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050600111
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    Studies in teleostean reproduction. I. Embryonic hermaphroditism in Lebistes reticulatus (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. 261-277 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study has been made of 155 Lebistes embryos, extending from fertilization until birth of the young. A period of embryonic hermaphroditism begins soon after the formation of the genital ridges (3.0 mm.) and continues until birth (6.5 to 7.0 mm.). Development is first ovarian; evidence is the universal occurrence, in all gonads, of many germ cells in typical ovarian synapsis. The gonads of one-half of the embryos soon become testicular while those of the other half continue to develop as ovaries. In testicular gonads, all synaptic germ cells undergo pycnotic dissolution as the gonad hilus organizes into a prospective medulla. In ovaries, germ cells in synapsis continue to enlarge as definitive ovocytes. This embryonic hermaphroditism supports Witschi's explanation of sex determination in Lebistes, based on his own work on frogs and on Winge's discovery of unusual XX males in Lebistes. The embryology of gonads in Lebistes also suggests that in teleosts, as in amphibians, birds, and mammals, gonads develop from two distinct portions, a male medulla and a female cortex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050600114
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    Masthead (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1937) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050600201
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