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1

Digitale Medien

SIC volume 11 issue 3-4 Cover and Back matter (1998)

Cambridge : Cambridge University Press

Science in context 11 (1998), S. 1-3

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ISSN: 0269-8897

Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives

Thema: Geschichte , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0269889700003045

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2

Digitale Medien

Genes for Human Personality Traits (1998)

Benjamin, Jonathan

Cambridge : Cambridge University Press

Science in context 11 (1998), S. 357-372

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ISSN: 0269-8897

Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives

Thema: Geschichte , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Notizen: The ArgumentThis article considers three major problems with the concept of genes for human personality traits: (1) uncertainty about what human personality is; (2) what we mean when we say there is a gene “for” a mental attribute; and (3) the complexity of interactions between genes and environment, and among the genes themselves. It then draws on examples from empirical human genetic studies by the author and his colleagues in order to suggest that the concept of genes for human personality traits nevertheless does have some validity, and also that we may be on the brink of discovering genes with major effects on human personality. This possibility, in particular its ethical aspects, has aroused some public concern. It is suggested that confidential information about an individual's genes does not differ in principle from other confidential information about him or her, and that the ability (currently theoretical) to affect genes and their expression, temporarily or permanently, does not differ ethically from our current ability to affect other aspects of an individual's physical and psychological functioning. Genes for potential offspring, contained in ova and sperm cells, constitute a special case.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0269889700003070

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3

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Eugenics and Genetic Testing (1998)

Holtzman, Neil A.

Cambridge : Cambridge University Press

Science in context 11 (1998), S. 397-417

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ISSN: 0269-8897

Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives

Thema: Geschichte , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Notizen: The ArgumentPressures to lower health-care costs remain an important stimulus to eugenic approaches. Prenatal diagnosis followed by abortion of affected fetuses has replaced sterilization as the major eugenic technique. Voluntary acceptance has replaced coercion, but subtle pressures undermine personal autonomy. The failure of the old eugenics to accurately predict who will have affected offspring virtually disappears when prenatal diagnosis is used to predict Mendelian disorders. However, when prenatal diagnosis is used to detect inherited susceptibilities to adult-onset, common, complex disorders, considerable uncertainty is inherent in the prediction. Intolerance and the resurgence of genetic determinism are current pressures for a eugenic approach. The increasing use of carrier screening (to identify those at risk of having affected offspring) and of prenatal diagnosis could itself generate intolerance for those who refuse the procedures. Genetic determinism deflects society from social action that would reduce the burden of disease far more than even the maximum use of eugenics.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0269889700003100

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4

Digitale Medien

Can Genetic Counseling Avoid the Charge of Eugenics? (1998)

Chadwick, Ruth

Cambridge : Cambridge University Press

Science in context 11 (1998), S. 471-480

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ISSN: 0269-8897

Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives

Thema: Geschichte , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Notizen: The ArgumentThe claim that x is a form of eugenics is frequently used as if it were a knockdown argument against x. Genetic counseling has tried to distance itself from eugenics by presenting itself as facilitating choice. Its success in this attempt has been challenged. The argument however is not a knockdown one and there is scope for some mediation between autonomy and public health goals in genetics.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S026988970000315X

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5

Digitale Medien

From Lineage to Sexual Mores: Examining “Jewish Eugenics“ (1998)

Zohar, Noam J.

Cambridge : Cambridge University Press

Science in context 11 (1998), S. 575-585

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ISSN: 0269-8897

Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives

Thema: Geschichte , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Notizen: The ArgumentTo describe the attitude of the Jewish tradition toward eugenic ideology and policies, it is necessary to examine classical sources from a contemporary perspective. In the heyday of eugenics, Rabbi Max Reichler (1916) enthusiastically endorsed its ideology, supporting his position with numerous traditional texts. Similar views of traditional teachings on “chosen people” and on the importance of lineage have a certain contemporary following as well. The paper argues, however, that these views involve a one-sided reading of the Jewish tradition and, particularly, the suppression of traditional critiques of lineage and of the notion of a “Jewish race.”

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0269889700003227

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6

Digitale Medien

The Program of Proletarian Rassenhygiene (1998)

Mocek, Reinhard

Cambridge : Cambridge University Press

Science in context 11 (1998), S. 609-617

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ISSN: 0269-8897

Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives

Thema: Geschichte , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Notizen: The ArgumentIn contrast to “socialist eugenics” as a set of ideas on how to deal with the biological problems of mankind, “proletarian race hygiene” placed its emphasis on the environmental components of human life. This mode of eugenics always assumed a change in living conditions, or social milieu, to be the key to human betterment. Its objective was a gradualist, thoroughgoing improvement of human working and living conditions in order to bring about a life of harmony, solidarity and equality. These ideas can be traced back to phrenomesmerism at the beginning of the nineteenth century, and developed through a stage closely entwined with the Marxist thought of Daniels, Engels, Bebel, etc. (which has scarcely been acknowledged by more modern Marxist literature). This tradition was picked up in the early twentieth century by the Austrian sociologist Goldscheid as well as by the developmental biologist Kammerer. These men extended these ideas and incorporated them into the framework of “proletarian race hygiene,” involving as key concepts what they called “human economy” and “organic technology.”

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0269889700003240

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7

Digitale Medien

“Controversy” (1998)

Freudenthal, Gideon

Cambridge : Cambridge University Press

Science in context 11 (1998), S. 155-160

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ISSN: 0269-8897

Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives

Thema: Geschichte , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Notizen: Controversies are pervasive in the history of science. History is thus here also at odds with science's images. According to both traditional and contemporary views of science, there are no scientific controversies sui generis. In traditional images of science controversies are external to science proper; in some contemporary views nothing about controversies in science specifically distinguishes them from controversies in other domains. According to one traditional image, science progresses from common ground to conclusions according to secure procedures such that there is no place for disagreement nor, therefore, for controversy. According to another traditional image of science, there are no such secure procedures. On the contrary: one does and even should jump to conclusions. Whereas here subsequent criticism is called for, it seems that controversy is not. This image is built on the assumption that refutations are clear cut, so that producing a valid refutation does not require a lengthy exchange of arguments.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0269889700002969

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8

Digitale Medien

Malthus and Ricardo: Two styles for Economic Theory (1998)

Cremaschi, Sergio ; Dascal, Marcelo

Cambridge : Cambridge University Press

Science in context 11 (1998), S. 229-254

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ISSN: 0269-8897

Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives

Thema: Geschichte , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Notizen: The ArgumentWe examine the most famous controversy between economists — the one between Thomas Robert Malthus and David Ricardo — as a means of shedding fresh light on the current debate about economic methodology. By focusing on this controversy as the primary unit of analysis, we show how methodological considerations are but one of a whole set of stratagems employed by each opponent. We argue that each opponent's preference for a particular kind of stratagem expresses his own specific scientific style (within the general scientific and cultural style of an age). We also describe a dynamic dimension of the controversy, independent of the participants' intentions. Such a dimension is analyzed in one of the “cycles” of the controversy, which begins with a well-defined issue and expands to additional topics, without reaching a “solution” of the initial issue. The Controversy, thus, does not yield a solution of a given problem nor persuasion of the adversary — its presumable aims. Rather, its “benefit” seems to lie in an unintended result — the clarification and deepening of contrasting approaches to the discipline. Insofar as the history of a discipline requires a reconstruction of such contrasts, it is indispensable that it take into account the controversies where they emerge, and view both the positive doctrines and the methodological postures of the contenders as parts of a wider framework, within which the notion of a scientific style — which this paper attempts to clarify — looms large.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0269889700003008

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9

Digitale Medien

Brouwer versus Hilbert: 1907–1928 (1998)

Carl, J. Posy

Cambridge : Cambridge University Press

Science in context 11 (1998), S. 291-325

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ISSN: 0269-8897

Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives

Thema: Geschichte , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Notizen: The ArgumentL. E. J. Brouwer and David Hubert, two titans of twentieth-century mathematics, clashed dramatically in the 1920s. Though they were both Kantian constructivists, their notorious Grundlagenstreit centered on sharp differences about the foundations of mathematics: Brouwer was prepared to revise the content and methods of mathematics (his “Intuitionism” did just that radically), while Hilbert's Program was designed to preserve and constructively secure all of classical mathematics.Hilbert's interests and polemics at the time led to at least three misconstruals of intuitionism, misconstruals which last to our own time: Current literature often portrays popular views of intuitionism as the product of Brouwer's idiosyncratic subjectivism; modern logicians view intuitionism as simply applying a non-standard formal logic to mathematics; and contemporary philosophers see that logic as based upon a pure assertabilist theory of meaning. These pictures stem from the way Hilbert structured the controversy.Even though Brouwer's own work and behavior occasionally reinforce these pictures, they are nevertheless inaccurate accounts of his approach to mathematics. However, the framework provided by the Brouwer-Hilbert debate itself does not supply an adequate correction of these inaccuracies. For, even if we eliminate these mistakes within that framework, Brouwer's position would still appear fragmented and internally inconsistent. I propose a Kantian framework — not from Kant's philosophy of mathematics but from his general metaphysics — which does show the coherence and consistency of Brouwer's views. I also suggest that expanding the context of the controversy in this way will illuminate Hilbert's views as well and will even shed light upon Kant's philosophy.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0269889700003021

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10

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A Mannheim for All Seasons: Bloor, Merton, and the Roots of the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge (1998)

Kaiser, David

Cambridge : Cambridge University Press

Science in context 11 (1998), S. 51-87

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ISSN: 0269-8897

Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives

Thema: Geschichte , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Notizen: The ArgumentDavid Bloor often wrote that Karl Mannheim had “stopped short” in his sociology of knowledge, lacking the nerve to consider the natural sciences sociologically. While this assessment runs counter to Mannheim's own work, which responded in quite specific ways both to an encroaching “modernity” and a looming fascism, Bloor's depiction becomes clearer when considered in the light of his principal introduction to Mannheim's work — a series of essays by Robert Merton. Bloor's reading and appropriation of Mannheim emerged from his background in experimental psychology and his attempts to supercede Merton's own structural-functionalist program for the sociology of knowledge. By retracing this extended trail of readings and re-readings, we may begin to understand the roots of Bloor's curious interpretation of Mannheim's sociology of knowledge, and inquire in a reflexive way about the present and future directions of science studies.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S026988970000291X

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