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  • Articles  (28)
  • Turbulence  (28)
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  • Articles  (28)
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  • Springer  (28)
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  • International Union of Crystallography
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meccanica 33 (1998), S. 445-468 
    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Wall-bounded turbulent shear flows ; Scaling laws in turbulence ; Local structure of turbulence ; Fluid mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Turbulence at very large Reynolds numbers (often called developed turbulence) is widely considered to be one of the happier provinces of the turbulence realm, as it is widely thought that two of its basic results are well-established, and have a chance to enter, basically untouched, into a future complete theory of turbulence. These results are the von Kármán-Prandtl universal logarithmic law in the wall-region of wall-bounded turbulent shear flow, and the Kolmogorov-Obukhov scaling laws for the local structure of developed turbulent flow.However, doubts have been expressed over the years about the fluid mechanical assumptions that underlie these laws. After a concise review of the problem of turbulence as a whole we will show in the present paper that the von Kármán–Prandtl universal logarithmic law is based on an assumption which,though plausible, in fact is not quite correct. We will come to the conclusion, based on theoretical considerations and on processing of experimental data, that the universal logarithmic law does not describe the real features of developed turbulent wall-bounded flow of viscous fluid; it should be jettisoned and replaced by a different law, a scaling law. Experimental evidence for the local structure of turbulent flows is now not sufficiently well-established to allow a similarly definite conclusion. However, the application of the new approach presented here makes it very plausible that the classical, non-modified version of Kolmogorov–Obukhov ‘K-41’ laws gives an adequate description of the local features of developedturbulent flows. Sommario.La turbolenza agli altissimi numeri di Reynolds (spesso chiamata turbolenza sviluppata) è largamente ritenuta una delle regioni felici del regno della turbolenza: si pensa infatti che due suoi risultati fondamentali siano ben assodati e che abbiano speranza di entrare senza rilevanti modifiche in una futura teoria completa della turbolenza.Questi risultati sono la legge logaritmica universale di Kármán–Prandtl per la regione di parete dei flussi turbolenti confinati e la legge di simulitudine di Kolmogorov–Obukhov per la struttura locale del flusso turbolento sviluppato. Nel corso degli anni sono stati tuttavia espressi dubbi sulle ipotesi fluidodinamiche che sottendono queste leggi. Nel presente lavoro, dopo un breve esame del problema della turbolenza nel suo insieme,dimostreremo che la legge logaritmica universale di Kármán–Prandtl è basata su un'assunzione che, per quanto plausibile, non è del tutto corretta. Giungeremo alla conclusione, basata su considerazioni teoriche esull'elaborazione di dati sperimentali, che la legge logaritmica universale non descrive le caratteristiche reali del flusso turbolento di un fluido viscoso sviluppato e confinato da una parete; essa dovrebbe essere sostituita de una legge differente, una legge di similitude. L'evidenza sperimentale per la stzuttura locale di flusso turbolento non è al momento sufficientemente assodata perpermettere una conclusione altrettanto definita. L'impiegodel nuovo approccio qui presentato, tuttavia, rende assai plausible che la classica versione non modificata della legge ‘K-41’ di Kolmogorov-Obukhov fornisca una adeguata descrizione delle caratteristiche locali del flussoturbolento sviluppato.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meccanica 33 (1998), S. 29-46 
    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Finite difference methods ; Free shear layers ; Turbulence ; Fluid mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A computational formulation is proposed for second-moment closure turbulence models, especially suited to models intended to ensure physical realizability. It enables to cast the quite complicated model equations in a compact form. It is specifically applied here to a two-dimensional parabolized flow, though it lends itself to extension to more complex flows. An effective computational algorithm is proposed, based on a staggered grid and a block tridiagonal solver. The algorithm is applied to a turbulent mixing layer, and the comparison between the predictions obtained by standard modelling tools and a realizable second-moment closure clearly points out the superiority of the latter.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meccanica 33 (1998), S. 503-516 
    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Flow visualization ; Speckle photography ; Particle image velocimetry ; Turbulence ; Fluid mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Modern developments in laser and computer technology, electronic cameras, and digital image processing techniques allow to generate planar distributions of quantitative data in turbulent flows. Large amounts of data can be processed easily and analyzed statistically. With these tools, it is possible to quantitatively visualize turbulent coherent structures, even in flows of high Reynolds number, and measure characteristic spatial quantities like vorticity, length scales, spatial correlation functions, etc. These potentials in analyzing spatial characteristics of turbulent flows are demonstrated with two different methods of quantitative flow visualization: speckle photography as a representative of the line-of-sight methods, and particle image velocimetry belonging to the methods that rely on the scattering of laser light from tracer particles. Sommario.I moderni sviluppi nelle tecnologie del laser e dei computers, delle telecamere elettroniche e le tecniche di analisi digitale delle immagini permettono di ottenere distribuzioni quantitative, in un piano, di dati relativi a flussi turbolenti. Una gran quantità di dati può essere con facilità analizzata statisticamente. Con questi mezzi è possibile visualizzare quantitativamente strutture coerenti turbolente anche in flussi da alto numero di Reynolds, e misurare caratteristiche spaziali, come vorticità scale e funzioni di correlazione. Questa potenzialità di studiare caratteristiche spaziali di flussi turbolenti viene qui mostrata per due differenti metodi di visualizzazione quantitativa: fotografia ‘speckle’ e PIV (particle image velocimetry).
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 87 (1998), S. 459-480 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Coherence model ; Spatial coherence ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Wind speed measurements from the test site at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory have been evaluated with respect to the spatial coherence function. The experimental arrangement provides coherence information for separation distances of 62, 80 and 102 m. These are at least three times greater than the measurement heights of 18 m and 18.7 m. Based on these experimental data and data published in the literature, different theoretical formulations are compared and a new, but simple, model for longitudinal and lateral coherence is proposed. At large separations the turbulent wind field is not isotropic, theoretical models to describe the coherence function for such distances are not available. The new model we propose builds on the classical exponential approach. It takes into account the influence of turbulence intensity and models the angular dependence of horizontal coherence. It is found that, for constant turbulence intensity, the lateral coherence decay becomes independent of the mean wind speed.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 89 (1998), S. 285-316 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Boundary layer ; Heterogeneous terrain ; Roughness length ; Surface fluxes ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this work is to present experimentally evaluated effective roughnesses (zoe) of a partly forested landscape. Although the ratio of boundary-layer height to obstacle size was only of the order of 50, there still seemed to exist a height range of 75–200 m where surface-layer similarity was approximately valid. Attempts were made to use conventional wind profile analysis to evaluate zoe, but the small height range and the large number of variables initially led to unacceptable uncertainties. Fixing the displacement height zd, rather than fitting it, reduced the data scatter to an acceptable level. The profile-derived roughness lengths zop obtained in this way were in good agreement with previous work, and with an alternative roughness length estimate zof for which flux-derived profile parameters u* and θ* were used. This implies that the profile-derived roughnesses were consistent with the measured surface-layer momentum flux. Comparison of both roughness estimates also yielded an improved estimate of the displacement height. Besides this, the authors tested a landscape roughness evaluation method which makes use of the gustiness parameter Tu = σu/U in the surface layer. The results obtained by this method were in fair agreement with the profile-derived data. In previous work, the gustiness method was advocated because it could be used at relatively low levels, perhaps even within the roughness sub-layer. At the present measuring site, this was not the case as the gustiness method was only valid in an approximate way, and for a limited height range.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 94 (2000), S. 461-493 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Radiation fog ; Large-eddy simulation ; Turbulence ; Kelvin–Helmholtz instability ; Convection ; Mixed layer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In order to study the three-dimensional structure of radiation fogand to obtain a basic understanding of its generation mechanism,a numerical experiment is performed with a large-eddysimulation model and compared with the observation at Cabauw in the Netherlands. After confirming that the results are insatisfactory agreement with the observations, the structure of thefog and its generation mechanism are examined in more detail. Before the fog forms, the atmosphere is stable and an inversionlayer exists almost adjacent to the ground surface. As the fog grows, however, the stratification is destabilized and a mixed layerdevelops gradually. The longwave radiative cooling near thefog top contributes to the destabilization more than thecondensational heating does. The evolution of the fog can be classified into three stagesaccording to the behaviour of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE):formation, development, and dissipation stages.The fog layer has different flow structures at each stage.During the formation stage, longitudinal rolls similar tostreaks in channel flows appear near the ground surface.The development stage is characterized by an initiation oftransverse bands due to Kelvin–Helmholtz instability anda sudden increase of TKE. During the dissipation stage, longitudinalrolls and polygonal cells due to convective instability are organized.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 97 (2000), S. 219-249 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Conditional concentration statistics ; Mixing ; Scalar dissipation ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We analyse cross-wind-integrated statistics of theconcentration field of a conserved scalar for pointand line sources in grid turbulence. In particular,using wind-tunnel measurements we calculate thecross-wind integrated probability density function(pdf) for the scalar concentration. We then use thatquantity in the exact evolution equation for the pdfto calculate the cross-wind integrated mean of therate of dissipation of scalar variance, conditional onthe scalar concentration. Much of the variation ofthese statistics with distance downstream is accountedfor by scaling with concentration, length and timescales based on the development of the mean plume.This scaling thus suggests some simple practicalparameterisations of these statistics in terms ofmean-field quantities. One of the motivations for thiswork is to find a simple parameterisation for thescalar dissipation that can be used for modellingchemical reactions in plumes. We also consider the cross-wind integral of the firstfew moments of the concentration field and show thatthe integration greatly simplifies the budgets forthese moments. Thus the first moment is just thedownstream flux of the scalar, which is constant. Thesecond moment budget provides a check on the meandissipation estimated directly from the pdf evolutionequation.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 86 (1998), S. 63-87 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Stratocumulus ; Mass flux ; Lateral entrainment ; Turbulence ; Conditional sampling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A mass-flux approach is applied to observational data obtained in a convective boundary layer topped with stratocumulus clouds. The observational data were obtained from aircraft measurements during the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment (ASTEX). A conditional sampling method is used to calculate average updraft and downdraft values. The vertical fluxes calculated with the mass-flux approach are found to be proportional to the real (measured) fluxes, with a proportionality factor being about 0.6. This value is predicted by theory for two variables having a joint Gaussian distribution function; proportionality factor = 2π-1 ≈ 0.637. The horizontal fractional entrainment and detrainment rates calculated from the data (ε ≈ 1–2 × 10-2 m-1) are an order of magnitude higher than the rates obtained by large eddy simulations for cumulus convection (ε ≈ 2–3 × 10-3 m-1) and two orders of magnitude higher than those used in modelling cumulus convection with a mass-flux scheme in an operational weather forecast model (ε ≈ 3 × 10-4 m-1). A numerical mass-flux model for the thermodynamics was developed and showed that results are in good agreement when compared with measured profiles of the liquid water content.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Surface temperature ; Surface inhomogeneity ; Source area
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Turbulence characteristics, vertical profiles of wind velocity u(z) and air temperature T(z), and also spatial variations in steppe surface radiation temperature Tr(x) are measured simultaneously. A marked effect of Tr(x) characteristics on the turbulence characteristics and T(z) profiles is observed in the lower part of the atmospheric surface layer. We suggest that variability in Tr(x) noticeably influences the surface-layer temperature field and leads to scatter in the values of the universal functions obtained by different authors; effects of Tr(x) are not accounted for in similarity theory. The introduction of the value of temperature zero-plane displacement dT in the calculation formulae (to determine temperature flux) noticeably improves the agreement between calculated and measured (by eddy-correlation method) results. The influence of footprint (or Source Area) on the obtained results leads to noticeable scatter in the data obtained from measurements of atmospheric turbulence.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Convective boundary layer ; Clear air radar observations ; Coherent organizations ; Radar-aircraft joint observations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The scientific objective of the TRAC experiment (Turbulence Radar Aircraft Cells) was to investigate the respective roles played by small-scale turbulence and coherent structures in the vertical transfer within the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). Field research held in June 1993 in France was based on coupled aircraft and Doppler radar measurements. The results discussed here are mainly focused on the evaluation of the performance of the radar in the 3D description of the clear air ABL, which was the technical goal of TRAC. During the experiment, the radar was able to provide continuous and coherent echo fields over a range of several tens of kilometres, extending up to about 3 km. Good agreement was obtained in the ABL between the radar-derived turbulent quantities and airborne measurements. As depicted by the reflectivity fields, coherent organizations were found to be a common feature of the eleven ABL cases analyzed. These organizations evolved during the day between a banded structure and a cellular pattern. A very weak correlation was found between the reflectivity field and the atmospheric parameters measured by the aircraft. However, in terms of characteristic scale, the reflectivity field appeared to be strongly related to the water vapour field. The inhomogeneity induced by the coherent circulations questions the representativity of one-dimensional sampling of these 3D fields and suggests the need to adapt the traditional statistical approach of the ABL.
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