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  • Articles  (40,634)
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  • 2010-2014  (12,491)
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Year
Journal
  • 1
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    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 3 (1988), S. 1-22 
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
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  • 2
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 3 (1988), S. 23-58 
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 3
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 3 (1988), S. 59-84 
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 4
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 3 (1988), S. 85-119 
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 5
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 3 (1988), S. 121-146 
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 6
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 3 (1988), S. 147-165 
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 7
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 3 (1988), S. 167-195 
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 8
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 3 (1988), S. 197-232 
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 9
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 3 (1988), S. 233-283 
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 10
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 3 (1988), S. 317-348 
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 11
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 3 (1988), S. 349-387 
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 12
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 3 (1988), S. 285-316 
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 13
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 3 (1988), S. 389-411 
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 14
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: During incremental concept learning from examples, tentative hypotheses are formed and then modified to form new hypotheses. When there is a choice among hypotheses, bias is used to express a preference. Bias may be expressed by the choice of hypothesis language, it may be implemented as an evaluation function for selecting among hypotheses already generated, or it may consist of screening potential hypotheses prior to hypothesis generation. This paper describes the use of the third method. Bias is represented explicitly both as assumptions that reduce the space of potential hypotheses and as procedures for testing these assumptions. There are advantages gained by using explicit assumptions. One advantage is that the assumptions are meta-level hypotheses that are used to generate future, as well as to select between current, inductive hypotheses. By testing these meta-level hypotheses, a system gains the power to anticipate the form of future hypotheses. Furthermore, rigorous testing of these meta-level hypotheses before using them to generate inductive hypotheses avoids consistency checks of the inductive hypotheses. A second advantage of using explicit assumptions is that bias can be tested using a variety of learning methods.
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  • 15
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper describes LEW (learning by watching), an implementation of a novel learning technique, and discusses its application to the learning of plans. LEW is a domain-independent learning system with user-limited autonomy that is designed to provide robust performance in realistic knowledge acquisition tasks in a variety of domains. It partly automates the knowledge acquisition process for different knowledge types, such as concepts, rules, and plans. The inputs to the system, which we call cues, consist of an environmental component and of pairs containing a problem and its solution. Unlike traditional forms of “learning from examples”, in which the system uses the teacher's answer to improve the result of a prior generalization of an example, LEW treats the problem-solution or question-answer instances, i. e., the cues themselves, as the basic units for generalization.
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  • 16
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.
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  • 17
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: In the past, Kripke structures have been used to specify the semantic theory of various modal logics. More recently, modal structures have been developed as an alternative to Kripke structures for providing the semantics of such logics. While these approaches are equivalent in a certain sense, it has been argued that modal structures provide a more appropriate basis for representing the modal notions of knowledge and belief. Since these notions, rather than the traditional notions of necessity and possibility, are of particular interest to artificial intelligence, it is of interest to examine the applicability and versatility of these structures. This paper presents an investigation of modal structures by examining how they may be extended to account for generalizations of Kripke structures. To begin with, we present an alternative formulation of modal structures in terms of trees; this formulation emphasizes the relation between Kripke structures and modal structures, by showing how the latter may be obtained from the former by means of a three-step transformation. Following this, we show how modal structures may be extended to represent generalizations of possible worlds, and to represent generalizations of accessibility between possible worlds. Lastly, we show how modal structures may be used in the case of a full first-order system. In all cases, the extensions are shown to be equivalent to the corresponding extension of Kripke structures.
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  • 18
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A definition of extended definite clause grammars and their relationship to unrestricted grammars are presented. A method for translating extended definite clause grammars describing unrestricted grammars into executable prolog programs is given. Three different parsing techniques are presented, and for each a complete presentation of how to incorporate unrestricted grammars in the actual formalism is done. Extended definite clause grammar is a powerful formalism usable for specifying grammars in natural language processing systems.
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  • 19
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper describes a qualitative technique for interpreting graphical data. Given a set of numerical observations regarding the behaviour of a system, its attributes can be determined by plotting the data and qualitatively comparing the shape of the resulting graph with graphs of system behaviour models. Qualitative data modeling incorporates techniques from pattern recognition and qualitative reasoning to characterize observed data, generate hypothetical interpretations, and select models that best fit the shape of the data. Domain-specific knowledge may be used to substantiate or refute the likelihood of hypothesized interpretations. The basic data modeling technique is domain independent and is applicable to a wide range of problems. It is illustrated here in the context of a knowledge-based system for well test interpretation.
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  • 20
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Most shape-from-shading methods assume that surface reflectance is constant within large image regions. This assumption is violated in natural scenes with objects made from different materials. We present a more general method for recovering shape from shading, assuming that surfaces are smooth and albedo is piecewise constant, as would be the case if a Mondrian image was painted on a smooth curved surface. Our method is based on combining Brooks and Horn's method for shape recovery with the recovery of albedo using stochastic relaxation.
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  • 21
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Artificial neural networks capable of doing hard learning offer a new way to undertake automatic speech recognition. The Boltzmann machine algorithm and the error back-propagation algorithm have been used to perform speaker normalization. Spectral segments are represented by spectral lines. Speaker-independent recognition of place of articulation for vowels is performed on lines. Performance of the networks is shown to depend on the coding of the input data. Samples were extracted from continuous speech of 38 speakers. The error rate obtained (4.2% error on test set of 72 samples with the Boltzmann machine and 6.9% error with error back-propagation) is better than that of previous experiments, using the same data, with continuous Hidden Markov Models (7.3% error on test set and 3% error on training set). These experiments are part of an attempt to construct a data-driven speech recognition system with multiple neural networks specialized to different tasks. Results are also reported on the recognition performance of other trained networks, such as one trained on the E-set consonants.
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  • 22
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The modal logic LL was introduced by Halpern and Rabin as a means of doing qualitative reasoning about likelihood. Here the relationship between LL and probability theory is examined. It is shown that there is a way of translating probability assertions into LL in a sound manner, so that LL in some sense can capture the probabilistic interpretation of likelihood. However, the translation is subtle; several more obvious attempts are shown to lead to inconsistencies. We also extend LL by adding modal operators for knowledge. This allows us to reason about the interaction between knowledge and likelihood. The propositional version of the resulting logic LLK is shown to have a complete axiomatization and to be decidable in exponential time, provably the best possible.
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  • 23
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Reasoning about change requires predicting how long a proposition, having become true, will continue to be so. Lacking perfect knowledge, an agent may be constrained to believe that a proposition persists indefinitely simply because there is no way for the agent to infer a contravening proposition with certainty. In this paper, we describe a model of causal reasoning that accounts for knowledge concerning cause-and-effect relationships and knowledge concerning the tendency for propositions to persist or not as a function of time passing. Our model has a natural encoding in the form of a network representation for probabilistic models. We consider the computational properties of our model by reviewing recent advances in computing the consequences of models encoded in this network representation. Finally, we discuss how our probabilistic model addresses certain classical problems in temporal reasoning (e. g., the frame and qualification problems).
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  • 24
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: It is commonplace in artificial intelligence to divide an agent's explicit beliefs into two parts: the beliefs explicitly represented or manifest in memory, and the implicitly represented or constructive beliefs that are repeatedly reconstructed when needed rather than memorized. Many theories of knowledge view the relation between manifest and constructive beliefs as a logical relation, with the manifest beliefs representing the constructive beliefs through a logic of belief. This view, however, limits the ability of a theory to treat incomplete or inconsistent sets of beliefs in useful ways. We argue that a more illuminating view is that belief is the result of rational representation. In this theory, the agent obtains its constructive beliefs by using its manifest beliefs and preferences to rationally (in the sense of decision theory) choose the most useful conclusions indicated by the manifest beliefs.
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  • 25
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 4 (1988), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8640
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    Topics: Computer Science
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  • 26
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 4 (1988), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8640
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  • 27
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    Computational intelligence 4 (1988), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: We realize a computer simulation of children's reasoning in arithmetic word problem solving. The model parses the terms provided to the system in natural language and, while it performs this task, it tries to build its representation of the described situation by the way that the child elaborates a mental problem representation. This image results from three components: semantic knowledge, text comprehension process, and problem-solving strategies.We emphasize the adequacy, on one hand, between the knowledge representation and manipulation by an object formalism and, on the other hand, between the structure and the use of knowledge interacting in this application.The specific aspect of our model is that the internal representation is realized in an object-oriented language whose main properties are accurately exploited. This choice allows one to combine the descriptive characteristics of each piece of knowledge with its implication in the progress of the process.The program is supported by the analysis of individual protocols of some children: they allow us to hypothesize on the way the children modify their problem representation during the solving task.We describe the main objects of the model. Then we simulate on the terms of a problem, the way that the process is driven by expectations of contextually relevant information.
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  • 28
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 4 (1988), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: It is currently thought in the knowledge-based systems (KBS) domain that sophisticated tools are necessary for helping an expert with the difficult task of knowledge acquisition. The problem of detecting inconsistencies is especially crucial. The risk of inconsistencies increases with the size of the knowledge base; for large knowledge bases, detecting inconsistencies “by hand” or even by a superficial survey of the knowledge base is impossible. Indeed, most inconsistencies are due to the interaction between several rules via often deep deductions. In this paper, we first state the problem and define our approach in the framework of classical logic. We then describe a complete method to prove the consistency (or the inconsistency) of knowledge bases that we have implemented in the COVADIS system.
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  • 29
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 4 (1988), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper provides a systematic treatment of possibly imprecisely or vaguely specified numerical quantifiers in default syllogisms, following an approach initiated by Zadeh. The obtained propagation rules are derived from simple properties of relative cardinality or, equivalently, conditional probability. Uncertainty in the description of numerical quantifiers is handled using possibility theory and, particularly, fuzzy arithmetic. The advantages of this default reasoning method are its ability to model any kind of quantifier and to build new defaults by chaining existing ones, in a rigorous manner. This approach also emphasizes the difference between two types of uncertain pieces of knowledge, i.e., conjectures versus general rules.
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  • 30
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    Computational intelligence 4 (1988), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: GETA (Groupe d'études pour la traduction automatique) is a research team working basically in the domain of machine translation. GETA's software system, ARIANE-78, has been tested over various pairs of relatively unrelated languages. Being a product of the late seventies, the system misses out on some of the artificial intelligence technology, particularly that of the eighties. Nevertheless, GETA carries out some research related to artificial intelligence within a general effort to bring improvements to the current system. This paper reports on an effort to embed such work within the framework of an entirely new system based on ideas from expert systems, significantly departing from the methodology of the current system (and that of other currently implemented machine translation systems). The proposed architecture aims for total modularity and flexibility and some degree of intelligence.
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  • 31
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 4 (1988), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper describes a dialogue-based system which is intended as an intelligent natural language interface to the French Yellow Pages. We do not assume that the user knows how the Yellow Pages are organized, and we paraphrase his request, if necessary, so as to better search for the desired information. We do, however, assume that the reason the user is on line is to find an address and phone number for some supplier.There are three basic modules used in our system: parser, dialogue manager, and generator. The first two exist (and are constantly being extended); the generation module is still only a set of functional specifications which will be outlined later in this article.
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  • 32
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 4 (1988), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Logical omniscience may be described (roughly) as the state of affairs in which an agent explicitly believes anything which is logically entailed by that agent's beliefs. It is widely agreed that humans are not logically omniscient, and that an adequate formal model of belief, coupled with a correct semantic theory, would not entail logical omniscience. Recently, two prominent models of belief have emerged which purport both to avoid logical omniscience and to provide an intuitively appealing semantics. The first of these models is due to Levesque (1984b); the second to Fagin and Halpem (1985). It is argued herein that each of these models faces serious difficulties. Detailed criticisms are presented for each model, and a computationally oriented theory of intensions is presented which provides the foundation for a new formal model of belief. This formal model is presented in a decidable subset of first-order logic and is shown to provide a solution to the general problem of logical omniscience. The model provides for the possibility of belief revision and places no a priori restrictions upon an agent's representation language.
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    Computational intelligence 4 (1988), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The relative expressive power of a sentential operator □α is compared to that of a syntactical predicate L(‘α’) in the setting of first-order logics. Despite well-known results by Montague and by Thomason that claim otherwise, any of the so-called “modal” logics of knowledge and belief can be compiled into classical first-order logics that have a corresponding predicate on sentences. Moreover, through the use of a partial truth predicate, the standard modal axiom schemata can be translated into single sentences, making it possible to use conventional first-order logic theorem provers to directly derive results in a wide class of modal logics.
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    Computational intelligence 4 (1988), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The Graph Theorist, GT, is a system that performs mathematical research in graph theory. From the definitions in its input knowledge base, GT constructs examples of mathematical concepts, conjectures and proves mathematical theorems about concepts, and discovers new concepts. Discovery is driven both by examples and by definitional form. The discovery processes construct a semantic net that links all of GT's concepts together.Each definition is an algebraic expression whose semantic interpretation is a stylized algorithm to generate a class of graphs correctly and completely. From a knowledge base of these concept definitions, GT is able to conjecture and prove such theorems as “The set of acyclic, connected graphs is precisely the set of trees” and “There is no odd-regular graph on an odd number of vertices.” GT explores new concepts either to develop an area of knowledge or to link a newly acquired concept into a pre-existing knowledge base. New concepts arise from the specialization of an existing concept, the generalization of an existing concept, and the merger of two or more existing concepts. From an initial knowledge base containing only the definition of “graph,” GT discovers such concepts as acyclic graphs, connected graphs, and bipartite graphs.
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    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Robust design is an efficient method for designing high quality products at low cost. The method examines the effect of a large number of design factors on the variability of a product's response due to various sources of disturbance. This effect can be observed efficiently by studying a large number of variables simultaneously through balanced, orthogonal array experiments, and by analyzing the resulting data using variance decomposition methods. In this paper we describe an expert system prototype for designing efficient experiments. Given the information on various parameters and their levels, the system designs an experiment using orthogonal arrays. This expert system is implemented in Prolog, which is a logic programming language for artificial intelligence research and expert systems development. The system was implemented under the P-Shell knowledge programming environment on UNIX.
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    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-0394
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    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: This paper describes and examines real-time expert systems from the perspective of their users. It categorizes real-time expert systems according to a three-component system consisting of an expert system, a user and a process being controlled, by considering all possible arrangements of information flow between the components, and uses this classification as a basis for reviewing real-time expert systems. The focus of interest lies in those characteristics of real-time expert systems which impinge on users, especially as they have been discussed by computer scientists. After critically examining these claims, the paper discusses the interaction between systems and users at the perceptual/motor, cognitive and supervisory levels. It concludes by arguing that the successful design and installation of real-time expert systems require the application of ergonomics techniques to provide for efficient and accurate user-system interaction.
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    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: XpertRule is an expert-systems development environment authored by Dr Akeel Al-Attar. It runs on IBM PC, XT and AT computers and close compatibles. This review was carried out on an Opus V AT-class machine running at 10 Mhz with EGA, 1 Mb RAM and a 30Mb hard disk. The package costs £995 and can be obtained from Attar Software Ltd, Newlands Road, Leigh, Lancashire WN7 4HN, England. Tel: +44 (0)942 608844.
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    Notes: Abstract: This is an endeavour to amalgamate temporal logics with financial problems. By utilising real strategies, it takes cognisance that ‘generic’ trading systems can be creative. In the financial market, time is a critical vector. Accordingly, trading decisions have to be specific and any advice controlled. Reichgelt's two-tier reified temporal logic seems to offer a favourable pliancy for tracking such a capricious market. The external modal language, TM, is friendly and simple but expressive. It allows the outside world to be related by three primitives: AT, P(ast) and F(uture). The internal meta-language, TR, permitting time points, allows TM's effect to be developed with precision.
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    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Applications of expert systems: Volume 2. J. Ross Quinlan (Ed.).Expert Systems Architectures, L. Johnson and E. T. Keravnou.
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    Notes: Abstract: Computer operated knowledge bases provide a means of rapidly providing agricultural producers with concise up-to-date information, which can be used to assist their decision making process. This paper reports on one such system, LUCVAR, which provides advice on the best lucerne varieties for a farmer to grow. The development and organisation of the knowledge base are outlined and examples are used to show the rule structures. A sample consultation is provided to demonstrate the interactive nature of the knowledge base.
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    Notes: Abstract: A project is underway to increase the effective use of personnel by creating a knowledge-based assistant for supervisors. The Programmed Evaluation of Personnel (PEOPL) is designed to permit the combination of quantitative and qualitative data to standardize supervisory ratings. The full scope of the project will combine subjective experience with data from psychological research which assesses employee performance. Peopl combines heuristic, subjective experience with experimental data to establish performance standards for use in a comprehensive system for personnel use. In this way, organizations can assess corporate needs, evaluate the current pool of employees, place them where they may be used more efficiently, and determine what jobs remain undone.
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    Notes: Abstract: This paper discusses the results of a survey of ES producers conducted between October 1987 and June 1988 as part of a British Library Research and Development Department funded project. The survey aimed to establish the nature and scope of ES projects in Britain, the skills and methodologies used in their development and the background and experience of the personnel employed to develop them. A major part of the survey focused on the human input and organisational impact of ESs and this paper summarises the findings of the survey with particular reference to these issues. It includes details of the organisational background of those working in the area; a review of the nature, number and scope of ES projects in Britain; consultation procedures with both users and experts; the knowledge engineering task and methodologies currently used in undertaking it; the skills and attributes of the knowledge engineer; issues of updating and extending ESs; and hopes, projections and expectations for the future.
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    Notes: Neural Works Professional II is a neuro-computing development environment authored by Casimir ‘Casey’ Klimasauskas of Neural Ware Inc. It runs on IBM PC, XT and AT computers and close compatibles under MS/DOS 2.0 or higher. This review was carried out on an Opus V AT-class machine running at 10 Mhz with EGA, 1 Mb RAM and a 30-megabyte hard disk. The package costs $2250 (there is a Sun/Unix version at /2600), and can be obtained from Neural Ware Inc., 103 Buckskin Court, Sewickley, PA 15143, USA. Tel: (412) 741-5959. In the United Kingdom the price is £ 1350 and it is distributed by Scientific Computers Ltd., Victoria Road, Burgess Hill, Sussex, RH15 9LW, England. Tel: (04446) 5101.
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    Notes: Abstract: The Trainee Teacher Support System (TTSS) is a computer based advisory system for trainee teachers. Development work, in the form of a feasibility study, has been conducted over the past three years. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the application of expert systems technology and artificial intelligence techniques to the formalisation of experienced teachers’ knowledge of classroom practice. The domain chosen is that of the school based ‘teacher-tutor’, responsible for guiding and advising the trainee teacher. The TTSS embodies a model of processes which underly classroom events. It has a knowledge base of rules, accumulates a database of facts and has a rule implementation program. It is undergoing continued development in order to capture the teacher-tutor's understanding of classroom dynamics on a finer timescale.
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    Notes: Abstract: MAID is an expert system for the computer-aided design of control systems. It is developed in conjunction with the successful application of a systematic control system design technique. The design problem has been decomposed into sub-problems, resulting in good modularity of design knowledge. Interactive design and the designer's intuition are emphasized. MAID, which acts as a designer's assistant, was developed using the expert systems development facility provided within a control system design package. The coupling of symbolic and numerical processing was carried out in a natural way.
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    Notes: Abstract: Many large organizations today have an interest in communications networks either as users of public networks or as operators of their own private networks. The environment in which networks operate is extremely complex and very dynamic. Users are becoming more sophisticated, hence, their demands for network services are increasing in complexity. The network technology is changing at an incredible rate, and there is a very large number of hardware and software vendors selling network products and services. In such an environment, network management is of vital importance, yet it is exceedingly difficult to accomplish effectively. Most organizations are finding that there is little available in the market in the way of comprehensive systems which address the complex problems encountered in planning and engineering communications networks. The purpose of this paper is to describe a development effort which treats one important aspect of network design—that of engineering changes in a network subsequent to the initial design. The result of this research is an expert system called Nestor (Network Engineering System for TOpology and Requirements) which is being used by AT&T network engineers to respond to user change requests for a large packet switching network—thirty network switches, fifty mainframe computers, and one hundred and forty thousand terminals and printers. Estimates based on initial experience with the system are that throughput of the engineering group will increase by 500% for network change requests assigned to Nestor.
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    Notes: Abstract: Sorting an internal list is an indispensable requirement in numerous data processing applications, and many algorithms have been devised for accomplishing those tasks. Furthermore, it is fairly simple to derive order of magnitude of effort measures for particular sorting strategies, and within classes of equivalent theoretical power, practice has shown which algorithms prevail in which circumstances. Thus there is a useful background for testing a system's ability to learn which problem solving technique should be applied in a given instance, for the expert knowledge is rather concise and structured and facilitates comparison to machine decisions. The paper describes the construction of such a system and analyzes the results.
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    Notes: FRIL: A Support Logic Programming System is principally an extension of Prolog designed to facilitate the modelling of uncertainty in applications which are suitable for Prolog and need to allow for probabilistic, evidential or vague reasoning. This review was carried out on an Amstrad 1640HD. The product runs on IBM PC, XT, AT and PS/2 computers and compatibles running MS-DOS 3.0 or higher, with 640 Kb RAM. It also runs on a variety of workstations and minicomputers such as the Sun and VAX range. Prices of currently available versions are as follows:〈list xml:id="l1" style="plain"〉PC single user: £495PC single user with expanded memory (2 Mb): £995PC networks (up to ten PCs): £1495SUN, Apollo HP300 workstations: £2500MicroVax and VAX workstations (UNIX or VMS): £5000VAX 11/730, 11/750, 11/780 (UNIX or VMS): £6000.The product is available from FRIL Systems Ltd, Bristol ITeC, St Anne's House, St Anne's Road, Bristol BS4 4AB, England. Telephone: (0272) 713481. FRIL Systems launched version 4.0 of FRIL in late 1988.
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    Notes: Expert Systems has invited Tony Dodd of Chemical Design to introduce Prometheus, a new Prolog-based expert system tool. A review of the tool will appear in the November issue of the journal. The standard PC version of the tool costs £2995; the 386 version costs £3495.
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    Notes: Abstract: A prototype ‘advisor’ system intended to answer typical questions from a user of a commercial fourth generation report writer has been developed. This paper describes a major subcomponent, which uses expert system techniques to answer ‘why’ or ‘causal’ questions. The approach uses several types of rules, used both forward and backward, to define causal relations between the user's actual code and English-like descriptions of the intended or actual results. The Prolog-based rule interpreter, which can deal with negative and inconsistent questions, is outlined. The design is based on a large corpus of actual user questions.
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    Notes: Abstract: This paper reports experience with the use of two expert system shell’ packages gained during the ARIES project. We report on the desiderata used for selecting the products, the positive and negative features of each and draw some general conclusions about their utility for future systems development. The microcomputer approach is compared with that of specialist workstations and conclusions are drawn concerning design methods for knowledge based systems. The two products considered are Crystal and Leonardo.
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    Notes: Abstract: This paper outlines the approach taken and presents some early findings from a research project which aims to examine the potential of expert systems in British Development Control; it is a progress report more than an account of finished research. It follows the structure of the research project, dealing first with methodological issues, and then moving on to discuss the specific domain of application.
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    Notes: Abstract: Today's marketplace offers a great variety of PC-based expert system shells. More than ever ES developers need a clear idea of what characteristics they require in an ES toolkit. This paper discusses a recent project which used different shells to build versions of a common application. Evaluating this work illuminates some of the important attributes one should look for.
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    Notes: Abstract: The domain of mathematics has played a special part in the evolution of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs), beginning as far back as the 1950s when conventional Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) came into being. A brief historical review of this evolutionary process is presented, followed by a selective survey of some of the intelligent tutoring systems in the mathematics domain as well as some of their shortcomings and the criticisms levelled against them. The work achieved so far towards the realisation of an intelligent tutoring system for a complex mathematical domain is presented. A major conclusion is that the ‘mal-rule’ methodology for developing tutoring systems may lend itself to simple ‘primitive’ domains, but its credibility is seriously questioned when it is applied to more ‘complex’ domains. An alternative methodology is proposed to solve this problem, together with an illustration.
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    Notes: FIRST CLASS is an inductive expert system development tool written by William Hapgood and supplied by 1 st-Class Expert Systems Inc. The product runs on IBM PC, XT and AT computers and close compatibles, running MS/DOS 2.0 or higher. It is sold in two versons, 1st-Class (at $495 U.S.) and 1st-Class Fusion (at $1295). This is a review of the plain version; but mention of ‘Fusion’ facilities is made where appropriate. 1st-Class Expert Systems Inc. can be contacted at: 286 Boston Post Road, Wayland, Massachusetts 1778, USA (617 358–7722).
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    Notes: Abstract: To overcome the inefficiency of domain independent tools, a domain-specific knowledge-based shell for parallel machine scheduling problems, PAMS (PArallel Machine Scheduling System), is proposed. PAMS has the following features; mixed knowledge representation, two-stage status-driven control strategy, conflict resolution using domain theory, domain-specific syntax and primitive operators, interface with database, domain-specific input/output interface, interactive scheduling capability, built-in heuristic knowledge, multiple levels of schedule, and expansibility of the domain. A prototype of PAMS, PAMS-1, is developed using C-language on a supermicrocomputer, and the performance of PAMS-1 is evaluated. The results show that the PAMS-1 performs very well from various perspectives.
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    Notes: Abstract: A system for the generation of naval flying programmes is described. The task is typical of some resource allocation problems, and comprises both the allocation of airborne resources to naval activities whilst taking into account a number of constraints, and the re-allocation of these resources when circumstances change whilst retaining as much of the original plan as possible. Techniques for constraint-based reasoning and assumption-based reasoning are combined to solve the task. An algorithm is described, based around an Assumption-Based Truth Maintenance System (ATMS), that is able to generate an initial allocation, determine the knock-on effects of changing requirements or resources, to retain those parts of the plan that were unaffected, and to re-allocate those parts that were affected. An interactive graphical interface has been designed that allows the user and the system to cooperate in the creation of flying programmes that meet the constraints and fit the situation at hand.
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    Notes: Abstract: This is a review of Expert Systems (ES) in the finance and banking areas. Their purpose, mode of operation and some design issues are discussed. This overview also looks at the most advanced research developments concerning strategic business planning, management, negotiation, and the use of qualitative reasoning for corporate assessment.
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    Notes: Abstract: The integration of a simulation model with two expert systems is described. The first expert system is the front end of the Hybrid Expert Simulation System (HESS) and is designed to check the consistency of the input variables which are provided to the simulation model by the end user. The second expert system is the back end of HESS and is designed to make recommendations based on experimentations with the simulation model. A case study for a software development life cycle process is described.
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    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 1 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: This paper considers an application of decision aiding for maritime operations, viz the design of an intelligent operator aid for dynamic route planning. The limitations of some existing methods are discussed and an Al approach is proposed that combines algorithmic and heuristic processing elements within an embedded system. The aid consists of three elements: a intelligent front end, a route planner and an explanation facility.
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  • 90
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 1 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Recent developments in a subarea of computer science called artificial intelligence have included the creation of expert systems that are capable of solving difficult applications problems which require expert knowledge for their solution. Such expert systems have been found to be useful in a number of applications (e.g. medicine, biochemistry and mineral exploration). In this paper the author presents an expert system for solving problems concerning income and transfer tax planning for individuals In developing this system, a theoretical structure and a set of decision rules were specified and then programmed into a rule-based system that had previously been used for medical diagnosis (Mycin [1]) Once the system was developed, its problem-solving capabilities were refined and verified by a panel of tax experts using a blind verification procedure. This verification step demonstrated that an expert system could be developed in that domain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 91
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 1 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 1 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to design an expert system or an intelligent procedure' that purports to screen hazard potentials of environmental chemicals on the basis of structure-activity relationships in the study of chemical carcinogenesis, particularly with respect to analysing the current state of known structural information about chemical carcinogens and predicting the possible carcinogenicity of untested chemicals An analysis of a computerised database of known carcinogens (knowledge base) is being performed using the structure-activity trees in order to test the validity of the tree as a classification scheme (inference engine) and to evaluate trends or patterns that may exist between chemical structure and specificity for target tissue, route of administration, and animal species. Practical applications of the structure-activity tree depend on its eventual validation as a predictor of carcinogenic activity.
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 1 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 1 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 1 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Activities concerning expert systems in Japan are outlined. Expert systems are receiving increasing attention in Japan, together with fifth-generation computers. Rather than describing the details of individual systems, a variety of expert systems are briefly introduced with their aims and features.
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 1 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Analysis of the job shop scheduling domain has indicated that the crux of the scheduling problem is the determination and satisfaction of a large variety of constraints. Schedules are influenced by such diverse and conflicting factors as due date requirements, cost restrictions, production levels, machine capabilities and substitutability, alternative production processes, order characteristics, resource requirements, and resource availability. This paper describes ISIS, a scheduling system capable of incorporating all relevant constraints in the construction of job shop schedules. We examine both the representation of constraints within ISIS, and the manner in which these constraints are used in conducting a constraint-directed search for an acceptable schedule. The important issues relating to the relaxation of constraints are addressed. Finally, the interactive scheduling facilities provided by ISIS are considered.
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 1 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 1 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 1 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Log interpretation science is a controversial and rapidly changing domain. Designing interpretation models is a highly experimental process which involves trials with a computer program as an integral part of the design. Therefore conventional software engineering techniques, which require a complete specification of the problem before the program is written, are often not applicable or fail to produce high quality software. The development of expert systems has provided the techniques, tools, and capabilities to let us seek alternate methods to produce log interpretation software: exploratory programming environments and automatic programming systems. An exploratory programming environment combines the power of interactive graphics and programming tools to merge the design and programming tasks into a single process where model and program develop together. An automatic programming system will embody the knowledge of the programming process and of some log interpretation heuristics to produce log processing programs from interactive specifications expressed in familiar terms. These facilities will allow log interpretation model designers, who are non-computer specialists, to produce high quality software as the end result of a model design.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 1 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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