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  • Articles  (39,825)
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  • Articles  (39,825)
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  • 2010-2014  (12,491)
  • 2005-2009  (10,097)
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Year
Journal
Topic
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Possible events, actual events, and robots (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 1 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: To plan means reasoning about possible actions, but a robot must also reason about actual events. This paper proposes a formal theory about actual and possible events. It presents a new modal logic as a notation for this theory and a technique for planning in the modal logic using a first-order theorem prover augmented with simple modal reasoning. This avoids the need for a general modal-logic theorem prover. Adding beliefs to this theory raises an interesting problem for which the paper offers a tentative solution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1985.tb00059.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatiotemporal inseparability in early vision: centre-surround models and velocity selectivity (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 1 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Several computational theories of early visual processing, such as Marr's zero-crossing theory, are biologically motivated and based largely on the well-known difference of Gaussians (DOG) receptive-field model of retinal processing. We examine the physiological relevance of the DOG, particularly in the light of evidence indicating significant spatiotemporal inseparability in the behaviour of retinal cell types. From the form of the inseparability we find that commonly accepted functional interpretations of retinal processing based on the DOG, such as the Laplacian of a Gaussian and zero crossings, are not valid for time-varying images. In contrast to current machine-vision approaches, which attempt to separate form and motion information at an early stage, it appears that this is not the case in biological systems. It is further shown that the qualitative form of this inseparability provides a convenient precursor to the extraction of both form and motion information. We show the construction of efficient mechanisms for the extraction of orientation and two-dimensional normal velocity through the use of a hierarchical computational framework. The resultant mechanisms are well localized in space-time and can be easily tuned to various degrees of orientation and speed specificity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1985.tb00062.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Explicitly biased generalization (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: During incremental concept learning from examples, tentative hypotheses are formed and then modified to form new hypotheses. When there is a choice among hypotheses, bias is used to express a preference. Bias may be expressed by the choice of hypothesis language, it may be implemented as an evaluation function for selecting among hypotheses already generated, or it may consist of screening potential hypotheses prior to hypothesis generation. This paper describes the use of the third method. Bias is represented explicitly both as assumptions that reduce the space of potential hypotheses and as procedures for testing these assumptions. There are advantages gained by using explicit assumptions. One advantage is that the assumptions are meta-level hypotheses that are used to generate future, as well as to select between current, inductive hypotheses. By testing these meta-level hypotheses, a system gains the power to anticipate the form of future hypotheses. Furthermore, rigorous testing of these meta-level hypotheses before using them to generate inductive hypotheses avoids consistency checks of the inductive hypotheses. A second advantage of using explicit assumptions is that bias can be tested using a variety of learning methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1989.tb00317.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Knowledge acquisition by incremental learning from problem-solution pairs (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper describes LEW (learning by watching), an implementation of a novel learning technique, and discusses its application to the learning of plans. LEW is a domain-independent learning system with user-limited autonomy that is designed to provide robust performance in realistic knowledge acquisition tasks in a variety of domains. It partly automates the knowledge acquisition process for different knowledge types, such as concepts, rules, and plans. The inputs to the system, which we call cues, consist of an environmental component and of pairs containing a problem and its solution. Unlike traditional forms of “learning from examples”, in which the system uses the teacher's answer to improve the result of a prior generalization of an example, LEW treats the problem-solution or question-answer instances, i. e., the cues themselves, as the basic units for generalization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1989.tb00316.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1989.tb00319.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An investigation of modal structures as an alternative semantic basis for epistemic logics (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: In the past, Kripke structures have been used to specify the semantic theory of various modal logics. More recently, modal structures have been developed as an alternative to Kripke structures for providing the semantics of such logics. While these approaches are equivalent in a certain sense, it has been argued that modal structures provide a more appropriate basis for representing the modal notions of knowledge and belief. Since these notions, rather than the traditional notions of necessity and possibility, are of particular interest to artificial intelligence, it is of interest to examine the applicability and versatility of these structures. This paper presents an investigation of modal structures by examining how they may be extended to account for generalizations of Kripke structures. To begin with, we present an alternative formulation of modal structures in terms of trees; this formulation emphasizes the relation between Kripke structures and modal structures, by showing how the latter may be obtained from the former by means of a three-step transformation. Following this, we show how modal structures may be extended to represent generalizations of possible worlds, and to represent generalizations of accessibility between possible worlds. Lastly, we show how modal structures may be used in the case of a full first-order system. In all cases, the extensions are shown to be equivalent to the corresponding extension of Kripke structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1989.tb00318.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expressing unrestricted grammars by extended definite clause grammars (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A definition of extended definite clause grammars and their relationship to unrestricted grammars are presented. A method for translating extended definite clause grammars describing unrestricted grammars into executable prolog programs is given. Three different parsing techniques are presented, and for each a complete presentation of how to incorporate unrestricted grammars in the actual formalism is done. Extended definite clause grammar is a powerful formalism usable for specifying grammars in natural language processing systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1989.tb00322.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Qualitative data modeling: application of a mechanism for interpreting graphical data (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper describes a qualitative technique for interpreting graphical data. Given a set of numerical observations regarding the behaviour of a system, its attributes can be determined by plotting the data and qualitatively comparing the shape of the resulting graph with graphs of system behaviour models. Qualitative data modeling incorporates techniques from pattern recognition and qualitative reasoning to characterize observed data, generate hypothetical interpretations, and select models that best fit the shape of the data. Domain-specific knowledge may be used to substantiate or refute the likelihood of hypothesized interpretations. The basic data modeling technique is domain independent and is applicable to a wide range of problems. It is illustrated here in the context of a knowledge-based system for well test interpretation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1989.tb00320.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Curved Mondrians: shading analysis of patterned objects (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Most shape-from-shading methods assume that surface reflectance is constant within large image regions. This assumption is violated in natural scenes with objects made from different materials. We present a more general method for recovering shape from shading, assuming that surfaces are smooth and albedo is piecewise constant, as would be the case if a Mondrian image was painted on a smooth curved surface. Our method is based on combining Brooks and Horn's method for shape recovery with the recovery of albedo using stochastic relaxation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1989.tb00321.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of multilayer networks for the recognition of phonetic features and phonemes (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Artificial neural networks capable of doing hard learning offer a new way to undertake automatic speech recognition. The Boltzmann machine algorithm and the error back-propagation algorithm have been used to perform speaker normalization. Spectral segments are represented by spectral lines. Speaker-independent recognition of place of articulation for vowels is performed on lines. Performance of the networks is shown to depend on the coding of the input data. Samples were extracted from continuous speech of 38 speakers. The error rate obtained (4.2% error on test set of 72 samples with the Boltzmann machine and 6.9% error with error back-propagation) is better than that of previous experiments, using the same data, with continuous Hidden Markov Models (7.3% error on test set and 3% error on training set). These experiments are part of an attempt to construct a data-driven speech recognition system with multiple neural networks specialized to different tasks. Results are also reported on the recognition performance of other trained networks, such as one trained on the E-set consonants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1989.tb00323.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Likelihood, probability, and knowledge (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The modal logic LL was introduced by Halpern and Rabin as a means of doing qualitative reasoning about likelihood. Here the relationship between LL and probability theory is examined. It is shown that there is a way of translating probability assertions into LL in a sound manner, so that LL in some sense can capture the probabilistic interpretation of likelihood. However, the translation is subtle; several more obvious attempts are shown to lead to inconsistencies. We also extend LL by adding modal operators for knowledge. This allows us to reason about the interaction between knowledge and likelihood. The propositional version of the resulting logic LLK is shown to have a complete axiomatization and to be decidable in exponential time, provably the best possible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1989.tb00325.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A model for reasoning about persistence and causation (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Reasoning about change requires predicting how long a proposition, having become true, will continue to be so. Lacking perfect knowledge, an agent may be constrained to believe that a proposition persists indefinitely simply because there is no way for the agent to infer a contravening proposition with certainty. In this paper, we describe a model of causal reasoning that accounts for knowledge concerning cause-and-effect relationships and knowledge concerning the tendency for propositions to persist or not as a function of time passing. Our model has a natural encoding in the form of a network representation for probabilistic models. We consider the computational properties of our model by reviewing recent advances in computing the consequences of models encoded in this network representation. Finally, we discuss how our probabilistic model addresses certain classical problems in temporal reasoning (e. g., the frame and qualification problems).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1989.tb00324.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Constructive belief and rational representation (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: It is commonplace in artificial intelligence to divide an agent's explicit beliefs into two parts: the beliefs explicitly represented or manifest in memory, and the implicitly represented or constructive beliefs that are repeatedly reconstructed when needed rather than memorized. Many theories of knowledge view the relation between manifest and constructive beliefs as a logical relation, with the manifest beliefs representing the constructive beliefs through a logic of belief. This view, however, limits the ability of a theory to treat incomplete or inconsistent sets of beliefs in useful ways. We argue that a more illuminating view is that belief is the result of rational representation. In this theory, the agent obtains its constructive beliefs by using its manifest beliefs and preferences to rationally (in the sense of decision theory) choose the most useful conclusions indicated by the manifest beliefs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1989.tb00311.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An expert system for experimental design in off-line quality control (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Robust design is an efficient method for designing high quality products at low cost. The method examines the effect of a large number of design factors on the variability of a product's response due to various sources of disturbance. This effect can be observed efficiently by studying a large number of variables simultaneously through balanced, orthogonal array experiments, and by analyzing the resulting data using variance decomposition methods. In this paper we describe an expert system prototype for designing efficient experiments. Given the information on various parameters and their levels, the system designs an experiment using orthogonal arrays. This expert system is implemented in Prolog, which is a logic programming language for artificial intelligence research and expert systems development. The system was implemented under the P-Shell knowledge programming environment on UNIX.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00148.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    AIME‘89, Second European Conference on AI in Medicine, City University, London, 27–31 August 1989 (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00153.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Human operators and real-time expert systems (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: This paper describes and examines real-time expert systems from the perspective of their users. It categorizes real-time expert systems according to a three-component system consisting of an expert system, a user and a process being controlled, by considering all possible arrangements of information flow between the components, and uses this classification as a basis for reviewing real-time expert systems. The focus of interest lies in those characteristics of real-time expert systems which impinge on users, especially as they have been discussed by computer scientists. After critically examining these claims, the paper discusses the interaction between systems and users at the perceptual/motor, cognitive and supervisory levels. It concludes by arguing that the successful design and installation of real-time expert systems require the application of ergonomics techniques to provide for efficient and accurate user-system interaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00147.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    XpertRule advanced (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: XpertRule is an expert-systems development environment authored by Dr Akeel Al-Attar. It runs on IBM PC, XT and AT computers and close compatibles. This review was carried out on an Opus V AT-class machine running at 10 Mhz with EGA, 1 Mb RAM and a 30Mb hard disk. The package costs £995 and can be obtained from Attar Software Ltd, Newlands Road, Leigh, Lancashire WN7 4HN, England. Tel: +44 (0)942 608844.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00151.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Collating real-time market indicators through a temporal paradigm (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: This is an endeavour to amalgamate temporal logics with financial problems. By utilising real strategies, it takes cognisance that ‘generic’ trading systems can be creative. In the financial market, time is a critical vector. Accordingly, trading decisions have to be specific and any advice controlled. Reichgelt's two-tier reified temporal logic seems to offer a favourable pliancy for tracking such a capricious market. The external modal language, TM, is friendly and simple but expressive. It allows the outside world to be related by three primitives: AT, P(ast) and F(uture). The internal meta-language, TR, permitting time points, allows TM's effect to be developed with precision.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00150.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interviewed for Expert Systems by Kenneth Owen (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00154.x
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  • 20
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    Electronic Resource
    Book Reviews (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Applications of expert systems: Volume 2. J. Ross Quinlan (Ed.).Expert Systems Architectures, L. Johnson and E. T. Keravnou.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00156.x
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    LUCVAR: a computer-based consultation system for selecting lucerne (alfalfa) varieties (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Computer operated knowledge bases provide a means of rapidly providing agricultural producers with concise up-to-date information, which can be used to assist their decision making process. This paper reports on one such system, LUCVAR, which provides advice on the best lucerne varieties for a farmer to grow. The development and organisation of the knowledge base are outlined and examples are used to show the rule structures. A sample consultation is provided to demonstrate the interactive nature of the knowledge base.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00360.x
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  • 22
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    Electronic Resource
    Seventh annual conference on applied experimental psychology, Friday 5 May 1989, Adelphi University, New York, USA; Expert systems and the psychology of expertise (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00364.x
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  • 23
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    Development tools (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00366.x
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  • 24
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    Lisp news (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00367.x
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  • 25
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    PEOPL: A knowledge-based system for the evaluation of personnel (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: A project is underway to increase the effective use of personnel by creating a knowledge-based assistant for supervisors. The Programmed Evaluation of Personnel (PEOPL) is designed to permit the combination of quantitative and qualitative data to standardize supervisory ratings. The full scope of the project will combine subjective experience with data from psychological research which assesses employee performance. Peopl combines heuristic, subjective experience with experimental data to establish performance standards for use in a comprehensive system for personnel use. In this way, organizations can assess corporate needs, evaluate the current pool of employees, place them where they may be used more efficiently, and determine what jobs remain undone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00080.x
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  • 26
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    Expert systems in the United Kingdom: an evaluation of development methodologies (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: This paper discusses the results of a survey of ES producers conducted between October 1987 and June 1988 as part of a British Library Research and Development Department funded project. The survey aimed to establish the nature and scope of ES projects in Britain, the skills and methodologies used in their development and the background and experience of the personnel employed to develop them. A major part of the survey focused on the human input and organisational impact of ESs and this paper summarises the findings of the survey with particular reference to these issues. It includes details of the organisational background of those working in the area; a review of the nature, number and scope of ES projects in Britain; consultation procedures with both users and experts; the knowledge engineering task and methodologies currently used in undertaking it; the skills and attributes of the knowledge engineer; issues of updating and extending ESs; and hopes, projections and expectations for the future.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00082.x
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  • 27
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    Neural Works Professional II (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Neural Works Professional II is a neuro-computing development environment authored by Casimir ‘Casey’ Klimasauskas of Neural Ware Inc. It runs on IBM PC, XT and AT computers and close compatibles under MS/DOS 2.0 or higher. This review was carried out on an Opus V AT-class machine running at 10 Mhz with EGA, 1 Mb RAM and a 30-megabyte hard disk. The package costs $2250 (there is a Sun/Unix version at /2600), and can be obtained from Neural Ware Inc., 103 Buckskin Court, Sewickley, PA 15143, USA. Tel: (412) 741-5959. In the United Kingdom the price is £ 1350 and it is distributed by Scientific Computers Ltd., Victoria Road, Burgess Hill, Sussex, RH15 9LW, England. Tel: (04446) 5101.
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    Hardware news (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    Expert Systems‘88 (Brighton, 12–15 December 1988) (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    Development Tools (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    Directory of microcomputer-based software for expert systems work (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 2 (1985), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    Expert systems (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Fault diagnosis of a power system based on a description of the structure and function of the relay system (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 2 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: This paper proposes a method of fault diagnosis of power systems based on a knowledge-based approach. It makes use of information on relays and circuit breakers. The feature of this method is that the relay sequence is represented by a logical circuit. In this circuit the following two relations are represented; a logical relation between inputs and output of a gate and a connective relation between logical gates. These two relations are expressed by production rules in the knowledge base. When the information from relays and circuit breakers is given to the logical circuit, faulty components are pointed out.
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    Introducing AI to the Professionals (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 2 (1985), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    Product News (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    Expert systems (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 2 (1985), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    Microcomputer-based expert systems: where we are, where we are headed (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 2 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: While the idea of developing ‘true’ expert systems in the current microcomputer environment continues to be a subject of derision among serious AI researchers, undaunted developers and designers of microcomputer-based systems continue to make progress on the personal computer front. This article presents an overview of the current state of expert systems in a microcomputer environment and then offers some prognostications about the near-term future of expert systems on desktop and personal computers. It is suggested that the history of software developments on the small computers indicates that a pattern of growth exists. If this same pattern is applied to expert systems, the author contends, the near-term future of micro-based knowledge-based systems is at least forecastable if not predictable.
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    Auditor: a microcomputer-based expert system to support auditors in the field (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 2 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Public accounting firms are beginning to use more sophisticated forms of decision support as competitive pressures rise and technological advances are made. One form of support is the microcomputer-based expert system. This paper describes the development of one such system to aid external auditors in estimating the dollar amount of their client's uncollectible accounts receivable. The resulting system is Auditor, which is based on the general inference engine, AL/X, developed by Michie. The details of the development process from initial interviews to validation are presented. Insights into the process of audit decision making and into the development of microcomputer-based expert system for auditing are discussed.
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    Expert systems on microcomputers (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 2 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: The increasing popularity of expert systems has led to a demand to apply expert systems technology in a wide variety of computing environments. As a result, various efforts have been made to implement expert systems on microcomputers. This article reviews some of the ongoing work on tools for the development of microcomputer-based expert systems. Some specific application areas are noted, and a brief discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of implementing expert systems on microcomputers is presented.
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    Lisp news (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Recent Articles (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Preceptor: a shell for medical expert systems and its application in a study of prognostic indices in stroke (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 2 (1985), S. 0 
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Preceptor is a shell system for building rule-based expert systems to support clinical decision-making. Its highly-structured knowledge base is designed to reflect the variety of decision-making activities in patient management. We describe Preceptor's knowledge base and dialogue structures, its inference strategies, and its comprehensive facilities for knowledge base creation and management. We report its application in a study of prognostic indices in stroke, and describe our approach to knowledge acquisition in this application.
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    Knowledge Base (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Conferences, Seminars, Courses (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Texas Instruments enters the AI market (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 2 (1985), S. 0 
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    EDAAS: an expert system at the US Environmental Protection Agency for avoiding disclosure of confidential business information (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 2 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: This paper describes the design and operation of an expert system used by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to help screen Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests. The system is called the Expert Disclosure Analysis and Avoidance System (EDAAS). It assists public information specialists to determine which information concerning the manufacture and distribution of toxic chemicals may be released to the public without compromising other sensitive company data which EPA is legally obligated to protect from public disclosure.
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    Knowledge engineering in the computer-aided design of control systems (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: MAID is an expert system for the computer-aided design of control systems. It is developed in conjunction with the successful application of a systematic control system design technique. The design problem has been decomposed into sub-problems, resulting in good modularity of design knowledge. Interactive design and the designer's intuition are emphasized. MAID, which acts as a designer's assistant, was developed using the expert systems development facility provided within a control system design package. The coupling of symbolic and numerical processing was carried out in a natural way.
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    The validation and testing of medical decision-aids; Meeting held by the British Medical Informatics Society at the IBM (UK) Scientific Centre, Winchester, 22 February 1989 (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    News (1989)
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    Diary (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Nestor: Network Engineering System for TOpology and Requirements (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Many large organizations today have an interest in communications networks either as users of public networks or as operators of their own private networks. The environment in which networks operate is extremely complex and very dynamic. Users are becoming more sophisticated, hence, their demands for network services are increasing in complexity. The network technology is changing at an incredible rate, and there is a very large number of hardware and software vendors selling network products and services. In such an environment, network management is of vital importance, yet it is exceedingly difficult to accomplish effectively. Most organizations are finding that there is little available in the market in the way of comprehensive systems which address the complex problems encountered in planning and engineering communications networks. The purpose of this paper is to describe a development effort which treats one important aspect of network design—that of engineering changes in a network subsequent to the initial design. The result of this research is an expert system called Nestor (Network Engineering System for TOpology and Requirements) which is being used by AT&T network engineers to respond to user change requests for a large packet switching network—thirty network switches, fifty mainframe computers, and one hundred and forty thousand terminals and printers. Estimates based on initial experience with the system are that throughput of the engineering group will increase by 500% for network change requests assigned to Nestor.
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    An expert system for sorting (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Sorting an internal list is an indispensable requirement in numerous data processing applications, and many algorithms have been devised for accomplishing those tasks. Furthermore, it is fairly simple to derive order of magnitude of effort measures for particular sorting strategies, and within classes of equivalent theoretical power, practice has shown which algorithms prevail in which circumstances. Thus there is a useful background for testing a system's ability to learn which problem solving technique should be applied in a given instance, for the expert knowledge is rather concise and structured and facilitates comparison to machine decisions. The paper describes the construction of such a system and analyzes the results.
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    FRIL: A Support Logic Programming System (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: FRIL: A Support Logic Programming System is principally an extension of Prolog designed to facilitate the modelling of uncertainty in applications which are suitable for Prolog and need to allow for probabilistic, evidential or vague reasoning. This review was carried out on an Amstrad 1640HD. The product runs on IBM PC, XT, AT and PS/2 computers and compatibles running MS-DOS 3.0 or higher, with 640 Kb RAM. It also runs on a variety of workstations and minicomputers such as the Sun and VAX range. Prices of currently available versions are as follows:〈list xml:id="l1" style="plain"〉PC single user: £495PC single user with expanded memory (2 Mb): £995PC networks (up to ten PCs): £1495SUN, Apollo HP300 workstations: £2500MicroVax and VAX workstations (UNIX or VMS): £5000VAX 11/730, 11/750, 11/780 (UNIX or VMS): £6000.The product is available from FRIL Systems Ltd, Bristol ITeC, St Anne's House, St Anne's Road, Bristol BS4 4AB, England. Telephone: (0272) 713481. FRIL Systems launched version 4.0 of FRIL in late 1988.
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    Prometheus—a new name in expert system tools (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Expert Systems has invited Tony Dodd of Chemical Design to introduce Prometheus, a new Prolog-based expert system tool. A review of the tool will appear in the November issue of the journal. The standard PC version of the tool costs £2995; the 386 version costs £3495.
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    Applications (1989)
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    Book Reviews (1989)
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    Causal reasoning in an advisor for fourth generation software (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Notes: Abstract: A prototype ‘advisor’ system intended to answer typical questions from a user of a commercial fourth generation report writer has been developed. This paper describes a major subcomponent, which uses expert system techniques to answer ‘why’ or ‘causal’ questions. The approach uses several types of rules, used both forward and backward, to define causal relations between the user's actual code and English-like descriptions of the intended or actual results. The Prolog-based rule interpreter, which can deal with negative and inconsistent questions, is outlined. The design is based on a large corpus of actual user questions.
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    Applications (1989)
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    Expert systems development tools (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Case studies of expert systems development using microcomputer software packages (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Notes: Abstract: This paper reports experience with the use of two expert system shell’ packages gained during the ARIES project. We report on the desiderata used for selecting the products, the positive and negative features of each and draw some general conclusions about their utility for future systems development. The microcomputer approach is compared with that of specialist workstations and conclusions are drawn concerning design methods for knowledge based systems. The two products considered are Crystal and Leonardo.
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    Expertise, domain-structure and expert system design: a case study in development control (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Notes: Abstract: This paper outlines the approach taken and presents some early findings from a research project which aims to examine the potential of expert systems in British Development Control; it is a progress report more than an account of finished research. It follows the structure of the research project, dealing first with methodological issues, and then moving on to discuss the specific domain of application.
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    Applications (1989)
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    PC-based expert system shells: some desirable and less desirable characteristics (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Today's marketplace offers a great variety of PC-based expert system shells. More than ever ES developers need a clear idea of what characteristics they require in an ES toolkit. This paper discusses a recent project which used different shells to build versions of a common application. Evaluating this work illuminates some of the important attributes one should look for.
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    Prolog News (1989)
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    Hardware (1985)
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    The coexistence approach to knowledge representation (1985)
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    Letter to the Editor (1985)
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    Expert systems development tools (1985)
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    Prolog news (1985)
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    Workstations (1985)
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    Conferences, Seminars, Courses (1985)
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    Compass: an expert system for telephone switch maintenance (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 2 (1985), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: GTE's Compass (Central Office Maintenance Printout Analysis and Suggestion System) is an expert system that aids in the maintenance of a telephone switching system. It analyzes maintenance printouts of telephone company central office switching equipment and suggests maintenance actions to be performed. The results from several field trials indicate that the current version of Compass performs well in identifying system faults and in suggesting corresponding maintenance actions. An expanded version of the expert system is under development while the present version is being put into field use.
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    The US and Japan Cooperative AI research and development (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 2 (1985), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: This paper examines the emerging relationship between the US and Japan with respect to artificial intelligence and the significant trend towards US-Japan cooperative AI research and development. This trend is underscored by the increasing investment by both nations to develop massive fifth generation computer technology. The importance of the US and Japan's relationship is amplified by these two nations being the world's largest high technology producers and trading partners. One must fully appreciate the future course of events as the two nations open up new markets, estimated at tens of billions of dollars in AI hardware, software and related services by the 1990s. AI has greater implications for collaboration versus ruthless competition, than in other markets, due to the uniqueness of opportunity AI offers the US and Japan for mutual growth. AI will offer unique ways for the US and Japan to grow closer with greater understanding of two otherwise extremely different social and economic systems. This does not diminish the importance of other countries growing closer through AI in this way, but rather demonstrates the greatest example of cooperation with the greatest total economic rewards.
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    Expert systems development tools (1985)
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    Industry News (1985)
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    Natural language systems (1985)
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    Expert systems 2 (1985), S. 0 
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    Companies (1985)
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    Conferences, Seminars, Courses (1985)
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    Lisp (1985)
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    THE TURING INSTITUTE (1985)
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    Expert systems for engineering design (1985)
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    Notes: Abstract: An expert system embodies a humun expert's domain-specific knowledge and skill, acquired and refined over years of experience. A number of problems in diagnosis and engineering design can be solved by Using current expert-system techniques. This paper enumerates the main components of such problems and the steps that are taken in solving them. A few prototypical articificial intellegence systems embody techniques that can be applied to engineering problems. These are surveyed, and their relevance to components of design problems is discussed. Some expert systems in design domains are summarized, with emphasis on aspects that can illustrate wider applicability of the techniques. A number of avenues of further research are evident, and the area of engineering design offers rich opportunities for advancing the state-of-the-art in expert systems. An annotated selective bibliography is included
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    DEC starts Al marketing drive (1984)
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    Expert systems 1 (1984), S. 0 
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    Training, education, courses, seminars (1984)
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    Letter to the Editor (1984)
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    IMPACT 1984: The fifth generation and expert systems considered (1984)
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    Expert Systems interview: Alex d'Agapeyeff (1984)
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    Development of an expert system (1984)
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    An intelligent operator aid for dynamic route planning (1984)
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: This paper considers an application of decision aiding for maritime operations, viz the design of an intelligent operator aid for dynamic route planning. The limitations of some existing methods are discussed and an Al approach is proposed that combines algorithmic and heuristic processing elements within an embedded system. The aid consists of three elements: a intelligent front end, a route planner and an explanation facility.
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    An expert system for federal tax planning (1984)
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    Notes: Abstract: Recent developments in a subarea of computer science called artificial intelligence have included the creation of expert systems that are capable of solving difficult applications problems which require expert knowledge for their solution. Such expert systems have been found to be useful in a number of applications (e.g. medicine, biochemistry and mineral exploration). In this paper the author presents an expert system for solving problems concerning income and transfer tax planning for individuals In developing this system, a theoretical structure and a set of decision rules were specified and then programmed into a rule-based system that had previously been used for medical diagnosis (Mycin [1]) Once the system was developed, its problem-solving capabilities were refined and verified by a panel of tax experts using a blind verification procedure. This verification step demonstrated that an expert system could be developed in that domain.
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    INDEX (1984)
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    Hazard: an expert system for screening environmental chemicals on carcinogenicity (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 1 (1984), S. 0 
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    Notes: Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to design an expert system or an intelligent procedure' that purports to screen hazard potentials of environmental chemicals on the basis of structure-activity relationships in the study of chemical carcinogenesis, particularly with respect to analysing the current state of known structural information about chemical carcinogens and predicting the possible carcinogenicity of untested chemicals An analysis of a computerised database of known carcinogens (knowledge base) is being performed using the structure-activity trees in order to test the validity of the tree as a classification scheme (inference engine) and to evaluate trends or patterns that may exist between chemical structure and specificity for target tissue, route of administration, and animal species. Practical applications of the structure-activity tree depend on its eventual validation as a predictor of carcinogenic activity.
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    A letter from the publisher (1984)
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    News (1984)
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    Japanese work in expert systems (1984)
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    Notes: Abstract: Activities concerning expert systems in Japan are outlined. Expert systems are receiving increasing attention in Japan, together with fifth-generation computers. Rather than describing the details of individual systems, a variety of expert systems are briefly introduced with their aims and features.
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    ISIS—a knowledge-based system for factory scheduling (1984)
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    Notes: Abstract: Analysis of the job shop scheduling domain has indicated that the crux of the scheduling problem is the determination and satisfaction of a large variety of constraints. Schedules are influenced by such diverse and conflicting factors as due date requirements, cost restrictions, production levels, machine capabilities and substitutability, alternative production processes, order characteristics, resource requirements, and resource availability. This paper describes ISIS, a scheduling system capable of incorporating all relevant constraints in the construction of job shop schedules. We examine both the representation of constraints within ISIS, and the manner in which these constraints are used in conducting a constraint-directed search for an acceptable schedule. The important issues relating to the relaxation of constraints are addressed. Finally, the interactive scheduling facilities provided by ISIS are considered.
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    Evaluating civil claims: an expert systems approach (1984)
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    Expert systems and artificial intelligence move offshore (1984)
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    The role of expert systems in producing log interpretation software (1984)
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    Notes: Abstract: Log interpretation science is a controversial and rapidly changing domain. Designing interpretation models is a highly experimental process which involves trials with a computer program as an integral part of the design. Therefore conventional software engineering techniques, which require a complete specification of the problem before the program is written, are often not applicable or fail to produce high quality software. The development of expert systems has provided the techniques, tools, and capabilities to let us seek alternate methods to produce log interpretation software: exploratory programming environments and automatic programming systems. An exploratory programming environment combines the power of interactive graphics and programming tools to merge the design and programming tasks into a single process where model and program develop together. An automatic programming system will embody the knowledge of the programming process and of some log interpretation heuristics to produce log processing programs from interactive specifications expressed in familiar terms. These facilities will allow log interpretation model designers, who are non-computer specialists, to produce high quality software as the end result of a model design.
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    Award for Prolog pioneer (1984)
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    Artificial Intelligence and Productivity (1984)
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