ALBERT

Description: Sinds het verschijnen van de Naamlijst van Nederlandsche Collembola (Zool. Meded., deel 13, afl. 1\xe2\x80\x942) werden een viertal voor ons land nieuwe springstaarten gevonden. Van deze soorten volgt hier een korte beschrijving.\nOrchesella quinquefasciata Bourl.\nBij de als Orchesella villosa Geoffr. gedetermineerde springstaarten bleken exemplaren van deze soort te zijn. Deze determinatie werd gecontroleerd door Dr. C. Borner, dien ik hier, ook voor zijn verdere medewerking, nogmaals hartelijk dankzeg.\nLichtgeel, met een vijftal donkere strepen, n. 1.: een aan de zijkanten, \xc3\xa9\xc3\xa9n in de mediaan en een daartusschen. Deze strepen kunnen op sommigesegmenten in vlekken uiteengevallen zijn. Bij onze inlandsche f. principalis convergeeren de strepen op het tweede en derde abdominale segment en vereenigen zich op het vierde abdominale segment tot een eigenaardige teekening.\nHet tweede, derde en vierde lid van de antennen zijn donker, soms ook het vijfde en het zesde.\nNoordwijkerhout, 9 Aug. 1927 ; 3 ex.\nUgchelen, 23 Aug. 1929; 3 ex. en Beekbergen, 22\xe2\x80\x9424 Aug. 1929; 12 ex.\nOrchesella villosa Geoffr. blijft uit Nederland bekend: Wageningen, 11 Juli 1929; 8 ex., leg. Mej. A. Gjjzen.\nSminthurides aquaticus (Bourl.).\nDe antennen van het wijfje zijn lang en dun, die van het mannetje zijn tot grijporganen vervormd. Aan de tibien van het derde paar pooten vinden we het tibiale orgaan, bestaande uit een langen borstel en 2 wratjes.\nDe klauwtjes zijn aan het eerste en tweede paar pooten slank, met een duidelijk tandje aan de binnenzijde voor het midden; aan het derde paar

Description: PTERAPOGON n. g.\nBody deep, compressed. Head large. Eye large, greater than snout.\nMouth wide, oblique. Maxillary reaches to below middle of eye. Teeth villiform in bands in jaws, on vomer and palatines. No canines. Preopercle ridge double, edge serrate. Opercle with spine posteriorly. Scales large, ctenoid. Top of head, interorbital and snout naked. Lateral line complete, scales about 25. First dorsal of 7 spines, second dorsal of 1 spine and 14 rays. Anal of 2 spines and 13 rays, similar and opposite to soft dorsal.\nPectorals short. Ventrals long. Caudal fin deeply forked.\nThis genus is distinguished from all other Apogonidae in having 14 rays in soft dorsal fin.\nPterapogon kauderni n. sp. (PL I, fig. 2).\nDepth 2. Head 2l/2. Snout 4 in head. Eye 2\xe2\x80\x9421/4. Interorbital about equal to snout. Maxillary reaches to middle of eye.\nThe 1st spine of Dl is small, the 3rd, 4th and 5th are elongated, about as long as head. The 1st, 2nd? 3rd, and 4th ray of D2 are elongated, the 2nd is the longest, longer than length excluded head. The 1st, 2nd and 3rd anal ray are elongated, the 2nd is the longest, as long as or longer than the head. Caudal fin deeply forked, the external caudal rays are elongated and much longer than head. Pectoral fin short, as long as eye + snout. Ventrals long, 1st and 2nd ray prolonged, 2nd ray the longest, as long as or longer than head.\nColor in spirits: whitish, dotted over with small black spots. A black transverse band is placed a little obliquely through the eye, another from the first half of first dorsal fin to the branchiostegal rays, a third from

Description: The two paintings which we here reproduce in colour are the work of Raden Saleh, the first Javanese to receive a Western education as painter, and are dated 1865. They represent the Merapi, by day and by night, obviously during the eruption of 1865.\nRaden Saleh Sarief Bastaman was born about 1814 at Semarang. At an early age he gave signs of an unusual artistic talent, which draw the attention of Payen 1).

Description: In order to throw more light on the formation of submarine bars and offshore bars or barrier beaches and the minor shore forms beach cusps and ripple marks a series of experiments was made in the new laboratory for experimental geology of the Geological Institution of the University at Leiden. The experiments were carried out in a tank, measuring six by four meters and half a meter in depth in which waves could be produced artificially varying in height from two to about twelf centimeters. The effects of waves on sandy beaches running parallel to or approaching the beach at an angle of fifteen degrees were traced, the beach itself having a slope of two, four or six degrees.\nFinally especially to detect possible rules for the formation of beach cusps in relation to the slope of the beach and the height and period of the waves some experiments were carried out with valves and valvegrit, for the principal part derived from Macta subtruncata Dac., and with fine pumice-stone-gravel the so-called \xe2\x80\x9ebims\xe2\x80\x9d Lapilli (original from the vulcanic Laacher-See country in Germany) ranging in diameter from 0.2 to 2 centimeters in which the beach also had a varying slope. Neither of those last two series of experiments gave the results hoped for with regard to the problem mentioned.\nMany of the results of the effect of waves during the experiments may be found in the numerous photographs and figures in chapter III.\nThe development and the pushing backwards of the offshore bar by the waves are clearly visible in the figures 39, 40, and 41.\nIn all cases the offshore bar was formed by a gradual lateral growing of a number of subaquatic accumulations of sand which were at the same time slowly pushed higher up the slope of the beach.\nThe subaquatic bar and the channel at the back of it, the latter formed by the excavation through the breaking waves, both had a practically stationary position.\nAn almost horizontal terrace was formed between the channel and the foot of the front slope of the offshore bar, the latter being then pushed backwards to its final position and this taking the slope of a beach ridge. When the waves were running parallel to the beach this terrace was covered with somewhat irregular symmetric oscillation-marks and in case of experiments with waves obligue to the beach with slightly asymmetric combined current- and oscillation-ripples.\nA number of profils through the beach were taken at the end of most experiments. A careful examination of these profiles gave the following results. 1\xc2\xb0. The height of the submarine bar increases until the depth above it measured from the mean water-level is equal to half the height of the waves measured from trough to crest (diagram 1, fig. 85). 2\xc2\xb0. Only in the experiments with the beach sloping four and six degrees the submarine bar grows beyond the original profile. 3\xc2\xb0. The maximal depth of the channel at the back of the submarine bar is approximately equal to the height of the waves (diagram 3, fig. 87). 4\xc2\xb0. The height of the offshore bar, driven back to its ultimate position, above the mean water-level is proportional to one third of the height of the waves (diagram 4, fig. 88). 5\xc2\xb0. The actual height of the offshore bar, i.e. the height above the original slope of the beach, proved to be almost independent of the height of the waves (diagram 5, fig. 89).\nIt thus turned out that the offshore bar is pushed back more or less according to the height of the waves without any real increase in height and volume.\nThe number of profiles was not great enough to determine the influence of the slope of the beach though it may be established that indications tend to show a relatively small effect.\nThe transportation of sand from the offshore zone to the beach and in the reverse direction and the transport along the beach by oblique wave attack were discussed at much length.\nIn order to separate the zones in which the waves eroded the sea bottom from those in which sedimentation took place two neutral lines were introduced. The first, seaward one already introduced by Cornaglia where the land- and seaward components of the ground waves are supposed to be exactly balanced, inside of which the motion of debris is landward and out-side of which it is seaward.\nThe second, nearer to the beach, where the eroding force of the waves is changed into a constructive agency. The position of this last line giving at the same time the depth at which the waves will break. The diagram 7 in fig. 91 proves this depth below mean water-level to be equal to three quarters of the height of the waves.\nThe neutral line of Cornaglia was located at a maximal depth of two and a half times the height of the waves, a figure very well in accordance with those given by Cornaglia, Heiser and von Boschitsch for the Mediterranean, the Baltic and the Black Sea.\nIt is generally supposed that the material in the offshore zone, deposited on the abrasion platform, cannot be considered as definitely lost for the formation of shore forms though the transport of sand up the sea-bottom slope is still a quite uncontrolable factor in the development of shores. This supposition however is not directly based on the experimental research but for the greater part on a study of the literature and reports of facts, observed in nature.\nIt needs further experiments with coloured sand to prove the exactness of this opinion which are impossible to be carried out in nature on account of the big amounts of sand required.\nAs to the transportation of sand along the beach it was stated that while in nature the litoral drift is divided into beach drifting- and offshore drifting sand, the former due to the oblique advance of the waves, the latter due to wind-generated and tidal currents, in the experiments the beach drifting only is of prime importance. The principal part of the longshore transportation consequently took place in the zone landward from the surfline. The deflection of the outlets, intersecting the full, by the gradual growing of the windward ridge could be seen in the experiments (exp. XIV).\nThe experiments proved that all waves in the very first place tend to form a profile of equilibrium on the one hand by throwing much material on the beach and pushing this back on the other hand by pulling it down to greater depth.\nWhilst this is happening the transversal transportation of sand predominates strongly the alongshore transportation, the latter getting more importance when the profile of equilibrium approaches its completion.\nMuch attention was paid to the formation of the low and ball of a sandy shore. The conditions during the experiments resemble closely those of a shore line of emergency along which the formation of submarine- and offshore bars is typical.\nThe coast, the sea-bottom offshore over a varying distance from the coastline and the neighbouring coasts must be considered the sources of the material required for their upbuilding.\nThe results of the experiments and a study of the facts brought forth by other investigators lead the author to the conclusion that the submarine bars, parallel to the shore, are formed by the loss of transporting power of the waves at the surfline. The undertow being only a factor in the regulation of the position of this line and not a determinative factor in the formation of the bars.\nThe socalled \xe2\x80\x9eZuwachsriff\xe2\x80\x9d of Braun (lit. 3), a transitional form between the submarine bars and the offshore bar, must be formed by the uprush of the waves after the final breaking. The channel at the back of the submarine bar is in the experiments merely due to the excavating action of the surf but in reality tidal- and wind-generated currents will also have some influence on its formation. The changes in form and position of the three or four, sometimes even more parallel bars are believed to be greatest in the zones nearest to and farthest from the beach. The latter, exposed to the effect of all changes in the height of waves, protects the inner zones to a large extent against a stronger attack by an increasing height of the waves.\nThe former being exposed to the relatively greatest changes in depth and receiving much material eroded from the higher beach and the coast.\nAny submarine bar, build up to its maximum height by one series of waves will suffer erosion from a higher series and probably be driven landwards more or less.\nThe complex of bars in general is a stabile phenomenon with regard to the external form as to the material it is a dynamic and by no means a static equilibrium.\nThe submarine bars being considered fore runners of the offshore bars only a few remarks need be made about the formation of the latter.\nI wholly accept de Beaumont\xe2\x80\x99s theory according to which the longshore transportation of debris is a factor completely superfluous for the formation of the offshore bars.\nEven without the slightest litoral drift bars will be build up consisting of material eroded from sea-bottom farther offshore, the slope of the offshore itself and during periods of rough weather from the coast also. The formation of offshore bars as the \xe2\x80\x9eFlugelriffe\xe2\x80\x9d after von Cholnoky\xe2\x80\x99s theory is strongly rejected. \xe2\x80\x9eFl\xc3\xbcgelriffe\xe2\x80\x9d could be called \xe2\x80\x9edelta wing-bars\xe2\x80\x9d, a name expressing the connection with delta\xe2\x80\x99s to which the bars are attaced and of which they derive their material after the theory mentioned above.\nThe fifth chapter deals with the formation of beach cusps. Observations in the laboratory and along the Dutch shore show that conditions for their formation only are favourable when regular waves advance and retreat strikingly parallel to the beach.\nIt is thought that the backwash plays an important part in the formation of this minor shore form. Starting its course without any momentum it is more apt to be captured and divided into a number of small streams, running down the slope, by small irregularities and depressions in the surface of the beach. The uprush or swash, which swirls over the slope, will try to erase those irregularities as often could be observed in the experiments.\nBeach cusps are only formed when the eroding power of the backwash slightly exceeds the constructive power of the uprush. In this case an equilibrium will be attained after a small partial erosion of the slope of the beach concentrated in the bays intervening the beach cusps. Whenever the difference between the two agencies becomes greater the whole slope will be eroded. Along the Dutch shore the beach cusps are buid up out of sand, valves and valve grit of Mactra subtruncata Dac. and the little tubes of Pectinaria belgica Pall. and Terebella conchilega Pall. Those consisting of sand are only found in connection with beach ridges, the seaward slope of which is a subject to erosion in the manner described above.\nThe formation of ripple marks during the experiments did not have the authors special interest. It may only be stated that oscillationripples as well as current-ripples were formed.\nDuring the experiments with waves parallel to the beach, all oscillation-ripples formed were parallel to the beach. In the experiments with waves running oblique to the beach, the oscillation-ripples in the deeper zones trended parallel to the waves, in the higher zones parallel to the beach while on the terrace at the back of the channel combined current- and oscillation-ripples were formed at a considerable angle with the beach.\nTrue current-ripples appeared in the outlets where they were parallel to the beach and with a general trend at right angles to the beach at the back of the offshore bar.\nThe latter are quietly buried by the transgression of the offshore bar in a manner strictly comparable to the fosilization of ripple marks in delta deposits and by the wandering of banks.\nThe author hopes to have found a new ripple-mark, the \xe2\x80\x9ebackwash sand-wave\xe2\x80\x9d which being always parallel to the beach in a fossil state will give fairly good evidence of the position of the ancient beach. And if these sand-waves are found over some distance in a direction at right angles to their trend they clearly show changes in the water-level, which may be due to the pushing of water against a coast, but in sediments with a marine facies is the result of the tides.\nThese ripples, formed by the back wash, show a slightly arched form measuring some fourty to fifty centimeters in length and not more then one or two centimeters in height. They may cover the whole width of the beach after a period of stormy weather and high tide but under normal circumstances, they are formed on the seaward slope of the ridges lying at the front of the beach near to the low-tide line.

Description: Die grossen Verw\xc3\xbcstungen und die Sch\xc3\xa4den, welche die Laharbandjire (Muren) im westlichen Vorlande vom Merapi nach dem grossen Ausbrach im Dezember 1930 verursacht haben, machten ein Studium des Problems, ob Eruptionsregen stattfinden, notwendig.\nDie Frage, ob Eruptionsregen bestehen, ist von grosser Bedeutung f\xc3\xbcr die Bestimmung des Zeitpunktes, wann man mit Laharen zu rechnen hat. Kommen wirklich schwere Eruptionsregen zusammen mit grossem Aschenfall vor, dann ist auch augenblicklich mit Lahargefahr zu rechnen. Bestehen Eruptionsregen jedoch nicht, dann brauchen Lahare in der Regenzeit gar nicht und jedenfalls nicht unmittelbar nach dem Ausbruch stattzufinden.

Description: In the above title the word magma is used to signify the solution plus the gas disolved in it under pressure and the word lava for the magma that has partially or entirety lost its content of gas.\nA clear differentiation of the types of eruptions is not easy, because the character of an eruption depends upon a series of factors.

Description: Papilio haliphron naias Doh. 1 \xe2\x99\x80 Soemba, Dr. K. W. DAMMERMAN leg. 1925.\nThis specimen is remarkable by its fiery-red cellular and circumcellular spots on the hind wings.\nEuploea gelderi elwesi Doh. 2 \xe2\x99\x82\xe2\x99\x82 1 \xe2\x99\x80 N. W. Soemba, Laora 100 M. IV/1925.\nAs far as I know only the females have been captured. The males of this rare subspecies resemble very much those from Flores, what is not the case with the females, easily recognizable by the large transcellular whitish spots on the fore wings. Characteristic in the males are the bluish submarginal spots, of which the subapical ones are very prominent and connected together.\nIn contradiction with the data by DOHERTY and FRUHSTORFER these specimens have been captured by Dr. K. W. DAMMERMAN on a height of 100 M.\nEuploea crameri karimondjawensis subsp. nov. 3 \xe2\x99\x82 \xe2\x99\x82 2 \xe2\x99\x80\xe2\x99\x80 Karimon Djawa, M. A. LIEFTINCK leg. 22\xe2\x80\x9430/XI, 1930, To compare with the race from Bawean pagenstecheri Hag. Three distinct subapical white spots, one larger and two very small; a trace of a fourth spot. The costal points hardly visible in the males, distinct in the females, in which also the submarginal series of spots more developed.\nEuploea alcatho\xc3\xab floresiana subsp. nov. 2 \xe2\x99\x82\xe2\x99\x82 Wai Sano, Flores, J. K. DE JONG leg. IX/1929.\nNot yet known from this island. On the upperside the males very

Description: Euproctis allocota sp. nov. \xe2\x99\x80. Palpus upturned, orange buff. Antenna rather long, cinnamon buff, the shaft tipped with pinkish buff. Head and thorax light orange yellow, mixed at the base of tegula with whitish. Abdomen snuff brown, ringed at the base of each segment with whitish; basal segments light orange yellow. Pectus, venter and legs pale orange yellow, the femur of fore-leg darker. Fore-wing pale orange yellow, a conspicuous patch of Hay\'s russet in the subbasal area below the cell, also along the whole of the inner marginal area between the anal vein and the margin; a band of Verona brown irroration along the lower half of the cell and between veins M1 and M2 to the subterminal area; further Verona brown irroration interneurally from costa to inner margin between the postmedial and subterminal areas; fringe pale orange yellow. Hind-wing, and underside of both wings, together with the fringes, cream buff.\nExpanse: 46 mm. 1 \xe2\x99\x80 (holotype) Kananggar, O. Soemba, 700 metres, May 1925, Dammerman; in Leiden Museum.\nThis insect is marked in a striking and unusual manner, and I do not know of any other species to which it approaches at all closely.

Description: Drupa (Maculotriton) buitendijki n. sp. (Pl. I, fig. 1).\nTesta parvula, tenuis, elongato-turrita, nitidula. Anfractus 10, apice laevi anfractibus 3l/2 annumerata, liris subtilimis, longitudinalibus et transversis ad decussationem nodulosis reticulata Varices 10. Apertura ovata, utrinque attenuata, labro intus elevato-striato, inferne in canalem brevem subrecurvum desinens. Lutescente-albida, fuscescente hie illic tincta, apertura alba.\nLong. 14,5 mm, lat. 5,5 mm.\nShell small, thin, elongately turreted, glossy. Whorls 10, including a smooth, rather acuminated 31/2 whorled nucleus. Sculpture: varices 10.\nWhorls and also varices with very fine longitudinal and spiral striae, which at their intersection form a little nodule, producing thus a net with quadrate stitches. On the uppermost whorls the longitudinal striae are the most developed, while the spiral striae become more distinct on the last whorl. When weakly magnified the intervals between the spiral lines appear as very fine spiral threads, which are intersected at some places by still finer, almost invisible, longitudinal threads. Aperture ovate, posterior angle acute, outer lip elevately striated within. Columella excavated, polished.\nCanal short, a little recurved, about half the length of the aperture.\nColoration: straw white, dotted here and there with light brown; aperture white within.\nLength: 14,5 mm, breadth: 5,5 mm.\nLocality: Manoekwari (N. Guinea), collected by W. C. van Heurn, 1920. The type specimen in \'s Rijks Museum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden. Cat. N\xc2\xb0. 48a.

Description: Het eerste gedeelte van de berichten omtrent waarneming van geringde vogels, die gedurende het jaar 1932 bij \'s Rijks Museum van Natuurlijke Historie ingekomen zijn, wordt in de hierna volgende lijst vermeld. Het ringonderzoek neemt in de laatste jaren belangrijk toe en steeds verleenen meerdere medewerkers uit alle deelen van ons land hunne gewaardeerde hulp. Aan al degenen, die aan het ringonderzoek hebben deelgenomen, zoowel ringers als berichtgevers, betuig ik wederom veel dank; in de toekomst wordt eveneens hunne hulp op hoogen prijs gesteld en ik hoop dan ook ten zeerste, dat zij deze willen blijven verleenen.\nSchollevaar [Phalacrocorax carbo subcormoranus (Brehm)].\nRingnummer 42306, geringd te Lekkerkerk (Z.-H.) 18 Juni 1924 door de Goudsche Ornithologische Club als nestjong; begin December 1932 geschoten aan het zuidelijk deel van het meer van Tunis, Afrika. Berichtgever de Heer H. Heldt, Salammb\xc3\xb4, Tunis. \xe2\x80\x94 55211, geringd te Lekkerkerk (Z.-H.) 4 Mei 1927 door Mr. Fr. Haverschmidt als nestjong; 28 October 1932 gevangen te Cagliari, Sardinie, Italie. Berichtgever de Vice-Consul der Nederlanden in Milaan, namens Comitato Ornitologico Venatorio, Milaan. \xe2\x80\x94 57221, geringd te Lekkerkerk (Z.-H.) 21 Mei 1927 door de Goudsche Ornithologische Club als nestjong; 28 April 1932 doodgeslagen te Drimmelen (N.-Br.). Berichtgever de Heer C. van der Starre, Reeuwijk. \xe2\x80\x94 57222, geringd te Lekkerkerk (Z.-H.) 21 Mei 1927 door de Goudsche Ornithologische Club als nestjong; begin December 1932 geschoten aan het zuidelijk deel van het meer van Tunis, Afrika. Berichtgever de Heer H. Heldt, Salammbo, Tunis.