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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (83,671)
  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (14,409)
  • 42.72
  • Niederschlag
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Experiments to characterize the effects of moisture content and temperature on the mechanical properties of concrete were conducted. Based on these experiments, a new overall material model capable of predicting the mechanical behaviour of concrete subject to elevated temperatures up to 100 °C was developed. The material model estimates the time, temperature and moisture dependency of the compressive and tensile strength, creep and shrinkage of concrete.
    Keywords: TA1-2040 ; concrete ; Temperatur ; Beton ; Schwinden ; Temperature ; strength ; Kriechen ; creep ; Festigkeit ; shrinkage ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: The risk estimation of precipitation events with high recurrence periods is difficult due to the limited time scale with meteorological observations. A homogenous distribution of rain gauges, especially in mountainous terrain, is also hardly convertible. In this study an analytical model with a high spatial resolution, designed for stochastic simulations of flood-related precipitation, is developed, evaluated and applied to different investigation areas in Germany.
    Keywords: QC1-999 ; Niederschlag ; precipitation ; Stochastik ; Meteorologie ; Simulation ; flood risk ; meteorology ; simulation ; stochastic ; Hochwasser ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics
    Language: German
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  • 3
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    Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: The Frontiers in Chemistry Editorial Office team are delighted to present the inaugural “Frontiers in Chemistry: Rising Stars” article collection, showcasing the high-quality work of internationally recognized researchers in the early stages of their independent careers. All Rising Star researchers featured within this collection were individually nominated by the Journal’s Chief Editors in recognition of their potential to influence the future directions in their respective fields. The work presented here highlights the diversity of research performed across the entire breadth of the chemical sciences, and presents advances in theory, experiment and methodology with applications to compelling problems. This Editorial features the corresponding author(s) of each paper published within this important collection, ordered by section alphabetically, highlighting them as the great researchers of the future. The Frontiers in Chemistry Editorial Office team would like to thank each researcher who contributed their work to this collection. We would also like to personally thank our Chief Editors for their exemplary leadership of this article collection; their strong support and passion for this important, community-driven collection has ensured its success and global impact.
    Keywords: Green and Sustainable Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry ; Theoretical and Computational Chemistry ; Polymer Chemistry ; Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry ; Nanoscience ; Catalysis and Photocatalysis ; Supramolecular Chemistry ; Electrochemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry ; Chemical Biology ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues
    Language: English
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: In dieser Arbeit wird einerseits die Lebensdauer der LEDs im System aus der Datenblattangabe der Hersteller und dem gemessenen Betriebspunkt in Abhängigkeit der Umgebungstemperatur berechnet. Alternativ wird die Lichtstromdegradation des Gesamtsystems über mehrere tausend Stunden gemessen und auf den L70-Wert extrapoliert. Um dabei den Messfehler aufgrund mangelnder thermischer Stabilisierung zu eliminieren, wurde eine Methode zur analytischen Beschreibung der Stabilisierung entwickelt.
    Keywords: T1-995 ; Temperatur ; Lebensdauer ; Messung ; LED ; Stabilisierung ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
    Language: German
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  • 5
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    Aisthesis Verlag
    Publication Date: 2024-03-24
    Description: Wie konstituieren sich Gedichtbände – nach dem freien Vers – zu einem ästhetischen Ganzen? Anhand dreier Analysen von Gedichtbänden seit 2000 lote ich unter dem Paradigma formaler Wiederholung unabhängig von traditionellen Parametern wie Reim und Metrum Varianten der Konstituierung und Darstellung ästhetischer Ganzheit aus. So unterschiedlich die drei untersuchten AutorInnen – Ulf Stolterfoht, Oswald Egger und Monika Rinck – auch arbeiten, ihre Bücher (fachsprachen, nihilum album, Honigprotokolle) sind geprägt von formalen Gesamtkonzepten, die ich entsprechend unter den Bezeichnungen Populationen und branding, Zeit-Räume und Verortung sowie Protokollieren und Fest-schreiben zu erschliessen versuche. Trotz ihrer Unterschiedlichkeit spielt, so der methodische Leitgedanke, in allen drei Fällen das Denkmodell einer gegensätzlichen Gleichzeitigkeit von Kontinuität und Diskontinuität, das ich in Anlehnung an den evolutionstheoretischen Begriff des punctuated equilibrium herausarbeite, eine prägende Rolle. Dieses Denkmodell verbinde ich in der Folge mit den Begriffen einer kontinuierlichen Praxis des Denkens bzw. Schreibens und eines diskontinuierlichen Artefakts, deren Gegensätzlichkeit sich in der Gesamtdarstellung der jeweiligen Gedichtbände widerspiegelt. Unter dieser Voraussetzung trete ich an die Gedichtbände mit einer synchronen Methodik heran, sodass ich mich unter Ausschluss der diachronen, d.h. werkhistorischen, Perspektive auf die immanente Systematik der Bände konzentrieren kann. In der Wiederholung als Bedingung einer solchen Systematik finde ich die zeitweilige Stabilisierung einer Praxis, die ebenso Bedingung der poetischen Produktion wie Bedingung ihrer differenziellen Modifikation ist. Im Rückbezug auf das punctuated equilibrium taucht der Rhythmus des Wechselspiels zwischen der Kontinuität einer stabilen Praxis und der Diskontinuität einer Modifikation dieser Praxis als Grundmotiv auf.
    Keywords: Ulf Stolterfoht ; fachsprachen ; kompilieren ; branding ; Oswald Egger ; nihilum album ; Verortung ; Element ; Monika Rinck ; Honigprotokolle ; Niederschlag ; fest-schreiben ; Gedichte ; Form ; Gegenwartsliteratur ; Leben ; Lebensform ; Poetik der Analyse ; Wozu ; Warum ; Konzept ; Darstellung ; Synchronizität ; Rhythmus ; Wiederholung ; Ganzheit ; Struktur ; Denkmodell ; Kontinuität ; Diskontinuität ; Praxis ; Artefakt ; Punctuated Equilibrium ; Stephen J. Gould ; Charles de Roche ; Sandro Zanetti ; Paul Feyerabend ; Olivier Rieppel ; Karl Sigmund ; Christoph Menke ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies
    Language: German
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  • 6
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-02-10
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Inorganic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-01-27
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Inorganic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-01-27
    Description: Polynitrogens have the potential for ultrahigh-performing explosives or propellants because singly or doubly bonded polynitrogens can decompose to triply bonded dinitrogen (N2) with an extraordinarily large energy release. The large energy content and relatively low activation energy toward decomposition makes the synthesis of a stable polynitrogen allotrope an extraordinary challenge. Many elements exist in different forms (allotropes)—for example, carbon can exist as graphite, diamond, buckyballs, or graphene. However, no stable neutral allotropes are known for nitrogen, and only two stable homonuclear polynitrogen ions had been isolated until now—namely, the N3− anion (1) and the N5+ cation (2). On page 374 of this issue, Zhang et al. (3) report the synthesis and characterization of the first stable salt of the cyclo-N5− anion, only the third stable homonuclear polynitrogen ion ever isolated. Author: Karl O. Christe
    Keywords: Inorganic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-09-09
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Inorganic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-11-11
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Inorganic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2016-01-08
    Description: The late Eocene ‘soft’ sponge fauna of southern Australia is reconstructed based on disassociated spicules and is used to interpret the paleoecology and environmental context of shallow marine communities in this region. The reconstructed sponge association was compared with coeval sponge assemblages from the Oamaru Diatomite, New Zealand, and with the modern ‘soft’ sponge fauna of southern coastal of Australia. Based on the predominance of shallow- and moderately shallow-water species, the late Eocene assemblage is interpreted to have inhabited waters depths of about 100 m. This contrast with the spicule assemblage from New Zealand, which characterized deeper waters based on the presence of numerous strictly deepwater sponge taxa, and the absence of spicules of shallow-water demosponges represented in the Australian material. The southern Australian Eocene sponge assemblages have clear Tethyan affinities evidenced by the occurrence of sponges known today from diverse regions. This distribution suggests much wider geographical ranges of some sponge taxa during the Eocene. Their present distributions may be relictual. The modern sponge fauna inhabiting southern Australian waters shows only moderate differences from these of the late Eocene. Differences are more pronounced at lower taxonomic levels (family and genus).
    Keywords: Demospongiae ; Homoscleromorpha ; Porifera ; 38.22 ; 42.72
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: Article / Letter to the editor
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  • 12
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    In:  Kaden, S., Dietrich, O., Theobald, S. (Hrsg.). Wassermanagement im Klimawandel – Möglichkeiten und Grenzen von Anpassungsmaßnahmen. Berlin: oekom in Erscheinen
    Publication Date: 2014
    Description: Teilergebnise des BMBF-Verbundforschungsprojektes INKA BB, des TP 22 „Nachhaltige Managementstrategien für glaziale Seen Brandenburgs im Klimawandel“. Ergebnisse aus Berechnungen mit dem NA-Modell EGMO-D für STAR2-Szenarion mit 0 und 2K Temperaturanstieg zur Wasserstandsentwicklung von Flachseen im Raum Brandenburg KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Absenkung der Seewasserspiegel im Extremfall um mehrere Meter, am größten in den Seen im Südosten Berlins und nehmen zum Nordwesten ab, Zunahme der Absenkungen ist am stärksten für Seen, welche im Vergleich zum Zufluss ein großes Volumen besitzen KATASTER-DETAIL: Tmit für (ECAHM, A1B, STAR 0.0T, d.h. T1 0.0 ... kein weiterer Temperaturanstieg nach 2000 und STAR 2.0K, d.h. T2.0 ... weiterer Temperaturanstieg nach 2000 um ca. 2K bis 2060), bis zum Jahr 2018 Stationarität des Füllungsregimes, erst danach Absenkungen zu erwarten Tmit (0K und 2K), von 0,5 m im Jahr 2018 bis auf 4,2 m im Jahr 2053, diejenigen mit 10% Überschreitungswahrscheinlichkeit von 0,4 m bis auf 2,4 m
    Keywords: Nordostdeutschland ; Szenarien 2004-2053 ; Korrelationsmethode ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Verdunstung ; Abfluss ; Grundwasser
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  • 13
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    In:  Kaden, S., Dietrich, O., Theobald, S. (Hrsg.). Wassermanagement im Klimawandel – Möglichkeiten und Grenzen von Anpassungsmaßnahmen. München: oekom verlag, 2014, S. 121-140
    Publication Date: 2014
    Description: Ergebnisse von Simulationen der potenziellen zukünftigen natürlichen bzw. bewirtschafteten Abflüsse auf Basis der hydrologischen Modelle SWIM, EGMO, WaSiM-ETH und HBV-light bzw. des Langfristbewirtschaftungsmodells WBalMo für Klimaszenarien von STAR (weiterer Temperaturanstieg um 0 K, 2 K bzw. 3 K) sowie WettReg A1B und eines Szenarios zur Braunkohleförderung und -verstromung (Rückgang des Grundwasserabsenkungsgebiets und der Sümpfungswassereinleitung) KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Rückgang der mittleren natürlichen und bewirtschafteten Abflüsse aufgrund steigender Temperaturen (und der potenziellen Evapotranspiration) sowie teilweise Rückgang der Niederschläge Bei den natürlichen Abflüssen sind die Effekte des Rückgangs des Grundwasserabsenkungsgebiets und der damit verbundenen Vergrößerung der abflusswirksamen Fläche geringer als die Auswirkungen der klimatischen Änderungen. Unsicherheiten der Ergebnisse sowohl aufgrund der Wahl des Klimaszenarios als auch des hydrologischen Modells KATASTER-DETAIL: Delte T (STAR 0K, : 2013-53 vs. 1961-1990) leichter Anstieg der natürlichen Abflüsse durch Rückgang des Grundwasserabsenkungsgebiets; jedoch Rückgang im Vergleich zur Referenzperiode um bis zu 20 % Delte T (STAR 2K, STAR 3K und WettReg A1B: Rückgang der natürlichen Abflüsse im Verlauf des Szenariozeitraums, dabei Rückgang der mittleren Abflüsse (MQ)m Vergleich zur Referenzperiode um bis zu 40 % (STAR 2K) bzw. 50 % (STAR 3K und WettReg A1B), dieser Effekt wird zum Teil durch Rückgang des Grundwasserabsenkungsgebiets gemildert. Bewirtschaftete Abflüsse STAR 0K: z.T. Anstieg bis 2030 STAR 2K, STAR 3K: deutlicher Rückgang ab 2030
    Keywords: Lausitz ; 2013-2053 ; Klima ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Abfluss ; Grundwasser ; Modell
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2014
    Description: Zusammenhang zwischen Hitzestress in Räumen mit deren Lage. Veranschaulicht durch Messungen von Temperatur, Luftfeuchte und berechnetem UTCI Universal Thermal Climate Index. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Berlin ; 2011-2012 ; Umweltmedizin ; Luftfeuchte ; Temperatur ; Witterungsextreme
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2014
    Description: Ansatz zur Identifizierung hitzevulnerabler Stadtgebiete über räumlich-edidemiologische Analysen. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Berlin ; 2000-2009 ; Umweltmedizin ; Temperatur ; Witterungsextreme ; Luftverunreinigungen
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2014-11-04
    Keywords: corals ; sponge ; Terpios hoshinota ; Tioman Island ; Peninsular Malaysia ; 42.72
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: Article / Letter to the editor
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  • 17
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    In:  ???
    Publication Date: 2013
    Description: Simulationen mithilfe des Models 4C zu möglichen Auswirkungen der Klimaänderungen des RCP 8.5 Klimaszenariums auf Wälder in Deutschland Kiefer Fichte Eiche Buche KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Auswirkungen des Klimawandels (Temperatur, Niederschlag, CO2-Gehalt der Atmosphäre) auf die Wälder KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (Frühjahr) + und Delta Nied (Frühjahr) -, dann Produktivität der Wälder -; Delta C02 + um 25 - 30 %, dann Produktion der Wälder + um 9 - 20%; Delta T + (an nicht wasserlimitierten Standorten), dann Produktivität der Wälder +; Delta CO2+, dann Wassernutzungseffizienz der Wälder +; Delta T (Sommer) +, dann Waldbrandgefahr +; Delta T (Sommer) + und Delta Nied (Sommer) - (= WaBi -), dann Trockenstress der Wälder + um bis zu 9% und dann Produktivität der Wälder -; Delta T (Sommer) + und Delta Nied (Sommer) -, dann Populationsdichte Kiefern-Großschädlinge +;
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 20. und 21. Jahrhundert ; Boden ; Buche ; Eiche ; Fichte ; Forst ; Kiefer ; Klima ; Niederschlag ; Pflanzenschädling ; Phänologie ; Sturmschaden ; Temperatur ; Trockenheit ; Verdunstung ; Waldbrand ; Waldwachstum ; Wassermangel ; Wind ; Grundwasser ; Modell
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2013
    Description: Ergebnisse aus Berechnungen mit den hydrologischen Modellen HBV-light und WaSiM-ETH angetrieben von den regionalen Klimamodellen (RCM) STAR (+2K, 100 Realisierungen, statistisch), WettReg2010 (A1B, 10 Realisierungen, statistisch), CCLM (A1B, 2 Realisierungen, dynamisch) und REMO (A1B, 1 Realisierung, dynamisch). Untersucht wurden zum einen die Unsicherheiten bezüglich des Einflusses der RCMs und hydrologischen Modelle auf die Endergebnisse sowie die zukünftige Abflussentwicklung in einem Teileinzugsgebiet der Oberen Spree KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Bei der Betrachtung von langjährigen Abflussmittelwerten trägt die Wahl des RCMs die größte Unsicherheit zur Gesamtbandbreite des Modellensembles bei. Die Ergebnisse der hydrologischen Modelle unterscheiden sich nur geringfügig. Die Vulnerabilität des Einzugsgebiets bezüglich klimatischer Änderungen bleibt unbeantwortet, da zum Teil gegensätzlich Entwicklung der tatsächlichen Verdunstung und des Abflusses simuliert werden aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Niederschlagsentwicklungen der RCM KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Temp: Alle RCMs (STAR (+2.4 °C), WettReg (+1.9 °C), CCLM (+1.6 °C), REMO (+1.2 °C)) Temperaturanstieg bis 2060 (dynamische RCMs schwächeren Anstieg im Vergleich zu den statistischen RCMs) Delta ETP: Alle RCMs Anstieg der potenziellen Verdunstung (ETP, Ansatz: Penman-Monteith). Statistische Modelle deutlich stärkeren Anstieg aufgrund geringerer Luftfeuchte und stärkeren Anstieg der Globalstrahlung (STAR: +135 mm/a, WettReg: +171 mm/a) im Vergleich zu den dynamischen RCMs (REMO: +12 mm/a, CCLM: +40 mm/a); Delta Nied: dynamische RCMs berechnen im Mittel leichten Anstieg (REMO: +38 mm/a, CCLM: +1 mm/a), statistische RCMs im Mittel erheblichen Rückgang (STAR: 120 mm/a, WettReg: 105 mm/a); Delta Tatsächliche Verdunstung: dynamische RCMs leichten Anstieg (REMO: zwischen +7-+18 mm/a, CCLM: zwischen +4-+10 mm/a, je nach hydrologischem Modell), statistische RCMs leichten Rückgang (STAR: zwischen -12 - -22 mm/a, WettReg: zwischen -2 - -10 mm/a, je nach hydrologischem Modell)
    Keywords: Lausitz, Nordostdeutschland ; 2031-2060 ; Klima ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Verdunstung ; Globalstrahlung ; Sonnenscheindauer ; Niedrigwasser ; Abfluss ; Grundwasser ; Modell
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2012
    Description: Übersicht über bisherige, dokumentiere Zusammenhänge einer Klimaänderung und pilzliche Krankheiten in Raps, Abschätzungen über das Auftreten von Verticillium longisporum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Alternaria brassicae und Phoma lingam an Raps in der Zukunft KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Projektionen über das Auftreten von pilzlichen Pathogenen in Raps, Basiszeitraum 1971-2000, Szenario A1B, REMO, 2001-2030 und 2071-2100, Zusammenhang zwischen Grad-Tagen(〉0°C), Pflanzenentwicklung und Krankheitsparametern als Regressionsfunktionen im Artikel, jedoch sind feiner aufgelöste Projektion von RCM als Tageswerte erforderlich, um Wachstumszyklen zu simulieren und genauere Aussagen zu erhalten KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T +, dann Zunahme von Verticillium longisporum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Alternaria brassicae und Phoma lingam an Raps, Signal verstärkt im Szenarienzeitraum 2071-2100, Abnahme von Pyrenopeziza brassicae
    Keywords: Deutschland ; Sachsen, Niedersachsen, Norddeutschland ; 1971-2000 ; Szenarien ; Infektionskrankheiten ; Temperatur ; Raps
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2012
    Description: Abschätzen der Infektionswahrscheinlichkeit für Weizenkrankheiten durch Kombination von phänologischem und Infektionsmodell für Kurz- und Langzeitprojektionen im Vergleich zur Basisperiode KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Berechnungen mithilfe des Pronose-Modells SIMONTO-WW die BBCH-Stadien 30 und 69 für Weizen und mithilfe des Prognosesystems SIG-Getreide Berechnungen der Infektionswahrscheinlichkeit für verschiedene Szenarienzeiträume ((Kurzzeit 2021-50 und Langzeit 2071-2100) KATASTER-DETAIL: Tmit+(REMO), dann keine deutliche Veränderung der Mittleren Infektionswahrscheinlichkeit (MIW) in den Zeitfenstern Basis, Kurz- und Langzeit, aber Anstieg der MIW für Braunrost und DTR von der Basis zur Langzeitperiode
    Keywords: Niedersachsen ; 1971-2000 ; Szenarien ; Infektionskrankheiten ; Pflanzenkrankheit ; Phänologie ; Temperatur ; Weizen ; Modell
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  • 21
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    In:  Journal of Agricultural Science, Volume: 149, p.33-47
    Publication Date: 2011
    Description: Verwendung eines gemischten Regressionsmodels für die Vorhersage der Kornernte unter fünf Klimaszenarien für zwei Bodentypen (sandige und lehmige Böden) und zwei Regionen in Dänemark (West Zealand und Central Jutland). KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Auswirkung von Änderungen im Klima (Temperatur und Strahlung) auf die Ernteerträge von Getreide. Im Durchschnitt nehmen die Erträge unter den projizierten Klimaänderungen um 1.6-12.3% ab. Die durchschnittliche Abnahme bis 2020 beträgt 3.6% verglichen zum Jahr 1985 und 8.0% bis 2040. Die Abnahme ist für West Zealand größer als für Central Jutland und für lehmige Böden größer als für sandige Böden. KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (Sommer) +, dann Erträge -; Delta Sonn (Sommer, Frühling) +, dann Erträge +; Delta T (Winter) = 4,4°C, dann Erträge = max; Delta T (Winter) 〉/〈 4,4°C, dann Erträge -;
    Keywords: Dänemark ; 1992-2008, 2020, 2040 ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Klima ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Sonnenscheindauer ; Modell
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  • 22
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    In:  DGG-Proceedings, Vol. 1, No. 3, p. 1-5. DOI: 10.5288/dgg-pr-01-03-hh-2011
    Publication Date: 2011
    Description: Modifizierte Wasserhaushalts- und Ertragsmodell SIMWASER wurde genutzt, um auf der Grundlage von Klimaszenarien zukünftige Apfelerträge an der Niederelbe abzuschätzen. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: ECHAM5/ OM IPCC, Szenariolauf 1, WETTREG Klimaszenarien A1B und B1, Eingang in das Regressionsmodell fanden das Vorerntejahr (*) die Sonnenscheindauer von April-Juni [Sd(04-06)*], Minimumtemperatur im November [Tn(11)*], Sonnenscheindauern im März/April [Sd(0304)] und im Mai/Juni [Sd(0506)] und die Niederschlagshöhe im Juli des Erntejahres [P07] Modellrechnungen ergeben bis zum Ende des 21.Jahrhunderts Veränderungen der phänologischen Phasen sowie der Apfelerträge.Insbesondere die signifikante Verkürzung der Periode BBCH[61-87] (p〈0.01) um 28(Szenario A1B) bzw. 19 Tage (Szenario B1) bis zum Ende des 21. Jahrhunderts ist vermutlich der maßgebliche Faktor für die signifikante Abnahme der Erträge um ca. 7 % an der Niederelbe bei sonst gleichbleibenden Rahmenbedingungen. KATASTER-DETAIL: Anomalie (yi in Prozent) der beobachteten Erträge (xoy) zum linearen Ertragstrend (xlyt) bestimmt: yi = (xoy)i / (xlyt)i Ertagsabweichung delta-y = 0.805679 + 0.00103065 Sd(04-06)* - 0.0468646 Tn11* - 0.00110369 Sd(0304) + 0.00031381 Sd(0506) - 0.00153245 P07
    Keywords: Niedersachsen ; 1973-2006 und Szenarium von 2001-2100 ; Apfel ; Ertrag ; Niederschlag ; Vegetationsperiode ; Sonnenscheindauer
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2011
    Description: Rekonstruktion der Temperatur (März-Juli) anhand historischer Aufzeichnungen über Feldarbeiten (Erntebeginn von Roggen), Rückschlüsse auf Blühbeginn von Roggen KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Zusammenhang zwischen der kumulativen Temperaturanomalie der Monate März bis Juli (Vergleich zur Mittleren Temperatur des 20. Jahrhunderts) und dem Zeitpunkt der Ernte KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (März bis Juli) +: T (Monat) 〈 Mittel des 20. Jahrhunderts, dann frühere Ernte +; Delta T (März bis Juli) -: T (Monat) 〉 Mittel des 20. Jahrhunderts, dann spätere Ernte +
    Keywords: Süddeutschland, Schweiz ; 1454-1970 ; Klima ; Roggen ; Temperatur
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2011
    Description: Ermittlung der Wettervariablen mit dem höchsten Risikoausgleichspotential an 13 untersuchten Standorten KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Korrelation von Temperatur, Niederschlag und Sonnenscheinstungen und Zuckerertrag in Norddeutschland KATASTER-DETAIL: Korrelationskoeffizienten von 0,756 bei der Temperatur, einen Wert von -0,845 beim Niederschlag und einen Korrelationskoeffizienten bei den Sonnenstunden von 0,846
    Keywords: Norddeutschland ; 2001 - 2010 ; Zuckerrüben ; Ertrag ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Sonnenscheindauer
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2010
    Description: Mit Hilfe des Crop Growth Monitoring Systems wurden Veränderungen im simulierten potentiellen Ertrag von Kulturpflanzen und in der Biomasseproduktion beobachtet, die durch die Temperaturänderungen und Globalstrahlungsmuster hervorgerufen werden. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Die Veränderungen im potentiellen Ertrag sind geographisch unterschiedlich. In Italien und Südmitteleuropa sinkt bei mehr als drei Arten der potentielle Ertrag signifikant. In nordeuropäischen Regionen wie Großbritannien steigt das Ertragspotential mehrerer Kulturpflanzen. KATASTER-DETAIL: -
    Keywords: Europa ; 1967-2005 ; Ertrag ; Temperatur ; Globalstrahlung
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  • 26
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    In:  Climate Research, Volume 44, Issue: 1, p.55-68
    Publication Date: 2010
    Description: Entwicklung eines neuen regionalen Ernte-Models (REGCROP) zur Abschätzung von Auswirkungen des Klimas auf die regionale Ackerfruchtproduktion. Es wurden Durchläufe für 3 verschiedene Klimaszenarien und 3 typische belgische Böden (Ton, Lehm, lehmiger Sand) durchgeführt. Die Klimaauswirkungen wurden mit historischen Wetterauswirkungen verglichen. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss des Klimas (Temperatur, Niederschlag, Luftfeuchte) auf den Ertrag von Kulturpflanzen KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T +, dann Entwicklung der Kulturpflanze + und Vegetationszeit -; Delta T + (Hitzestress) und Delta Nied - (Trockenheit), dann Ertrag (Zuckerrüben) - um 12-27% und Ertrag (Kartoffeln) - um 23-44%; Delta Nied + (Vernässung), dann Ertrag (Wintergetreide) - um 5-12%; Delta T + und günstige Dampfdruckdefizite, dann Ertrag + um 6-7%;
    Keywords: Belgien ; 1960-2008 ; Zuckerrüben ; Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Klima ; Temperatur ; Trockenheit ; Modell
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  • 27
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    In:  C. R. Biologies 333 (2010) 497–503
    Publication Date: 2010
    Description: Auswirkungung erhöhter Temperatur, ansteigender CO2-und O3-Konzentrationen, Biodervisität der Läusepolulationen Interaktionen zur Umwelt, Ergebnisse des EXAMINE-Projektes sind zusammenfassend dargestellt KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Ergebnisse des EYAMINE-Projektes, Auswertung von 58 Standorten KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (〉1°K), ansteigende Biodervisität und Zunahme der Läusearten (2-15) in Prestan (UK) und Rennes (F) von 1976-2003 Dleta T (Temperatur im Janur und Februar 〉 1.3k gegenüber 3.3K in 1960), Auftreten der Grünen Pfirsichblattlaus (Myces persicae) als wichtigster Vektor etwa 3 Wochen eher
    Keywords: Europa ; 1970-2006, Szenarien ; Insekten ; Pflanzenschädling ; Temperatur ; Vegetationsperiode
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  • 28
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    In:  Internes Arbeitsmaterial des PIK, .... fs01/guests\Martin.Wodinski\PIK-COLLECTION\SLIDES-POOL\RD2\
    Publication Date: 2010
    Description: Kalkulation der Hitzetage (Tmax 〉 30°C) anhand es PIK/DWD Datensatzes für 1951-2006 im Jahr, und für den Zeitraum 2051-60, Szenario A1B, als Mittel und Differenzkarten KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Hitzetage (Tmax 〉 30°C) in Deutschland KATASTER-DETAIL: Zunahme der Hitzetage (Tmax 〉 30°C) 2051-2060 vs. 1951-2006 um bis zu 16 Tagen im Jahr, stärkste Zunahme Rheingragben, Rheinland-Pfalz, Niederrhein, Kölner Bucht und Mitteldeutschland
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1951-2006, 2051-60 ; Temperatur ; Witterungsextreme
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  • 29
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    In:  Münster: proPlant GmbH. http://www.proplant.de/data/2010/ 2010_12_Volk-Richthofen-Johnen_Abschlussbericht- Klimawandel-und-Pflanzenschutz_proPlant.pdf
    Publication Date: 2010
    Description: Infektionsrisiko für pilzliche, bakterielle und tierische Schädlinge bei Weizen, Winterraps, Kartoffeln, Zuckerrüben und Mais werden für das Szenario A1B abgeschätzt KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Schwerpunkt auf den 8 bedeutensten Krankheiten bei Weizen, Halmbruch, Mehltau, Septoria-Blattdürre, Gelbrost, Braunrost, DTR-Blattdürre, Septoria nodorum und Fusarium, Simulationen mit proPlant.expert und Einteilung in Trendklassen (1-5) von linearer Trend ansteigend (=1) bis abnehmend (=5) KATASTER-DETAIL: Tmit+ (Wettreg 2006, A1B), dann ansteigendes Risiko für Septoria tritici, Braunrost, Mehltau, Fusarium, für Halmbruch und DTR kein ansteigendes Risiko ermittelt Detaillierte Trendübersicht und Beurteilung für einzelne Kulturen und Regionen in NRW siehe Dokument, Anhang
    Keywords: Nordrhein-Westfalen ; 2001-2050 ; Insekten ; Zuckerrüben ; Kartoffeln ; Infektionskrankheiten ; Landwirtschaft ; Mais ; Niederschlag ; Pflanzenkrankheit ; Pflanzenschädling ; Temperatur ; Weizen ; Raps ; Modell
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  • 30
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    In:  Internes Arbeitsmaterial des PIK, .... fs01/guests\Martin.Wodinski\PIK-COLLECTION\SLIDES-POOL\RD2\
    Publication Date: 2010
    Description: Kalkulation der Klimatischen Wasserbilanz (mm) anhand es PIK/DWD Datensatzes für 1951-2006 im Jahr, und für den Zeitraum 2051-60, Szenario A1B, als Mittel und Differenzkarten KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Jährliche Klimatischen Wasserbilanz WABI (Niederschlag - pot. Verdunstung nach Turc-Ivanov) für Deutschland KATASTER-DETAIL: Zu- bzw. Abnahme der (WABI) 2051-2060 vs. 1951-2006 von 200 - (-100) im Westen der BRD, in Ostdeutschland stärkere, einheitliche Abnahme der WABI um bis zu 300mmm
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1951-2006, 2051-60 ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Witterungsextreme
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2009
    Description: Auswirkungen rezenter Klimaveränderungen im Meckenheimer Obstbaugebiet mit Hilfe 50-jähriger meteorologischer Aufzeichnungen auf die phänologischen Stadien Blüte, Ernte und Laubfall bei Apfel und Birne KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Beginn des rezenten Klimawandels ab 1988: 1. Abschnitt von 1958–1987 (Periode I) nur geringe Temperaturänderung (0,42°C kühler) gegenüber dem langjährigen, 50-jährigen Mittel von 9,4°C auf, 2. Abschnitt von 1988–2007 (Periode II) mit Temperaturerhöhung (0,66°C wärmer), hier Beeinflussung der phänologischen Entwicklung bei Kernobst KATASTER-DETAIL: Tmit (Periode II), hier Blühdauer in den letzten 10 Jahren um etwa 4 Tage kürzer; Rückgang der Blühdauer von 12–15 auf 8–10 Tage und Verlängerung frostfreiee Periode um ca. 6 Tage und Änderung der Vegetationszeit (pomologische Vegetationszeit“ von Blühbeginn bis Laubfallbeginn) bei Apfel um 0–10 Tage bzw. bei Birne um 8 Tage in den Frühling – aber nicht in den Herbst – verlängerte
    Keywords: Klein-Altendorf, Nordrhein-Westfalen ; 1958-2007 ; Apfel ; Phänologie ; Temperatur ; Vegetationsperiode ; Birne
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2009
    Description: Einschätzungen der Reaktion der Wälder auf Klimawandel aus 11 Bundesländern mittels Fragebogen; biotische Schäden, abiotische Faktoren, Anfälligkeit von Baumarten gegenüber Einflüssen des Klimawandels KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Buche ; Eiche ; Fichte ; Forst ; Kiefer ; Klima ; Phänologie ; Temperatur ; Vegetationsperiode ; Waldwachstum ; Wassermangel ; Witterungsextreme
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  • 33
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    In:  Dissertationsschrift im Fach Geographie an der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät II der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
    Publication Date: 2009
    Description: Mortalität in Perioden starker thermischer Belastung (1993, 1994 und 1997 sowie 2003 und 2006) im Zusammenhang mit dem Grad der Versiegelung und dem Anteil über-65-Jähriger KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: während thermisch stark belasteter Perioden der Jahre 1993, 1994 und 1997 sowie 2003 und 2006 sind bei unter-50-Jährigen Männer stärker als Frauen gefährdet, dieses Verhältnis kehrt sich in der Altersklasse über 50 um, hoher Versiegelungsgrad als Risikofaktor, bei weniger belastenden Situationen stehen Senioren dagegen gerade in Räumen mit geringer Versiegelung stärker unter Risiko (K. Gabriel, gekürzt) KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T+: Tmax 〉 30°C und Andauer 〉 10d (1993, 1994, 1996, 2003, 2006) stärkere Mortalität von Männern 〈 50 Jahre
    Keywords: Berlin, Brandenburg ; 1990-2006 ; Umweltmedizin ; Temperatur
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2008
    Description: Nadelschäden, Überlebensrate, Höhenwachstum 1-jähriger Kiefern im Laborexperiment unter verschiedenen Frösten. Bei genereller Zunahme der mittleren Jahrestemperatur nimmt die Empfindlichkeit gegenüber Frösten zu KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Kiefer ; Klima ; Temperatur ; Witterungsextreme
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  • 35
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    In:  Gatower Gespräche 2007: Waldbau und Forstökonomie im Zeichen des Klimawandels
    Publication Date: 2008
    Description: hauptsächlich Stress und Schäden durch zukünftigen Klimawandel KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Stressindikator ; Forst ; Kiefer ; Temperatur ; Trockenheit ; Wassermangel ; Witterungsextreme
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  • 36
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    In:  In: Gostomzyk, J.G.; Enke, M. (Hrsg.): Globaler Klimawandel und Gesundheit. Schriftenreihe der Landeszentrale für Gesundheit in Bayern, Band 19, München, 2008, 105-111
    Publication Date: 2008
    Description: Auswirkung der Hitzewelle 2003 auf die Sterblichkeit in Bayern KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Annahme des „harvesting“-Effekts KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Bayern ; 2000-2003 ; Umweltmedizin ; Temperatur
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  • 37
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    In:  In: Lozán, J.L.; Graßl, H.; Jendritzky, G.; Karbe, L.; Reise, K. (Hrsg.) Warnsignal Klima: Gesundheitsrisiken. Gefahren für Pflanzen, Tiere und Menschen.Wissenschaftliche Auswertungen, Hamburg, 108-114
    Publication Date: 2008
    Keywords: Umweltmedizin ; Temperatur ; Luftverunreinigungen
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  • 38
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    In:  Masterarbeit in der Klimatologie des Geographischen Instituts an der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät II der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
    Publication Date: 2008
    Description: Vergleich der Sommerperioden 2003 und 2006 im Untersuchungszeitraum für Patientenaufnahmen bei über 45-Jähringen mit Atmungssystemerkrankungen KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: für Sommer 2006 positive signifikante Zusammenhänge zwischen Patientenaufnahmen mit Herz-Kreislauf- und Atmungssystemerkrankungen und ansteigender Luftfeuchte sowie Sonnenscheindauer bei Lufttemperaturen ab 25°C KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T+, Delta Relf +, Delta Sonn+: Tmit 〉 25°C (2003 und 2006), dann signifikante Zunahme von Herzkreislauf-Erkrankungen und Atemwegssystemerkrankungen
    Keywords: Berlin ; 2002-2006 ; Umweltmedizin ; Temperatur
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  • 39
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    In:  Benutzerhandbuch fur @RISK Risikoanalysen- und Simulations- Add-InRisikoanalysen Add-In für Microsoft® Excel Version 5.7, September, 2010 Palisade Corporation 798 Cascadilla Street Ithaca, NY 14850 USA
    Publication Date: 2007
    Description: Korrelationsanalyse zwischen Wettervariablen über mehrere Perioden und dem Zuckerrübenertrag an verschiedenen Standorten KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Bildung von Wetterindexsummen über mehrere Monate im Vergleich zur Betrachtung einzelner Monate ergab keine höheren Korrelationen, höchste positive Korrelationskoeffizienten von 0,61 zwischen der Niederschlagssumme des Zeitraumes Juni bis August für den Standort Dedelow, in der Uckermark Brandesburgs. Einflusses der Temperatur auf den Zuckerertrag ergab negative Korrelationskoeffizienten, der höchste (negative) ermittelte Wert liegt bei -0,78 für die Periode Juli bis September, Dedelow. Positiven Einfluss hoher Temperaturen auf den Rübenertrag am Standort Kiel und Düse KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland, teilw. einzelne Regionen ; 1958-2006 ; Zuckerrüben ; Ertrag ; Korrelationsmethode ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2007
    Description: Studie zu einer prognostizierten Anzahl von Tagen mit Wärme- und mit Kältestress, basierend auf Klimaszenarien für den Zeitraum 2071 bis 2100 KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Prognose: größere Zahl an Todesfällen durch Hitze im Süden gegenüber dem Norden Deutschlands und zugleich größerer Rückgang der Todesfälle durch Kälte im Norden, Anstieg der Todesopferzahl durch zunehmende Hitze insgesamt größer als Rückgang der Opferzahl durch weniger Kälte KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; Umweltmedizin ; Temperatur
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  • 41
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    In:  2 -NAP 02-231 Bericht IV Interreg IIIA Literaturstudie alpine Kulturpflanzen Vs. 3.0 070425.
    Publication Date: 2007
    Description: Sammlung historischer Informationen und Dokumentation des bäuerlichen Erfahrungswissens Kulturpflanzen von der Prähistorie - 20. Jahrhundert KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Südtirol, Nordtirol und GraubündenSüdtirol, Nordtirol und Graubünden ; Kartoffeln ; Anbautermine ; Boden ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Hafer ; Klima ; Landwirtschaft ; Mais ; Niederschlag ; Pflanzenkrankheit ; Pflanzenschädling ; Roggen ; Temperatur ; Trockenheit ; Vegetationsperiode ; Weizen ; Wetterbeobachtung ; Witterung ; Düngung ; Hackfrüchte
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2014-11-07
    Description: Comparison of Sollasella digitata Lendenfeld, 1888, up until the present assigned to its own family Sollasellidae Lendenfeld, 1887 in the order Hadromerida, and Raspailopsis cervicornis Burton, 1959, assigned to Raspailiidae Nardo, 1833 in the order Poecilosclerida, leads to the conclusion that both should be considered congeneric and are best assigned to a single genus Sollasella. This conclusion is based on examination of habit and skeletal characters of the type material of S. digitata and both type and freshly collected material of S. cervicornis. The conclusion is strengthened by the discovery of a new species, Sollasella moretonensis n.sp. collected in North Australia (primarily in the northeastern coast, but also an isolated record from the northwestern Australian coast), which possesses in addition to the characteristic surface pattern and skeletal structure, genuine echinating acanthostyles. The redefined genus Sollasella shares axial / extra-axial arrangement of the skeleton, special surface brushes of oxeas surrounding a single protruding style, and vestigial occurrence of acanthostyles with many Raspailia s.l. Nevertheless, it is retained as a separate genus, on account of its peculiar polygonal arrangement of surface pores. The distribution of the genus is disjunctive including both (southeast, northeast and northwest) Australian and Western Indian Ocean localities, but so far no intermediate records. Based on this morphological evidence, it is proposed – pending publication of corroborating molecular evidence to be presented in a follow-up study – to reassign Sollasella and the family Sollasellidae to the poecilosclerid family Raspailiidae.
    Keywords: sponges ; classification ; Sollasellidae ; Raspailiidae ; Sollasella ; Raspailopsis ; Australia ; Oman ; 42.72
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: Article / Letter to the editor
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  • 43
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    In:  Zoologische Mededelingen (0024-0672) vol.80 (2006) nr.4 p.103
    Publication Date: 2010-12-12
    Description: A new species of Astrogorgia from Bali, Indonesia, is described and depicted. An amended diagnosis of the genus is presented and a related genus is discussed. Compared with other species of Astrogorgia, specimens of the new species have a rather unusual bushy growth form, and very small sclerites.
    Keywords: Coelenterata ; Octocorallia ; Alcyonacea ; Plexauridae ; Astrogorgia ; Bali ; Indonesia ; new species ; 42.72
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: Article / Letter to the editor
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2007-01-09
    Description: The Late Cretaceous bryozoan fauna of North America has been severely neglected in the past. In this preliminary study based on museum material and a limited amount of fieldwork, we describe a total of 128 Campanian-Maastrichtian bryozoan species from Delaware, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Arkansas. Eighty-two of these species are new, as are five (Basslerinella, Pseudoallantopora, Kristerina, Turnerella and Peedeesella) of the 77 genera. One new family, Peedeesellidae, is proposed. Cheilostomes, with 94 species (73 per cent of the total), outnumber cyclostomes, with 34 species (27 percent), a pattern matching that seen elsewhere in the world in coeval deposits. There appear to be very few species (4) in common with the better known bryozoan faunas of the same age from Europe. Although both local and regional diversities are moderately high, most of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain bryozoans are encrusters; erect species are uncommon and are never present in suffi cient density to form bryozoan limestones, in contrast to some Maastrichtian deposits from other regions.
    Keywords: Bryozoa ; Cretaceous ; U.S.A. ; taxonomy ; 38.22 ; 42.72
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: Article / Letter to the editor
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  • 45
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    In:  Zoologische Mededelingen (0024-0672) vol.80 (2006) nr.1 p.91
    Publication Date: 2010-12-12
    Description: In the present study, a new endemic gammarid amphipod, Gammarus balutchi spec. nov. is described from Charmahal-Va-Bakhteyari province, Iran. A description is given using light and electron microscopes. Comparison of SEM micrographs shows that pore density and patterns are reliable diagnostic characters at the species level based on ultrastructural study of the head.
    Keywords: Iran ; new species ; endemic ; SEM ; Gammarus balutchi ; 42.72
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: Article / Letter to the editor
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  • 46
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    In:  Zoologische Mededelingen (0024-0672) vol.80 (2006) nr.1 p.87
    Publication Date: 2010-12-12
    Description: A new species of the genus Arachnidium is described from The Netherlands. The detached distal part of the zooids and their bottle shape are diagnostic of the species. It is recorded from oligo-mesohaline waterways with intensive navigation and it is assumed to have been introduced by shipping.
    Keywords: Arachnidium ; lageniform ; north-western Europe ; introduction ; estuarine ; 42.72
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: Article / Letter to the editor
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  • 47
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    In:  Zoologische Mededelingen (0024-0672) vol.80 (2006) nr.4 p.165
    Publication Date: 2010-12-12
    Description: Three new species of Alcyonium are described and illustrated: Alcyonium megasclerum and A. rubrum from the Cape Verde Islands, and A. profundum from the Mid Atlantic Ridge. Two species are redescribed and figured: A. grandiflorum Tixier-Durivault & d’Hondt, 1975 and A. maristenebrosi Stiasny, 1937. Pseudoalcyonium novum Tixier-Durivault & d’Hondt, 1975 is synonymized with Alcyonium bocagei (Saville Kent, 1870).
    Keywords: Octocorallia ; Alcyonacea ; Alcyoniidae ; Alcyonium ; new species ; redescriptions ; Atlantic Ocean ; deep water ; 42.72 ; 42.70
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: Article / Letter to the editor
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  • 48
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    In:  Zoologische Mededelingen (0024-0672) vol.80 (2006) nr.4 p.109
    Publication Date: 2010-12-12
    Description: A new family of antipatharian corals, Stylopathidae (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Antipatharia), is established for Arachnopathes columnaris Duchassaing, 1870, and related species. The family is characterized bysmall polyps, 1.5 mm or less in transverse diameter; small, conical, smooth spines, often distally directed(especially at the tips of the branchlets and/or pinnules); and by the tendency for the pinnulesand branchlets to occur in subopposite pairs or to be arranged in verticils of three or four (rarely five)pinnules. In many species adjacent pinnules or branchlets fuse together or anastomose, resulting in theformation of cylindrical, reticulated worm runs along the stem or branches. Genera are established onthe basis of morphological features of the corallum. Stylopathes gen. nov., includes the type species,Arachnopathes columnaris Duchassaing, and is characterized by a monopodial or very sparsely branchedcorallum. Triadopathes gen nov. contains only the type species Parantipathes triadocrada Opresko, and has multiple, vertically directed, stem-like primary branches, arising primarily from the lower parts ofthe corallum. Tylopathes Brook contains the type species T. crispa Brook, and is characterized by a flabellatecorallum with short, mostly bilateral branchlets.
    Keywords: Cnidaria ; Anthozoa ; Antipatharia ; Stylopathidae, fam. nov. ; Stylopathes gen nov. ; S. columnaris ; 42.72 ; 42.70
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: Article / Letter to the editor
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  • 49
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    In:  Auswirkungen des globalen Wandels auf Wasser, Umwelt und Gesellschaft im Elbeeinzugsgebiet, Wechsung F.; Becker, A.; Gräfe, P. (Hrsg.), Weißensee Verlag, Berlin
    Publication Date: 2005
    Description: Änderungen des Abflusses und der diffusen N-Einträge im Elbe-Einzugsgebiet mit dem Modell MONERIES unter Annahme des IPCC-Szenarios B2: Seite 139ff KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Aufbauend auf Szenarien zur Wasserverfügbarkeit und dem -verbrauch für die Jahre 2025 und 2075 mit GCM ECHAM4 und HadCM3 mit Model WaterGAP, entweder Zu- oder Abnahmne des Abflusses (abhängig vom GCM) und leichte Zu-, bzw- Abnahme der diffusen N-Einträge KATASTER-DETAIL: Nied+ (mit HadCM, 2025 und 2075 gegenüber 1961-90), dann Zunahme der Abflüsse +2-10%, N-Einträge gleichbleibend; Nied- (mit ECHAM4, 2025 und 2075 gegenüber 1961-90), dann Abnahme der Abflüsse um bis zu 10%, N-Einträge (-5)-(+5)%;
    Keywords: Sachsen, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ; 1961-90, 2025, 2075 ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Düngung ; Abfluss ; Modell
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2005
    Description: Rekonstruktion der Sommertemperaturen in Europa (April-August) von 1484 bis heute anhand der Lesebeginns der Trauben. Die Hitzewelle 2003 mit den hohen Temperaturen von im Sommer ist in den letzten 500 Jahren ein Extrem, einen fast ebenso außergewöhnlicher Sommer gab es im Jahr 1540. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Europa ; letzten 500 Jahre ; Klima ; Temperatur ; Wein
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  • 51
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  Auswirkungen des globalen Wandels auf Wasser, Umwelt und Gesellschaft im Elbeeinzugsgebiet, Wechsung F.; Becker, A.; Gräfe, P. (Hrsg.), Weißensee Verlag, Berlin, Seite 151ff
    Publication Date: 2005
    Description: Änderung der simulierten annuellen Abflusskomonenten im deutschen Elbeeinzugsgebiet, berechnet mit dem ökohydrologischen Modell SWIM KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Ergebnisse verschiedener hydrologischer Größen, simuliert mit SWIM und als klimatishe Eingangsgrößen STARS_32 (regionalisierte Klimadaten mit GCM ECAHM4), Mittelwerte für das Elbeeinzugsgebiet KATASTER-DETAIL: Nied- (-10.4% 2046-55 vs 1961-90, GCM ECAHM4, STARS_32, SWIM), dann Verdunstung aktuell +1,8%, Direktabfluss -31,2%, Grundwasserneubildung -49,6%, Abfluss gesamt -41.6%
    Keywords: Sachsen, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ; 1961-90, 2046-55 ; Temperatur ; Verdunstung ; Niedrigwasser ; Abfluss ; Grundwasser ; Modell
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  • 52
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    In:  Contributions to Zoology (13834517) vol.74, 3/4 (2005) p.265
    Publication Date: 2014-11-07
    Description: A new species of a very thinly encrusting Desmacella (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida, Desmacellidae) is described from Queen Charlotte Basin and Georgia Basin, off the Canadian Pacific coast. It is compared with all known species of the genus, differing in the geometry and size of spicules, and the persistent epizoic growth.
    Keywords: Porifera ; Desmacellidae ; taxonomy ; new species ; sponge reefs ; Pacific ; Canada ; 42.72
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: Article / Letter to the editor
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2014-11-07
    Description: Two niphatids are described here: Amphimedon viridis and Pachychalina alcaloidifera sp. nov. Amphimedon viridis is a common and conspicuous species in most of the tropical western Atlantic. Pachychalina alcaloidifera sp. nov. has this far been found only in the coasts of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo states. Both species are described on the basis of series of specimens observed alive.
    Keywords: Porifera ; Demospongiae ; Haplosclerina ; Niphatidae ; tropical southwestern Atlantic ; taxonomy ; new species ; 42.72
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: Article / Letter to the editor
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2007-01-12
    Description: A single example of Oichnus excavatus Donovan & Jagt, infesting the holasteroid echinoid Hemipneustes striatoradiatus (Leske), is reported from the upper Meerssen Member, Maastricht Formation (uppermost Maastrichtian), of the former Blom quarry, Berg en Terblijt, southern Limburg, The Netherlands. This is the first evidence that O. excavatus may be more widely distributed in the type area of the Maastrichtian than previously assumed. The embedment structure occurs just below the ambitus and close to the peristome, suggesting that the producing organism may have been ingesting detritus from the sea floor rather than filter feeding, the more usual interpretation of its behaviour.
    Keywords: embedment structure ; trace fossils ; Oichnus ; echinoids ; Hemipneustes ; Maastrichtian ; The Netherlands ; 42.72
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 55
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    In:  Scripta Geologica (03757587) vol.129 (2005) p.91
    Publication Date: 2007-01-12
    Description: Despite being diverse globally, Miocene echinoids are poorly known from Jamaica. Moderately diverse echinoids and other echinoderms have been identified mainly from fragmentary specimens collected from chalks and mass-flow deposits of the Lower Miocene Montpelier Formation, White Limestone Group, near Duncans, parish of Trelawny. This locality has yielded the most diverse association of fossil echinoderms known from the Miocene of Jamaica, including at least ten species in four classes. This fauna is comprised of the isocrinid crinoids Neocrinus sp. cf. N. decorus (Wyville Thomson) and Isocrinus sp.; the ophiuroid Ophiomusium? sp.; the asteroids Astropecten? spp.; and the echinoids Prionocidaris? sp., Histocidaris sp., Echinometra sp. cf. E. lucunter (Linné), Echinoneus cyclostomus Leske, Clypeaster? sp. and spatangoid sp. Some echinoids are preserved as “crystal apples”. The deep water echinoderm taxa in this death assemblage suggest the depth of deposition to have been at least 200 m. At the level of genus, the echinoids of Duncans Quarry show strong similarities with coeval associations from Anguilla and Puerto Rico, although no consistent biostratigraphic marker(s) emerge from this comparison.
    Keywords: systematics ; crinoids ; asteroids ; ophiuroids ; echinoids ; Neogene ; Caribbean ; 42.72
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2014-11-07
    Description: The ecological function of the secondary metabolite amphitoxin produced by Callyspongia (Euplacella) biru is evaluated by a forced confrontation with the free-living scleractinian coral Fungia fungites at different exposure times. Our major goal was to determine whether such a forced confrontation with a spatial com­petitor would cause a significant change in the concentration of amphitoxin in the sponge tissue, indicating a regulatory mechanism of amphitoxin production. Firstly, the concentrations of amphitoxin of sponge fragments submitted to forced confrontation with a mushroom coral did not differ between the exposure times. Secondly, all sponge fragments, including the controls had a consistently lower amphitoxin concentration during the course of the experiment than the natural variation. Thirdly, the concentration of amphitoxin varied substantially between specimens implying that other ecological factors besides spatial competition regulate the production of bioactive compounds of C. biru.
    Keywords: Amphitoxin ; Callyspongia (Euplacella) biru ; Fungia fungites ; Indonesia ; Porifera ; Spatial interaction ; 42.72
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: Article / Letter to the editor
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  • 57
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    In:  Scripta Geologica (03757587) vol.129 (2005) p.159
    Publication Date: 2007-01-12
    Description: Collections in museums usually have boxes of specimens which remain ‘undiscovered’ and yet which may be of importance or interest. The recent rediscovery of specimens of Archaeocidaris in the Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, from the Carboniferous of Egypt illustrates this point. These specimens were collected in 1938 by Dr. H.M.E. Schürmann (1891-1979), who had been a student of Professor J. Wanner (1878-1956), the noted expert on fossil echinoderms. The Egyptian Archaeocidaris plates include interambulacrals and radioles. These are closest to Archaeocidaris rossica (von Buch) from the Moscow area of Russia, although there are sufficient differences in radiole morphology to suggest that they are not necessarily conspecific.
    Keywords: systematics ; echinoids ; Archaeocidaris ; Carboniferous ; Egypts ; 42.72
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 58
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    In:  Sozialministerium Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart
    Publication Date: 2004
    Description: mit einem zusätzlichen Berichtsteil zur Sterblichkeit unter Bewohnern von Pflegeheimen während der Hitzewelle im August 2003 in Baden-Württemberg vom Landesgesundheitsamt Baden-Württemberg KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: unter Berücksichtigung des „Harvesting- Effektes“ etwa 1100 (900-1300) Hitzeopfer KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Baden-Württemberg ; 2003 ; Umweltmedizin ; Temperatur
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2007-01-18
    Description: During the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition (4.xi-17.xii.1990) and some additional field trips to Ambon, a total of 26 species of asteroids were collected. Seven species were new to Ambon, and four species new to Indonesia. The asteroid fauna of Ambon is now represented by 44 species. Anthenea difficilis is transferred to the genus Gymnanthenea. Taxonomical notes are given on the collected specimens for some species.
    Keywords: Asteroidea ; Echinodermata ; Ambon ; Indonesia ; taxonomy ; new combination ; 42.72
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: Article / Letter to the editor
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  • 60
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    In:  Zoologische Mededelingen (00240672) vol.78, 18-28 (2004) p.477
    Publication Date: 2015-06-03
    Description: A new sponge species Callyspongia (Euplacella) biru spec. nov. is described from various locations within Indonesia (NE Bali, SW & NE Sulawesi and NE Kalimantan). The species is assigned to the subgenus Euplacella of the genus Callyspongia because it has brushes of spicules on the nodes of its double-meshed ectosomal skeleton. The species is discussed and compared with relevant Callyspongia records from other Indonesian and neighbouring Indo-Pacific areas.
    Keywords: Porifera ; Haplosclerida ; Indonesia ; new species ; Callyspongia ; 42.72
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 61
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    In:  In: Klimastatusbericht 2003, DWD, Offenbach, 152-162
    Publication Date: 2003
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 2003 ; Umweltmedizin ; Temperatur
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2003
    Description: Zusammenhang zwischen der Niederschlagshöhe und der Nord-Atlantischen Oszillationen und ihre Auswirkungen auf Weizenqualität KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Die Nord-Atlantische Oszillationen in einem um 6 Monate vorgezogenen Zeitfenster im Winter beeinflusst die Höhe der Niederschläge im darauffolgenden Sommer und damit die Weizenqualität, schwach signifikanter Zusammenhang für die trockensten und die feuchtesten Sommer für alle Regionen im Vereinten Königreich, aber auch für große Teile Westeuropas und Skandinaviens KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: England und Schottland ; 1985-2000 und 1977-2000 ; Ertrag ; Niederschlag ; Weizen
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2002
    Description: Klimasensitivität der Gesundheit, Bedeutung von kurzfristiger Akklimatisation KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Baden-Württemberg ; 1968-1997 ; Umweltmedizin ; Temperatur
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  • 64
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    In:  Fiel Crops Research 67, p. 35-49
    Publication Date: 2000
    Description: Review über die wichtigsten biologischen Prozesse, die den Ertrag von Winterraps bestimmen. Beschreibung verschiedener Modelle KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Temperatur auf das Pflanzenwachstum KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (Frühling) 〉 5°C, dann Beginn Wachstum
    Keywords: weltweit ; 1972-2000 ; Boden ; Ertrag ; Temperatur ; Raps ; Modell
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  • 65
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    In:  International Journal of Biometeorology 42, 84-88
    Publication Date: 1998
    Description: Abnahme des thermischen Einflusses auf den saisonalen Verlauf der Mortalität KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: sich verbessernde Bedingungen im Gesundheitswesen und bei der Innenraumtemperatur bedingen Abnahme des thermischen Einflusses insb. für Mortalitätszunahme bei niedrigen Temperaturen KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1946-1995 ; Umweltmedizin ; Temperatur
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  • 66
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Alkoxopalladium(II) ; Conformational analysis ; Hydrogen bonding ; Two-dimensional and cage structures ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of palladium acetate with two equivalents of di- and triethanolamines RN(CH2CH2OH)2 in the presence of a base affords the new chelate-stabilized alkoxo Pd(II) complexes [Pd(OCH2CH2N(R)CH2CH2OH)2] [R = Me (1), Et (2), n-Bu (3), benzyl (4) or CH2CH2OH (5)]. These N,O-ligated complexes are isolated in high yield as yellow, crystalline solids and are thermally stable despite the presence of several β-hydrogen atoms in the ligand system. Both complexes possess a square-planar palladium coordination geometry with the two oxygen atoms positioned mutually trans. The most notable difference in the molecular structures is that 1 forms a two dimensional network of intermolecular O-H≡O hydrogen bonds, whereas 5 forms intramolecular O-H⃛O hydrogen bonds, which cage the palladium center. In solution 1-4 exist as a diastereoisomeric mixture (a racemic enantiomeric pair SNSN, RNRN and a mesomeric form RNSN) in a 1:1 molar ratio, and this ratio is independent of temperature in nonalcoholic solvents, When complexes 1-4 are dissolved in protic solvents (e.g. MeOH) the diastereomeric excess is temperature-dependent due to an exchange process between the meso diastereoisomer and the (racemic) enantiomeric pair. Thermodynamic parameters for this process in a mixture of MeOH-toluene have been determined with NMR and show this process to be influenced by the steric nature of the alkyl substituent (R) on nitrogen. A conformational analysis based on 1H-NMR coupling constants within the N,O-chelate ring of complexes 1-4 provides details on the solution structure of the ring in both diastereoisomers.
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  • 67
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 13-22 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Carbamates ; Catalysis ; Substituted nitrobenzenes ; Palladium ; Reductive carbonylation ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The palladium-catalyzed reductive carbonylation of ortho and para-substituted nitrobenzenes has proven to be an attractive route for the synthesis of functionalized carbamates. For the Pd(1, 10-phenanthroline)2(triflate)2 catalyst system, the scope of the reaction has been studied. Substrates with electron-donating substituents at the para position were found to decrease the catalytic activity, most probably as a result of their relatively low oxidizing capacity. the selectivity towards the desired carbamate, however, was increased for these substrates. Under the influence of electron-withdrawing substituents the azoxybenzene and azobenzene derivatives became important side products. Introduction of large steric hindrance at the ortho position of the nitro substrates gave rise to an interesting side reaction, viz. methoxylation of the aromatic ring. The methoxylation reaction appeared to occur on an intermediate species in the catalytic cycle. Several functionalities have shown to be resistant to the reaction conditions required for the conversion ot the nitro group. Especially with 4-nitrobenzoic acid, an extremely high activity and selectivity was found, thus yielding a very convenient synthesis for N-protected amines containing carboxylic acid function.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Isothiazole complexes ; Dinuclear silver(I) complexes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of isothiazole-based potential ligands bearing substituents with additional donor sites in the 5-position of the heterocycle was synthesized [3-Me-5-R-C3HNS; R = CH=N(CH2)2py (1), CH=NCH2py (2), CH2N(CH2CH2NEt2)2 (4), (CH2)2SMe (5)]. Upon reaction with AgO3SCF3 they formed complexes [(1)AgOSO2CF3]2 (6), [(2)AgOSO2CF3]2 (7), [(4)Ag]2+2(O3SCF-3)2 (8) and [(5)AgOSO2CF3]2 (9), respectively. 6, 8 and 9 were shown by X-ray structural analyses to consist of dimeric units L2Ag2+2, either discrete (8), coordinated by terminal CF3SO-3 units (6). In 8 and 9 the isothiazole moiety is bonded to the metal center via the ring-N. The coordination potential of the isothiazole heterocycle is discussed.
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  • 69
    Electronic Resource
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 115-118 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Gold complexes ; Bromonium complex ; Halogenonium complex ; Halogen, two-coordinate ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reactions of (R3P)AuX (X = Cl, Br, I) with [(R3P)Au]+ BF-4 obtained from (R3P)AuCl and AgBF4 in tetrahydrofuran, lead to cationic binuclear gold(I) complexes of the general formula ([(R3P)Au]2X}+ BF-4. A number of chloro- (R = Ph, o-Tol, Mes, Bzl, Et), bromo- (R = Ph, o-Tol, Mes) and iodo-bridged (R = Ph, Mes) complexes of this type have been isolated and identified on the basis of their analytical and spectroscopic data. The crystal structure of bis[(triphenylphosphane)gold(I)]bromonium tetrafluoroborate was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The cations contain two-coordinate bromine atoms with an Au-Br-Au angle of 96.83(3)°.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Arene complexes ; Ruthenium compounds ; Electrophilic substitution ; Lithiation ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Chiral or achiral (arene)(COD)Ru complexes can be made by replacing the η6-ligands of (η4-1,5-COD)(η6-1,3,5-cyclooctatriene)Ru (1) or (η4-1,5-COD)(η6-naphthalene)Ru (2) by a suitable arene. This well known reaction has been extended to mono- and dibromoarenes and we report a novel route to substituted (arene)(COD)Ru species, utilizing (bromoarene)-(COD)Ru as starting materials. These facilitate a rapid bromine-lithium exchange reaction with nBuLi at low temperatures and the lithiated species react readily with alkyl chloroformates as electrophiles. By using chiral electrophiles [alkyl = (-)-menthyl] enantiomerically pure or diastereomeric complexes containing CO2R* groups are formed, depending on the symmetry of the original complex. A diastereomeric 1:1 mixture was separated by recrystallization. All (arene)-(COD)Ru complexes tested so far are useful as catalysts for the hydrogenation of simple alkenes at room temperature.
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  • 71
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 145-154 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Fluorocarbons ; C-F bond activation ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The main reaction pathways which lead to the breaking of C-F bonds in perfluoroalkanes and -arenes are discussed. Emphasis is placed on recent developments and on the mechanistic patterns that emerge.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The metal-vapor reactions of Co atoms with 1,3-tBu2CpH (1a), 1,3-tBu2CpH (1a), 1,2,4-tBu3CpH (1b) and EtMe4CpH (1c) are described. With 1a the two mononuclear complexes [(η5-tBu2Cp) (η4-tBu2-1,3-cyclopentadiene)Co] (2a) and [(η5-tBu2Cp)2Co] (3a) were isolated, together with the dinuclear cobalt cluster [{(η5-tBu2Cp)Co}2H3] (4a) and trace amounts of the tetranuclear cluster [{(η5-tBu2Cp)CoH}4] (5a). The molecular structures of 3a and 4a were determined by X-ray diffraction. Reaction of 1b with Co atoms afforded a single product, the dinuclear cluster [{(η5-tBu3Cp)Co}2H3] (4b), whose molecular structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Both, 4a and 4b exhibit extremely short Co-Co distances [2.244(1) (4a) and 2.242(1) Å (4b)], as found for the Me5Cp analog [{(η5-Me5Cp)Co}2H3] (4c). Reaction of an isomeric mixture of Me4EtCpH (1c) with Co atoms furnished the mononuclear sandwich [ (η5-Me4EtCp)(η4-Me4Et-1,3- cyclopentadiene)Co] (2b), the trinuclear hydridocobalt cluster [{(η5-Me4EtCp)Co}3H4] (6a) and the tetranuclear hydridocobalt cluster [{(η5-Me4EtCp)Co}4H4] (5c). The molecular structure of 5c was determined by X-ray crystallography and revealed a tetrahedral arrangement of the cobalt atoms. The electrochemical behavior of the dinuclear complexes 4a-4c was studied by cyclic voltammetry. Reversible redox couples were found for all three compounds, with a correlation between the degree of alkyl substitution and their respective cathodic shifts. Compounds 4a and 4b react with CO to yield the mononuclear and dinuclear complexes [ (η5- CpR)Co(CO)2] (R=1,3-tBu2, 1,2,4-tBu3) (7a and 7b) as well as [{(η5-CpR)CO}2(CO)2] (8a and 8b). Reaction of the trinuclear hydridocobalt cluster 6a and its Me5Cp analog 6b with AgBF4 in the presence of PEt3 yielded the heteronuclear clusters [{η5-Me4CPR)Co}3AgP(Et)3H4]+[BF4]- (R=Et, Me) (9a and 9b). 9a was structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography.
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  • 73
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 45-48 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Metallated methyl isopropenyl ether ; Tetrahydrofurans ; 1-Oxabicyclo[4.3.0]heptanes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Methyl isopropenyl ether (1) has been metallated at low temperature with a 1:1 molar mixture of n-BuLi/t-BuOK in THF-hexane, and subsequently functionalized with a variety of electrophilic reagents. At temperatures higher than - 30°C, the metallated methyl isopropenyl ether (2) decomposes with formation of allene. When the suspension of 2 is allowed to warm up to room temperature in the presence of an additional equivalent of n-BuLi, the intermediary allene is converted into 1-propynyllithium (2c), which reacts with propylthiocyanate to give 1-propylthio-1-propyne (4). Some of the functionalization products were subjected to acidic hydrolysis affording the expected methyl ketones.
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  • 74
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 55-62 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Diastereoselective hydrogenation ; Folic acid ; Immobilized optically active rhodium(I)/diphosphane catalysts ; Leucovorin ; HPLC analysis of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid derivatives ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: For the hydrogenation of the C=N bonds in the pyrazine ring of the vitamin folic acid (1) optically active rhodium(I)/diphosphane complexes immobilized on supports such as silica gel or Al2O3 were used. The reduction was carried out at 50 bar hydrogen pressure in an aqueous solution buffered to pH 7. Thus, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid (2) was obtained which contains a new asymmetric center at C-6 of the pterine system. Therefore, in combination with the (S) configuration of the natural L-glutamic acid part of the molecule two diastereomers with (6S,S) and (6R,S) configuration arise. The relatively unstable tetrahydrofolic acid (2) was converted into its 5-formyl derivative folinic acid (4) by treatment with methyl formate/formic acid in a 5:1 mixture of DMSO/pyridine. The Ca salt of folinic acid (4) is the widely used drug leucovorin. The diastereomers were separated by silica gel HPLC. To the column bovine serum albumine (BSA) is covalently bound. With optically active rhodium(I)/diphosphane catalysts, immobilized on silica gel supports, a diastereoselectivity of up to 90% could be achieved in the hydrogenation of folic acid (1).
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  • 75
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 405-408 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Hexahydro-closo-hexaborates ; Boron ; Bridging ligands ; NMR spectroscopy ; Gold ; Copper ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: By reaction of (PPh3)3 CuCl and PPh3AuCl with [B6H6]2- in organic media, dinuclear complexes are formed containing the hexaborate as a bridging ligand coordinated to the metal centers by opposite B3 facets of the B6 cluster in a trihapto mode. This is verified by single-crystal X-ray structural analysis of the isotypical (Paā) compounds [Cu2μ-bis-η3-B6H6)(PPh3)2] (1) and [Au2(μ-bis-η3-B6H6)(PPh3)2)] (2) which showed the metal centers to be very close to the B3 plane [1.92 (1), 2.10 (2) Å. The 11B NMR spectra of the two compounds feature doublets, at δ= -15.32 in 1 and at -11.51 in 2, which are significantly shifted downfield in comparison to [B6H6]2- (δ= -17.2).
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  • 76
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 425-429 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Silver complexes ; Crown compounds ; Thioethers ; 1,3-Dithioles ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The coordination chemistry of two crown thioethers 2,5,8,10,12-pentathiabicyclo[7.3.0]dodeca-1)9)-ene-11-thione (L) and -11-one (L') with Ag1 has been investigated by structural methods. Both thioethers act as tridentate ligands coordinating the silver ion in a trigonal fashion. In the case L, the 11- thione sulfur is coordinated additionally by another silver ion, to yield a polymeric chain with a distorted-tetrahedral geometry about the metal ion. Despite differing only in its carbonyl chalcogen, L' forms six-coordinated, monomeric complexes.
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  • 77
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 433-442 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Metallobiosites ; Metalloproteins ; Metalloenzymes ; Dinucleating ligands ; Transition metals ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Awareness of the asymmetric nature of numerous dinuclear metallobiosites and of the ability of the individual metal ions to have quite distinct roles in the functioning of the metalloenzyme concerned has led to a search for carefully designed unsymmetric dinucleating ligands that will give dinuclear complexes capable of acting as models for the metallobiosites. This review surveys progress made in the design and synthesis of complexes capable of serving as models for donor atom, coordination number and geometric asymmetries found at dinuclear metal centres.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Alkali metal organophosphanylamide ; Carbon-potassium bonding ; Phosphazane ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The metalation of bis(diphenylphosphanyl)amine [HN-(PPh2)2,1 with KOtBu at 95°C in toluene affords a pale yellow precipitate of potassium bis(diphenylphosphanyl)amide (3a). On addition of liquid N,N,N′,N“,N“-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDTA, 4) the precipitate dissolves in toluene at 115°C to give a yellow solution, from which yellow-green blocks of [(Ph2P)2NK·PMDTA] (3b) are obtained. X-ray analysis reveals that the coordination sphere of potassium consists of the chelating triamine ligand and [N(PPh2)2]- as N-donor as well as η1 and η2 C-donor with two phenyl fragments. No phosphorus coordination of [N(PPh2)2]- is observed.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Phosphaalkynes ; Triorganoaluminium compounds ; Cooligomerization ; Cage compounds ; Aluminium compounds ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: When the trialkylaluminium reagents 5 are allowed to react with phosphaalkynes 4 in n-pentane, a highly selective phosphaalkyne cyclotrimerization with incorporation of two organometallic units occurs (→ 6). The tetracyclooctane derivatives 6a-e represent the first examples of phosphorus-aluminium-carbon cage compounds. The polycyclic products 6 are able to function as ligands in transition-metal complexes (→ 7), which is illustrated by the reactions of 6b, c with nonacarbonyldiiron and pentacarbonyl(tetrahydrofuran)tungsten, respectively.
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  • 80
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 283-289 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Zinc ; Sulfonate ligands ; Perchlorates ; Coordination modes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Attempts are reported to incorporate sulfonate and perchlorate anions as ligands in zinc complexes of tripodal ligands. Using tris(benzimidazolylmethyl)amine (BIMA) only the aqua complexes [ (BIMA)Zn-OH2](RSO3)(ClO4) and [(BIMA)Zn-OH2](RSO3)2(R=CH3, CF3, p-tolyl) were accessible. Using substituted pyrazolylborates (Tp*), the same three sulfonate anions were found to be ligands in the complexes Tp*Zn-OSO2R. Spectroscopic evidence for perchlorate coordination in Tp*ZnClO4 · 2 DMSO conflicts with crystallograpic evidence against it in Tp*ZnClO4 · pyridine. The crystal structures of [(BIMA)Zn-OH2](CH3SO3)2, TpCum,MeZn-OS02CH3, TPtBu,MeZn-OSO2C6H4-p-CH3, and [TpCum,MeZn · NC5H5]ClO4 were determined.
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  • 81
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 295-298 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Rhenium ; Oxides ; Alkyl ligands ; Dirhenium compounds ; Metal-metal interactions ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Most alkylrhenium(VII) oxides, e.g. ((cyclo)-C3H5)Re03 (2) are rather sensitive to temperature and moisture with the prominent exception of methyltrioxorhenium (1). The corresponding alkylrhenium(VI) oxides of formula [RR′(O)- Re(μ-O)]2 [R=R′=(cyclo)-C3H5 (3), iPr (4); R=CH3, R′=C2H5 (5), R=CH3, R′=iPr (6)] are much more stable in this regard. They can be handled in air at room temperature. They were synthesized from Re207 and dialkylzinc precursors, fully characterized and are available in much higher yields than their ReVII congeners. Mixed tetraalkyltetraoxodirhenium(VI) complexes (R # R′) synthesized from 1 and dialkylzinc compounds form as a mixture of cis/trans isomers. They are oily liquids at room temperature. The Re=O and Re-Re stretching force constants as a measure of the bond strengths, were determined from IR and Raman data.
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  • 82
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 335-340 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Allylsilanes ; Superbases ; Metalations ; Stereoselectivity ; Cyclizations ; Silicon ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: When treated with two equivalents of a butyllithium/potassium tert-butoxide mixture, terminal olefins carrying unprotected hydroxy or carboxy groups generate allylmetal intermediates which can be trapped with chlorotrimethylsilane to afford functionalized (Z)-2-alkenyltrimethylsilanes. One equivalent of the superbasic reagent suffices if the unsaturated alcohols are first protected as acetals before being subjected to the metalation/silylation/hydrolysis sequence.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Metallacycloalkanes ; Metallacycloalkenes ; Osmium ; Iron ; Cyclic ketones ; Metallacycles ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of the bis(triflates) [F3CSO3-(CH)m-O3SCF3] [m = 5-10, 12, 14, 16 (1a-i) with Na2[Os(CO)4] in dimethyl either affords the osmacycloalkanes 2a, 2b and 2f-i (m = 5, 6, 10, 12, 14, 16), diosmacycloalkanes 3a-i (m = 5-10, 12, 14, 16), and triosmacycloalkanes 4a-i (m = 5-10, 12, 14, 16). The structure of 3f was investigated by an X-ray structural analysis. This 22-membered disomacycle crystallizes in the space group Pā with Z = 1. If the unsaturated cis-4-octen-1,8-diyl bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate) (5) is treated with Na2[Os(CO)4] the diosmacyclooctadeca-5,14-diene 6 is obtained. By treating the bis(triflates) 1a, b with Na2[Fe(CO)4] the corresponding ferracycloalkanes are formed only in situ. Insertion of carbon monoxide into the M-C σ bonds leads to the cyclic ketones 7a, d and to the diketone 8d.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Pyrrolidinephosphanes ; 3-Hydroxypyrrolidine ; 3-Diphenylphosphanylpyronlidine ; Salt effects ; Polymorphism ; Homogeneous catalysis ; Palladium ; Asymmetric catalysis ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The preparation of both enantiomers of 3-diphenylphosphanulpyrrolidiine (2) and several N-substituted derivatives together with two PdIi complexes of this ligand is reported. Form L-malic acid and L-hydroxyproline both enantiomers of 3-hydroxypyrrolidine are prepared without any problems due to epimerization. KPPh2 in the presence of LiCl is shown to be the most effective reagent for the synthesis of 2. The reported X-ray structure determination sof Pdl2 complexes show a rather rigid bicyclic hetero-norbornane skeleton. The flexibility of the other parts of the molecules is obvious in several polymorphs revealed by this method. This polymorphism is additionally investigated by a 31P-CP-MAS study. From solution 1-, 13C- and 31P-NMR studies it is concluded that the bicyclic hetero-norbornane skeleton is retained in solution.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Trichlorosilylation ; Dichlorophosphanes ; Silylphosphanes ; Amino(silyl)phosphanes ; Silicon /Reductions ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reactions of hexachlorodisilane and of trichlorosilane/triethylamine with alkyl-and dialkylaminodichlorophosphanes RPCl2 1a-i [R = iPr: a; (Me3Si)2CH: b; R=1-adamantly: c: R=tBu: d; R=Et2N: e; R=iPr2M: f] furnish bis(trichlorosilyl)-phosphanes RP(SiCl3)2 3a-f. However, when less bulky substituents are attached to the phosphorus atom, so that there is little steric crowding, the double reductive silylations leading from 1 to 3 are accompanied by side reactions and decomposition of 3. Therefore, only 3b, 3c, 3d, and 3f wre isolated in a pure state. These compounds are more readily prepared by the; trichlorosilane/triethylamine method. 1H-, 31P- and 29Si-Nmr spectra confirm their constitution. The structure of solid 3f, the first aminobis(trichlorosilyl)phosphane, was determined by X-ray crystallography. 3f contains a phosphorus atom in a pyramidal environment surrounded by two silicon atoms and a planar nitrogen atom of the diisopropylamino group.
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  • 86
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 417-420 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Gallium ; Low-valent compounds ; Gallium-gallium bond ; Terminal triphenytriazenido ligand ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Tetrakis[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]digallane (4) 1 reacts with 1,3-diphenyltriazene to yield two compounds, which were both characterized by a crystal structure determination. The gallium-gallium bond is retained in the yellow derivate [(H5C6)2N3](R)Ga-Ga(R)[N3(C6H5)2 2 [R = CH(SiMe3)2], which is formed by a ligand exchange reaction and shows two terminal chelating triazenido ligands besides two bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl groups; the Ga—Ga bond length is 245.79(6) pm. The second product is the orange dialkyl(diphenyltriazenido)gallium derivative R2Ga[N3(C6H5)2] 3, where the triazene has reacted as an oxidant by the cleavage of the Ga—Ga bond and probably by release of elemental hydrogen.
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  • 87
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 463-472 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Hypervalent compounds ; Tellurium ; Polycations ; Molecular Orbital Theory ; Band structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Approximate MO and band structure calculation are used to analyze the bonding in the recently synthesized paramagnetic, semiconducting phase [Te15Br4]2+. The [Te15Br4]2+ chains are very similar to those in the tellurium subhalide Te2Br. The electronic structure and bonding within these chains is analysed and the possibility of hypervalency in both [Te15Br4][MoOBr4]2 and Te2Br is discussed. The bonding in the classically hypervalent molecule TeBr42- and a model Te3Br24- is compared to that of the infinite system. Our calculations indicate that both [Te15Br4][MoOBr4]2 and Te2Br contain weakly hypervalent Te atoms and that the interesting electronic properties of [Te15Br4][MoOBr4]2 arise within the distinct sublattices, which do not interact significantly.
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  • 88
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 479-488 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Heterobimetallic complexes ; Carbene complexes ; Alkynes ; Coupling reaction ; Bridging ligands ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Sequential reaction of the dimethylamino(trimethylsilylethylnyl)carbene complexes [(CO)5M'=C(NMe2)C≡CSiMe3] [M' = W (1a)] with KF/THFMeOH, nBuLi and transition metal halides, [XMLn], affords heterobimetallic propynyliden complexes of the type [(CO)5M'=C(N-Me2)C≡CMLn] [MLn = Ni(PPh3) Cp (4a, b). Ni(PMe2Ph)2- {Mes) (Mes=2,4,6-C6H2Me3) (5a), Rh(CO)(PPh3)2 (6a), Fe(CO)2Cp (7a,b)]. In contrast, reaction of 1a with MeLi · LiBr and [IFe(CO)2Cp] yields the novel N-metallated complex [(CO)5W=C{N(ME)Fe(CO)2Cp}C≡CSiMe3] (8a). The complexes [(CO)5M'=C(NMe2)C≡CMLn=Fe(CO)2Cp (7a, b), Ru(CO)2Cp (10a,b), Ru(CO)(PPh3)Cp (11a), Mn(CO)5 (12a), Re(CO)5 (13a)] are accessible by Pd-catalyzed coupling of the C-stannylated carbene complexes [(CO)5M'=C-(NMe2)C≡CSnBu3] (9a, b) with [XMLn]. The related monomethylaminocarbene complexes [(CO)5M'=C(NHMe)C≡ CSnBu3] (16a, b), obtained by stannylation of [(C))5M'=C(NHMe)C=CH] (15a, B) with Bu3SnNEt2, react with [IFe(CO)2Cp] to give the bimetallic complexes [(CO)5M'=C(NHMe)C≡CFe(CO)2Cp] (17a, b). The complexes 4a, 5a, 7a and 10a were characterized by X-ray structural analysis. The spectroscopic and structural data suggest that the two metal centers in 4-7, 10-13, and 17 interact only weakly.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Rhenium ; Technetium ; 8a-Amino-6-methyl-ergoline ; Chelates ; Structure elucidation ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Current research in radiopharmaceutical chemistry is aimed at the design of technetium-based receptor-binding radiotracers because of the excellent nuclide properties of the isotope 99mTc. Tc tracers and the corresponding complexes of rhenium, as the inactive surrogate of Tc, are required to imitate organic agonists or antagonists of the receptor. We have started studies with ergolines, which are known to be dopamine substitutes. The present report deals with the functionalization of 8α-amino-6-methyl-ergoline (2) with a 2-mercaptoacetyl group, and the subsequent synthesis of the first rhenium complex containing a pendent ergoline moiety [Re- O(SSS)(RS)] (HSSSH = HS-CH2CH2-S-CH2CH2-SH and RSH = 8a-amino-N-(2-mercaptoacetyl)-6-methyl-ergoline) (4). The molecular structure of the rhenium complex was determined by X-ray crystal structure analysis.
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  • 90
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 859-862 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Yttrium ; Lanthanum ; Samarium ; Lanthanides ; Aminotroponiminate ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of N-isopropyl-2-(isopropylamino)troponimine, [(i-Pr)2ATI]H, with KH in THF affords [(i-Pr)2ATI]K. This is a useful starting material for the preparation of the mono-, bis- and tris-substituted compounds [[i-Pr)2ATI]YCl2-(THF)2}2, [(i-Pr)2ATI2Y[O(2,6,t-Bu2C6H3)] and [(i-Pr)2-ATI]3Ln (Ln = Y, La, Sm), which can be obtained from ([i-Pr)2ATI]K and LnX3 and LnX3 (X = Cl, I), or Y[O(2,6-t-BuC6H3)]3. All compounds have been characterized by spectroscopic methods. The monosubstituted yttrium complex {[(i-Pr)2ATI]YCl2(THF)2}2 has also been investigated by single crystal X-ray diffraction.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: C-H activation ; Alkyne complexes ; Cyclopentadienyl cobalt ; Fluxionality ; Hydrido complexes ; Clusters ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Vicinal C-H bonds of the cycloalkenes CnH2n (n = 5-8) were activated upon treatment under mild conditions with reactive sources of the (C5H5)CO fragment. With [C5H5)CO(C2H4)2] (2a), the trinuclear cluster complexes [H2((C5H5)CO)3(μ3-C2(CH2)n-2)] (5a: n = 5; 5c: n = 5d: n = 8) were formed. Using the more reactive [(C5H5)2Co]/K, 5a-5dwere obtained, along with small amounts of the tetranuclear [{(C5H5)CO}4r{μ4-C2(CH2)n-2}] (8a-c: n = 5-7). X-ray structure analyses of 5c, d and 8b, c were performed. A μ-‖ (orμ3-η1:η2:η1) coordination of the cycloalkyne ligands was found in the trinuclear cluster complexes. The tetranuclear 8b, c had the cycloalkynes quadruply bridging (μ4-η1:η2:η2:η1_ a butterfly arrangement of the metal atoms. The acetylenic carbon-carbon bonds are considerably lengthened upon coordination [1.392(4), 1.398(3) å in 5c d; 1.464(8), 1.499(5) Å in 8b, c]. Three dynamic processes - alkyne “walk” on top of the CO3 triangle, μ2-hydride migration, and μ2/μ3-hydride exchange - are operational in the trinuclear 5a-d. Dynamic NMR data for 5a are consistent with a “windshield-wiper” mechanism for the alkyne migration. Hydride exchange is associated with a higher energy barrier, and is probably and independent dynamic process.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Mercury ; Lanthanides ; Lanthanoid(II) complexes ; (N-2,6-Diisopropylphenyl)(N-trimethylsily)amide complexes ; Bis(trimethylsilyl)amide complexes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Mercury(II) amide complex Hg[N(SiMe3)(2,6-iPr2C6H3)]2 (1) was prepared by reaction of HgBr2 with Li[N(SiMe3) 2,6-iPr2C6H3)] in diethyl ether solvent. Redox transmetallation reactions of 1 with elemental samarium, europium or ytterbium in THF solvent (THF = tetrahydrofuran), generated the novel divalent complexes Ln[N(SiMe3)(2,6-iPr2C6H3]2(THF)2 with Ln = Sm (2), Eu (3) and Yb (4). 4 was also synthesized by reaction of elemental ytterbium, HgPh2 and HN(SiMe3)(2,6-Me3)2]2(THF)2 [Ln = Sm (5), Yb (6)] by reaction of the metals with HgPh2 and HN(SiMe3)2. Thermal desolvation of 4 under high vacuum gave Yb(N)(SiMe3)2,6-iPr2C6H3)]2 (THF) (7), whereas under identical conditions 6 yielded the solvent-free complex [Yb[N{SiMe3)2]2]2. (8). The new compounds 1-4 and 7 are hydrocarbon soluble and 171Yb-NMR spectra were recorded for 4, 6, 7 and 8. X-ray crystal structure determinations of 2 and 4 revealed four-coordinate, distorted tetrahedral metal environments augmented by weak Ln…ipso-C(aryl) interactions.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Biaryls ; Boron ; Chirality ; Cooperative Effects ; Lewis acids ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A number of Lewis acid binaphthyl systems, substituted in 2-or 2,2′-position, are synthesized by lithiation of 2,2′-dibromo-1,l ′-binaphthyl (5), followed by addition of various electrophiles. Stepwise lithiation and subsequent borylation with trimethyl borate leads to the bromoboronic acid 6, which can be stabilized by esterification with pinacol giving 7. By increasing the reaction mixture to 2 equiv. of n-butyllithium and 2 equiv. of methyl borate the path to the binaphthylmonoboronic acid ester 9 is opened up. A further increase in the quantity of electrophile also leads to the binaphthylbisboronic acid ester 12. The 2,2′-disubstituted silyl, germyl, and stannyl derivatives 13a-15a are accessible in good yields. Treatment with boron halides leads exclusively to methyl/halogen exchange, giving the bidentate Lewis acids 13b-15b, the former of which can be bridged by oxygen.Only in case of the bis(tributylstannyl)binaphthyl 16a does ipso substitution occur in the presence of boron trichloride, giving the bis(dichloroboryl)-substituted binaphthyl 16b which can then be hydrolysed to 11. The structures of the majority of the compounds were investigated by X-ray diffraction. In case of the 2,2′-disubstituted compounds 13a-15a the naphthyl groups are orientated perpendicular to each other. The intra- and intermolecular interactions are dominated by this binaphthyl system. In case of the oxygenbridged compounds 13c and 14c the angle between the naphthyl planes decreases to about 70°. This also has an effect on the packing of the molecule; in this instance the orientation of two naphthyl in neighbouring molecules is nearly parallel. The structure of the diboronic acid is dominated by intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
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  • 94
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 951-954 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Phosphane-boranes ; Medium-sized rings ; Ring opening and closure ; Temperature-dependent NMR studies ; Phosphorus ; Boron ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A phosphane-borane (3) with the P-B bond integrated into a seven-membered ring was prepared from 4-pentenyl-diphenylphosphane (4) by hydroboration using 9-borabicyclononane (9-BBN). The product was confirmed to have a ring structure in the solid state by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The P-B distance of 2.057(2) Å is indicative of a standard donor-acceptor bond similar to the type found in homologous five- and six-membered rings. The room-temperature 31P-NMR signal of the compound in various solvents (δ ≈ - 15) is not compatible with the cyclic structure and suggests that ring opening occurs as the compound is dissolved. Variable-temperature NMR work corroborated this assumption, and the enthalpy of ring closure was determined to be ΔH = -30.5(4) kJmol-l. In CD2C12 at -90°C, δ31P is shifted to +3.5 ppm to low field, suggesting virtually complete ring closure under these conditions.
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  • 95
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 963-968 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Fluorine ; Macrocycles ; Complexes ; Sodium ; Barium ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two new fluoro macrocycles BenzoFN2O3 and F(N2O2)2C2H4 were synthesized in the reactions of 1,3-bis(bromomethyl)-2-fluorobenzene with benzo-diaza-15-crown-5 and 1,2-bis(diaza-12-crown-4)ethane, respectively, in 30% yield each. Close CF...metal ion interactions in the respective alkaline metal complexes in solution are evidenced by characteristic shifts of the 19F-NMR resonances of up to δ = 18.7 relative to the free ligand and by a decrease of the 1J(CF) coupling constant of up to 20 Hz, which is most pronounced in BenzoFN2O3 · Li+ and F(N2O2)2C2H4 · K+. In BenzoFN2O3· Li+ a1J(19F-7Li) of 15.5 Hz was observed, which is indicative very close CF...Li+ interactions in solution. In the X-ray crystal structures of BenzoFN2O3 · Na+ [CF⃛Na+ 246.8(2) pm], 26-fluoro-4,7,13,16-tetraoxa-1, 10-diazatricyclo[ 8.8.7.1 20,24 ] - hexacosa-20,22,24(26)triene · Na+ (CF⃛Na+ 267.1(2) pm) and 21 -fluoro-3,6,9,12,15,18-hexaoxabicyclo[ 18.3.1 1,20]heneicosa- l(24),20,22-triene. Ba2+ [CF⃛Ba2+ 299.0(3) pm] short CF⃛metal interactions were found. Such close CF⃛metal ion interactions do not result in a lengthening of the C-F bonds, which is not a sign of weak CF⃛metal ion interactions, since a Cambridge Structural Database search revealed that a shortening of the C-O bond length is also not observed in crown ether complexes of alkaline metals.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Phosphorus heterocycles ; 1H-Phosphirenes ; Nucleophilic substitution reactions at 1H-phosphirenes ; Metal-complexation of functionalized 1H-phosphirenes ; Carbonyl complexes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The halogen atoms in the 1-chloro-1H-phosphirenes, 5a-c, are easily substituted on reaction with organolithium and Grignard reagents, 14a-p, with formation of the corresponding O-, N-, C-, Si-, and Ge-substituted 1H-phosphirenes, 15a-t. C1/H exchange reactions also occur on reaction with lithium metal hydrides (5a → 17). Furthermore, substitution reactions are also realized with the alkali metal borates, 18a-g (→19a-g); the same is true for reactions with trimethylsilyl cyanide and azide (→22a-d). Some of the substitution products have been characterized in the form of their metal complexes, 16, 23, 24, and 25.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Germatranes ; Organotrihalogenogermanes ; Organometallic (Si, Ge, Sn) reagents ; Transmetallation ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Trialkylstannyl esters of tris(2-hydroxyalkyl)amines, N(CH2CHROSnAlk3)3 (9-11 (R = H, Me; Alk = Et, Bu), react with X3GeC(R1)(R2)COOR3 (12-17) (X = Cl or Br; R1, R2=H, Me, Ph, SiMe3, COOEt; R3=Me, Et) to give esters of α-germatranylcarboxylic acids, N(CH2CHRO)3GeC(R1)(R2)-COOR3 (1-8), in high yields. The synthesis of esters 12-17 is reported. Esters of α-germatranyldiphenylacetic acid 24 and 25 can be obtained by treatment of diphenylketene with Et3SnOMe to give in situ Et3SnC(Ph2)COOMe (23), followed by reaction with GeCl4 to give in situ Cl3GeC(Ph2)COOMe (22 and further reactions with 9 or 11, respectively. Reduction of germatrane 6 with LiAlH4 in diethyl ether leads to cleavage of the germanium-carbon bond with subsequent formation of (2-hydroxyethyl)trimethylsilane. The crystal structures of 3, 6 and 7 are reported. 1-Acyloxygermatranes 26 and 27 are obtained by treatment of 1-methoxygermatrane (28) with diphenyl- and dichloroacetic acid, respectively.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Tin - Nitrogen cage compounds ; Sn—X—Sn intramolecular bridges ; Distannylamine pyridine adduct ; Tin ; Moessbauer spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Tris(dimethylchlorostannyl)amine (2a) reacts with pyridine in a 3:4 molar ratio to produce the tin-nitrogen containing bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane (3) with elimination of the adduct Me2SnCl2·2 py. Treatment of the distannylamine 2,6-[Pr2H3N(SnMe2Cl)2 (4) with pyridine, however, leads to the formation of the 1:1 pyridine adduct 4 and this can be regarded as a model to explain the route to 3. The molecular structures of 3 and 5 were determined by multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in solution, as well as by X-ray structure analysis of their crystals. Typical structural features for both compounds are intramolecular Sn—X—Sn bridges. Support for the structures comes from MS fragmentation patterns, IR spectra, and the Mössbauer spectra.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: 1,2,4-Diazaphospholes ; Phosphiranes, alkylidene- ; 2-Phosphabutadienes ; Phosphorus heterocycles ; pyrazolines, thermolysis ; Rearrangements ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The 5-alkylidene-4,5-dihydro-3H-1,2,4(λ3)-diazaphospholes (4-phosphapyrazolines) are thermally much more stable than related compounds without the exocyclic double bond. Thermolysis reactions typically occur in the range 110-150°C in toluene solution, and different, mostly competing, reaction pathways are observed. Thermal extrusion of nitrogen from 8a-g gives rise to β-phosphanaylsiloxyalkenes 10, benzo[c]-phosphole derivatives 11, 14 and 115, (β-siloxyalkylidene)-Phosphiranes 12, and dihydro-1,3-oxaphospholes 13. The thermolysis of 5-alkylidene-4,5-dihydro-4-trimethylsilyl-3-trimethylsilyloxy-3H-1,2,4-dizaphospholes 17 afforded three products, including the highly substituted and stable 2-phosphabutadienes 18 formed by nitrogen extrusion and rearrangement. Finally, the 4-chloro-3-trimethylsilyloxy-substituted heterocycle 21 was transformed at 170°C into 4H-1,2,4-diazaphosphole 23. The structures of 13c and 18a were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Boron ; Diazaboroles ; Carbenes ; Heterocycles ; Imidazoles ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 2-Bromo-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,3,2-diazaboroles (3a-c) were synthesized by cyclocondensation of dilithiated 1,4-diazabutadienes (5a-c) with boron tribromide in hexane. 3a was also obtained by sodium amalgam reduction was conducted in ether solvents, diboroxane (2) resulted as the main product. Compound 3a and 1,3-dialkyl-4,5-dimethylimidazol2-ylidenes (6a, b) underwent halide displacement to afford the borolylimidazolium salts 7a, b. Compounds 2, 3a-c, and 7a, b were characterized by elemental analyses and spectroscopic methods (1H, 11B, 13C NMR; Ir; MS). The molecular structures of 2 and 7a were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses.
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