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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 48 (1995), S. 631-638 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; fermentation ; on-line simulation ; state estimation ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to study and control fermentation processes, indirect on-tine measurements and mathematical models can be used. In this article we present a mathematical on-line model for fermentation processes. The model is based on atom and partial mass balances as well as on equations describing the acid-base system. The model is brought into an adaptive form by including transport equations for mass transfer and unstructured expressions for the fermentation kinetics. The state of the process, i.e., the concentrations of biomass, substrate, and products, can be estimated on-line using the balance part of the model completed with measurement equations for the input and output flows of the process. Adaptivity is realized by means of on-line estimation of parameters in the transport and kinetic expressions using recursive regression analysis. These expressions can thus be used in the model as valid equations enabling prediction of the process. This makes model-based automation of the process and testing of the validity of the measurement variables possible. The model and the on-line principles are applied to a 3.5-L laboratory tormentor in which Saccharomyces cerevisiae is cultivated. The experimental results show that the model-based estimation of the state and the predictions of the process correlate closely with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 48 (1995), S. 659-666 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: methanogenic activity ; ethylene ; dechlorination ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Kinetics were determined for methanogenic activity and chlorinated ethylene dehalogenation by a methanol-enriched, anaerobic sediment consortium. The culture reductively dechlorinated perchloroethylene (PCE) to trichloroethylene (TCE), 1,1-dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE), vinylchloride (VC), and ethylene and ethane. The absence : of methanol or the addition of 2-bromoethanesulfonic. acid in the presence of methanol suppressed both methanogenic activity and dechlorination. In contrast, acetate production continued in the presence of 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid. These results suggest that dechlorination was strongly linked to methane formation and not to acetate production. A kinetic model, developed to describe both methanogenesis and dechlorination, successfully predicted experimentally measured concentrations of biomass, methane, substrate, and chlorinated ethylenes. The average maximum specific dehalogenation rates for PCE, TCE, 1,1-DCE, and VC were 0.9 ± 0.6, 0.4 ± 0.1, 12 ± 0.1, and 2.5 ± 1.7 μmol contaminant/ g. DW/day, respectively. This pattern for dechlorination rates is distinctly different than that reported for transition metal cofactors, where rates drop by approximately one order of magnitude as each successive chlorine is removed. The experimental results and kinetic analysis suggest that it will be impractical to targeting methanol consuming methanogenic organisms for in situ ground-water restoration. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: bovine serum albumin ; growth factor ; hollow-fiber culture ; perfusion culture ; antibody production rate ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of the high-molecular-weight growth factors, transferrin and bovine serum albumin (BSA), on antibody production were analyzed quantitatively in continuous hollow-fiber cultivation over a period of 60 days. Transferrin enhanced cell growth but had no significant effect on the specific antibody production rate, whereas BSA significantly enhanced antibody production. The antibody production rate was increased 4- and 14-fold respectively by feeding BSA at 2 and 5 g L-1 into the EC side of the system (the side connected to the cell-containing outer part of the hollow-fiber unit) compared with the production achieved without BSA. Addition of 5 g L1 BSA into the IC side of the system (the side connected to the inner part of the hollow-fiber unit) resulted in a 2.5-fold increase in the antibody production rate. The effect of BSA was also analyzed using the perfusion culture system with a separation unit. When fresh medium containing either 2 or 5 g L-1 BSA was fed into the reactor, both the specific growth rate and specific death rate increased, while the specific antibody production rate was increased 2- and 25-fold, respectively, by feeding BSA at these two concentrations compared with no addition. Comparing the two systems, the increase in the antibody production rate achieved with the hollow-fiber system was threefold greater than that in the perfusion culture system with the same concentration of BSA feeding. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 40 (1994), S. 380-380 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 40 (1994), S. 381-381 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 40 (1994), S. 383-383 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 40 (1994), S. 407-418 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A population-balance-equation model is employed for the analysis of liquid-liquid extraction columns. This model considers drop breakage, coalescence, and exit phenomena for the drop phase caused by drop-drop and drop-continuous phase interactions. Drop breakage and coalescence rates are employed from a previous study on liquid dispersions in stirred-tank contactors. A drop exit frequency is developed based on a stochastic modeling approach. The model is tested by drop size distribution and dispersed-phase volume fraction (holdup) data obtained for a multistage column contactor of pilot-plant scale. Steady-state drop size distribution and transient holdup measurements are obtained by a photomicrographic technique and an ultrasonic technique, respectively. The model can predict flooding of the column. The effect of mass transfer on the hydrodynamic parameters of the contactor is also examined. The population-balance-equation model can be used for the control of extraction columns and can be extended to include mass-transfer calculations for the prediction of extraction efficiency.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 40 (1994), S. 586-593 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A dynamic model of a seeded batch crystallizer is used to investigate the process-dependent aspects of nucleation and growth kinetic parameter estimation by computer simulation. The satisfactory identification of all parameters in power-law-type kinetics with respect to supersaturation requires the use of nonlinear parameter transformations. The proper choice for transformation is problem-dependent, becoming more sensitive as nucleation rates increase, and the percentage of crystals below the measurable range increases.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 40 (1994), S. 606-612 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Influence of local voids on flow maldistribution in randomly packed fiber bundles is examined by Voronoi tessellation. A theoretical expression for the local void distribution caused by random placement of fibers is developed by using a randomcell model. Simulations and packing experiments have been conducted to assess the accuracy of the theoretical distribution of cell sizes. In the case of shell side, laminar flow parallel to the fibers, the theoretical distribution is used to estimate fRe (friction factor times Reynolds number) and volumetric flows, and to compare results with ordered arrays and experimental data from literature. The results are used to assess the contributions of local voidage variation to flow bypass. This has implications for the prediction of pressure drop and heat and mass transfer in hollow-fiber module applications where transport is dominated by flow on the shell side.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 40 (1994), S. 621-626 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The use of polar hydrotropes in extractive and in liquid-liquid extraction has been extensively reported in the literature. In this article, the effect of hydrotropes on increasing the effectiveness of separation is explained in terms of the effect of the dipole-induced dipole and the ion-induced dipole interactions on the activity coefficients of the neutral solutes in the aqueous phase. The self-consistent local composition theory is used to correlate quantitatively the observed behavior in systems involving liquid-liquid equilibria. The theory yields composition-dependent expressions for the effect of each independent pair interaction on the activity coefficient of a neutral solute in the aqueous phase. The ratio of the activity coefficients of the two solutes is of interest in this context. The resulting expression for the separation factor is elegant and admits simple physical interpretation. The essential features of hydrotrope-assisted extraction are correctly described by the theory. The ability of the theory to correlate data is demonstrated for two systems.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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