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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (858)
  • General Chemistry  (733)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Landwirtschaft
  • Q1-390
  • bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general
  • 2020-2024  (61)
  • 1930-1934  (1,636)
  • 2024  (61)
  • 1931  (1,636)
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  • 2020-2024  (61)
  • 1930-1934  (1,636)
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  • 1
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Global warming is imposing tremendous challenges upon human and otherwise biotic life on Earth. A warmer atmosphere holds more moisture. The consensus is that the moisture transport by the atmospheric circulation strengthens and makes already wet areas of moisture convergence wetter and already dry areas of moisture divergence drier. Therefore, the tropics and mid-to-high latitudes will get wetter and the subtropics will get drier. Without any change in the interannual variability of hydroclimate, the change in the mean hydroclimate would equally increase drought risk in some places and flood risk in others. Moreover, global warming will cause the interannual variability of the hydroclimate to intensify, which will induce more droughts and floods. Furthermore, the changing atmospheric circulation interaction with the land surface may cause storm track alterations and may play an important role in shaping moisture redistribution. The author's contributions have documented the precipitation trends in southeast of the US, the Nile River Basin Ethiopia, Iraq, the Huai River Basin of northern China, and the Qilian Mountains of western China. The precipitation predictability on both global and regional scales are also studied. The interaction among climate systems in southeast Asia is also explicitly documented.
    Keywords: El Niño ; winter weather types ; precipitable water ; surface water vapor pressure ; consistency ; interannual and long-term trend ; precipitation ; trend analysis ; Iraq ; climate projection ; CMIP5 ; groundwater levels ; rainfall ; temperature ; Mann–Kendall test ; Bayesian Ensemble Algorithm ; rainstorm process ; rainstorm intensity ; risk estimation and mapping ; CMIP6 ; risk prediction ; Southwest China ; rainstorm and flood ; spatial and temporal change ; atmospheric circulation ; rainfall change ; CHIRPS ; PERSIANN-CDR ; descriptive statistics ; non-parametric trends ; Google Earth Engine ; central Punjab ; climate change ; land cover/land use ; vegetation ; NDVI ; Huai River Basin ; trends and variability ; flood magnitude ; Qilian Mountains ; cyclones power dissipation index (PDI) ; monsoon trough ; El Niño southern oscillation (ENSO) ; Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) ; Walker circulation ; predictability ; global ; seasonal precipitation ; ENSO ; MJO ; climate trend ; land use land cover ; Nile River Basin ; water resources ; raindrop spectrum ; radar ; dynamic Z-I ; LSTM neural network ; precipitation estimation ; Loess Plateau ; spring maize ; relative soil moisture ; drought index ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RB Earth sciences::RBP Meteorology & climatology
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  • 2
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: I am grateful to all the authors who contributed to this Special Issue and the referees for reviewing the manuscripts. Finally, I give my thanks to Ms. Alisa Si and all the editorial staff of Nanomaterials for their support during the publication of this Special Issue.
    Keywords: Si ; MnO2 ; rGO ; sea urchin-like structure ; lithium-ion battery ; high performance ; silica-based anode ; Ketjen Black ; electrochemical properties ; pseudocapacitor ; carbon nanotube ; polyaniline ; fractional-order circuit model ; memory effect ; fractional derivative ; zinc-ion batteries ; conducting polymers ; zinc-ion diffusion ; metal–organic framework ; supercapacitors ; energy density ; specific capacitance ; stability ; self-powered ; wearable flexible sensor ; energy harvesting ; human motion monitoring ; triboelectric nanogenerator ; NiMoO4@MnCo2O4 ; microstructure ; electrochemical performance ; cycling stability ; semiconductor superlattice ; dielectric capacity ; energy storage ; first-principles calculation ; supercapacitor ; organic crosslinked polymer ; porous carbon ; electrochemistry ; α-Fe2O3@MnO2 ; electrode materials ; flexibility ; hydrogen generation ; porous titanium oxide cage ; PtNi nanoparticles ; sodium borohydride hydrolysis ; NaBH4 ; graphene oxide ; catalytic activity ; hydrolysis ; aqueous zinc ion battery ; transition metal chalcogenides ; layered structure ; cathode ; energy storage mechanism ; g-C3N4 ; perovskite solar cells ; additive ; surface modifier layer ; Li-rich cathode material ; voltage and capacity fade ; testing mode ; cobalt-containing nanomaterials ; morphological design ; bio-derived hard carbon ; Coulomb efficiency ; Na-ion batteries ; storage mechanism ; fibrous phosphorus ; lithium-Ion battery ; anode ; CuMn2O4 ; nanosheet arrays ; hydrothermal ; battery-type ; CoO@rGO ; graphene ; MOF ; flexible electrodes ; hollow structure ; ultrafast integration ; lithium-ion batteries ; proton exchange membrane fuel cell ; mechanical vibration ; durability ; platinum migration ; accelerated stress test ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics
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  • 3
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Land use is the projection of human activities in space, and it has become an important insight into the transformation and reconstruction of human society and economy. Rural land use in China is undergoing rapid transformation driven by the rapid development of science and technology. Effectively grasping the change and transformation process of rural land use and its internal mechanism provides an important reference for revealing the inherent laws of China's rural development. Rural land use is closely related to the rural vitalization strategy and urban–rural integration in the new era. An in-depth study of China's rural land use and policy reform provides the basis of knowledge for formulating and optimizing urban–rural relations. This Special Issue focuses on the changes, effects, and regulation of rural land use in China, focusing on its main contradictions and solutions, building a cooperative network and sharing platform for rural land use research from a multidisciplinary perspective, and further deepening the theoretical innovation and practical application of rural land use research. We invited scholars from various disciplines to contribute to the Special Issue, especially with papers on the subjects of theoretical innovation, technological innovation, and practical innovation in this field.
    Keywords: family farm ; efficiency ; DEA model ; Tobit model ; farm operation ; influencing factors ; soybean ; production pattern ; spatial agglomeration ; policy implications ; spatiotemporal changes ; crop planting structure ; black soil region ; Northeast China ; county-level ; geographic characteristics ; hollow village ; actor–network ; governance mode ; operation process ; appropriate tillage sand land ; land survey ; limiting factor ; land evaluation ; cultivated land protection ; Green Transition of Cultivated Land-use (GTCL) ; Water-Land-Food-Carbon (WLFC) ; coupling coordination ; land use change ; rural settlements ; spatial pattern evolution ; land policy ; China ; different modes ; land transfer ; livelihood capital ; difference-in-differences model ; Land Certificated Program (LCP) ; farmland “stickiness” ; land production function ; property rights ; agricultural policy ; cultivated land multifunctionality ; coupling coordination degree ; spatial-temporal pattern ; driving force ; major grain-producing areas ; northeast China ; comprehensive land consolidation ; pilot project ; decision-making evaluation ; farmers ; social investors ; non-agriculturalization rate ; ecological risk ; cultivated land change ; landform ; land management ; increasing versus decreasing balance (IVDB) ; balanced quota ; revenue ; inverted U-shaped curve ; Zhejiang province ; territorial space ; production–living–ecological space ; spatio-temporal variation ; eco-environment effect ; territorial spatial pattern ; eco-environmental quality ; soil contamination ; phytoremediation ; passivation ; farmer ; questionnaire survey ; paddy field ; dryland ; topographic gradient ; landscape characteristics ; land-use change ; rural settlement ; spatial distribution ; scale distribution ; morphological distribution ; the metropolitan fringe area ; Nanjing ; farmland transfer ; farmland function ; income structure ; rural household consumption ; consumption structure ; Yunnan Province ; farmers’ land transfer behavior ; herd effect ; geo-network ; the farmland right system reform ; creditor rights ; real rights ; agricultural modernization ; labor migration ; spatio-temporal evolution ; driving factor ; family structure ; heterogeneity ; area of land transfer ; rural–urban migration ; rural development ; land consolidation ; income distribution ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture
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  • 4
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: From a biological perspective, the subterranean realm is one of the less studied, but at the same time, one of the most promising, theatres for new findings and research. Compared to those on the surface, the ecological conditions occurring in subterranean habitats are relatively simple, and this may be an optimal scenario for understanding the mechanisms allowing the colonization, adaptation, and evolution of species, as well as their interactions within local communities. Diversity in subterranean habitats is often overlooked, and few studies embrace whole communities or try to assess functional relationships between species. This Special Issue reprint comprises papers covering a wide range of aspects related to the distribution, composition, and roles of subterranean communities occurring in different typologies of subterranean habitats.
    Keywords: cave biology ; subterranean habitats ; vertebrates ; invertebrates ; community dynamics ; biospeleology ; hypogean ; conservation ; biodiversity ; troglobite ; troglophile ; trogloxene ; extreme environment ; niche ; epikarst ; classification trees ; Copepoda ; random forests ; Diptera ; Limonia ; Limonia nubeculosa ; Neolimonia ; Trichoceridea ; cave community ; prey ; food resources ; occupancy ; abundance ; Astyanax ; Spelaeomysis ; Troglomexicanus ; Speocirolana ; Toro cave ; Sierra de El Abra ; troglomorphy ; stygobite ; fieldwork ; wild fish ; comparative biology ; behavior ; troglomorphism ; olfactory test ; infrared movies ; amino acids ; chondroitin ; plasticity ; cybernetics ; ecology ; cavefish ; dissolved oxygen ; cave evolution ; Astyanax mexicanus ; Ostracoda ; Yucatán Peninsula ; cenotes ; mitochondrial marker ; geometric morphometrics ; population ecology ; growth ; movements ; São Domingos karst area ; subterranean fishes ; evolution ; origin of troglobites ; Brazil ; subterranean biology ; environmental science ; biogeography ; distribution records ; groundwater ; underwater caves ; cenote ; mysid ; stygobiont ; bioindicator ; accidental cave visitors ; Arachnida ; Araneae ; arid ; levant ; Mediterranean ; species diversity ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSV Zoology & animal sciences
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  • 5
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: The green mining of coal resources aims to realize the best economic and environmental benefits in the process of coal resource development, which is relevant to the sustainable development of the earth. Green mining technologies include the following: water-preserved mining for water resource protection; filling mining for the protection of the earth and buildings; simultaneous extraction of coal and gas for the realization of gas discharge; intelligent green mining to realize emission reduction; clean energy development in mining enterprises for the realization of resource transformation; and water and soil ecological restoration for the ecological protection of mining areas.
    Keywords: residual coal pillar ; gob-side entry driving ; extra-thick coal seam ; coal pillar size ; surrounding rock control ; directional long borehole ; long-distance ; heading face ; permeability evolution ; gas pressure evolution ; gas drainage ; pre-splitting blasting ; roof cutting technology ; hydraulic fracturing ; no-coal pillar mining ; thick hard roof ; pressure relief technology ; sandstone ; deformation behavior ; mining stress path ; coal ; solid propellant blasting ; borehole wall pressure ; damage fracture law ; experimental study ; main roadway group ; mining-induced stress ; surrounding rock stability ; ground control ; deflection of principal stress ; close-distance coal seams ; stopping space ; roof rocks ; stability ; asymmetric control ; deep mine ; coal roadway ; numerical simulation ; pressure relief ; external anchor–internal unloading ; surrounding rock control technology ; multi-seam mining ; gas emission of working face ; hydrocarbon isotope ; gas emission rate of adjacent coal seam ; mining fracture zone height ; fully mechanized top coal caving mining ; triangle-block structure ; beam structure ; cable truss ; support ; mining pressures ; gob-side coal roadway ; asymmetric floor heave ; failure mechanism ; cooperative control ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning
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  • 6
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: This Special Issue focuses on topics related to spintronic devices, such as spin-based magnetoresistive memories, multiferroic interconnects and sensors, microfluidic solenoid valves, and magnetoelectric antennas with broad practical applications.
    Keywords: optimization design ; magnetic isolation ring ; dynamic response characteristics ; simulation ; transition jitter ; heat-assisted magnetic recording ; magnetic footprints ; antenna miniaturization ; ME antenna ; mason equivalent circuit model ; finite element simulation ; high gain ; electrodeposition ; permalloy ; magnetoresistance ; MOKE ; AMR ; FMR ; planar hall effect ; gradiometer ; magnetic sensor ; synthetic multiferroic ; interconnects ; magnetic logic devices ; spintronics ; spin-transfer torque magnetic tunnel junctions (STT-MTJ) ; Ising annealing system ; combinatorial optimization problem ; magnetostriction ; magneto-deformation ; magnetoactive elastomer ; normal force ; hysteresis ; magnetorheological elastomer ; finite element method ; micromagnetics ; spin and charge drift-diffusion ; MRAM ; SOT-MRAM ; temperature scaling ; temperature effects ; incubation time ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics::PHK Electricity, electromagnetism & magnetism
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  • 7
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Bee products, such as honey, bee pollen, bee bread, royal jelly, propolis, and bee-related insect foods, are widely consumed as natural/functional foods or supplements, owing to their nutritional/bioactive characteristics, which are beneficial to human health. However, the bee products currently on the market vary in quality, leading to serious concerns among consumers. Various factors influence the quality of bee products, such as the standardization of bee breeding and product production, environmental and climatic conditions, artificial blending, and the residues of hazardous substances. In order to improve the quality of bee products and promote the healthy development of the bee product industry, it is vital to strengthen the quality evaluation system of bee products based on their physicochemical and biological characteristics, such as the distribution of different nutrients, the residue detection of hazardous substances, the characterization of botanical or geographical markers, the identification of genomic characteristics, and the determination of biological/functional activities. We invited submissions to this topic on the “Quality Evaluation of Bee Products”.
    Keywords: bee products ; quality evaluation ; distribution of nutrients ; residues of hazardous substances ; botanical or geographical markers ; genomic characteristics ; biological/functional activities ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFC Cultural studies::JFCV Food & society
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  • 8
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Natura is a polysemic Latin word that has accompanied the historical development of the West for centuries, spreading around much of the globe with colonialism and imperialism. It has been adopted in numerous languages. Our relationship with nature has become a highly charged issue at least since the "ecological turn" around 1970. It is as much about the relationship of humans to the environment as it is about the relationship of humans to each other. In the course of these debates, research has intensified in various disciplines: history, anthropology, philosophy, literature, ecology, etc. The nine contributions gathered in this volume deal with the dimension of perception and its long-term development from the Middle Ages to the present time. They trace in detail how images of nature were adopted, modified, and transmitted for specific purposes in specific situations. The introduction to the volume provides an overview and brings the contributions together.
    Keywords: nature ; culture ; science ; religion ; European history ; scholasticism ; image of man ; Thomism ; medieval medicine ; anthropology ; Magnus Hundt ; human body ; Japan ; history of ideas ; environment ; pollution ; ecology ; physico-theology ; nature as a huge organism ; Alfred North Whitehead ; philosophy of nature ; philosophy of subjectivity ; metaphysics ; Donna J. Haraway ; anarchism ; naturalism ; Fin de Siècle ; pedagogy ; historical anthropology ; history of biology ; symmetrical history ; medieval breeding ; race ; ancestry ; Aristotelianism ; Albertus Magnus ; practical knowledge ; natural philosophy ; seventeenth century ; atomism ; corpuscles ; Humboldtian science ; barbarism ; savage ; civilization ; indigenous knowledge ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAF Ecological science, the Biosphere
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  • 9
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: Scientific motivation to publish this book comes from the increased interest in the study of toxoplasmosis, showed all over the world. Though the Toxoplasma gondii infection was first discovered in 1908, toxoplasmosis remains a today's research topic, a realm of questions and dilemmas that interest both the veterinarians and the human doctors. Studies in the field are directed to the epidemiology of the disease, the sources of infection, epidemiological chains, being underlined the important feature in the transmission of this parasite: the ability to pass from one intermediate host to another intermediate host without passing through the final host - felids. An increased prevalence of toxoplasmosis in humans and animals, as well as the difficulty of coproscopic diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in cats, expensive serological examinations in both animals and humans, lack of diagnostic methods accessible to veterinarians in slaughterhouses, cultural and culinary differences of human patients, which can influence the prevalence of the disease, motivate the scientific and practical importance of the proposed book and reveal the importance of this topic for animal and human health. So, the proposed book will contain informations regarding the etiology and history of Toxoplasma gondii infection and also the parasite's morphology and biology. This work will contain a very detailed epidemiology of the toxoplasmosis from all over the world and for all species of animals. This chapter will include also personal findings of the authors about the Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in domestic animals from Romania. In the last part of the book we will present the main methods for toxoplasma diagnosis. At the end of the book we will synthesize the main routes for T. gondii infection and the recommendations for reducing toxoplasmosis seroprevalence.
    Keywords: Toxoplasma gondii; animals; humans; seroprevalence; prevention; control ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry
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  • 10
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: The global transition toward a renewable energy-centric energy matrix represents a focal point of interest for the international community in the pursuit of mitigating environmental pollution and combating climate change. This reprint advocates for the proposition of technologically advanced solutions, emphasizing heightened efficiency, superior energy integration, and cost-effectiveness. Such advancements are poised to accelerate the widespread adoption of renewable energies, thereby propelling collective endeavors towards sustainable development. Within the intricate framework of energy systems, energy storage stands as a cornerstone, providing indispensable attributes such as continuity, stability, and security of service. The seamless integration of energy storage systems into renewable energy technologies emerges as a pivotal imperative. This strategic integration addresses the challenge of intermittency, ensuring prolonged utilization of renewable sources and contributing significantly to the decarbonization of both centralized and distributed electrification systems. This reprint amalgamates pioneering research, offering a scholarly foundation that will propel the sustainable development of energy storage integration. Positioned as a valuable resource, it informs decision-making processes in both the public and private sectors, steering them towards a more resilient and environmentally conscious energy landscape.
    Keywords: photovoltaic and thermal solar energy ; wind energy ; artificial intelligence applied to clean energy systems ; microgrids ; energy storage in batteries: lead&ndash ; acid, lithium-ion, nickel&ndash ; cadmium, flow batteries, others ; control of electrical systems ; renewable energies ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics
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  • 11
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: This Special Issue includes 14 papers by authors from Italy, USA, Egypt, Brazil, Russia, Indonesia, Czech Republic, China, Lithuania, the Netherlands, and Greece, dealing with several topics. The spatial distribution of soil organic carbon is useful for improving crop productivity and assessing the effect of agronomic management on crops and soil. Two interpolation methods and remotely sensed images were used in two papers. Other papers dealed with the use of zeolite-rich tuff in olive growing to reduce mineral fertilization, tested the effectiveness of green manure crops in providing nutrients and supplementing traditional fertilizers, and proposed composted sewage sludge as a source of micronutrients for crops. Since soil-borne diseases worsen the fertility, other authors studied the bacteria in the rhizosphere of saffron. Mapping and modeling soil suitability and capability under intensive land use in drylands with multivariate analysis was the topic of another paper, as was the evaluation of forest patches for preserving water regulation in tropical landscapes. Other findings regard agricultural conservation practices that reinforced the small water cycle and the comparison of deep-rooted vegetal covers for stabilizing slopes or repairing shallow landslides. Moreover, industrial solid waste can be a liming material to reduce soil acidification, increase crop productivity or amend soil; low-peat mixtures are able to provide C sequestration, climate regulation, and functional diversity services, while low-intensity management of high mountains can preserve seed-rich habitats for farmland avifauna.
    Keywords: soil management ; soil ecosystem services ; agricultural land ; agricultural ecosystem ; agricultural conservation practices ; soil chemical properties ; soil organic matter ; SOC spatial distribution ; small water cycle ; biodiversity ; functional microbial diversity ; urban soil ; remote sensing ; regression kriging (RK) ; multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture
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  • 12
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: This Special Issue is a collection of eleven articles (five reviews and six studies) that describe a wide range of approaches to modulating metalloproteinase activity in disease. The techniques described are in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo.
    Keywords: carbohydrates ; glycoconjugates ; MMPs ; ADAMs ; iminosugars ; metzincin inhibitors ; matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), protease ; tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), exosite ; small molecule inhibitors ; monoclonal antibodies ; proteomics ; N-terminomics ; terminal amine isotopic labeling of substrates (TAILS) ; MMP-2 ; MMP-9 ; Alzheimer’s disease ; AD ; neurodegeneration ; neuroinflammation ; natural compounds ; marine compounds ; terrestrial compounds ; nutraceuticals ; Matrix Metalloproteinase inhibitors ; bone targeting ; bisphosphonates ; antitumor agents ; skeletal malignancies ; osteoarthritis ; cartilage ; metalloproteinase ; targeting ; meprin α ; meprin β ; zinc metalloproteinase ; medicinal chemistry ; probe development ; uHTS ; dipeptidyl peptidase III ; coumarin derivatives ; inhibitor ; molecular modeling ; β-blockers ; carvedilol ; matrix metalloproteinase-2 ; ischemia-reperfusion injury ; isolated heart perfusion ; kidney ; obeticholic acid ; ischemia/reperfusion ; liver ; metalloproteinases ; MMP-2 inhibitor ; cardiac dysfunction ; ischemia ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry
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  • 13
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: This reprint is a comprehensive compilation of both new discoveries and methods related to nature hydrate and deep-water hydrocarbon. This reprint contains the advanced methods used in natural gas hydrate and deep-water hydrocarbon exploration. Its scope ranges from the East China Sea to the South China Sea and the Southeastern India Ocean. The reprint particularly focuses on the many innovative technical developments that have emerged in this field, and explores the various ways we may achieve renewable energy integration. The reprint provides a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers who are interested in the challenges and opportunities associated with natural gas hydrate and deep-water hydrocarbon exploration.
    Keywords: natural gas hydrate ; deep-water hydrocarbon ; geochemical characteristics ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics
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  • 14
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Wine has a complex matrix with many volatile compounds present, which evolves over time. These volatile compounds are important to wine quality as they contribute to the aroma and varietal characteristics of wine. Recent development in the analysis of volatile compounds in wine has greatly improved our understanding of the complexity of wine aroma. Analytical methods used for wine aroma fingerprinting have shown potential in determining the origin and quality of wine. Thus, research on volatile compounds responsible for wine aroma and their correlation with wine provenance and wine quality have increasingly attracted great interest from researchers and winegrowers. This Special Issue presents the latest research regarding wine aroma compounds, including, but not limited to, the topics on the characterization of aroma compounds in grapes and wine, factors influencing the production of aroma compounds in wine during fermentation and maturation, and analytical methods for wine aroma analysis.
    Keywords: marselan wine ; aroma compounds ; indigenous yeast strains ; Saccharomyces ; non-Saccharomyces ; icewine ; Vidal ; yeast ; sensory analysis ; amino acid ; fruity ester ; wine aroma ; nitrogen management ; Pearson correlation analysis ; carbon metabolism ; Vitis davidii Foёx ; spend coffee grounds ; fermentation ; sensory property ; volatile profile ; yeast protein hydrolysate ; nitrogen supplementation ; volatile compounds ; wine higher alcohols ; wine esters ; monoterpenes ; triangle test ; check-all-that-apply ; correspondence analysis ; Cochran’s Q-test ; nutrients ; central composite design ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; wine ; strain effect ; aromas ; non-Saccharomyces yeasts ; ethanol tolerance ; ultraviolet irradiation ; diethyl sulfate mutagenesis ; vineyard mechanization ; phenolics ; sensory properties ; anthocyanins ; bentonite ; cold soaking ; colour ; pathogenesis-related proteins ; Pinot noir ; tannin ; antioxidants ; glutathione ; glutathione-enriched inactivated dry yeasts ; methoxypyrazines ; oxidation ; Sauvignon Blanc ; thiols ; aroma profile ; grape pomace ; model juice ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture
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  • 15
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: The term fertilizer use efficiency (FUE) is not new. However, in recent years, improving the FUE has become particularly significant. This is due to growing demographic pressure, limited natural resources, climate change, and challenges related to environmental protection. This Special Issue of Plants contains papers that describe the current status of the knowledge and outlook of FUE improvement. The two review articles included provide an opportunity to become acquainted with the factors influencing FUE and contemporary trends in the development of fertilization strategies and technologies aimed at maximizing the value of this indicator. Of note, the concept of effective fertilization is presented and defined as the soil fertility clock (SFC). The 19 original articles included in this reprint present the results of research on the following: optimal N dose determination, balanced N fertilization, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), foliar fertilization, improving the effectiveness of phosphorus use, and the possibility of improving FUE through the application of innovative fertilizers. Thanks to all the articles, this Special Issue enriches our knowledge in terms of the assessment methods of FUE in plant production. Moreover, it indicates new possibilities, perspectives, and directions for the development of scientific research within this field in the coming future.
    Keywords: Soil acidity and nutrient uptake ; Critical stages of nutrient requirement by crop plants ; Effect of nutrients on yield component formation ; Nutrient balance ; Macronutrient impact on crop growth rate and physiological determinants of yielding ; Nutrients and tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses ; Nitrogen use effectivity ; Urease and nitrification inhibitors ; Crop plant quality ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture
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  • 16
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: This Special Issue, entitled “Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Ni-Co Laterite Deposits”, presents an updated overview of Ni-Co laterites as sources of Ni and Co but also of other metals of interest, such as Sc, PGE or REE. This collection is composed by researchers from different fields. The Special Issue starts with two general descriptions of previously unknown laterite deposits, a clay-type Ni-laterite deposit from Cuba and a magnesium silicate Ni-laterite deposit from the Philippines. It follows with four papers focusing on the occurrence of Co, Sc and other critical metals located in current tropical environments (the Dominican Republic, Venezuela and Brazil) as well as non-tropical environments (the Balkan peninsula, Spain and Chile). The three following papers deal with novel techniques or methodologies to improve the characterization of the Ni-laterite profiles, involving the use Al as a Sc proxy, water correction of in situ portable XRF analyses, and the study of hyperspectral data using quadrant scan. The next paper focuses on the silicification commonly observed, yet understudied, in some Ni-laterite profiles using oxygen and silicon isotopes. And finally, the last contribution examines the presence of unusual minerals (diamond, SiC) in Ni-laterite breccias.
    Keywords: Fe–Ni–Co laterites ; critical metals ; REE ; PGE ; Cr(VI) contamination ; spectral data ; mineralogical data ; lithological boundaries ; nickel laterite ; New Caledonia ; quadrant scan ; Ni-laterites ; mineralogy ; breccia ; uranium ; SiC ; combined analyses ; Raman ; nickel laterites ; lateritization ; serpentinization ; weathering ; goethite ageing ; pXRF ; mine ; nickel ; iron ; water content ; dilution law ; Beer-Lambert law ; saturation ; scandium ; laterite ; Ni-laterite ; sequential extraction ; cobalt ; manganese ; lithiophorite ; asbolane ; Ni-Co laterite ; Piauí ; metal cycling ; cobalt speciation ; biogeochemistry ; redox cycling ; silcrete ; pseudo-karst ; oxygen and silicon isotopes ; Sc ; Co ; Ni-rich serpentinite ; Mn-oxyhydroxides ; smectite ; serpentine ; clay-type ; Cuba ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: This reprint focuses on the latest advances in the field of the 3Rs, as applied to laboratory animals. The continuous progress in the application of the 3Rs will allow for us to achieve a more humane and equally competitive science, improving animal welfare.
    Keywords: replacement, reduction, refinement, disease models, human-animal interaction, translation ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFF Social issues & processes::JFFZ Animals & society
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: To ensure global food and nutrition security, there is a need for a sustainable year-round supply of nutritious food systems such as fruits and vegetables. Over the years, there has been a surge in fruit and vegetable consumption due to their composition of health-promoting biomarkers such as vitamins, minerals, fiber, and bioactive polyphenols. However, producing fruits and vegetables with the valuable contents of these health-promoting biomarkers is dependent on various factors, such as growing degree days, genetic pool, and management practices. Thereby, the goal of this Special Issue (Fruits and Vegetables Production) of the MDPI journal Plants was to provide up-to-date knowledge on traditional and emerging novel technologies applicable in sustainable production of high-value fruits and vegetables at various stages of their field and greenhouse production chains. In summary, this reprint is produced from the Special Issue that reported 12 peer-reviewed manuscripts, with foci on: (1) crop response to different elicitors and (2) green non-destructive technologies for efficient profiling of biomarkers, quality parameters, and cultivar evaluation. Thus, this reprint bridges the gaps among stakeholders (i.e., researchers, policymakers, and industry) for efficient production of consumer-centric crops with high productivity, appreciable nutritional value, and post-harvest resilience.
    Keywords: antioxidant ; Brassica oleracea ; chlorophyll index ; membrane injury ; stomatal conductance ; water deficit ; water use efficiency ; rhizobacteria ; PGPR ; nutraceutical quality ; Solanum lycopersicum ; biostimulant ; pyroligneous acid ; vegetable production ; post-harvest ; Capsicum annuum L. ; maturation ; nutritional quality ; seed chemical composition ; β-carotene Cucumis melo ; flavonoids ; mineral element ; vitamin C ; fruit quality ; quality prediction ; plant phenotyping ; orchard management ; grape ; histamine ; putrescine ; agmatine ; dopamine ; spermine ; organic amendment ; plant metabolites ; soil health ; environmental health ; anthocyanin ; russeting ; silver patch ; Solanum tuberosum ; suberized cell layer ; surface cracking ; microgreens ; natural amendment ; phytochemicals ; healthy food ; common bean ; magnetic field ; photosynthesis ; physiological parameters ; seeds ; Carica papaya ; cultivation practice ; fruit development ; fruit tree ; greenhouse ; mineral distribution ; papaya fruit ; skin coloration ; nutrient ; ripening stages ; tropical ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany & plant sciences
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: This reprint combines 11 quality review and research articles on active and intelligent food packaging polymers. We anticipate that the contributions gathered within this Special Issue not only reflect the current state of the field but also serve as a catalyst for future advancements. Together, we aim to unravel the intricacies of active and intelligent food packaging, paving the way for a safer, more sustainable, and technologically enriched future in the realm of food preservation.
    Keywords: biopolymers ; compost ; soil ; aquatic systems ; biodegradation assay ; food packaging ; antimicrobial film ; antioxidant film ; active packaging ; EVOH copolymer ; methyl anthranilate ; melt-extrusion ; film properties ; antifungal activity ; cellulose nanocrystal ; silver nanoparticle ; hydrothermal green synthesis ; colorimetric freshness indicator ; intelligent packaging ; active compounds ; food additives ; food toxicity ; functional foods ; nano-encapsulation ; orange juice ; physicochemical characteristics ; microbial stability ; shelf-life ; lignin nanoparticles ; thymol ; polybutylene succinate ; antimicrobial packaging ; biodegradable materials ; thermochromic inks ; chemical resistance ; UV radiation ; color degradation ; anthocyanin ; Clitoria ternatea L. ; ultrasonic extraction ; pH-responsive indicator ; food freshness ; titanium dioxide ; photocatalytic activity ; ethylene-removing ; nanocomposites ; eco-friendly materials ; oxygen scavenger ; multilayer film ; volatile organic compound ; VOC ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry::PNK Inorganic chemistry
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: This reprint describes the fate of pollutants transported to the sea from the mainland and how they accumulate in the marine environment and organisms. This will contribute to increasing the knowledge on the dangers of pollutants that reach the marine environment and their fate once they enter the marine food chain. We also hope to improve knowledge on the effects of the pollutant load on the sea during all the seasons, due to the contribution of rivers, rainfall, etc., and the relative influence on marine organisms.
    Keywords: Adriatic Sea ; Neretva Channel ; sediment dynamics ; age model ; metal concentrations ; toxic element ; Mediterranean Sea ; sponges ; biomonitoring ; northern Adriatic Sea ; anthropic signal ; trace metals concentration ; marine sediments ; zoobenthos ; sentinel species ; suspension feeders ; water pollutants ; bioaccumulation ; heavy metals ; trace metals ; beach sediments ; coastal processes ; lithology ; pollution indicators ; surficial sediments ; central western Adriatic Sea ; marine dumping area ; heavy metal ; dredged material ; benthic community ; Huangmao Island ; review ; DNA methylation ; genetic polymorphisms ; ecogenetics ; anthropology ; environmental pollutants ; methylmercury ; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; seafood ; PAH ; PCB ; neritic environment ; seawater ; sediment ; biota ; partition ; contamination ; Ionian Sea ; Tyrrhenian Sea ; database ; meta-analysis ; contaminants ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TQ Environmental science, engineering & technology::TQK Pollution control
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  • 21
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Agricultural practices, industrial manufacturing, and household consumption are just a few of the activities that contribute to the production of food waste biomass. Modern environmental theories, like the circular economy, are thought to be the impulse behind the implementation of zero-waste policies. The huge percentage of such residual biomass has significant potential to be used as a raw material to produce novel products and specialty feedstock through biorefining procedures, even though the high volume of waste originating from the food industry raises serious concerns regarding both economic and environmental aspects. Given that many plant parts that are rejected during fruit and vegetable processing (e.g., leaves, branches, peels, roots, stems, and seeds) carry a sizable load of phytochemicals, including polyphenols, the recovery of valuable secondary metabolites from waste plant tissues is an appealing prospect in this regard. This specific group of substances exhibits a wide range of chemical compositions with diverse biological characteristics and functions, including antioxidant and antibacterial activities as well as chemoprotective effects against cancer and other degenerative diseases.
    Keywords: oyster shell waste ; washing method ; sodium chloride ; impurities ; particle size ; anaerobic digestion ; agricultural inputs ; biochemical methane potential ; biodegradability ; lignocellulosic biomasses ; manures ; agriculture ; agricultural waste management ; allelopathic effect ; invasive species ; phytoremediation ; rice straw ; rice bran ; rice husk ; agricultural waste ; valorization ; circular economy ; biomass ; bioeconomy ; kinetics ; lignocellulosic biomass ; mechanical pretreatment ; methane potential ; twin-screw extrusion ; fruit and vegetable ; biowaste ; synergies ; matchmaking ; platform ; industrial symbiosis ; waste management ; sustainability ; green building ; recycle ; food waste ; lightweight concrete ; lime concrete ; fruit shells ; coarse aggregate replacement ; sugarcane bagasse ; pentose liquor ; dark fermentation ; biohydrogen ; organic acids ; biorefinery ; fungi ; laccase ; microcosm ; homogenisation ; hemicellulose ; cellulose ; fibre ; conventional limestone ; waste brown eggshells ; polylactic acid ; mechanical properties ; bio-composite ; Aspergillus niger ; ellagitannins ; phenolic compounds ; punica granatum ; saccharomyces cerevisiae ; solid-state fermentation ; limonene ; alpha-pinene ; biotransformation ; terpene ; flavouring agent ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: In the face of mounting challenges such as food insecurity and environmental degradation, the significance of sustainable agriculture has become increasingly apparent as a beacon for our collective future. Central to this transformative movement is the profound importance of soil health, which serves as the bedrock for both crop productivity and ecological resilience. The Special Issue "Advancements in Soil and Sustainable Agriculture" boldly ventures into this pivotal realm, unveiling a rich tapestry of groundbreaking research dedicated to preserving soil health and cultivating a more environmentally conscious agricultural landscape. Within the pages of this reprint, a wealth of experimental studies and insightful reviews converge to address a broad spectrum of soil sustainability issues. From innovative nutrient management strategies to the remediation of contaminated soils, the contributors to this Special Issue illuminate the nuanced interplay between agricultural practices and the intricate web of soil health. This comprehensive collection stands as a guiding compass for researchers, shedding light on the complexities of sustainable agriculture and paving the way for a future that harmonizes food security with environmental stewardship. The invaluable insights encapsulated within these pages are poised to propel the frontiers of sustainable agriculture, ensuring a trajectory where the principles of environmental consciousness and resilient food production intertwine seamlessly for generations to come.
    Keywords: sustainable agriculture ; soil quality ; best agronomic practices ; soil physical properties ; soil management ; conservation agriculture ; precision agriculture ; cover crop and rotation ; water management ; nutrient management ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Numerous scientific research projects are concerned with improving and protecting the environment. The first steps towards solving the problem of environmental pollution include researching and monitoring the presence and concentration of pollutants, especially heavy metals. It is known from previous studies that fungi bioaccumulate high concentrations of heavy metals, the concentration of which depends, to a greater or lesser extent, on factors such as the species, sampling area, and anatomical parts of the fungus, but also the substrate on which they grow. As the concentration of heavy metals in fungi increases, the importance of fungi as bioindicators of environmental pollution also increases. However, extremely high concentrations of toxic heavy metals in fungi can have negative effects on human health. Constantly monitoring and controlling the levels of metals and metalloids in the human diet is necessary, both in foods of plant and animal origin and in food supplements, or in this case edible mushrooms, whose availability on the market and general popularity are constantly increasing. Therefore, this reprint provides good insights into the development of science and technology in relation to heavy metal concentrations in mushrooms.
    Keywords: bioaccumulation ; mushroom cultivation ; prediction models ; regression analysis ; waste management ; cluster analysis ; health risk ; potentially toxic elements ; mushroom ; spatial analysis ; principal component ; wild edible mushrooms ; metallic elements ; metalloids ; risk assessment ; human health ; organic food ; Boletus griseus ; Hypomyces chrysospermus ; cadmium ; symbiotic association ; health risk assessment ; heavy metals ; health hazard ; mushrooms ; Tricholoma spp. ; copper ; wood ; detoxification ; ligninolytic fungi ; oxalate ; biosorption ; accumulation ; basidiomycete ; bioremediation ; champignon ; common mushroom ; edible mushroom ; sludge ; toxic elements ; wastes ; food quality ; forest biodiversity ; metal elements ; traditional foraging ; wild mushrooms ; mercury ; contamination ; Leccinum ; Y. lipolytica ; CCA-treated wood ; copper stress ; ectomycorrhiza ; morphotype ; metal ; plant ; field ; pot ; inoculation ; Paraisaria dubia ; Zn2+ stress response ; transcriptomic ; metabolomic ; metal ion transport ; microcycle conidiation ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAF Ecological science, the Biosphere
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: With the continuous improvement of people's living standards, the concern for food nutrition and safety has gradually increased. Consumers increasingly need to replace synthetic food additives with natural components extracted from food. Polysaccharides, starch, protein, pectin, and fibre are major types of biopolymer components in foods. They not only provide people with energy and nutrition, but are also used in food processing as natural additives due to their gelling, emulsifying, and film-forming properties, etc. They are characterised by high biocompatibility, low cost, and ease of access. Some natural components isolated from raw food materials have some drawbacks, such as low solubility and instability under certain conditions, which limit their application in food processing. Currently, many researchers are focusing on the modification, food technology, and future industry of polysaccharides, starch, protein, etc. These studies help to obtain the changed physicochemical and enhanced functional properties of these components, and further promote their high-value utilization in the food field. This Special Issue brings together 34 articles regarding the latest advances in the properties of polysaccharides, starch, protein, pectin, and fibre in food processing, from the improvements of the physical properties of major food components and biological activity studies to their applications in food preservation.
    Keywords: polysaccharide ; antibacterial activity ; toxicity ; body health ; gut microbiota ; pre-gelatinization ; thermal properties ; rheology ; structural properties ; microstructure ; starch gel ; polysaccharides ; inflammatory bowel disease ; mechanism ; polyphenol oxidase ; kudzu ; thermostability ; thermal inactivation kinetics ; food constituents ; conformation ; dietary fiber ; fermentation patterns ; cyanidin-3-O-glucoside ; polymeric proanthocyanidin ; degree of polymerization ; starch ; pasting ; retrogradation ; digestibility ; hyperlipidemia ; resistant starch ; Bifidobacterium pseudolongum ; gut microbes ; synbiotics ; hemp protein isolate ; (−)-epigallocatechin gallate ; covalent binding ; structural changes ; emulsifying properties ; polysaccharide-based materials ; edible packaging ; cellulose ; hemicellulose ; chitosan ; polysaccharide gums ; Holothuria leucospilota ; fermentation behaviors ; antioxidant activity ; zein ; flaxseed gum ; ultrasound ; complex particle ; Pickering emulsion ; soybean residue ; insoluble dietary fiber ; fermentation in vitro ; colon health ; pea ; protein co-precipitates ; protein blends ; surface hydrophobicity ; surimi ; setting ; water migration ; chemical interactions ; purslane polysaccharides ; selenylation ; RAW 264.7 macrophages ; splenocytes ; immune modulation ; type 2 diabetes ; β-glucan ; molecular structure ; anti-diabetic function ; macronutrient absorption ; enzyme inhibitor ; ovomucoid ; superheated steam ; modification ; allergenicity ; mass spectrometry ; acrolein ; IEC-6 cells ; autophagy ; apoptosis ; carboxymethyl chitosan ; frozen surimi ; myofibrillar protein ; denaturation ; gelling properties ; walnut protein isolates ; oxidation ; structural characteristics ; functional properties ; proteomics ; collagen peptide ; B16F10 cells ; melanogenesis ; tyrosinase ; antioxidant ; pea fiber ; industry-scale microfluidizer ; structure ; quinoa protein ; ultrasounic-assisted extraction ; in vitro digestion ; amino acid content ; nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectroscopy ; Chinese yam ; structural characterization ; oxidative stress ; okara ; prebiotic ; γ-irradiation ; anthocyanins ; stable system ; inclusion complex ; hydrogen bonding ; biological activity ; packaging ; preservation ; gelatin ; mulberry leaf polysaccharides ; miscible system ; zeta potential ; rheological properties ; betanin ; gelatinization ; camelina cake polysaccharide ; carrier ; stabilizer ; purple corn cob ; by-product ; anthocyanin bioaccessibility ; tapioca ; hygroscopicity ; BET and GAB models ; particle size characteristics ; storage stability ; pea protein ; moderate enzymatic hydrolysis ; structure properties ; dual protein ; plant protein ; co-precipitation dual protein ; blended dual protein ; fish sausage ; pre-emulsion ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: This reprint showcases a collection of a Special Issue entitled “Soilless Culture, Growing Media and Horticultural Plants”. Within its pages, readers will find an assortment of 22 original papers accompanied by 1 review paper and 1 editorial. Representing a collaborative effort involving by 84 authors from 15 different countries, this Special Issue explores cutting-edge advancements in soilless culture, investigating the interaction between soilless and environmental factors while also exploring their consequential impacts on plant growth and physiology. Additionally, these studies meticulously scrutinize the accumulation of secondary metabolites. The compositions of nutrient solutions and the physical attributes of substrates and mixtures are illuminated through rigorous analyses. Furthermore, a spotlight is placed on the dynamic interactions between microorganisms and plant-growing media. In the near future, climate change and environmental and ecological issues will steer the trajectory of soilless culture systems and the choice of growing media constituents.
    Keywords: biochar ; compost ; climate change ; hydroponics ; growing medium ; life cycle analysis ; organic bioresources ; peat alternatives ; renewable raw materials ; rockwool ; waste ; wood fibers ; soilless culture ; water soluble fertilizers ; vegetables ; Capsicum annuum L. ; Solanum melongena L. ; nutrients ; shape index ; UVR8 ; PPFD ; dose-dependent ; photosynthesis ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; phenolic compounds ; nutrient uptake ; nutrient variation ; simulation model ; sweet pepper ; restricted deficit irrigation ; soil moisture sensors ; nonchemical growth control ; water use efficiency ; peat ; growth ; cabbage ; Brassica ; emergence ; colored sweet peppers ; antioxidant activity ; phenolics ; ascorbic acid ; carotenoids ; solar and ultraviolet radiation ; peat replacement ; particle size ; calcium ; magnesium ; extractable nutrients ; dry weight ; N levels ; elevated CO2 ; open-top chamber ; nutrient transportation ; transpiration ; dilution effect ; Capsicum annuum ; flavonoids ; fluorescence monitoring ; bio-waste utilization ; NO3–N ; plant ; substrate ; container ; production ; growing media ; nursery production ; carbon ; peat moss ; bioenergy ; Solanum lycopersicum ; olive oil waste ; two-phase ; three-phase ; water sludge ; flower bud development ; flower number ; flower quality ; Gerbera jamesonii ; DLI ; urban agriculture ; simplified soilless culture ; conventional agriculture ; irrigation ; soilless substrates ; water ; coconut coir ; initial moisture ; mass wetness ; peatmoss ; pine bark ; wettability ; capillary rise ; container capacity ; capture rate ; available water ; dewpoint potentiometer ; pine tree substrate ; substrate processing ; surface-bound water ; unavailable water ; wood substrate ; organic and mineral substrates and mixtures ; laboratory characterization ; hydraulic properties ; physicochemical properties ; lettuce ; plant nutrient content ; Pelargonium zonale ; low-tech soilless cultivation system ; commercial quality ; plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) ; rhizosphere ; plant factory ; plant quality ; plant yield ; microbiome ; beneficial bacteria ; germination ; nitrate content ; phenolic content ; antioxidant capacity ; microbial community ; nutrient solution concentration ; sweetpotato ; storage root ; leaf abscission ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: The Hsp90 chaperone complex is responsible for the activation and maturation of a vast array of signaling proteins. Recently, there has been a leap in our understanding of the Hsp90 structure and molecular mechanisms involved in such regulation. This has opened a doorway to the underlying mechanisms of disease processes and how we may intervene in such mechanisms to improve prognosis. The focus of this Special Issue is on the recent structural and biochemical advances of Hsp90 that provide insights into the mechanistic activation of Hsp90 on client proteins. It will also include discussions on Hsp90 and its co-chaperones, and their potential as therapeutic targets against human diseases.
    Keywords: Hsp90 ; heat shock proteins ; chaperone ; structure ; mechanism ; regulation ; disease ; cancer ; neurological disease ; drug development ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: We are very excited to introduce this Special Issue of Nutrients, “Advances in Legumes for Human Nutrition”. Recently, legumes have contributed to a sustainable and increased food supply for the rapidly growing global population due to climate change. Legume seeds that are intact or milled into flour offer a complex array of macro- and micronutrients and phytochemicals for human nutrition. Additionally, they can be fractionated into their component proteins, starches, lipids and dietary fibre as health- and techno-functional food ingredients. These ingredients are in great demand by the food industry, for example, in the manufacture of vegetarian and vegan dairy products and meat analogues with good nutritional profiles. However, the issues, such as micronutrient availability, antinutrients and allergenicity, still require solutions for the maximum uptake of legumes by humans. We invited manuscripts that address any aspect of this broad topic, including the impact of innovative food technologies on the nutritional value of legumes and those focusing on nutritional properties of seeds from underutilised members of the Fabaceae (Leguminosae) family.
    Keywords: α-amylase inhibitor ; biofortification ; lectins ; nutritional enhancement ; phytic acid ; predicted glycemic index ; sensory analysis ; temporal dominance sensation ; legumes ; fermented beans ; extruded snacks ; spices ; antioxidant activity ; lupin ; health outcomes ; type 2 diabetes ; cardiovascular disease ; obesity ; legume proteins ; nutraceuticals ; structural properties ; bioactive peptides ; in vivo digestibility ; health effects ; Lupin ; processing ; lupin kernel fibre ; food ingredient ; composition ; techno-functionality ; health benefits ; consumer acceptability ; coronary heart disease ; health care cost ; cost-of-illness analysis ; nutrition economics ; dietary guidelines ; consumption ; sustainability ; chronic disease ; Setaria italica L. ; Cicer arietinum L. ; Hibiscus sabdariffa L. ; chickpea flour ; foxtail millet flour ; minerals ; organic acids ; pregelatinization ; sensory evaluation ; nutritional values ; in vitro bioaccessibility ; benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) ; lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTSs) ; voiding symptoms ; soy ; soy food ; isoflavones ; prostate smooth muscle contraction ; faba proteins ; enzymatic hydrolysis ; UHT processing ; emulsion ; phenolic compounds ; in vitro digestion ; colonic fermentation ; cotyledon cells ; in vitro starch digestion ; legume structure ; low glycaemic index ; navy beans ; protein matrix ; beans ; fiber ; pulses ; carbohydrate ; fat ; protein ; NHANES ; waist ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFC Cultural studies::JFCV Food & society
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: As the global population and demand for food steadily increase, the maintenance and enhancement of soil productivity to ensure food security is becoming an important issue at the global level as global warming continues to progress. Soil carbon acts as a global carbon sink, playing a crucial role in soil fertility maintenance. Soil carbon is a complex product resulting from various microbial processes; it is a fragile entity, vulnerable to inappropriate human activity and global climate change. Soil microbes that utilize carbon efficiently may help to reduce carbon losses and increase carbon storage. This Special Issue highlights the current understanding of the dynamics of soil carbon and the microbial processes in agricultural ecosystems from the molecular level to the regional and global scales. The topics of interest in this Special Issue include carbon dynamics in plant–soil systems, the carbon balance, approaches to managing soil carbon maintenance and carbon sequestration, and related microbial processes in agricultural ecosystems.
    Keywords: Agriculture ecosystem ; Carbon cycling ; Global warming ; Rhizosphere ; Rhizodeposition ; Soil microbes ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: This Reprint provides the most relevant and state-of-the-art research in the field, including the use of novel gelation agents, the characterization of the structure and rheological properties of food gels, and the application of food gels in novel food products.
    Keywords: food gels ; novel processing methods ; food applications&nbsp ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture
    Language: English
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  • 30
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Taking into account the increasing general concern related to the necessity of reducing CO2 emissions, a very important aspect of this topic refers to the green energy sector. In this vein, the present Special Issue is focused on the area of Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE). This Special Issue contains valuable works related to ORE.
    Keywords: Romanian nearshore ; EEZ ; ERA5 ; water depth ; energy resources ; offshore wind turbines ; offshore wind ; technical analysis ; economic analysis ; Philippines ; European seas ; sea state conditions ; wind climate ; wave climate ; statistical analysis ; solar farm siting ; assessment criteria ; entropy weight method ; AHP ; TOPSIS ; wave power ; wave energy converters (WECs) ; Galician coast ; SWAN ; wave-energy converter array ; interconnected model ; model predictive control ; hardware-in-the-loop ; wave energy converter (WEC) ; heaving point-absorber WEC ; WEC array ; WECfarm ; physical modelling ; real-time control ; MATLAB-Simulink ; heaving point absorber WEC ; system identification (SID) ; solar radiation ; marine renewable energy ; floating solar panels (FPV) ; sustainability ; wave energy converter ; floating flapping-panel ; slope ; hydrodynamic performance ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: This reprint contains articles published as part of the Special Issue of "Sustainable Tourism: Ways to Counteract the Negative Effects of Overtourism at Tourist Attractions and Destinations" in the journal Sustainability in the "Tourism, Culture, and Heritage" section. It contains 13 articles presenting research on various aspects of overtourism: the attitudes of city dwellers towards overtourism, e.g., Krakow and Wrocław; the effects of tourism development in regions of natural value, e.g., the Tatra National Park; and areas adjacent to tourist routes. It looked at night-time tourism and the sharing economy, as well as how business models can be used to manage sustainable tourism. The phenomenon of overtourism in Tunisia, Brazil, and South Korea is described. The articles published in 2020 are very popular. They have been viewed by several thousand researchers and have been cited 300 times by other authors.
    Keywords: health resorts ; management ; Poland ; investment gaps ; overtourism ; investment attractiveness ; sustainability ; Kraków ; Doxey index ; attitudes ; residents ; service providers ; life form ; dispersal mode ; semi-natural habitats ; trampling ; vascular plants ; tourist experiences ; ecological awareness ; protected areas ; Tatra National Park ; TripAdvisor ; conflict management ; social conflict ; conflict analysis ; circle of conflict ; urban tourism ; tourism-phobia ; tourism in cities ; tourist gentrification ; impact of tourism ; experience economy ; sustainable tourism ; Wrocław city ; subjective well-being ; festivals ; tourism consequences ; tourism area life cycle model ; tourism carrying capacity ; tourism intensity index ; tourism density index ; over-tourism ; temporal distribution ; willingness to pay ; choice experiment ; tourism management and development ; UNESCO World Heritage site ; sustainable development ; Social Capital Theory ; sharing economy ; collaborative economy ; tourism ; gentrification ; tourism impact ; non-mega sports events ; sports tourism ; quality of life of hosts ; social impact of sports events ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RG Geography
    Language: English
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: In the realm of complex decision making, characterized by inherent incompleteness and uncertainty, the foundational work of Lotfi A. Zadeh on fuzzy set theory has been instrumental. The efficacy of classical fuzzy sets in addressing vagueness has prompted an exploration of various extensions, each catering to the intricacies of real-world decision-making problems. This reprint delves into an array of advanced fuzzy theories, including type-2 fuzzy sets, hesitant fuzzy sets, multivalued fuzzy sets, cubic sets, intuitionistic fuzzy sets, Pythagorean fuzzy sets, spherical fuzzy sets, neutrosophic sets, and more. The richness of these extensions reflects the dynamism of fuzzy theories in diverse decision-making applications.
    Keywords: fuzzy theory ; fuzzy decision theory and method ; decision making ; multicriteria decision making ; group decision making ; engineering and scientific applications ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: With the development of modern society, environmental pollution and energy shortages have become the focus of attention worldwide. Most of the global energy supplies are generated from fossil fuel, which gives rise to environmental pollution and climate change. Photocatalysis technology, which can directly convert solar energy into high value-added fuel and chemical materials or degrade a wide range of organic pollutants into easily degradable intermediates or less toxic small molecular substances, is regarded as one of the most important ways to solve the global energy shortage and environmental pollution problem. This Special Issue focuses on advanced photocatalytic materials, including but not limited to photocatalytic materials for the treatment of indoor air, photocatalytic bacterial inactivation, photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, photocatalytic oxygen evolution, photocatalytic CO2 reduction, photocatalytic hazardous pollutant removal, the photothermal decomposition of pollutants, photoelectrochemical water splitting, etc. This Special Issue provides a platform for scientists to present their original research on “Advanced Photocatalytic Materials for Environmental and Energy Applications”.
    Keywords: PbBiO2I microspheres ; CQDs ; ionic liquid ; charge separation ; interface ; polycrystalline silicon ; solar cells ; low-high-low ; phosphorus diffusion ; semiconductor ; photocatalysis ; indoor air treatment ; volatile organic compounds ; microorganism ; photocatalyst ; type-II heterojunction ; carrier separation ; photodegradation ; phase engineering ; water splitting ; CO2 reduction ; pollutant degradation ; MoS2 ; SnS2 ; composite catalyst ; visible light degradation ; thermo-photocatalysis ; nickel foam ; Ni-doped TiO2 ; acetaldehyde decomposition ; zinc oxide ; Langmuir–Hinshelwood–Hougen–Watson model ; methylene blue ; titanium dioxide ; anodization ; self-doping ; cocatalyst ; Mo2C ; phosphorus ; doped ; g-C3N4 ; photocatalytic ; mixture of pollutants ; coupling system ; plasma ; synergetic effect ; mineralization ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: This reprint focuses on the geometrical and spectroscopic features as well as potential applications of halogen, chalcogen, pnictogen, tetrel, and triel bonds in chemical reactions, crystal engineering, molecular recognition, and biological systems. We particularly aim to present studies concerning the bonds formed between some novel important electron donors and acceptors, similarities and differences between these bonds, structures of the complexes composed of these bonds in solution and gas phases, spectroscopic methods for measuring these bonds in solution and gas phases, and applications of these bonds in chemical reactions, crystal engineering, molecular recognition, and biological systems.
    Keywords: triel bond ; hydrogen bonding ; proton transfer ; NBO ; halogen bonding ; haloforms ; Amines ; NMR spectroscopy ; UV–Vis spectroscopy ; DFT calculations ; X-ray crystallography ; halogen bond ; QTAIM ; energy density ; pyrazole ; electron density ; hcb net ; metallic anion ; nucleophilic substitution reaction ; quantum chemistry calculation ; reductive elimination ; hydrogen bond ; abnormality ; competition ; AIM ; cysteine dimers ; NCI ; stochastic optimization ; salt bridges ; non-covalent interactions ; dihydrogen bonding ; local vibrational mode analysis ; blue/red shifts ; hydride complexes ; hydrogen storage ; halogen bonds ; density functional theory ; energy decomposition analysis ; ring current analysis ; spin-orbit coupling ; ortho-carborane ; iodo derivatives ; X-ray structure ; I⋯I dihalogen bond ; vinyl cations ; vinyl cation adduct ; very strong H-bond ; proton disolvate ; carborane salt ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: This Special Issue provides an update on the state of the art and current trends in polymeric drug delivery systems specifically designed for improving drug bioavailability. The multiple contributions received further strengthen the role of polymers in modern drug delivery and targeting, illustrating the different approaches possible and unveiling what the future may bring.
    Keywords: Histoplasma capsulatum ; PLGA ; Itraconazole ; macrophage ; functionalized nanoparticle ; F4/80 receptor ; rutin ; nanocrystals ; anti-inflammatory ; hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin ; nanoparticles ; budesonide ; chitosan ; colon delivery ; eudragit ; pellets ; ferrisilicate ; PEG ; insulin ; encapsulation ; diabetic mellitus ; polypeptides ; drug delivery ; doxorubicin ; cancer ; topology of poly-l-cystein ; antimicrobial ; antifouling ; pH sensitivity ; zwitterionic polymers ; gamma radiation ; copolyester ; SPION ; cysteine ; bioconjugation ; and enzymatic release ; polymeric nanoparticles ; drug delivery and targeting ; ocular posterior segment ; oxidative stress ; retinal degeneration ; nerve growth factor ; peanut agglutinin ; zebrafish ; molecular dynamics simulation ; interaction energy ; hydrogen bonding ; solid dispersion ; hot melt extrusion ; amorphous formulation ; tacrolimus ; sucrose acetate isobutyrate ; amorphous solid dispersion ; dissolution ; stability ; pharmacokinetics ; phytomedicine ; nanosponges ; lactoferrin ; bioavailability ; MDA-MB-231 cells ; caspase-3 ; cyclin-D1 ; dendrimers ; Janus nanoparticles ; biocompatibility ; nanoformulation ; pharmaceuticals ; 3D printing ; hybrid scaffold ; polycaprolactone ; vancomycin ; mesenchymal stem cells ; tissue engineering ; drug delivery systems (DDSs) ; osteomyelitis ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: This reprint includes 23 research articles and 1 review accepted and published by MDPI in the Special Issue entitled "Recent Advances and Applications in Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM)", comprising 7 articles in Economies, 6 articles in Mathematics, 10 articles in Sustainability and 1 article in Data. The covered topics include the impacts of COVID-19 and climate change on food security or the tourism sector, the critical factors affecting the implementation of corporate governance, consumers' perspectives and behaviors toward corporate social responsibility, consumers’ ethnocentrism and country of origin, the differentiation strategy and export performance in emerging countries, the influence of agricultural development on alleviating rural poverty, leadership and employee performance, the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and business performance, the role of commitment in an extended theory of planned behavior, major shifts in sustainable consumer behavior, an empirical evaluation of customers' adoption of drone food delivery services, European citizens' happiness, the mediation of corporate social responsibility between information and communication technologies adoption and SMEs performance, students’ satisfaction about blended learning, etc. This reprint is expected to benefit those working in the area of PLS-SEM, regardless of their field of study (economics, finance, marketing, education, etc.). Applications involving higher-order constructs, mediating variables, multigroup analysis, and the latest advances in applied methodology are detailed in this reprint.
    Keywords: PLS-SEM ; structural equations ; economics ; finance ; healthcare ; sustainability ; environment ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Soilless Culture Systems (SCSs) have expanded globally into protected and open-field horticulture. However, it is crucial to ensure the sustainability of this system in order to address resource challenges, minimize environmental impacts and establish a resilient and efficient agricultural system in the face of global challenges. This Special Issue reprint emphasizes the significance of transitioning to sustainable horticultural practices, outlines the challenges encountered, and presents various strategies to reduce or eliminate the utilization of peat in growing media. Additionally, it introduces cascade systems strategies that include recycling nutrient solutions, minimizing pesticide emissions, and integrating eco-friendly practices. Utilizing microorganisms has been identified as a potential strategy to augment the resilience of plants against the onslaught of pests and diseases. This approach is expected to reduce the utilization of chemicals for the same purpose considerably. This Special Issue reprint significantly contributes to advancing sustainable SCSs and growing media, providing diverse strategies and insights in order to propel its progress as a viable form of sustainable agriculture. It comprises 11 original contributions and an editorial written by 45 authors from 10 different countries. These numbers differ slightly from what was reported in the Editorial, as the Editorial was written before the last article was published.
    Keywords: Soilless culture ; growing media ; peat alternatives ; cascade systems ; bio-fertilizers&nbsp ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: This textbook “Applied Mathematics in Ferroelectricity and Piezoelectricity” was authored to provide the reader solid mathematical background for studying “ferroelectricity and piezoelectricity”, as a supplemental reference to my three course books; “Ferroelectric Devices 2nd Edition (2010)”, “Micromechatronics 2nd Edition (2019)”, and “FEM and Micromechatronics with ATILA Software (2008)”, all published from CRC Press. “Physics” prefers “simplicity”; converting a complicated phenomenon expressed by a function.
    Keywords: ferroelectrics ; piezoelectricity ; phenomenology ; applied mathematics ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: The effort of the Editors has received global attention. Indebtedness is due to Saha and Asif and coworkers from Canada, Joseph and Mahapatra and coworkers from Poland and India, Ramirez-Montoya and coworkers from Spain and Mexico, Mota-Panizio and coworkers from Portugal and Brazil, Izquierdo and Lopez-Coca and coworkers from Spain, Vinitnantharat and coworkers from Thailand and the UK, Roy and Fini and coworkers from India and the USA, Lawson and Luyima and coworkers from Ghana and South Korea, Fouad El Mansouri and coworkers from Morocco and Spain, and Man Zhang and Yaning Zhang and coworkers from China for the 10 scholarly research papers dealing with the synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications of new carbon materials. The applications are mainly centered around environmental remediation owing to the intensity of the problem and comprise of water decontamination and the removal of heavy metals and organic compounds like tannic acid from contaminated sources. The use of biochar in agriculture for preventing nitrogen leaching for soil has also been included. Unconventional carbon-related materials like rice husk ash and carbon steel slag were also used for exotic applications.
    Keywords: polymers ; biocompatible ; biodegradable ; compostable ; sustainable ; market dynamics ; research trends ; graphene ; graphene-like materials ; carbon ; biomass pyrolysis ; microwave pyrolysis ; OMWW ; adsorption ; carbon steel slag ; tannic acid ; biochar ; dry matter accumulation ; leaching of nitrogen ; nitrogen uptake ; tropical sandy soils ; sustainability ; carbon footprint ; rice husk ash ; lime ; silica ; asphalt ; concrete ; roadways ; fractionation ; heavy metal removal ; isotherm ; modified biochar ; WIEC ; carbonization ; pretreatment ; activation ; carbonaceous material ; hydrothermal carbon ; Castanea sativa ; biomass residues ; residue valorization ; per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) ; water decontamination ; porous carbon monolith ; whey ; biomass carbon ; mechanical properties ; C ; H ; N ; corn straw ; microwave heating ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry::PNK Inorganic chemistry
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Although they play a key role in ecosystem functioning and human life, plants are generally overlooked by policymakers and humans in general. In addition, in recent years, we have been witnessing an increase in biologists unable to recognize even common plants, and the number of plant experts (i.e., botanists) able to identify plants is decreasing. In light of these considerations, the Special Issue "Floristic Studies in the Light of Biodiversity Knowledge and Conservation” was launched in the journal Plants, and eight research articles, two reviews, and an editorial were published in it. It has been possible to publish research from different countries, underlining that the knowledge of the flora of a territory is essential to slow down the effects of anthropic pressure on biodiversity and likewise essential for most of the research activities of modern botany.
    Keywords: correlation ; ecology ; essential oils ; Lamiaceae ; vegetation ; species composition ; richness ; urban areas ; anthropogenic impact ; climate ; anthropogenic habitats ; Caucasus ; Himantoglossum formosum ; human-made habitats ; Orchidaceae ; salep harvesting ; Transcaucasia ; kapok ; Ceiba ; fiber ; sustainability ; Malvaceae ; silk-cotton ; phenotypic plasticity ; mangrove grass ; salt marshes ; coastal habitat ; biodiversity ; bryophytes ; generalist plants ; grassland specialists ; historical monuments ; invasive alien plants ; kurgans ; lichens ; native plants ; alien status ; biological records ; Europe ; Latium ; Mediterranean flora ; Rome ; urban biodiversity ; endemism ; floristic research ; herbaria ; lectotype ; nomenclature ; taxonomy ; halophytes ; edible wild species ; coastal areas ; Salicornia ; Arthrocaulon macrostachyum ; Soda inermis ; Cakile maritima ; Crithmum maritimum ; Reichardia picroides ; Silene vulgaris subsp. tenoreana ; Allium commutatum ; Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima ; Capparis spinosa ; Italy ; IUCN ; morphology ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany & plant sciences
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: The Special Issue "Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow 2022" contains scientific articles on experiments and simulations of heat transfer in compressible and incompressible fluids, including single- and two-phase flows. The articles present the current state of knowledge, solve scientific and industrial problems, and set directions for future research. The Special Issue is addressed to specialists from around the world dealing with numerical modelling and experiments on heat transfer in flowing fluids.
    Keywords: heat transfer ; fluid flow ; experiments, simulation and modelling of fluid flow ; compressible and incompressible flow ; single- and two-phase flow. ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in humans today, and the number of people affected by cancer is growing. As a result, the search for new antitumor agents that may be more effective and secure than existing treatments is an ongoing effort. Nature provides a wide range of compounds with a great variety of chemical scaffolds and distinct bioactivity profiles. Indeed, natural products are a rich source of bioactive molecules that, over the years, have found application in the treatment of many diseases, including cancer. Natural products have played an important role in chemotherapy and chemoprevention by providing antitumor drugs such as camptothecin, doxorubicin, paclitaxel, vinblastine, and vincristine, as well as understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying antitumor activity. Significant advances in natural source isolation and extraction techniques have enabled the identification of novel lead compounds as useful starting points for the generation of optimized molecules with enhanced therapeutic potential via semi-synthetic or synthetic processes. The focus of this Topic is on natural substances derived from plants or animals, as well as their synthetic derivatives, which have been investigated for their ability to counteract cancer progression.
    Keywords: natural compounds ; natural derivatives ; anticancer ; drug discovery ; antiproliferation ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: This reprint delves into the latest advancements in aquaculture techniques emerging from China. It provides a comprehensive update on the research and technological developments in various aspects of aquaculture, including biotechnology, ecotechnology, feeding technology, and environmental technology. The reprint covers a wide range of topics, such as the use of biotechnology to identify and characterize genes that enhance resistance to bacterial infection and environmental stress. It also explores feeding technology that improves immunity and stress resistance in aquatic organisms. Additionally, the reprint discusses the detection of the impact of thermal stress on marine fish immunity, the manipulation of light color to enhance algal growth, and the utilization of integrated multi-trophic systems to boost production. With a focus on marine fish, shrimp, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, and algae, this reprint showcases groundbreaking research that paves the way for future advancements in aquaculture. These innovative technologies are expected to have far-reaching implications for other species in the field of aquaculture.
    Keywords: aquaculture ; biology ; biotechnology ; environment ; &nbsp ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KN Industry & industrial studies::KNA Primary industries::KNAF Fisheries & related industries
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: In the current context of global change and global interconnectedness, our role in connecting the dots and finding solutions to current and future problems is very important. When talking specifically about the management of forests, we can see its continuous evolution and, more importantly, its adaptation to contemporary challenges. As is well known, forest ecosystems play an essential role in our economy, human wellbeing and global wellbeing. More specifically, one of the main challenges in forest management is represented by the sustainability of resources and need to conserve biological diversity. The best way is to think globally, to find patterns that repeat themselves and to investigate solutions that can help us to prepare a better future. In this regard, we think that it is essential to review papers that present interesting findings that could guide us. The first step was to select 18 articles from a wide range of countries located on three continents, including Brazil, Bulgaria, Ecuador, Germany, Malaysia, Peru, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia. Our main goal was to analyse the regionally specific aspects, as well as general aspects that can be applied worldwide. Using this approach, we narrowed our research to eight sub-domains: natural and human disturbances, genetics, site conditions, tropical forest, peri-urban forest, forest soils, forest reserves, and mountain ecosystems. These articles tackle themes such as peri-urban forests and their impact on urban agglomerations, ecoturism, cultural heritages and practices from local communities, human interventions and best practices.
    Keywords: BDq method ; Eastern Amazon ; degraded tropical forest ; forest restoration ; forest economy ; logging selection criteria ; sustainable forest management ; visual perception ; rainforest ; land use ; aesthetics ; Amazon ; management implications ; black locust ; forest ; germination ; provenances ; seed dormancy ; old growth forests ; gene flow ; molecular markers ; legally protected forests ; noninvasive genetic sampling ; brown bear ; management plan ; residual trees ; logging technology ; silvicultural works ; tree healed wound ; forest gaps ; plant colonisation ; community strategy ; Dinaric fir-beech forests ; Ellenberg values ; whole system approach ; data fusion and integration ; semantic and ontological compatibility ; mountain ecosystems ; ecosystem condition ; remote sensing ; vegetation indices ; climate change reanalysis ; dominant species level forest ecosystem classification ; Norway spruce ; Douglas fir ; beech ; maple ; soil chemical properties ; soil microorganisms ; silver fir ; Romanian Carpathians ; stand productivity ; forest sustainability ; silviculture ; ecology ; management ; risks ; uses ; impact ; competitive strength ; forest management ; nature conservation ; naturalness ; European beech ; species diversity ; invasiveness ; homogenization ; Ophiostoma novo-ulmi ; subspecies ; Ulmus minor ; U. glabra ; U. laevis ; tolerance to DED ; climate ; built-up area ; geographical information systems (GIS) ; native species ; plant diversity ; urbanization gradient ; ecological reconstruction ; bacteria diversity ; sustainable rehabilitation ; climate change effects ; peri-urban forest management ; forest stability ; urban expansion ; greenhouse gas emissions ; forest resilience ; diversity ; four corner ; microscale elevation ; correlation ; elevation effects ; alpha diversity ; Andes ; tourist circuit ; beta diversity ; native plants ; phenology ; species richness ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KN Industry & industrial studies::KNA Primary industries::KNAL Forestry & related industries
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: The prevalence rates of risk factors for premature mortality and early non-communicable diseases are growing due to the increasing prevalence of poor nutrition habits, increasing levels of stress, and sedentary lifestyles. The life course epidemiology offers an integrative approach which guides research on health, human development, and ageing. The translation of this life course approach to women’s health is indispensable. It comprises the investigation of risk factors across the life that influence the timing of menarche, fertility, pregnancy outcomes, gynaecological disorders, and age at menopause. It also recognises the important influence of reproductive health on later non-communicable disease risks. The continuity of reproductive health and the relationship between different biomarkers and risk factors are taken into account in this integrative approach. Within women’s life courses, lifestyle plays an essential role, ranging from young age to pregnancy, menopause, and healthy aging. The underlying mechanisms and the effect sizes between nutrition and many diseases are only partly known due to the often multifactorial disease processes. The link between lifestyle and the growing rates of different diseases (e.g., cervical, ovarian carcinoma, breast cancer, cardiovascular diseases, or diabetes mellitus) needs to be investigated further. New scientific approaches are being used to try to relate individual biomarkers to dietary patterns and changes in the microbiome in order to make risk potentials visible earlier. The collection of scientific contributions on nutrition and women’s health is presented here.
    Keywords: dietary factors ; nutrition ; women health ; specific diseases ; gynaecologic diseases ; non-communicable diseases ; life course epidemiology ; pregnancy ; menopause ; prevention ; &nbsp ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFC Cultural studies::JFCV Food & society
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: This reprint aims to identify critical areas of water quality assessment, modeling, and mitigation in freshwater bodies, wastewater treatment, and groundwater aquifers, which require special attention. This links the volume to multiple regulatory options, including policy and governance measures, alternative ecosystem service dependence options (i.e., nature-based solutions), or mechanisms that link regions to international processes, like measures proposed under the Environmental Protection guidelines. The reprint will pay special attention to water quality assessment, modeling, and mitigation.
    Keywords: pumping station pipeline ; chaotic characteristic ; IVMD ; vibration response ; correlation dimension ; Lyapunov exponent ; monitoring ; mitigations ; spatial and temporal variabilities ; principal component analysis ; cluster analysis ; discriminant analysis ; water quality ; pollution ; correlation ; settlement ; damage evolution ; seepage/stress-damage method ; data monitoring ; groundwater ; heavy metals ; physicochemical parameters ; in-situ ; machine learning ; geostatistical analysis ; nanofiltration ; electrocoagulation ; nickel ; zinc ; copper ; water pollution ; adsorption ; copper ions ; adsorption mechanism ; adsorption kinetics ; thermodynamics ; expanded S-curve model ; domestic water usage ; economic development ; mathematical model ; Sentinel-2 ; chlorophyll ; turbidity ; lake ; concentration modeling of contaminants ; Cuernavaca aquifer ; hydrochemistry ; water quality index ; time series analysis ; spatial analysis ; water intensity ; LMDI model ; Tapio model ; technical effect ; industrial structure effect ; regional scale effect ; tannery effluent ; ozonation ; optimization ; turbidity removal ; Taguchi ; ecosystem services ; provisioning ecosystem services ; regulating ecosystem services ; cultural ecosystem services ; supporting ecosystem services ; modeling ; water quality indexing ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Partial differential equations are indispensable for modeling various phenomena and processes, such as those in physics, biology, finance, and engineering. Finding solutions to partial differential equations using qualitative theories or quantitative methods, as well as the application of such investigations to real-world problems, has drawn a large amount of interest from researchers. This reprint encompasses all the articles that were accepted and published in this Special Issue titled "Applications of Partial Differential Equations ". We hope that these accepted and published papers will be impactful and motivate future research on partial differential equations for solving complex problems in various fields, disciplines, and applications.
    Keywords: non-linear optimal control ; stratified fluids ; energy functional ; optimal condition ; state variable ; travelling waves ; Eyring–Powell ; geometric perturbation ; nonlinear reaction–diffusion ; unsteady flow ; C∞-semigroups ; analytic semigroups ; Fourier multipliers ; Λ-ellipticity ; fractional Zakharov system ; stochastic Zakharov system ; Riccati–Bernoulli sub-ODE method ; Jacobi elliptic function method ; generalized fractional derivative ; time-diffusion problem ; generalized linear interpolation ; numerical scheme ; backward nonlocal wave equation ; Pascal bases automatically satisfying specified conditions ; integral boundary condition ; nonlocal boundary shape function ; delay differential equations ; 2D parabolic equations ; fractional step method ; convection diffusion problems ; shallow water flow ; Faedo–Galerkin method ; feedback control ; PDE’s stabilization ; tuberculosis ; COVID-19 ; diffusion ; coinfection ; stability ; singularly perturbed problem ; parabolic differential equation ; convection–diffusion problem ; line discontinuous source term ; streamline–diffusion finite element method ; Shishkin mesh ; uniformly convergent ; diffusion equations ; traveling waves ; phototaxis ; bacterial motion ; biological aggregation ; chemotaxis model ; integral inequality ; global uniform boundedness ; CNL-GZE ; lump-type solitons ; rogue wave ; appropriate transformation technique ; optimal decay ; viscoelastic wave equation ; nonlinear time-varying delay ; nonlinear damping ; acoustic boundary conditions ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science
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  • 48
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Drought and climate change have decreased water availability for agriculture in arid and semiarid regions, and therefore efficiency enhancements in irrigation water management aimed at conserving water are key to adjust to limits in water supply, as well as improve the profitability and sustainability of agricultural production. Agricultural water management tools and practices that reduce water uses with acceptable impacts on crop production are viable strategies required to cope with diminished water supplies and generate new sources of irrigation water. This Special Issue focuses on “Agricultural Water Conservation: Tools, Strategies, and Practices”, which aims to bring together a collection of recent cutting-edge research and advancements in applied agricultural water conservation. It provides a broad overview focusing on irrigation decision support systems, drought management plans, deficit irrigation strategies, soil mulching, surface and subsurface drip irrigation, conservation tillage, and optimal water and fertilizer management practices.
    Keywords: drought stress ; protein content ; rainfed ; yield stability ; wheat ; water quality ; agro-ecological wetland ; irrigation ; nutrients ; ecological status ; drought ; water scarcity ; risk-based approach ; drought management plan ; assessment protocol ; river basin scale ; rice ; water footprint ; nutrient use efficiency ; productivity ; profitability ; benefit-cost ratio ; physiological traits ; rainwater harvesting system ; rain-fed conditions and ridge-furrow mulching ; correlation ; environment ; humic acid ; PCA analysis ; rain-fed ; wheat varieties ; mulching ; spearmint ; yield ; ecophysiology ; essential oil ; hydrogel ; irrigation deficit ; mandarin ; proline ; irrigation emitter ; hydraulic performance ; energy dissipation mechanism ; structural design ; computational fluid dynamics ; food–water–energy nexus ; nitrate leaching ; precision agriculture ; water productivity ; irrigation management ; soil moisture ; potato fertigation ; leaf area index ; root mass density ; real water productivity ; field water balance ; subsurface pipe drainage ; soil salinity ; saline groundwater ; winter wheat ; numerical simulation ; cowpea ; deficit irrigation ; zinc ; amino acid ; biofortification ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 49
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Oral cancer is a commonly occurring head and neck cancer, with 90% of cases diagnosed as oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Histologically, OSCC is derived from a multistep mechanism known as oral carcinogenesis, which progresses from normal epithelium to hyperplasia, followed by dysplasia and carcinoma in situ, and precedes the development of invasive squamous cell carcinoma. This multistep mechanism is characterized by mutations related to copy number alteration and epigenetic modifications. Precision medicine based on genomic profiling is also becoming more prevalent. It relies on the genetic information of individual patients or specific cancer cells and how their genes interact with each other and the environment. This method can potentially provide more effective treatment strategies as approaches can be customized for the specific genetic profiles of patients. Completing the TCGA HNSCC database has led to the development of new therapeutic approaches and targeted therapies. Lately, immune checkpoint inhibitors have been recognized as one of the standards of care in HNSCC. However, although treating invasive SCC is crucial, implementing prevention strategies to preclude malignant transformation has been useful in clinical management. Topics of interest for this Special Issue include, but are not limited to: Precision medicine, i.e., targeted therapies that inhibit oral carcinogenesis and tumorigenesis mechanisms; Combination of novel therapeutic approaches with standard-of-care regimens in OSCC; Biomarkers, i.e., predictive and prognostic markers for therapeutic approaches.
    Keywords: oral carcinogenesis ; oral tumorigenesis ; oral squamous cell carcinoma ; immune checkpoint inhibitor ; mutation ; biomarkers ; chemoradiation ; targeted therapies ; cisplatin ; preclinical models ; deep learning ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 50
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: This Special Issue includes ten papers by 45 authors, including excellent cutting-edge research from Japan. Looking at the papers reported here, Japan’s liquid crystalline research is a global pioneer within this field. It is clear that Japanese liquid crystalline research will further develop in the future.
    Keywords: white emission ; liquid crystal ; aggregated structure ; gold(I) complex ; carbazole moiety ; molecular chirality ; π-conjugated compound ; chromonic liquid crystal ; ionic liquid ; nematic ; hexagonal columnar phase ; twist–bend nematic phase ; direct twist–bend nematic phase transition ; liquid crystal dimer ; cyanobiphenyl dimer ; short spacer ; diphenylacetylene ; fluorinated tolanecarboxylic acid ; fluorine ; photoluminescence ; liquid crystals ; nematic phase ; phase transition ; polysiloxane ; photoalignment ; UV curing ; rubbing method ; composite alignment layer ; high pretilt angle ; incidence angle dependence ; mechanofluorochromic dye ; gel ; electrochromism ; tetrafluorocyclohexa-1,3-diene ; tricyclic molecule ; aggregation ; self-sort ; segregated columns ; binary mixture ; amphiphilicity ; homeotropic alignment ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry::PNR Physical chemistry
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  • 51
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: The agricultural sector is undergoing a profound transformation derived from the introduction of new technologies and tools from industry 4.0, giving rise to what has been called Agriculture 4.0. This Reprint contains a selection of some interesting recent advances in this field, including new techniques for remote crop sensing and agricultural machinery, the development of novel vision and deep learning algorithms, advances in aquaculture technologies, and a review on the state of the art in Horticulture 4.0.
    Keywords: Agricultural engineering ; new technologies ; remote sensing ; precision agriculture ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture
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  • 52
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: This comprehensive reprint explores the remarkable advancements in energy-related systems driven by the utilization of nanomaterials. It covers a wide range of topics, from material-level investigations to device-level applications, incorporating molecular dynamic simulations and measurements of electrical, thermal, dielectric, and electrochemical properties. The chapters delve into optimizing heat transfer processes, enhancing HVAC systems, improving Li-ion battery performance, developing high-performance carbon nanofiber anodes, and exploring the potential of flexible porous silicon/carbon fiber anodes. The reprint also discusses formic acid microfluidic fuel cells, 2D MXenes, electrical breakdown models, nanocomposite capacitors, and the dielectric behavior of nanofluids. It addresses topics such as radical scavenger fillers, the thermal properties of ternary nitrate, distributed Bragg reflectors, Pd–Pt bimetallic dendrites, and the oil–water interface behavior of modified graphene oxide. With its multidisciplinary approach and comprehensive coverage, this reprint serves as a valuable resource for researchers, scientists, and engineers working in the field of energy-related systems and nanotechnology.
    Keywords: nanocomposites ; nanofluids ; electrochemical synthesis ; electrochemical energy conversion and storage ; lithium-ion batteries ; capacitors ; light-emitting devices ; fuel cells ; heat transfer fluids ; electrical breakdown ; dielectric properties ; specific heat capacity ; thermal diffusion coefficient ; molecular dynamics simulation ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics
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  • 53
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: This compilation of scientific work delves into innovative wastewater treatment technologies, focusing primarily on the development and optimization of novel catalysts for the effective removal of pollutants. Covering a range of catalysts, including precious metals and nanomaterials, the research offers new insights into cost-effective and efficient pollutant removal methods. Aimed at environmental scientists, engineers, and policymakers, this publication represents a significant contribution from top researchers in the field. It serves as a key resource for those looking to understand and apply the latest advancements in wastewater treatment.
    Keywords: nanohybrid filter ; photoelectrochemical filtration ; carbon nanotubes ; MIL-101(Fe) ; tetracycline ; electrocatalytic oxidation ; anode materials ; Magnéli phase ; titanium oxide ; wastewater treatment ; iron-bearing attapulgite ; heterogeneous Fenton ; granular catalyst ; rhodamine B ; peracetic acid ; advanced oxidation ; reactive dyes ; aniline ; polyvinyl alcohol ; carbon dots ; photocatalysis ; graphitic carbon nitride ; bismuth phosphate ; tetracycline hydrochloride ; electrochemistry ; octogen ; wastewater ; hydroxyl radical ; toxicity ; catalytic membrane reactor ; noble metal catalyst ; molybdenum disulfide ; water purification ; nanoscale zero valent iron ; Cr(VI) ; adsorption kinetics ; mechanism ; modification ; nitrogen dope ; biochar ; peroxymonosulfate ; KOH activation ; bisphenol A degradation ; antibiotics ; catalytic ozonation ; emerging contaminant ; Co-Mn/CeO2 ; norfloxacin ; anode ; metal oxide ; electrolysis ; refractory pollutant ; carbon ; new biochar ; compound material ; organic pollutants ; biochar/zero valent iron ; Ti/Sb-SnO2/PbO2 electrode ; copper-containing wastewater ; active granule doping ; electrocatalytic activity ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 54
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: The present reprint encompasses all the articles that have been accepted and published in the Special Issue entitled "Probability, Stochastic Processes and Optimization". In applied research, Probability Theory is usually regarded as a distant, often-neglected relative of Statistics. This Special Issue attempted to rectify this misconception by publishing papers presenting novel applications and original models from the natural, computer, or social sciences, based on Probability and Stochastic Processes.
    Keywords: probabilistic optimization ; spherical distribution ; multi-variate calculus ; hypergeometric functions ; transition kernel ; system of ordinary differential equations ; linear regression analysis ; theorem of existence and uniqueness ; implicit function theorem ; method of moments ; precious metals ; gold ; silver ; algorithmic trading ; futures ; asymptotics ; goodness-of-fit ; Monte Carlo simulation ; Rayleigh distribution ; Stein characterization ; Malliavin calculus ; fourth moment theorem ; multiple stochastic integrals ; multivariate normal approximation ; Gaussian fields ; random variable ; mean ; geometric mean ; entropy ; cumulative residual entropy ; Lindley distribution ; Markov chains ; Markov operators ; finitely additive Markov chains ; finitely additive measures ; invariant measures ; decompositions of Markov chains ; binomial crossover ; differential evolution ; fixed-budget analysis ; evolutionary computation ; approximation error ; exponentially modified Laplace distribution ; moments ; skewness and kurtosis coefficients ; asymmetric piecewise linear systems ; transmissibility factors ; Lyapunov equation ; ϕ-deformed (Naudts) entropy ; divergence ; relative group entropy ; generalized Fisher metric ; Fisher-like metric ; MaxEnt problem ; the alpha power inverse Weibull distribution ; step stress partially accelerated life testing ; adaptive progressive hybrid censored data ; loss functions ; continuous evolutionary algorithm ; Markov chain ; martingale ; drift analysis ; Wald’s equation ; computational complexity ; optimal control ; Lyapunov function ; system of stochastic differential equations ; Markov switches ; Poisson perturbations ; immigration ; access to employment ; regression and classification models ; collinearity and reverse causality checks ; performance comparisons and reporting ; triangulation ; cross-validations ; full support for replication of results ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science
    Language: English
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  • 55
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: This edition includes sixteen publications covering various applications in the field of ceramic coatings. This Issue features ceramic coatings developed through plasma spraying, magnetron sputtering, and plasma-electrolytic oxidation. It is appropriate for graduate students, scientists, and engineers interested in corrosion and wear-resistant high-temperature coatings for industrial applications.
    Keywords: glass ; glass-ceramic ; microstructure ; sealant ; SOFC ; boron coatings ; electron beam deposition ; fore-vacuum electron source ; film properties ; electron beam modification ; pressureless sintering ; composite ceramics ; electron beam ; electron-beam irradiation ; sintering ; conduction activation energy ; Al2O3-Cr ; thermal conductivity ; electrical conductivity ; forevacuum pressure region ; electron-beam evaporation ; fore-vacuum pressure range ; beam plasma ; coating deposition ; metal-ceramic coatings ; thermal barrier coatings ; atmospheric plasma spray ; suspension plasma spray ; thermal properties ; active thermography ; CrN coating ; X42Cr13 tool steel ; duplex treatment ; high-temperature nitriding ; scratch test ; wear test ; damage mechanism ; diluted magnetic semiconductor ; TM doping ; sputtering ; magnetic properties ; optical band gap ; resistivity ; multilayer DLC coating ; CrN interlayer ; nitriding ; reciprocating wear test ; tensile adhesion strength ; plasma spray coating ; MgAl2O4 ; Al2O3 ; FEA ; plasma electrolytic oxidation ; aluminum ; coating ; technological process ; experiment planning ; microhardness ; wear and tear ; cone-likeness ; friction heat resistance of materials ; carbon nanotubes ; TiC coating ; hot deformation ; aluminum matrix composite ; compression ; properties ; flow stress ; thermal fracture ; system of cracks ; functionally graded coatings ; fracture toughness ; rule of mixtures ; hard coatings ; high temperature ; HiPIMS ; wear resistance ; oxidation ; tribolayer ; flame-spraying ; fracture statistics ; QQ analysis ; Weibull distribution ; Gamma distribution ; structure-phase state ; multilayer coatings ; grain size ; curvature torsion ; phase transition ; thermal cyclic resistance ; AlCrSiN ; quaternary coating ; WC-Co ; cBN ; nano-indentation ; microscratch ; adhesion strength ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics
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  • 56
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Forests are inherently linked to water resources and water-related ecosystem services. Therefore, an integrated forest–water management system is urgently required to ensure a balanced supply of hydrological and other ecosystem services from forests to meet the fast-increasing societal demands for them. This means that water aspects must be integrated into traditional forest management focusing mainly on timber production, and based on the knowledge and the latest scientific results of forest ecohydrology. Unfortunately, there are a lot of gaps in our knowledge of forest ecohydrology. This reprint presents relevant new results from scientific research on forest ecohydrology, related to the drought tolerance mechanism, hydrological properties of soil and litter layers, variation in solar radiation within stands, snowpack isotopic composition in open and forested areas, canopy transpiration and response to the main influencing factors, and the water balance components of typical forests at different regions with various climates. This knowledge can contribute to the theoretical development of forest ecohydrology and the innovative practice of integrated forest–water management to enhance the balanced supply of hydrological and other ecosystem services from forests.
    Keywords: forest ecohydrology ; stand structure ; spatial distribution ; hydrological process ; ecological process ; scale effect and scaling ; ecohydrological models ; forest&ndash ; water interaction ; integrated forest&ndash ; water management ; forest ecosystem service ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
    Language: English
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  • 57
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: This Special Issue reprint includes one review and fifteen research articles. The review by Palyanova et al. (2023) summarized the available information on the palladian gold and proposed classifying the types of deposits based on the fineness, content, and set of impurities in palladian gold and minerals intergrown with it. Fifteen articles focused on the typomorphic features of native gold from gold deposits in Russia, India, Chile, Scotland, and Canada. This Special Issue aims to identify and generalize the reasons for variations in the compositions of native gold. I hope all the articles in this Special Issue will be helpful and valuable resources for anyone who is interested in native gold and gold deposits. I thank the Authors and Reviewers for their efforts and contributions. I am also grateful to the Editor-in-Chief, Editors and Assistant Editors of Minerals for their help.
    Keywords: geological-industrial types ; ore formations ; typomorphic features of native gold ; gold deposits in the north-east of Russia ; clinopyroxenites ; palladium gold ; platinum group minerals ; chlorite geothermometer ; sulfur isotopic composition ; placers ; gold ; Chile ; gold microchemistry ; gold morphometry ; gold provenance ; Jagpura Au-Cu deposit ; Aravalli Craton ; high fineness gold ; hydrothermal magnetite ; fluid inclusions ; IOCG-IOA type: IOCG-Co (reduced) subtype mineralization ; placer gold ; internal structures ; stages of ore formation ; endogenous and exogenous conditions ; coarse-grained structure ; high-grade shell ; recrystallization ; granulation ; deformation structures ; porpezite ; alkaline-ultrabasic rocks ; Anabar shield ; Siberian Platform ; alluvial gold ; indicator mineral ; compositional studies ; disseminated Au-sulfide mineralization ; orogenic gold deposits ; Yana–Kolyma metallogenic belt ; sulfide microtextures and mineralogy ; stable sulfur isotopes ; mineral chemistry ; source of gold ; typomorphic features ; fineness ; internal structure ; Anabar placer area ; hydrothermal-metasomatic formations ; K-feldspathization ; jasperoids ; ore mineralization ; fault zone ; ore gold ; sulfides ; gold mineralization ; metasomatites ; bismuth ; tellurides ; uytenbogaardtite ; bismoclite ; cervelleite ; native gold ; supergene gold ; the Spokoininsky cluster ; the Aldan-Stanovoy gold province ; the Aldan shield ; Pd,Hg-rich low-fineness gold ; Au-containing potarite ; substitution structure ; Itchaivayam mafic–ultramafic complex (Kamchatka, Russia) ; placer ; typomorphysm ; linear weathered crust ; Sukhoi Log deposit ; gold–sulfide–quartz (gold–arsenic) and gold–sulfide formations ; Polar Urals ; Manitanyrd ridge ; ore occurrences ; ore mineralogy ; sulfur isotopes ; palladian gold ; Pd,Cu,Ag,Hg-bearing gold ; Au-Pd ; Au-Pd-Ag ; Au-Pd-Cu ; Au-Pd-Hg ; Au-Pd-Ag-Cu ; Au-Pd-Ag-Hg ; Au-Pd-Ag-Cu-Hg systems ; minerals in association ; PGE and gold deposits ; T,P,X-conditions of ore formation ; Au-Pd mineralization types ; detrital gold ; gold alloy composition ; mineral inclusions ; indicator minerals ; gold deposit types ; British Columbia ; brannerite ; uranium mineralization ; Ozerninsky ore cluster ; Western Transbaikalia ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning
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  • 58
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: There are about 30,000 plant species that are considered edible, but at present, very few of them are crops grown or cultivated on a commercially significant scale. On the other hand, there are several plants or their parts (leaves, shoots, fruits, seeds, hypogeal organs, and flowers) that are collected in the wild and consumed as raw or cooked food. Ethnobotany may offer a source of inspiration for agriculture, as wild edible species have the potential to lead food systems to be healthier, more sustainable, and resilient to climate change. Good tolerance to several abiotic and biotic stresses, as well as high nutritional value and excellent nutraceutical properties, are common traits of wild plants, making them promising candidates as new crops. Novel approaches for the outdoor/indoor cultivation of wild or underutilized species are needed to provide new opportunities for growers to produce new food categories, which would be particularly appealing to modern consumers. Cultivating wild species is also a way to preserve ethnobotanical heritage and promote genetic diversity. Furthermore, the cultivation of food plants normally gathered in the wild could reduce the health-related risks associated with pollution and biological contamination.
    Keywords: Edible species ; Cultivation systems ; Yield and quality ; New functional foods ; Nutrients ; Secondary metabolites ; Antioxidants ; Food security ; Food safety ; Biodiversity. ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 59
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Biomaterials are natural or artificial materials used to manufacture implants to replace lost or diseased biological structures in order to restore form and function. Biomaterials that require long-term service, such as orthopedic implants, need good physical and chemical stability, such as stainless steel and titanium alloys. The application of metal in biomedicine is becoming more and more common, but due to its various limitations, it is often necessary to modify its surface to obtain better performance and better clinical application. There are many technologies for the surface modification of medical metals, such as laser surface modification, chemical treatment, plasma surface modification, etc., and these technologies are still being developed to meet market demand. This reprint will provide important contributions related to the announced topics, focusing on biomedical metals and the surface modification technologies of biomedical metals.
    Keywords: titanium ; surface modification ; surface topographies ; multifunctional surfaces ; metamaterials ; 4D printing ; ZK60 magnesium ; micro-arc oxidation ; atmospheric plasma spraying ; corrosion ; additive manufacturing ; porous titanium ; implant coatings ; antibacterial agent ; laser cladding ; Ca/P bio-ceramic coating ; biocompatibility ; bioactivity ; wear resistance ; magnetite ; conversion coating ; optimization ; invitro cytotoxicity ; beta titanium alloy ; elastic modulus ; corrosion property ; osseointegration ; Ti-matrix composites (TMCs) ; graphene oxide (GO) ; mechanical properties ; reinforcement ; laser-induced periodic surface structures ; femtosecond laser processing ; functional surfaces ; application ; composite ; 3D printing ; bioresorbable Fe-Cu-hydroxyapatite composite ; titanium alloy ; phosphate layer ; biomaterial ; zinc phosphate ; scholzite ; PVA films ; boric acid ; polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride ; antimicrobial properties ; surface treatment ; titanium alloys ; microstructure ; physicochemical properties ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics
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  • 60
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Steroids are a large group of compounds whose structure is based on a 17-carbon skeleton, with a specific cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Natural steroids have been fine-tuned through evolution to build membranes; act as chemical messengers that regulate metabolic, immune and reproductive functions in animals and stimulate the growth of, or otherwise protect, animal organisms. The steroid core represents a suitable motive for structural modifications. Therefore, a large group of semi-synthetic steroid derivatives have occupied the attention of synthetic chemists as well as medicinal chemists due to their potential biological activity, including anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and (anti)hormonal activities.This Reprint of the Special Issue of Molecules titled “Steroid Compounds with Potential Biological Activity” is dedicated to both experimental and theoretical studies on steroid chemistry, structural biology, biosynthesis, metabolism, and pharmacology. The Issue focuses on the isolation and synthesis of steroid compounds, diverse in origin, as well as their structural characterization and identification. Published articles and reviews relate to in vitro and in silico studies of the pharmacological properties, molecular biology, biochemistry and structural biology of steroids.
    Keywords: 4-azasteroids ; 4-azapregnenes ; aldol condensation ; molecular docking ; antiproliferative activity ; Paracaudina chilensis ; Molpadida ; triterpene glycosides ; chilensosides ; sea cucumber ; cytotoxic activity ; 26-thiodiosgenin ; thiol oxidation ; sulfoxides ; sulfones ; sapogenins ; steroids ; antimicrobial activity ; cytotoxicity ; breast cancer ; endocrine therapy ; endocrine resistance ; aromatase inhibitors ; exemestane ; oxymestane ; anti-cancer properties ; multi-target compounds ; aromatase ; estrogen receptor ; androgen receptor ; Chan–Lam reaction ; diaryl ether ; 13α-estrone ; antiproliferative effect ; tubulin polymerization ; molecular dynamics ; oximes ; chemistry ; antitumor ; anti-inflammatory ; antibacterial ; antifungal ; antiviral ; triterpenoids ; isoprenoid lipids ; anti-neoplastic ; anti-fungal ; anti-bacterial ; anti-viral ; fungal endophytes ; plants ; marine invertebrates ; furanosteroids ; fungi ; marine organisms ; diacetoxy-5α-cholestane ; crystal structure HSA binding ; multi-spectroscopy ; DFT ; steroid dimers ; 1,4-phenylene-linked dimers ; montmorillonite ; DHEA ; cholesterol ; cation channels ; TRPML1 ; bioisostere ; estrogens ; ring cleavage ; protective groups ; pyridines ; pyrimidines ; cyclization ; antimetabolites ; cell growth inhibition ; gene expression ; HeLa cells ; in vitro culture ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 61
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Acousto-optic technologies have increasingly attracted the attention of scientists and engineers. Acousto-optic interactions have become the flexible basis of compact and robust devices for the analysis of the intensity, spectrum, polarization, and other properties of light. In this book, modern trends of acousto-optical spectral technologies, including the fundamentals and optimization of existing techniques, are highlighted and discussed. This reprint provides a forum for reports on technical developments that allow the spectral analysis of various objects to take place. The goal of this reprint is to provide readers with an overview of the hot topics and the state of the art regarding the applications of acousto-optic techniques, including new materials and structures, theoretical and experimental studies of light diffraction by ultrasonic waves, spectroscopy, and spectral imaging.
    Keywords: acousto-optics ; phased-array piezoelectric transducers ; acousto-optic materials ; anisotropic Bragg diffraction ; acousto-optic devices ; spectral imaging ; acousto-optic interaction ; image quality ; confocal scheme ; collimating scheme ; AOTF spectrometer ; in situ measurement ; lunar surface ; terahertz radiation ; diffraction ; liquefied inert gas ; transparent electrode ; mesh structure ; sheet resistance ; transparency ; groove ; lithography ; chemical deposition ; shielding efficiency ; acousto-optic crystals ; propagation of acoustic waves ; non-destructive testing ; impulse acoustic microscopy ; AOTF ; AutoML ; feature wavelength selection ; near infrared detection system ; aberrations ; coordinate mapping ; figure of merit ; monoclinic crystal ; potassium rare-earth tungstate ; two-dimensional phononic crystals ; fused silica ; finite element method ; polarization of acoustic waves ; acousto–optic interaction ; acousto-optic ; tunable filter ; surface plasmon resonance ; surface electromagnetic wave spectroscopy ; thin film thickness ; wavelength and angular interrogation ; refractive index sensing ; AOTF spectral imager ; geometric calibration of AO crystal ; spectral response ; imaging aberrations ; tuning curve ; acousto-optic interaction geometry ; polar angular analysis ; tolerance analysis ; spectral imaging system ; polarization multiplexed ; high throughput ; color reproduction ; spectral power distribution ; Bragg diffraction ; multi-wavelength light filtration ; image processing ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics::PHJ Optical physics
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  • 62
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 147-193 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Certain variations of ciliary activity in the lamellibranch gill occur which are an intrinsic part of the gill tissue and which are due to causes other than environmental changes. Experimental and morphological evidence indicates that the central nervous system is not involved in the production of these variations.A comparative study of laterofrontal and lateral ciliated cells leads to the conclusion that the coordination impulse passes through the cytoplasm of the cell and that the velocity of the propagation wave is influenced by the number of cell walls per unit length through which it passes. It is suggested that the ciliary rootlets in the laterfrontal cells, due to their arrangement bring the impulse simultaneously to both rows of cilia within a single cell.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 63
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 243-289 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An investigation of the spermiogenesis of Succinea ovalis Say, a small terrestrial pulmonate, has revealed: 1) The germ cells are differentiated from indifferent germinal epithelial cells. In this form the germinal epithelium is a true epithelium, and not a syncytium. 2) Forty chromosomes are found in the spermatogonial divisions and twenty in the maturation divisions. 3) Early in spermiogenesis the proximal centriole penetrates through the spermatid nucleus and, with the oxychromatin, forms an intranuclear rod similar to that reported for certain prosobranches. The homology and significance of the rod are discussed. 4) Of the cytoplasmic structures, the mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus were followed through all stages of spermatogenesis. 5) At the maturation divisions the mitochondria are grouped into peculiar. thread-like structures. Some of the mitochondria take part in the formation of the sheath around the axial filament of the spermatozoon, while the remainder are sloughed off with the cytoplasmic remnant. 6) The Golgi apparatus consists of a number of banana-shaped rods closely grouped around the idiosome. Three to five Golgi rods are found in the spermatid stages. A portion of the Golgi apparatus and idisome (acroblast) forms the acrosome, and the Golgi remnant is discarded at the end of spermatogenesis. 7) In mature sperm both head and tail have a spiral structure. The origin and nature of the spirals are pointed out.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The blood cells of the African lungfish, Protopterus ethiopicus, are very large and resemble those of urodeles. Leucocytes are especially plentiful and rich in variety, including eosinophils, special eosinophils, [meta-eosinophils] with atypical granules, monocytes, thrombocytes, lymphocytes, and basophils.The chief hemocytopoietic organs are the spleen, intestine, and kidneys. The lungfish spleen, embedded in the wall of the stomach, represents an intermediate phylogenetic stage between the disperse intra-enteral type of the hagfish and the compact extra-enteral type of other vertebrates.Erythrocytes are formed in the spleen pulp, granulocytes in the granulocytopoietic organ of the intestine and in the capsules of kidneys, gonads, and spleen. Thrombocytes and monocytes are differentiated in the spleen and general circulation. Basophils arise in the spleen and intestine. Lymphoid cells of all types arise in the spleen. Evidence is presented bearing upon the hemocytopoietic capacity of the various types. Cells with [Russell bodies] also occur in the spleen.In lungfishes subjected to long periods of dry estivation, erythrocytopoiesis practically ceases. Granulocytes, however, appear to play an important rǒle, possibly in fat metabolism. The large variety of meta-eosinophils, a unique feature of the lungfish, appears to be associated with the habit of estivation.Recovery from estivation may show numerous amitoses of erythrocytes in the general circulation. Other cells which divide in this manner are young thrombocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphoid hemoblasts.
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  • 65
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 597-612 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The acrosome in Desmognathus, Spelerpes, Plethodon, salamander, Amphiuma, etc., is attached to the nucleus in connection with an acrosome seat, which forms a shallow cup, traced back to a number of granules in the early spermatid. A postnuclear plate is present in the above-mentioned urodeles, and is derived from a small number of minute granules which assemble in the spermatid and become fixed onto the nuclear membrane. The centrosomes of the spermatid are visible intravitam. The ‘vacuome’ is formed of minute neutral-red-staining globules embedded in the idiozome. No connection appears to exist between mitochondria and Golgi bodies, as is postulated by the vacuome-chondriome hypothesis (Parat).
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This paper presents a study of the normal histology of the digestive tract of an herbivorous teleost, the minnow Campostoma anomalum (Raflnesque). The tunics of the buccal cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and intestine are described; particular attention is given to the mucosa because of the specializations occurring in that coat, such as taste buds, goblet cells, callous pad, etc. Because of the very decided anatomical and histological differences existing between the anterior and posterior regions of the pharynx, due to the presence of a callous pad and pharyngeal teeth, it has been deemed advisable to consider the pharynx as divisible into an anterior and a posterior region. Thyroid tissue was found in the submucosa of the anterior pharynx. No gastric epithelium was demonstrated, the ‘intestinal bulb,’ the only enlargement of the coelomic portion of the digestive tube, being lined with epithelium presenting only minor differences from that found in the coiled tubular intestine.
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    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 115-153 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This study is based upon a series of ontogenetic stages from just before coelom formation to maturity.Primordial germ ceils are first seen at the outer edge of the lateral mesoderm and are traced from there to a position in the genital analagen. Counts indicate that most of them succeed in reaching the genital anlagen, where they from definitive reproductive cells in both sexes.The evidence seems to show that there is some transformation of somatic cells into germ cells in the immature female, but that this transformation is not extensive. In the male the primordial germ cells are the sole source of the definitive elements.
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  • 68
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    Notes: The detailed spawning habits and hatching period are described. The larval period is divided into the inactive, when the yolk is the source of food, and the active period, when food is captured. The rate of growth and transformation of the larvae into fry is described.The cell formation passes into a syncytial period, when there are produced many nuclei without cytoplasm.c division. Around these nuclei, the cytoplasm collects to give rise to more cells. The method by which mucous cells are produced is described and also the presence of secretion masses in both the mucous cells and the syncytium of the mucosa.
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  • 69
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    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 513-523 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The teleost fish Brachydanio rerio is strikingly marked with longitudinal black stripes, which extend into the caudal fin and across the anal fin. Removal of the anal fin is followed by complete regeneration of the fin and of its normal color pattern. Microphotographic studies show that melanophores are at first uniformly distributed in the regenerating tissue and that later the melanophores disintegrate in the zone of the future light stripe and increase in the region of the future dark stripe. Observations on the normal development of the fin where the history of the individual melanophores has been followed show the same mode of formation of the stripes.
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  • 70
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    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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  • 71
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    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 545-595 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Study of living and sectioned material throughout the life cycle shows the germ-cell history from fertilized egg to sexual maturity. This can be divided into the following five periods with definite limits: Original appearance during cleavage, period of inactivity, period of multiplication, maturation, and fertilization. Primordial germ cells of characteristic structure can be recognized just before gastrulation, when there is one large germ cell in the mass of mesoderm on either side of the blastocoel. After one division in each of these two cells, the four daughter cells remain inactive, while the remainder of the mesoderm differentiates, until division is resumed in the developing gonad. An indefinite number of gametes is produced. All are direct descendants of the two original primordial germ cells. Transformation of somatic cells into germ cells does not occur nor do germ cells become somatic cells. Cell lineage shows the two primordial germ cells to be derived from the third division of the paired mesoderm cells which have arisen by an equal division of the fourth micromere produced by cell D of the four-cell stage. Details of meiosis have not been ascertained, because of the small size of the chromosomes, their large number, and the difficulty of fixation. Nothing forecasts which primordial germ cells will become ova and which spermatozoa.
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  • 72
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    Notes: Three types of cell inclusions are demonstrated within the general protoplasm of the binucleated Protoplina, parasites of Hyla aurea. These are considered to represent mitochondria, together with associated, synthesized vegetative granules and Golgi bodies, as evidenced by their behavior, morphology, and staining reactions.The Golgi material is shown to consist of irregularly twisted rods and granules scattered at random in the cytoplasm, but possessing a very distinctive morphology and reaction to different techniques when compared with the mitochondria. No relationship could be detected between these vegetative structures and the cilia, as has been previously described.These observations have also been extended to a similar study of the cytoplasmic organs of Nyctotherus cordiformis, and it has been possible to demonstrate Golgi bodies of a similar appearance within this organism as well as to show again the nature of the basal granules and their relationship to the cilia.The procedure of identifying the mitochondria elements with great care is recommended as a preliminary means of studying the Golgi apparatus of Protozoa, particularly where osmication techniques are used exclusively.
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  • 73
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    Notes: It is shown that in Prorhynchus applanatus there exists a type of yolk elaboration which has hitherto not been reported. Formation is within the nucleus through the growth and fusion of nucleoli, but the yolk globule becomes larger than the original nucleolus. The developing individual utilizes the food material contained in the yolk cells in the following order: (1) cytoplasm of the yolk cell, (2) yolk bodies contained in this cytoplasm, (3) intranuclear yolk, (4) nucleoplasm. It is also shown that the germ cells in this form arise from the endoderm by diapedesis, but that the yolk cells are mesenchymal in origin. The sequence of formation of male and female gametes precludes the possibility of the presence of sex hormones such as are found in higher forms.
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  • 74
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    Notes: A comparative study has been made of fifteen species and subspecies of rodents to determine the range in number and variation in morphology of their chromosomes. The number range is between 40 and 86±, with an average number for known species of 52. In the family of Cricetidae there is little variation in chromosome number and a general similarity of the chromosomes. In the Muridae the range for known species is 40 to 42, but the chromosome morphology even of subspecies may be quite different. In Sciuridae a range of 48 to 62 has been found in different species. The greatest range in number is found in the Heteromyidae, 44 and 86± chromosomes having been found in two species. It is concluded that the stem number for rodents is close to 48 and that fragmentation and fusion account for variation in numbers, and these affect the morphology of the chromosomes. The evidence also indicates that variations in morphology are due to translocations and inversions, and possibly deletions accompanied by translocations.
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    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 429-483 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: There are in scorpions two sharply contrasting types in respect to the mode of distribution of the chondriosomes to the sperm cells. In one of these the chondriosomes, spheroidal in form and nearly definite in number, are sorted out whole without division during the spermatocyte divisions, their number being thus reduced successively to one-half and one-fourth. This type occurs in Opisthacanthus, Hadrurus, Vejovis, Euscorpius, and Palamnaeus. In the other, as yet known only in Centrurus, all the chondriosomes fuse during the spermatocyte growth period to form a single ring-shaped body; and this, during the two ensuing mitoses, is accurately divided into two, four, and eight equal parts, of which each spermatid receives two. In both types alike the chondrioma is thus distributed very nearly equally to the sperm cells, but by widely contrasting processes; and in both types the spermatid chondriosomes are drawn out to form the sheath of the axial filament in the sperm tail. In Opisthacanthus there are indications of a definite process of dictyokinesis during the spermatocyte divisions.These facts are discussed in the light of the general history of the chondriosomes in other animals, with especial reference to more general problems of cell division. The present vagueness and uncertainty of our knowledge of cell division and differentiation are emphasized.
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    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 593-607 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study is concerned with the interrelationship existing among the polymorphie soldier castes of six representative subgenera of the genus Nasutitermes. By measurements of anatomical parts and camera-lucida drawings, an attempt has been made to compare these particular subgenera on a basis of gradual divergence of certain structures. For this purpose a series of tables was compiled in which apparently unstable structures were compared to a relatively stable figure in all available species of the selected subgenera.According to my findings, it was concluded that there is no strict correspondence between the major, intermediate, and minor castes of different subgenera of the genus Nasutitermes. Particular reference is made to the work of N. Holmgren ('12) and to that of J. S. Huxley on heterogonic growth.
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    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 195-205 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Notes: The branchial nerve of Mytilus edulis, traced by means of serial sections, has been found to be limited entirely to the epithelial and connective tissues bordering the axis of the gills. Most of the numerous branches which originate from the branchial nerve extend posteriorly and lie close to the interfibrillar matrix of the connective tissue which supports the epithelium of this region. Fibers of these nerves have been traced to this epithelium.The chitinous supporting structures of the gills lie in close proximity to these nerves, yet neither nerves nor nerve fibers have been observed to penetrate them. Moreover, a careful study of the gill tissues fails to reveal the presence of structures which might be interpreted as nerves or nerve fibers.Since no innervation of the gills has been demonstrated, it seems probable that the ciliary activity of the gill epithelium is not regulated by means of fibers connected with the central nervous system.
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  • 78
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    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 291-307 
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    Notes: Spironympha is discussed as valid genus. It was described by Koidzumi ('16); later it was redescribed by the same author as Microspironympha ('21). Therefore, according to the rules of nomenclature, it is Spironympha.The genus is compared with the related genera: Spirotrichonympha, Holomastigotes, and Microjoenia.Spironympha is characterized by four flagellar bands which are spirally wound around the anterior part of the body; these bands occur only in the anterior end, whereas in Spirotrichonympha they extend almost to the posterior end. The parabasals are few in number, and they are attached to the basal granules of the flagellar bands; the anterior end is clear and almost free from cytoplasmic granules; and there are twenty to thirty anterior flagella which are attached to the base of the centroblepharoplast or to the basal granules of the flagellar bands. An axostyle is present.No centrosome occurs within the nucleus, but the centroblepharoplast has this kinetic function.Spironympha ovalis is described as a new species. It is ovoid; the average size is 38 μ to 44 μ. An axostyle is present. The host is Reticulitermes hesperus Banks.
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    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 1-117 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Notes: Four functional types of viviparity are recognized, and the last, pseudoplacento viviparity, is illustrated by a review of the embryogeny of a species of Polyctenidae. This insect normally has ten embryos in the reproductive tract in successive stages of development. The problem of fertilization is discussed, for there seems to be no spermatheca and spermatic clumps are present in the haemocoel. No organ of Berlese can be found. One, apparently a nymph, when sectioned revealed spermatozoa in even greater abundance than the mature females. Four to six of her offspring would seem to be paedogenetic.Females liberate ova that are yolk-free, and no chorion is secreted about them. Blastomeres are distinct, the embryonic envelopes are formed as usual, and hemipteran embryology occurs. The trophserosa functions until blastokinesis takes place, when the pleuropodial extensions evaginate and encompass the embryo which now lies in a pleuropodial cavity. The pleuropodia function as Lutrient organs, or psedoplacenta, until shortly before birth. At birth the embryo is a little more than one-third the adult body length and bears strongly developed setae.
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    Notes: A morphologic study of the labyrinth, especially on the perilymphatic space with its physiologic aspect, is presented in this paper. The perilymphatic space starts its development with the chondrification of the auditory capsule, and is completed by the end of the first third of metamorphosis. The author divides the whole spatium into two parts: the ductus perilymphaticus et diverticula and the pars spongiosa spati perilymphatici. The ductus perilymphaticus et diverticula may play an important rǒle in carrying out the functions of both equilibrium and audition. The pars spongiosa serves not only to fasten the membranous labyrinth to the capsular wall, but acts as a safeguard for the functions of both the membranous labyrinth and the ductus perilymphaticus et diverticula. The ductus system may have more important physiologic relations than does the membranous labyrinth in connection with the cranial cavity and spinal cord, as to the change of pressure, the transmission of vibrations, the osmosis of fluids, etc. A number of microscopic and schematic figures are shown with reference to the anatomic and morphologic relations of the membranous labyrinth, auditory capsule, and spatium perilymphaticum.
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    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 309-318 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Notes: This investigation was made to demonstrate the direction of the current of a perfusing fluid (hence that of blood in nature) inside the so-called [renal-portal] vein of birds and to determine if this vein has any fine capillaries in the kidney substance. A domesticated male duck was anaesthetized with ether, and a warm saline (mixed with a little urea and urine) was passed through the aorta. The [renal-portal] vein was also perfused with the same fluid through the left internal iliac vein. At first the kidneys actively secreted semisolid urine, but gradually the strength of the latter varied from a milky to a watery fluid.Later, a warm carmine solution was perfused through the left internal iliac vein, and the path of the dye could be easily traced along the whole length of the left renal afferent (left [renal-portal] vein) and its final exit through the postcaval vein. The posterior lobe of the left kidney was partially tinged with red, probably due to diffusion, since the kidney substance should have taken a uniform red hue if there was any definite capillary system. The coccygeomesenteric vein contained no dye.These results (coupled with actual caliber measurements of the two [renal-portal] veins in duck and pigeon examined, the calibers of these veins increasing gradually posteroanteriorly) indicate that: 1) blood flows anteriorly in the [renal-portal] vein; 2) this vein does not break up into capillaries in the kidney substance, but receives larger affluent veins; 3) there is no [renal-portal] system in birds; 4) the urine secreted by birds is always semisolid.
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    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 467-525 
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    Notes: The general morphological and histological evidence accumulated by this study suggests the following facts: 1Under out-of-door conditions, in the vicinity of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, embryonic development begins at deposition and continues to the middle or late spring, when hatching occurs. The postembryonic development is completed during the summer. Copulation and oviposition occur in the late summer and early fall.2The embryonic development may be divided as follows: aThe prerevolution period, in which the rudiments of organs and systems are formed.bThe early-revolution period, during which the direction of the embryo in the egg is reversed.cThe late-revolation period, or time of yolk circumcrescence and completion of the dorsal wall of the embryo.dThe postrevolution period. comprising development from yolk engulfment to hatching.3The sexes are differentiated during the early- and late-revolution periods.4In the differentiation of the genital rudiments, a) the germ cells are segregated into groups; b) and indifferent mesodermal element grows in among the germ cells of such a group; c) the processes of this cell (the apical cell) form intimate connections with the processes of connective-tissue elements surrounding the germ-cell group; and, d) the covering membrane of the genital rudiment grows in between the various germ-connective-tissue cell groups, completing the rudiment of the follicle.5When the adult condition is reached the testis is functionally differentiated.
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    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 527-543 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A vacuome (‘Golgi apparatus’) consisting of small globular inclusions has been demonstrated in Chlamydomonas sp. These inclusions may be seen in the living, unstained organism; they are stainable vitally with neutral red; they have been stained vitally with neutral red and then blackened with osmic vapor under direct observation, and they have been impregnated by osmic and silver methods without previous treatment with neutral red.The reaction of these inclusions to the iodin test for starch suggests that they may play some rǒle, possibly one of storage, in the cycle of starch metabolism.
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  • 84
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    Notes: Homologous chromosomes entering parasynapsis are already split. This split evidently originates in each chromosome in the resting period prior to the last spermatogonial division. In the prophase of this division the daughter chromonemata in each halfchromosome were probably incompletely separated, but the succeeding telophase effects the completion of their separation. These processes are accompanied and suceeded by an elongation, straightening, and general paralleling of the split threads and by an elongation of the cell and its nuclear space.Parasynapsis begins with intimate approximation of the daughter threads in each homologue and is continued by approximation of the homologues at the usual [bouquet] and [zygotene] periods. There results the [diplotene] thread, which therefore consists of four completely distinct strands, but which exhibits a [two-strand] appearance due to parasynapsis between daughter chromonemata being further advanced than that between homologues.The pairing process begins at the distal ends and proceeds proximally. With parasynapsis complete, the nucleus enters the [diffuse] stage On emergence, disjunction is seen to have progressed from the distal ends to near the proximal ends in each pair and the [tetrads] have taken form. In the prephase that follows each strand in a tetrad may [crimp] independently, and with the condensation and matrix (?) formation that accompany it there results the spermatocyte ‘tetrad.’
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    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 373-433 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Notes: An investigation into the number of chromosomes in thirty-seven species of Aphidiae belonging to twenty-seven geaera has shown that there is but one sex chromosome in the male cells of all but one species of Aphididae. That exceptional species is Euceraphis betulae Koch.The number of chromosomes and body characters are so closely correlated that we can safely judge the evolutional scale of any aphid by its number of chromosomes.In Aphididae the least number of chromosomes seems to be the most primitive.The number of chromosomes varies with the genera. The highest number is 1811 + X = 37 chromosomes, the lowest being 211 + X = 5 (diploid in male).The increase in the number of chromosomes seems to have been brought about by transverse divisions of the primitive chromosomes.The genus Tuberolachnus with 311 + X = 4 elements (♂) represents altogether different chromosomes characters from the genus Pterochlorus with 8 elements.In the genera Periphyllus and Calaphis there are species with a small m-element which is bivalent.
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    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 47-89 
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    Notes: In an investigation of the hatchability of eggs from hens fed on a diet deficient in vitamin E Card found that all embryos from these eggs died during development. Study of these chicks showed that a variety of conditions were responsible for death:During early development the rate of growth and differentiation was definitely slower than under normal conditions, but malformations were rare. Some embryos died during the first two days, due to disintegration of the circulatory system or its failure to become established. At the end of the fourth day there was a definite critical period which few specimens survived and by this time distinet pathological conditions had arisen in extra-embryonic structures. These involved wiping out of the vitelline circulation by establishment of a lethal ring in the blastoderm. This structure was produced by intensive cell proliferation in the mesoderm which resulted in choking out vitelline blood vessels and their subsequent degeneration. It also caused obliteration of the exocoele, with consequent failure of the allantois to expand. In addition, many embryos showed profuse haemorrage into the exocoele. The source of bleeding was most frequently in the atrium of the heart, and at the actual rupture peculiar cells occurred which were probably histiocytic mesenchyme cells.Although death was due directly to causes enumerated above, the ultimate responsibility rests upon conditions set up by them, namely: starvation, asphyxiation, and loss of the medium (blood) by which to carry on metabolic exchange.
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    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 435-465 
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    Notes: In some insects the selection of individuals which recover in equal periods of time from immersion in water may be used to obtain material of approximately uniform physiological state; Drosophila melanogaster, Meigen, was found to have a mean of recovery for the males 0.97 ± 0.542 minute later than the females, which would indicate a lower metabolic rate for the males. The Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newm., was found to have a mean of recovery from immersion in water of both sexes the same in August, while in September the males were retarded by 8.1 as compared with females. This would indicate that the males have and equal me abolic rate in August with the females and a lower rate in September. Carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and nitrogen produce in the flies a condition of asphyxiation similar to immersion in water. [Vestigial] flies recover from immersion in water in a fashion similar to ‘wild’ flies.The recovery periods from immersion in water in the flies can be used to group individuals into those possessing approximately equal egg-laying capacities and to isolate spent individuals from others still capable of laying eggs. Yeast appears to be more of a stimulant to egg laying than it is to larval growth. Groups of flies which were fed yeast were found to average 71 per cent increase in egg laying over groups of flies that were not fed yeast. The O2 consumption of the groups of flies actively laying eggs, as contrasted with the groups which were not so active, was found in the former to be 32.9 per cent greater.
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    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 91-113 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Notes: This paper discusses very briefly the ultraviolet microscope and the developments which have led to a successful technique for optically sectioning living cells; also the ultraviolet photomicrographs of living sperm cells of certain grasshoppers, which show clearly the spinning out of the chromonema from solid blocks of the diatene stage, the pairing of same in the leptotene stage, the development of the tetrads, the final distribution of the chromosomes in the resulting spermatids and their return to a spiral chromonema, each inclosed in its own vesicle. The details of the cytoplasm are equally well brought out.
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    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 165-194 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Neutral-red staining in Daphnia, legume seeds, starfish eggs, and Palaemonetes shows reactions to temperature changes which may be correlated with the thermal reactions of enzymes.
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 93
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The oldest parts of the fibrous, cartilaginous, and bony head skeleton of vertebrates descend from the amphioxid ancestors of the myxinoid fishes. The skeleton of the velum and jaw bars of the amphioxids transform into the jaw apparatus and hyoid-velar head skeleton of the myxinoids, and some parts are passed on by inheritance to the teleostome fishes (sturgeons). These anatomical characters prove descent with modification. The theory of the origin of jaws and hyoid from branchial cartilages is not supported by the facts, as both jaws and hyoid structures were developed long before branchial cartilages furnished material for head building. The Velata, the oldest of living vertebrates, include the amphioxids and marsipobranchs, and are marked off from the higher forms by the important organ, the velum, which separates the prebranchial from the branchial head. A remnant of the velum inherited by all of the higher vertebrates is the hyoid mechanism - an important anatomical landmark.
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  • 94
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 485-511 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This work was designed to determine the ontogenetic variability of the morphology of mitochondria of the hepatic cell.The mitochondria of the cells of the hepatic diverticulum are minute spheres. These spheres enlarge, become associated, forming beaded filaments, which in turn become smooth filaments, the process culminating in the twenty-day fetus. There is no individual or lobular variabillty in fetuses of a given length. One-half day before birth the above process is reversed, so that separate spheres are found in the eight- to twelve-hour young. This enlargement and enspherulation are accompanied by an accumulation of large quantities of glycogen. After this age, the spheres become associated into beaded filaments again and the glycogen disappears, the cycle ending at thirty-three hours. From two to eight days of age there is great individual variability.Mitochondrial morphology characterstic of the adult is first found in the fourteen-day young, when cells contain long, smooth or beaded filaments, rods, and spheres. There is no lobular variation as to types of mitochondria, but only in numbers, the cells around the central vein containing fewer mitochondria than other cells of the lobule. Variation between individuals after birth is due to something other than age, type of food, period of digestion, and length of starvation. Fat is formed within spherical chondriosomes.
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  • 95
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 525-533 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: There are twenty-seven spermatogonial chromosomes in Tenoder'a sinensis, three of which are larger than the others and lag behind in anaphase. These three chromosomes have been traced through the prophases of the first spermatocyte to the metaphase, where they appear as a hexad. In the first spermatocyte division two of the constituent diads of the hexad pass to one pole, the remaining one to the other, thus giving rise to two types of second spermatocytes, one with thirteen and the other with fourteen chromosomes. There are twenty-eight chromosomes in somatic metaphases of the female; four of these chromosomes are larger than the others. The sex chromosomes of the male are represented by the formula Xa + Y + Xb, that of the female by 2Xa + 2Xb.Similar conditions are reported for Mantis religiosa and Stagmomantis carolina.
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  • 96
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 613-618 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The onset of hibernation in Melanoplus differentialis eggs kept at high temperatures is accompanied by a fairly abrupt cessation of cell division. The total number of mitotic figures present in the different individuals of a series of embryos of this grasshopper, from eggs kept for eighteen to twenty days at 25°C. from the time of saying, was found to vary between 1000 and 4400. In contrast to the conditions found in eggs of this age, embryos from eggs kept twenty-seven days at 25°C., as well as those older and still in the hibernating state, contained few or no dividing cells. During the course of the work it was found that, in rare cases, hibernation failed to occur, a few or many of the eggs developed without a pause when kept at 25°C., and hatched at approximately the thirty-eighth day. The detection of variations in the rate of mitotic activity over short periods, as originally planned, was found impossible, because of the comparatively small number of embryos used.
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  • 97
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 155-164 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Some pathological effects of supersonic waves produced by the piezo-electric oscillator described by Wood and Loomis ('27) are described.Death of fish and frogs was due to haemolysis of erythrocytes within the gill capillaries. Disruption of gill filaments, trauma, and extravasation in the head and gill region and in the peripheral musculature were noted.No effect on the nervous system was apparent histologically.Organisms were not killed in water under hyper- or hyponormal pressures. In these cases no cavitation of gases took place.Isolated frog sartorius muscle in Ringer's was not damaged.Bubbles of gas were easily observed within the muscle cells of the tadpoles when such cells were not more violently disturbed. Such bubbles were abundant in the more fluid muscles of four- or five-day tadpoles, less abundant in 15- to 35-mm. Lebistes, and entirely lacking in adult frog sartorius. Protoplasmic viscosity differences probably explain the gradient.The above-observed intracellular cavitation explains the muscular destruction, the haemolysis, the change in specific gravity of organisms subjected to the wave treatment, and may offer light upon the stimulatory effect of such waves on excitable tissues (compare Harvey, '28).
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  • 98
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 195-215 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In this paper evidence is given in support of the author's statements (Rees, '30) that in ciliates in the genus Diplodinium a neuromotor apparatus, as described and figured by Sharp ('14), could not be differentiated. For the study of minute anatomy ciliates were cut into serial sections 3 μ thick. The body which in D. medium appeared to correspond to the motorium of D. ecaudatum was shown to be a fold of the middle layer of ectoplasm. Fibers, described and figured by Sharp as connecting the motorium to the organelles of locomotion and of food taking and to a ring about the esophagus, could not be differentiated. Other fibers which Sharp designated as opercular were shown to be part of a fibrillar complex extending throughout the middle layer and the inner boundary layer of ectoplasm. The walls of the esophagus were shown to be formed by the fused middle and inner layers of the ectoplasm. The esophageal fibers therefore belong also to the above-mentioned fibrillar complex. In D. medium a system of esophageal membranelles was differentiated, described, and figured. The ciliary systems of Paramaecium ecaudatum and of Diplodinium medium were shown to be strikingly similar. The principle of descent from a common ancestor adequately explains the above similarity, but is out of harmony with the discrepancies between Sharp's account of D. ecaudatum and this account of D. medium.
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  • 99
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 249-275 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The flagella of the endodermal cells of hydra have their origin in the form of a cytoplasmic spherule which appears on the cell membrane just above the blepharoplast. This spherule moves outward, and in doing so forms a small cylinder, which, in time, flattens down into a ribbon-like flagellum, the edge of which is slightly thickened. Endodermal cells were found to bear from one to five of these flagella. Dissociated endodermal cells become amoeboid and are able to move about quite freely, taking up particles of food with pseudopods; these cells are also able to elaborate flagella. In the normal well-fed hydra the endodermal cells are found to fragment endogenously; these endogenous fragments pass to the tentacles and other outlying regions, where they are taken up by the endo-epithelio cells lining these regions. The endoderm is frequently thrown into villi of quite large size: these villi, when studied over a period of days, are found to deteriorate; the cells which composed them wander to the tentacles, buds, and basal regions by means of their flagella and amoeboid movement, where they deteriorate, the cell particles being taken up by the epithelio cells lining these areas.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 277-307 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The most important conclusion of this investigation is that the vacuome and the classical Golgi apparatus are independent cell components in the oocytes of Ophiocephalus and Rita. The same conclusion has been arrived at by Nath in Rana tigrina. The vacuoles, the Golgi elements, and the mitochondria can be seen intra vitam side by side.In Ophiocephalus the vacuoles give rise to albuminous yolk, as has been rightly claimed by Hibbard for Discoglossus and by Hibbard and Parat for Perca and Pygosteus. The Golgi elements give rise to the fatty yolk as in so many other forms of oogenesis described by Nath and others.In Rita the fate of the vacuoles and the Golgi elements is unknown, as the fish suddenly disappeared from the Ravi during the spawning period.
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