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  • Articles  (9,686)
  • American Geophysical Union  (5,520)
  • Springer Nature  (2,408)
  • American Meteorological Society  (1,758)
  • American Physical Society (APS)
  • 2010-2014  (9,167)
  • 2000-2004
  • 1930-1934  (519)
  • 2011  (9,167)
  • 1931  (519)
  • Geosciences  (9,686)
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  • Articles  (9,686)
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Publisher
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  • 2010-2014  (9,167)
  • 2000-2004
  • 1930-1934  (519)
Year
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  • 1
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    The Issue of Uncertainty for the River Watershed: Data Analysis of Scaled Space and Time Variability (2011)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-07
    Description: The issue of uncertainty is the basis for any application of knowledge (“Uncertainty is an attribute of information.” From L. Zadeh, 2005) and has to be one of the main tasks in Earth’s systems study. Knowledge about natural systems may be only obtained by the analysis of the empirical (instrumental) data. Uncertainty starts from unveiling of the research task by the researcher. The main source of uncertainty comes from the natural system “extraction” (unit’s boundaries) for modeling and limitations of data representing both time and space variability. The consideration of uncertainty is placed in context of time and space with use of the U.S. part of the Great Lakes watershed as an example. All possible empirical (instrumental) data were used for this research. Data analysis was completed for river discharge, precipitation and air temperatures. Results of data analysis provide a base for regionalization, a multi-scaled description of the structure of river watersheds and their interaction with climate characteristics, and uncertainty of the obtained knowledge. The consideration of uncertainty in research helps practical applications like water balance estimations for conservation and/or management of water resources of different scales, and educating the public/communities about environmental issues.
    Electronic ISSN: 1756-0357
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Geosciences , Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 2
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    Assisting natural forest regeneration in Northern Ethiopia: one intervention is not enough (2011)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-09
    Description: Management strategies aimed at rehabilitating degraded and cleared forests often rely on temporary or permanent exclusion of herbivores (wild animals, livestock or both). But in many cases, this simple management technique is not sufficient to induce ecosystem restoration: many negative effects keep the ecosystem in a suboptimal, low biomass state. The presence of such stable states requires restoration measures to act on multiple stress factors simultaneously.Compensating for all limiting factors is neither practically nor economically feasible. But detailed knowledge about the autoecology of tree species – i.e. their site requirements, regeneration strategies and recruitment dynamics – may be used to tailor management to the most pertinent problems. Here we illustrate this approach with results from forest restoration experiments in grazing exclosures in northern Ethiopia using African wild olive (Olea europaea ssp. cuspidata) as a representative Afromontane climax species.The recruitment of African wild olive is affected by seed limitation, restricted seed dispersal and germination and survival limitation. The exclusion of grazing animals as a single measure to restore forest is not enough. Degraded grazing land moves into a state dominated by persistent shrubs, arresting forest succession and discouraging local stakeholders. Direct sowing or planting of seedlings in fertile patches under selected pioneer shrubs, however, may help to overcome this form of bush encroachment, in particular during years with an above-average rainfall.
    Electronic ISSN: 1756-0357
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Geosciences , Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology , Medicine
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  • 3
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    Convergence of atmospheric and North Atlantic CO2 trends on multidecadal timescales (2011)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-09
    Description: The oceans’ carbon uptake substantially reduces the rate of anthropogenic carbon accumulation in the atmosphere1, and thus slows global climate change. Some diagnoses of trends in ocean carbon uptake have suggested a significant weakening in recent years2-8, while others conclude that decadal variability confounds detection of long-term trends9-11. Here, we study trends in observed surface ocean partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in three gyre-scale biomes of the North Atlantic, considering decadal to multidecadal timescales between 1981 and 2009. Trends on decadal timescales are of variable magnitudes and depend sensitively on the precise choice of years. As more years are considered, oceanic pCO2 trends begin to converge to the trend in atmospheric pCO2. North of 30oN, it takes 25 years for the influence of decadal-timescale climate variability to be overcome by a long-term trend that is consistent with the accumulation of anthropogenic carbon. In the permanently stratified subtropical gyre, warming has recently become a significant contributor to the observed increase in oceanic pCO2. This warming, previously attributed to both a multidecadal climate oscillation and anthropogenic climate forcing12,13, is beginning to reduce ocean carbon uptake.
    Electronic ISSN: 1756-0357
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Geosciences , Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 4
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    Positive disruption (2011)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-03
    Description: The Great Disruption: How the Climate Crisis will Transform the Global Economy by Paul Gilding
    Print ISSN: 1758-678X
    Electronic ISSN: 1758-6798
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 5
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    Emissions markets out East (2011)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-05-22
    Description: India and China's schemes to reduce greenhouse gases may be delayed and imperfect, but they should be applauded.
    Print ISSN: 1758-678X
    Electronic ISSN: 1758-6798
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 6
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    Ecology: Dishing the dirt on carbon cycling (2011)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-03
    Description: The roles that microorganisms play in carbon storage are not fully understood. Now modelling results show that the activity of a single group of soil fungi may significantly enhance ecosystem carbon-storage capacity.
    Print ISSN: 1758-678X
    Electronic ISSN: 1758-6798
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 7
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    Building world narratives for climate change impact, adaptation and vulnerability analyses (2011)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-03
    Description: The impacts of climate change on human systems depend not only on the level of emissions but also on how inherently vulnerable these systems are to the changing climate. The large uncertainties over future development and structure of societies and economies mean that the assessment of climate change effects is complex. One way to deal with this complexity is by using scenario analysis that takes account of these socio-economic differences. The challenge is to identify the dimensions along which societies and economies evolve over time in such a way as to cover sufficiently different vulnerability patterns. This conceptual effort is critical for the development of informative scenarios. Here, we identify three dimensions that take into account the most relevant factors that define the vulnerability of human systems to climate change and their ability to adapt to it.
    Print ISSN: 1758-678X
    Electronic ISSN: 1758-6798
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 8
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    Losers and winners in coral reefs acclimatized to elevated carbon dioxide concentrations (2011)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-05-29
    Description: Experiments have shown that ocean acidification due to rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations has deleterious effects on the performance of many marine organisms. However, few empirical or modelling studies have addressed the long-term consequences of ocean acidification for marine ecosystems. Here we show that as pH declines from 8.1 to 7.8 (the change expected if atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations increase from 390 to 750 ppm, consistent with some scenarios for the end of this century) some organisms benefit, but many more lose out. We investigated coral reefs, seagrasses and sediments that are acclimatized to low pH at three cool and shallow volcanic carbon dioxide seeps in Papua New Guinea. At reduced pH, we observed reductions in coral diversity, recruitment and abundances of structurally complex framework builders, and shifts in competitive interactions between taxa. However, coral cover remained constant between pH 8.1 and ~7.8, because massive Porites corals established dominance over structural corals, despite low rates of calcification. Reef development ceased below pH 7.7. Our empirical data from this unique field setting confirm model predictions that ocean acidification, together with temperature stress, will probably lead to severely reduced diversity, structural complexity and resilience of Indo-Pacific coral reefs within this century.
    Print ISSN: 1758-678X
    Electronic ISSN: 1758-6798
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 9
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    A town called Bygdaby (2011)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2011-04-10
    Description: Living in Denial: Climate Change, Emotions, and Everyday Life by Kari Marie Norgaard
    Print ISSN: 1758-678X
    Electronic ISSN: 1758-6798
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 10
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    The second tsunami (2011)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-05-06
    Description: After an earthquake and a huge wave damaged three nuclear reactor cores in Japan, energy and carbon markets around the world were hit with a surge of activity
    Print ISSN: 1758-678X
    Electronic ISSN: 1758-6798
    Topics: Geosciences
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