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  • Articles  (14,320)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 36 (1957), S. 243-249 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Based on theoretical and experimental considerations about artificial radioactivated condensation nuclei of stuffs which crystallize mainly into the exagonal or pseudo-exagonal form, it is concluded that the alluminium oxide with quicksilver, when radioactivated, proved to be one of the most active condensation nuclei of the water vapor in the free atmosphere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 36 (1957), S. 218-232 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird zum ersten Male ein Vergleich luftelektrischer Elemente in kernarmer Luft von etwa 50–1000 [KK/cm3] durchgeführt. Es zeigt sich, dass auch in diesem Bereich der Kernkonzentration die vereinfachte Wiedervereinigungsgleichung noch ihre Gültigkeit hat. Die Streuung der einzelnen Werte ist sehr gross. Die Gründe dieser Streuungen werden kurz erwähnt. Die Lösung der Wiedervereinigungsgleichung wird für den Fall kleiner Kernkonzentrationen in eine e-Funktion entwickelt. Eine genaue Aussage über den Absolutwert der Leifähigkeit kann auf Grund dieser Gleichung nicht gemacht werden. Diese Gleichung gibt über die Beziehung der Leitfähigkeitsänderung und der KernzahländerungdΛ/dZ=−κΛ Auskunft. Einige Tagesgänge der Monatsmittelwerte werden demonstriert.
    Notes: Summary For the first time comparisons are made in an atmosphere with a small number of condensation nuclei, between the content of condensation nuclei and atmospheric electrical elements. The simplified equation for the recombination is valid in this range of nuclei content too. The dispersion of single values is very great. The causes for this dispersions are briefly mentioned. The solution of the equation of recombination is evolved into an exponential function for the case of small nuclei content. An exact statement for the absolute value of conductivity cannot be given on the basis of this equation. This equation provides information on the relations of variations of conductivity and numbers of nuclei:dΛ/dZ=−κΛ. Some diurnal variations of the monthly means are demonstrated.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 37 (1957), S. 16-20 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary In this note displacements and stresses produced in an infinite elastic solid by impulsive radial and twisting displacements applied to the inner surface of a spherical cavity have been determined.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 37 (1957), S. 55-78 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The tidal gravimetric factor due to the elastic yielding of the Earth has been determined by gravimetric measurements on Unst (Shetland Islands), extending over the time of one month. Its corrected value isG=1.205±0.03. The influence of applying different methods of harmonic analysis, and the effects of ambient temperature and pressures and of the sea tides on the gravimetric results are discussed. No significant difference inG for semi-diurnal and diurnal tides remains after the necessary corrections have been made. The amplitude of the semidiurnal load depression is about 2 cm and it is shown that the more distant North Atlantic tides have a greater effect than the regional tides near the Shetlands. An approximate calculation gives 4.3×1011 CGS-units as the mean rigidity of the part of the Earth's crust yielding to the maritime loading differences in this region.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 37 (1957), S. 21-34 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary TheWiechert-Herglotz method to investigate seismically the Earth structure, is adapted for refraction prospecting. The case of a single layer bounded by a sloping interface is considered. The velocity is assumed to be an increasing function of depth within the layer and constant beneath. A general procedure of computation is outlined. Special formulae are given in addition for the case in which the dromochroneD 1 corresponding to disturbances propagated only through the layer are of parabolic shape. Table I was calculated using them and assuming an horizontal interface. It may be seen there that valuesh 1 of the layer thickness furnished by these formulae may become considerably greater than those based on D1 rectilinear. Computation ofh 1 may easily be performed by means of the same table.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 37 (1957), S. 79-89 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The automatically rotating and photographically recording Eötvös torsion balance, model E-54, is supplied with excellent torsion wires, built into a balance housing of quadruple wall with layers of air and carefully adjusted so that exterior temperature fluctuations do not influence the positions of equilibrium of the balances. The instrument is photographing upon the plate the scale and the reticle so that the positions of equilibrium of the balances may be read simply by means of a magnifying glass, without any measuring. The instrument is simultaneously photographing the numbers of the instrument and station upon the plate, thus the troubles caused by mistakes or faulty notes are eliminated. — A mechanical device accomplishes the exposure and sets aftewards the instrument in rotation. Actual sensitivity of the balances as to the gradient is 0.255×10−9 CGS=0.255 Eötvös-unit, as to the curvature=0.724 Eötvös-unit referred to one tenth of the scale division, Relaxation time of the balance is 40 minutes. This study proving with original photographs and the interpretation of the same the sensitivity and high reliability of the instrument.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 37 (1957), S. 103-115 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The space between the earth and the ionosphere is considered as a wave-guide with sharply bounded walls. Employing a representation in terms of spherical wave functions of complex order, the field of a vertical dipole source is calculated for very low frequencies. It is shown that the dominant mode for 16 kc is of order one and not zero as has been commonly supposed. Good agreement is obtained with the experimental results ofJ. Heritage.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 37 (1957), S. 45-54 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Pour évaluer l'isolement thermique des vases de Dewar, qui protègent les gravimètres employés au cours de l'expédition italienne au Karakorum (1954–55), on a mesuré les variations de température d'un corps générique et d'un des gravimètres, placés dans le vase de Dewar, quand la température extérieure restait constante, mais différente de la température initiale du corps placé à l'intérieure, ou bien était modifiée sinusoïdalement avec une période de 24 heures. Le refroidissement ou le chauffement dans l'ambiant à température constante suivent une loi sensiblement exponentielle. La variation sinusoïdale de la température extérieure provoque, après la phase transitoire, des variations sensiblement sinusoïdales de la température intérieure, avec une réduction de l'amplitude et un retard de phase. On a établi un rapport entre les constantes de temps qui règlent le comportement dans l'ambiant à température constante et les paramètres du régime sinusoïdal. Ce rapport est confirmé par les résultats expérimentaux et peut etre utilisé dans la pratique.
    Abstract: Riassunto Per valutare l'effetto isolante delle bocce di Dewar, che proteggono i gravimetri, usati nel corso della spedizione italiana al Karakorum (1954–55), si sono misurate le variazioni di temperatura di un corpo generico e quelle di un gravimetro, posti nell'interno di un vaso di Dewar, quando la temperatura esterna venga mantenuta costante ad un valore diverso da quella iniziale del corpo posto nell'interno, o venga fatta variare sinusoidalmente con periodo di 24 ore. Il riscaldamento od il raffreddamento in ambiente a temperatura costante risultano avvenire con legge sensibilmente esponenziale. La variazione sinusoidale della temperatura esterna produce, dopo la fase transitoria, variazioni sensibilmente sinusoidali di quella interna, con riduzione dell'ampiezza e ritardo di fase. Si è stabilita una relazione tra le costanti di tempo che regolano il comportamento in ambiente a temperatura costante e le caratteristiche del regime sinusoidale. Tale relazione è confermata dai risultati sperimentali e può essere utile in pratica.
    Notes: Summary In order to test the thermal insulation of the Dewar vessels containing the gravimeters used during the Italian Karakorum Expedition (1954–55), the variations of temperature of a generic body, and of one of the gravimeters were measured, when they are placed in a Dewar vessel and the external temperature is kept constant, but higher or lower then the initial one of the body, or is modified following a sinusoidal law, with a period of 24 hours. Heating and cooling behaviour results to follow nearly an exponential law. The sinusoidal variation of external temperature produces, after a transitory phase, nearly sinusoidal variations of the body temperature, with a reduced amplitude and a phase shift. An elementar calculation of the heat exchange processes leads to establish a simple relation between the time constants, on which heating and cooling depend, and the amplitude reduction and the phase shift. This relation is verified on the experimental results and can be used for practical purposes.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 37 (1957), S. 116-126 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The introduction of precision radio navigation systems employing pulse techniques and the ever increasing interest in spherics have stimulated considerable interest in the propagation of the ground wave transient over the surface of the earth. The theory of the propagation of a transient radio frequency ground wave over a finitely conducting plane earth is presented for the particular case of theNorton surface wave by a consideration of a wave, interrupted abruptly at one point in time (t=0), a wave interrupted abruptly at two points in time (t=0,T 2) and a wave interrupted at one point in time followed by an exponential decay. The first case is illustrated by several numerical examples of a cosine current wave applied to a vertical electric dipole source. It is apparent that the method of the inverse Ľaplace transform for the particular cases considered yields some simple mathematical formulas.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 37 (1957), S. 127-144 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Calculated values of the gaseous atmospheric absorption are presented for the frequency range 100 to 50,000 Mc at elevations above ground up to at least 130,000 feet, for average conditions during February and August at Bismarck, N. D. and Washington, D. C. Total radio path absorptionsare presented for tropospheric forward scatter communication links for distances of 100, 300 and 1000 miles. The total path absorptions were calculated by summing the absorption contributed by each portion of the atmosphere traversed by a radio ray passing from a 60 foot parabolic antenna resting on the ground to the scattering center and then to a similar receiving antenna. A correlation of total path absorption with the surface value of absolute humidity is developed, thus providing estimates of the range of absorption values in different geographic areas. Maps of average absolute humidity for the world are presented. Previous work on rain absorption is then combined with the present study to provide estimates of the radio power loss due to absorption expected to be exceeded 1 per cent of the time.
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