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  • Articles  (2,343)
  • 1980-1984  (2,291)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1925-1929  (52)
  • 1981  (2,291)
  • 1929  (52)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (2,343)
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  • Articles  (2,343)
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  • 1980-1984  (2,291)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1925-1929  (52)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    AUTOMATED MEASUREMENT OF ASTRONOMICAL PHOTOGRAPHS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 10 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The development of an automated photographic measuring system (APM) is described. A very accurate laser beam scanning microdensitometer is used to digitise the photographic plate and a series of on line computers analyses the data during scanning. The system is available as a national facility for United Kingdom astronomers and guest investigators.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn décrit un systéme automatisé de saisie de données sur cliché. Un microdensitométre à laser numérise la plaque photographique et les données sont analysées en temps réel par ordinateur. Le systeme est destiné aux astronomes du Royaume Uni et aux chercheurs y séjournant.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBeschreibung eines automatisierten photographischen Messsystems (APM). Ein hochgenaues Laser-Mikrodensitometer wird dabei zur Digitalisierung der Bilder benutzt, undeine Serie von On-line-Rechnern analysiert die Daten während der Abtastung. Das System steht für Astronomen im Vereinigten Königreich und anderen Forschern zur Verfügung.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1981.tb00142.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE REFLEX PLOTTERS: MEASUREMENT WITHOUT PHOTOGRAPHS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 10 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Two complementary measuring instruments are described which use a very simple principle and which take three dimensional measurements or plots directly from small objects. The first instrument can achieve accuracies of ± 0·3 mm on objects whose largest dimension is 300 mm. The second can achieve ± 0·02 mm on objects smaller than a 25 mm cube.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn présente deux instruments de mesure complémentaires el de principe très simple permettant de relever dans l'espace des coordonnées sur de petits objets, le premier avec une exactitude de ± 0.3 mm sur des objets de dimension inférieure à 300 mm, le second avec une exactitude de ± 0.02 mm sur des objets de dimension inférieure à 25 mm.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBeschreibung von zwei Zusatzmessgeräten, die auf einem sehr einfachen Prinzip beruhen und mit denen dreidimensionale Messungen oder Auswertungen von kleinen Objekten direkt durchgeführt werden konnen. Mil dem ersten Gerät kann eine Genauigkeit von ± 0,3 mm bei maximalen Objekt abmessungen von 300 mm und mit dem zweiten von ± 0,02 mm bein Objekten, die kleiner als ein 25 mm-Kubus sind, erreicht werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1981.tb00143.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NOTES (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 10 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1981.tb00151.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ORTHOPHOTOMAP PRODUCTION IN A COMMERCIAL SURVEY ORGANISATION (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 10 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper outlines the technical procedures used in commercial orthophotomap production and attempts to identify some of the main differences in technical approach between orthophotomapping and conventional line mapping.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn décrit les techniques industrielles de production d'orthophotocartes et on compare leur emploi avec celui des techniques classiques.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungSkizzierung der Technologien, die bei der kommerziellen Herstellung von Orthofotokarten angewendet werden, wobei versucht wird, die hauptsächlichen Unterschiede der Techniken zur Herstellung von Orthofotokarten und konventionellen Strichkarten aufzudecken.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1981.tb00224.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    STABILITY OF RELATIVE ORIENTATION (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 10 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper investigates the effect of the deviation of measured points from the standard locations when carrying out a relative orientation of a stereomodel. The analytical solution of more than 100 cases was considered and, for each case, the weights for the elements of relative orientation and the correlation coefficients were evaluated. The stability of the solution was studied by calculating the characteristic roots of the matrix of normal equations.It is shown that, theoretically, the solution of the relative orientation problem can always be achieved whenever the locations of the measured points satisfy stated geometrical requirements. However, the reliability of the solution depends on their exact positions in the stereomodel. When the accuracy is too low, in practice there is no solution.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn étudié l'effet sur l'orientation relative d'un couple de variations de position des points de base. Plus de 100 cas ont été considérés et à chaque fois ont été estimées les précisions des paramètres calculés ainsi que leur correlation. On a de plus, étudié la stabilité de la solution par l'intermédiaire des valeurs propres de la matrice normale.Il n'est pas indispensable, en principe, d'imposer de contraintes précises au choix des points de base; mais de ce choix dépend la fiabilité de la solution, faible s‘il est par trop fantaisiste.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIn der Arbeit wird der Einfluss der Abweichung der gemessenen Punkte von ihrer Standardlage bei relativer Orientierung eines Stereomodells untersucht. Dazu werden mehr als 100 analytische Lösungen analysiert und für jeden Fall die Gewichte der Elemente der relativen Orientierung und die Korrelationskoeffizienten berechnet. Die Stabilität der Lösung wurde durch Berechnung der charakteristischen Wurzeln der Matrix der Normalgleichungen abgeschätzt.Es wird gezeigt, dass theoretisch immer die Lösung des Problems der relativen Orientierung erreicht werden kann, sobald die Lage der Messpunkte die geometrischen Anforderungen erfüllt. Die Zuverlässigkeit der Lösung hängt jedoch von der exakten Lage der Punkte ab. Wenn ihre Genauigkeit zu gering ist, gibt es praktisch keine Lösung.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1981.tb00227.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A STEREOCOMPARATOR WITH COMPUTER CONTROLLED CORRECTING DEVICES (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 10 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: An automatic plotting instrument development is described where the coordinate corrections are introduced in the optical system and not at the photograph. It is suggested that the opto-mechanical devices used for correction and the proposed use of microprocessors for control of these devices offer the possibility of producing a low cost automatic plotter and stereocomparator.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn decrit une solution au probléme de la correction des coordonnées cliché pour le restituteur analytique et le stéréocomparateur: ces corrections sont introduites dans la partie optique du système et commandées par l'intermédiaire de microprocesseurs. Ceci devrait permettre d'abaisser le coût de ce type d'appareil.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBeschreibung eines automatischen Auswertegerätes, bei dem die Koordinatenkorrekturen nicht den Bildträgern, sondern dem optischen System zugeführt werden. Es wird angenommen, dass die zur Korrektur verwendeten optisch-mechanischen Vorrichtungen und die vorgeschlagene Verwendung von Mikroprozessoren zu deren Steuerung die Möglichkeit zum Bau eines billigen automatischen Auswertegerätes und Stereokomparators bieten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1981.tb00141.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EDITORIAL (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 10 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1981.tb00139.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE ANALYTICAL PLOTTER AND NUMERICAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 10 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The paper deals with the analytical plotter and its impact on numerical photogrammetry. A short introductory section is followed by examples of the use of a Zeiss (Oberkochen) Planicomp C100 in analytical aerial triangulation, close range photogrammetry and the generation of digital height models. The examples demonstrate the suitability of the analytical plotter for numerical photogrammetry. Computer assistance and computer control allow for advanced data acquisition of high accuracy and speed. In addition, the minicomputer controlling the analytical plotter can be used for subsequent data processing. As a result, projects involving numerical photogrammetry can be carried out entirely in-house, without the need of an external computer.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméLe restituteur analytique et la photogrammétrie numérique. On cite des applications du Planicomp C100: aérotriangulation analytique, photogrammétrie à courte distance, constitution de modéles numériques de terrain. Efficacité, rendement, haute exactitude, tels sont les avantages du restituteur analytique. On peut d'autre part bénéficier de l'ordinateur pour toutes sortes de traitements ultérieurs.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDer Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit dem Analytischen Plotter (AP) und seiner Auswirkung auf die Numerische Photogrammetrie. Nach einem kurzen Einführungsteil wird über den Einsatz eines Zeiss (Oberkochen) Planicomp C100 in der Analytischen Aerotriangulation, in der Nahbereichsphotogrammetrie und beim A ufbau Digitaler Höhenmodelle berichtet. Die Beispiele veranschaulichen die Eignung des AP für die numerische Photogrammetrie. Einerseits erlauben Rechnerstützung und Rechnersteuerung eine allgemeine, genaue und schnelle Datengewinnung. Darüberhinaus aber ermöglicht der, für die Steuerung des AP verfügbare Minicomputer die rechnerische Weiterverarbeitung der Messdaten. Auf diese Weise können numerisch-photogrammetrische Projekte ohne Einsatz eines externen Computers vollständig bearbeitet werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1981.tb00140.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PHOTOGRAMMETRY ROUND THE WORLD (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 10 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1981.tb00149.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BOOK REVIEWS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 10 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:SPHERE, SPHEROID AND PROJECTIONS FOR SURVEYORS. By J. E. Jackson.REMOTE SENSING IN ARCHAEOLOGY, CULTURAL RESOURCES TREATMENT AND ANTHROPOLOGY: THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IN 1979. By J. I. Ebert and T. R. Lyons.A HISTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL AIR PHOTOGRAPHY IN GREAT BRITAIN. By R. R. Downey.PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING SURVEY CONFERENCE, LONDON, 1980. Edited by M. A. R. Cooper.ANALYSIS AND ADJUSTMENT OF SURVEY MEASUREMENTS. By E. M. Mikhail and G. Gracie.A HISTORY OF THE ORDNANCE SURVEY. Edited by W. A. Seymour.IN FOCUS: a rated guide to the best in photographic equipment. By J. Holtz.MAPS AND SURVEYS OF MALAWI. By C. G. C. Martin and other contributors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1981.tb00150.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    LIST OF MEMBERS of the PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SOCIETY (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 10 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: When a member is thought to be domiciled or employed abroad, the name of the country has been added. Errors and omissions should be notified to the Honorary Secretary.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1981.tb00241.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    AIRBORNE METRIC CAMERA VIBRATION (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 10 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: A brief review of work on airborne metric camera movement has been made. The tolerances for permissible image movement set by various investigators are discussed.The biggest single fault with most metric camera mountings in current use is that the centre of gravity of the camera is well above the line of action of the resilient elastic restoring forces. This results in coupling between the linear vibration of the airframe and the angular motion of the camera. There is a need for a simple device which can be attached to a survey camera in order to record angular motion during actual survey missions.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméAprès une brève revue des travaux concernant les mouvements d'une chambre de prise de vue en vol, on discute les tolérances couramment admises pour ces mouvements.Le défaut de montage le plus fréquemment rencontré, est que le centre de gravité de la chambre est au-dessus de la ligne d'équilibre des forces agissantes.D'où un couplage entre la vibration longitudinale du porte-chambre et le mouvement angulaire de la chambre. Il faudrait créer un dispositif simple permettant d'enregistrer ce mouvement pendant les vols.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEs wird ein kurzer Überblick über die Arbeiten zur Bewegung von Luftbildmesskammern gegeben. Die von verschiedenen Autoren für die zulässige Bildwanderung angegebenen Toleranzen werden diskutiert. Der schwerwiegendste Fehler, der am meisten bei den gegenwärtig verwendeten Messkammern auftritt, ist der, dass der Kammerschwerpunkt über der Wirkungslinie der schwingungsdämpfenden Kräfte liegt. Daraus resultiert eine Paarung der linearen Vibration mit der Winkelbewegung der Kammer. Es besteht Bedarf für eine einfache Vorrichtung, die an einer Messkammer befestigt werden kann, um die Winkelbewegungen während des Bildflugs aufzuzeichnen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1981.tb00228.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING, 1980 (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 10 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1981.tb00232.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    OBITUARIES (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 10 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1981.tb00240.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SOCIAL CLASS DIFFERENCES IN RESERVOIR VISITS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Previous research provides evidence of a socioeconomic bias in outdoor recreational participation. One explanation of this bias is that socioeconomic groups have differential opportunities to participate, with the “costs” of this participation especially serving to restrict the recreational access of lower class persons living in urban areas. Using driving distance as a measure of cost, this study assessed the effects of travel costs on the attendance of three social class groups from an urban population at rural reservoir facilities. Findings support the contention that, while increased driving distance has a dampening effect on recreational participation, this effect is most pronounced for the lower class person. These findings point to the importance of equity considerations in the planning of outdoor recreational facilities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb01948.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MEETINGS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb01954.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BOOK REVIEWS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Water Planning in Britain, Dennis J. Parker and Edmund C. Penning-RowsellRural Water Planning, Frederic O. Sargent and Blaine P. Sargent.Developments in Water Treatment-2, W. M. Lewis (Editor).Stochastic Water Resources Technology, N. T. Kottegoda.Fundamentals of Hydraulic Engineering Systems, Ned H. C. Hwang.The Benefits of Flood Alleviation: A Manual of Assessment Techniques, Edmund C. Penning-Rowsell and John B. Chatterton.Potable Water From Wastewater, edited by M. T. Gillies.Drought in the Great Plains: Research on Impacts and Strategies, Proceedings of the Workshop on Research in Great Plains Drought Management Strategies held at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, March 26–28, 1979, Norman J. Rosenberg (Editor).Safety Evaluation of Existing Dams, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb01952.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SHORT COURSES (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb01955.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    AWRA SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS – UNIFIED RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb01979.x
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  • 20
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    Electronic Resource
    1982 MEMBERSHIP PLAN AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb01981.x
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    AWRA INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb01980.x
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  • 22
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    SATELLITE HYDROLOGY (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb01982.x
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  • 23
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    ORDER FORM FOR AWRA PROCEEDINGS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb01983.x
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  • 24
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    PROFESSIONAL SERVICES (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb01984.x
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  • 25
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    PRESIDENT'S PAGE (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb01291.x
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    NOTICE TO AUTHORS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb01292.x
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    NEW EDITOR, WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb01293.x
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    EXTRA URBAN AND INTRA URBAN RAINFALL ENHANCEMENT BY A MEDIUM SIZED CITY (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: An experiment on urban effects of warm season rainfall of a moderately sized city and its downwind towns found no evidence of global enhancement. However, there are grounds for believing that the intra urban distribution of precipitation is influenced by urban variables among which air pollution and urban roughness are considered primary. The presence of an urban heat island did not appear to improve rainfall. On the contrary, it appears to be a factor in the relative aridity of the downtown sector of the city.
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    ESTIMATED STREAM FLOW REQUIREMENTS FOR FISHES OF THE WASHITA RIVER BELOW FOSS RESERVOIR, WESTERN OKLAHOMA (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Velocity and depth preference curves for juvenile and adult red shiners (Notropis lutrensis) were developed for each season of the year. The incremental methodology, developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for quantifying the amount of physical habitat available for fish, was applied as a basis for recommending minimum stream flows for life stages of red shiners and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in the Washita River below Foss Reservoir. The minimum stream flow required to support populations of red shiners and channel catfish was estimated to be 0.60 m3/s during all months except April and May, during which flushing flows of 3.0 m3/s were recommended. Under drought conditions a contingency flow of 0.18 m3/s was recommended for August through March, a flushing flow of 2.4 m3/s for April and May, and a flow of 0.30 m3/s for channel catfish spawning in June and July. Standing crop of adult red shiners per weighted usable area averaged 2.73 g/m2 (27 kg/ha) for two sites on the Washita River. A positive relation between standing crop and weighted usable area was suggested. Use of the incremental methodology on the study reach below Foss Reservoir required 96 person-hours of labor, excluding training, travel, and developing preference curves, and a total cost of $1,762, of which $1,200 was for the purchase of equipment.
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    POTENTIAL WATER USE AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION PATTERNS UNDER ALTERNATIVE WATER PRICES (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Out study deals with the demand for water and alternative agricultural production and land use patterns under varying prices for both surface and ground water. We derive irrigation water demands for both the United States and regions of it. Not only is a different amount of water used at each set of water prices but also a different mix of crops, livestock, and production technology develops among the different regions. Under the highest set of prices used, more than fourteen million acres are converted into dryland farming. Total irrigated water use decreases by more than 25 million acre-feet. Irrigated crop yields are reduced and cropping patterns shift away from irrigation. Commodity shadow prices increase as much as 15 percent under high prices for both surface and ground water. A redistribution of farm income occurs between irrigated and dryland regions.
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    POTENTIAL IMPACT OF IRRIGATION ON WATER RESOURCES IN THE LITTLE WABASH BASIN OF ILLINOIS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: The level of water demand for supplemental irrigation and the impact of such demand on water supplies were estimated, as a function of the price of corn (Zea Mays L.). The method of estimation was based on an economic analysis of irrigation practice which assumed constant irrigation costs, profit maximizing behavior on the part of irrigators, and which was deliberately structured to underestimate the level of irrigation water use. The analysis was applied to and used data from the Little Wabash basin in Illinois. No irrigation was predicted at a corn price below $3.50 per bushel. Between $3.50 and about $6.50 per bushel, irrigation was estimated to be profitable for a small region of the basin where acceptable groundwater was available. Above about $6.50 to $7.50, irrigation was found to be profitable in the remainder of the basin, where impoundment storage was required. The potential impact on the water resources of the basin is significant. For a corn price between $3.50 and about $6.50, the probability of a shortfall, defined as the event where the potential demand exceeds the supply, was estimated to be between 2 percent and 20 percent during the growing season. Above about $7.50, this probability was found to be about one-third. The development of policies to control withdrawals for irrigation and other uses is endorsed.
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    SCS URBAN CURVE NUMBERS FROM A LANDSAT DATA BASE (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Estimating the Curve Numbers used in the Soil Conservation Service hydrologic models is a tedious and costly task. Recent advances in remote sensing and data processing have led to the development of readily available land cover data bases for many areas of the United States. This study evaluated the potential of using a Landsat data base to make the Curve Number estimation process more cost-effective and less tedious. Ten watersheds in the Washington, D.C., area were evaluated using a Landsat land cover data base developed by the U.S. Geological Survey. Results showed that these data can be useful. Predictions can be improved if ancillary data on residential lot size are included. It was concluded that this type of data base must be examined carefully before implementation.
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    EFFECTS OF CLEARCUTTING AND SLASHBURNING ON STREAM TEMPERATURE IN SOUTHWESTERN BRITISH COLUMBIA (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: A paired watershed study was conducted in western hemlock/western redcedar/Douglas fir forests of southwestern British Columbia to assess the effects of clearcutting and clearcutting plus slash-burning treatments on stream water characteristics. In the case of stream temperatures, both treatments increased summer temperatures as well as summer daily temperature fluctuations. These effects lasted for seven years in the case of the clearcut stream but longer in the case of the clearcut and slashburned stream. Clearcutting increased winter stream temperatures whereas slashburning caused a decrease. These changes lasted less than four years. Clearcutting and slashburning had a greater impact on stream temperatures than did clearcutting alone.
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    APPLICATION OF A SINGLE RESERVOIR OPERATION POLICY TO A RAIN WATER CISTERN SYSTEM (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: The operation policy for a single reservoir is applied to a rain water cistern system because the functions of a cistern are similar to a simple single reservoir. Since the cistern is a closed system, water loss is negligible. In this study, a dynamic programming analysis has been made to study the effects of the probable weekly rainfall and the water storage in the cistern towards the water consumption policy. The result of this study indicates that the water consumption rate should be adjusted into a lower rate when the water storage in the cistern is low and/or when the expected probable weekly rainfall is low if the owner of the cistern does not want to risk the chance of an empty cistern. The demand for a reliable method for forecasting weekly rainfall is evident in this study.
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    A NOVEL CHLORAMINE COMPOUND FOR WATER DISINFECTION (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: A new chloramine agent, 3-chloio-4, 4-dimethyl-2-oxazolidinone, has been tested in a laboratory scale water treatment plant as to its efficacy in water disinfection. The agent seems to be equally effective as compared to chlorine gas in this application. The results of preliminary toxicity studies on the agent are very encouraging. The agent has a long shelf life both in water solution and in the solid state. Being a solid, the agent is clearly less hazardous to handle than chlorine gas. The agent appears to inhibit oxidative corrosion of metals as well. The agent is less likely to produce toxic halocarbons (e.g., chloroform) in water than is chlorine gas. Possibly most important from the standpoint of water disinfection, the agent is a “slow release” one for its positive chlorine, which provides prolonged bactericidal activity.
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    THROUGHFALL IN PLANTED STANDS OF FOUR SOUTHERN PINE SPECIES IN EAST TEXAS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Throughfall was measured during 1978–79 beneath the canopies of adjacent stands of four major southern pine species, all on identical soil type and topography in the Stephen F. Austin Experimental Forest. Observations from 44 storms in a randomized network of 15, 5.08 cm PVC gages in a 0.4 ha plot of each species showed that throughfall expressed as percent of storm precipitation, is greatest under longleaf pine and least under loblolly pine; throughfall under shortleaf and slash pine did not differ significantly. Generally, through-fall decreased with storm size and intensity, with distance from the nearest tree stem, and is greater during summer half-year (May–October). Canopy drips, apparently accounting for the greater throughfall for the gage position closer to the stems, were more numerous than reported elsewhere. The 5.08 cm PVC gages proved to be acceptable substitutes for standard nonrecording gages in measuring throughfall. A network of 15 such gages was sufficient to sample throughfall data with 90 percent accuracy in each of the four southern pine plantations.
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    INCREASES IN SODIUM AND CHLORIDE IN THE MOHAWK RIVER, NEW YORK, FROM THE 1950'S TO THE 1970'S ATTRIBUTED TO ROAD SALT (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Regression analyses of major ion concentration in relation to specific conductance of water from the Mohawk River during two separate periods, 1951–53 and 1970–74, indicate statistically insignificant changes in the linear relationship of all constituents studied except chloride. Mean values and changes in the slopes of these relationships indicate that sodium and chloride have had consistently higher yields, in kilograms per square kilometer per year, than the other ions, although all ions show a general 20 percent increase in yields during the two decades. This general increase in ion yields is attributed to an accelerated transport rate of ions out of the basin as a result of a 19 percent increase in mean stream discharge. Transport rates of sodium and chloride have increased by 72 and 145 percent, respectively, in the Mohawk River since the early 1950's. Analysis of the sodium and chloride sources indicates rock salt used as a road deicei to be the primary source. This salt use accounts for 96 percent of the sodium transport increase and 69 percent of the chloride transport increase within the basin during the last two decades.
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    USER REACTION TO WILD AND SCENIC RIVER DESIGNATION (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The National Wild and Scenic River Act of 1968 was designed to protect the nation's unique waterways. This Act, however, has been criticized for negatively affecting areas it was intended to protect. Findings, based on field investigation in the Upper Mississippi River basin suggest that designation may serve as a factor for increasing recreational use levels on the protected rivers. This study discusses the social and recreational consequences of designating rivers and the attitudes of river users regarding designation.
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    ANALYSIS OF ROCK STRESS AROUND A LIQUID WASTE INJECTION SYSTEM IN ILLINOIS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The danger to the environment associated with the injection of liquid industrial wastes into a deep, confined, subsurface rock formation may arise from the transport of the waste laterally or vertically in the formation. The pattern of lateral transport, which can take place as a result of convection as well as dispersion and diffusion, can be determined by an approximate analytical solution to the mass transport equation. Vertical transport may take place through both natural fractures and fractures created by hydrostatic stresses generated around the well during injection. To determine the stresses, we used the finite element method to get a numerical solution of the flow equation. We applied a solution of the flow equation to calculate the stress buildup and decay for the Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation's injection well near Hennepin in Putnam County, Illinois. According to our computations, the stress buildup due to injection is about 0.16 pounds per square inch per foot - psi - (0.362 Newton per square centimeter per meter), which, added to normal pressure, makes an estimated total stress of 0.60 psi/ft (1.36 Newton/cm2/m). That pressure is insufficient to cause fracturing of the Cambrian Eau Claire aquitard, the confining bed for the disposal zone.
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    RESPONSE FUNCTIONS OF CROPS YIELD TO SOIL MOISTURE STRESS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A methodology for determining an optimal irrigation policy to obtain maximum economic yield of crops is presented. The method is based on an empirical response function, relating crop yield to soil moisture stress in different stages of plant growth. The function was developed from data obtained in field experiments on several crops and may be useful in determining when and how much to irrigate. Additionally, a mathematical expression is derived from that function which estimates the economic loss if irrigation is not applied in the opportune moment.
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    THE USE OF FLOOD POTENTIAL INDICES FOR FLOOD PEAK ESTIMATION ON UNGAGED WATERSHEDS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The construction of a flood peak index map was attempted for use by hydrologists in the simple format of rainfall maps. Since flood peaks are highly dependent on watershed area, the effect of area was removed. By regression analysis flood peaks of 2.33 and 100-year return periods were found to be proportional to watershed area to the 0.8 and 0.7 powers, respectively. Therefore, indices C2 33= Q2 33/A0.7 were completed at each gage and plotted on a Pennsylvania map. It was attempted to further remove some of the scatter by regression of C with several other watershed parameters like slope, percent forest cover, and watershed shape, but no significant correlation could be found. The index maps, drawn without attenuation of the scatter, can be used by hydrologists to compute flood peaks as Q = CAn (with n = 0.8 and 0.7 for the 2.33 and 100-year flood peaks, respectively). Flood peak safety factors can be based on visual observation of the index variation in the vicinity of the location for which the flood peak estimate is needed.
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    A METHOD FOR OBTAINING SLOPE INFORMATION FOR HYDROLOGIC MODELS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A method is described for obtaining surface slope information for analysis with other land resource and water quality data in hydrologic models of nonpoint sources of water pollution. The method described requires a point sampling scheme, topographic maps, and a coordinate digitizer. Sample point elevation, slope direction, and slope magnitude are calculated from locations of the sample point and the nearest upper and lower contour lines. Details of the data collection methodology and associated problems are discussed.
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    NUTRIENT CONTENTS OF PRECIPITATION AND CANOPY THROUGHFALL UNDER CORN, SOYBEANS, AND OATS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The effects of corn, soybean, and oat canopies on plant nutrient contents of throughfall precipitation (TFP) were studied to determine if canopies alter the meteoric precipitation (MP) composition. TFP samples collected at 5 cm from corn or soybean rows contained more NH4, NO3, soluble PO4, total PO4, and soluble K ions than samples collected at 25 and 45 cm distances from the row. Enrichment of MP by the canopies was least at the 45 cm distance. Oat canopies enriched MP more than soybean or corn canopies for most of the ions, probably due to the difference in season of growth. Thus, canopies of these crops alter the nutrient concentration of MP.
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    DISCUSSION (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb01283.x
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    A CARLSON-TYPE TROPHIC STATE INDEX FOR NITROGEN IN FLORIDA LAKES (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A data base consisting of predominantly nitrogen limited Florida lakes from the National Eutrophication Survey (NES) was used to develop a trophic state index based on total nitrogen concentration. This index was compared with Carlson's (1977) index based on total phosphorus concentration, and the lesser of the two values for each lake was averaged with indices based on Secchi disk transparency and chlorophyll a concentration to assess the trophic state of the 40 Florida NES lakes.
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    DISCUSSION (1981)
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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    WATER RESOURCES PUBLICATIONS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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    OPTIMIZATION OF WATER RESOURCES FOR IRRIGATION IN EAST JORDAN (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: The paper describes an approach towards optimal allocation of surface and ground water resources to three agricultural areas in the Jordan Valley under conditions of scarce water supply. The optimizing model allocates water from three main rivers, each with reservoir storage, and from two ground water sources to three irrigation regions. Productivity of irrigation water, expressed as the net present value of the regional agricultural output, but allowing for crop water deficits, is first maximized using nonlinear programming. The allocation process then adopts techniques of linear programming to determine the least cost alternative based on the unit cost of water from each resource at each destination, as it varies with time.
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    SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE DETERMINATION OF PARTICULATE CARBON AND NITROGEN IN RIVER WATER (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: The effect of storing samples prior to determination of particulate nitrogen and carbon concentrations were investigated. Freezing of water samples between collection and analysis has a substantial effect on the results obtained. Storage of samples at 5°C also affects the results, although the changes which occurred were generally less than for frozen samples. When the particulates were collected onto a filter immediately after sample collection and stored in that form until analysis only small changes in the results were observed. This suggests that samples for the determination of particulate nitrogen and carbon concentrations should be filtered immediately upon sample collection and the analysis performed as soon as possible.
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    ANALYSIS OF FIRM WATER SUPPLY UNDER COMPLEX INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: River basin computer simulation studies often do not properly include the complex legal and institutional factors governing water allocation. These factors include formal water rights and informal borrowing agreements among the basin water users. An attempt has been made in this study to show that such factors can be included. We also show that an optimal, integrated approach to reservoir operations in a river basin can do much to alleviate the burden of new demands placed on available water resources. The procurement of a firm water supply for a proposed coal fired power plant is analyzed as a case study. An efficient river basin simulation model is used to determine the viability of a scheme for providing an annual firm water supply to the plant, with consideration of the existing water storage and demands within the basin. Given the hydrologic sequence considered, the model results show that the proposed strategy is viable in that the required firm water supply can be realized without causing harm to decreed water users in the basin. However, integrated diversion and reservoir operations are required to assure a desirable uniform rate of delivery of reusable effluent to the power plant.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb01228.x
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    WATER LOSS EQUATIONS AND COEFFICIENTS TO ESTIMATE RUNOFF FROM RAINFALL (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Infiltration models are based on physical characteristics of the soil and initial soil moisture. For a given soil it is based on the initial soil moisture distribution.A computer simulation model for flood runoff systems (FH-Model) was used to analyze 39 sets of rainfall-runoff data on four small watersheds ranging in size from 17 to 342 square kilometers located in the Yamaska River basin in Quebec. From these analyses, parameters and coefficients have been determined for a water loss (infiltration) equation.A method for determining the loss parameters, using a nonlinear least square curve fitting technique, is presented. Expressions were made to relate the loss parameters to antecedent precipitation. The equations were tested on 11 storm rainfall and runoff events on a watershed located in the same region and close agreements were found.
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    OPERATING POLICIES FOR A SURFACE/GROUND WATER SYSTEM (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: The simulation of the conjunctive use of a surface reservoir and a limestone aquifer is described. The potential yields from each of the sources are of the same order. An important feature of the aquifer is that if the pumpage is reduced, much of the excess water is lost through springs. Five different operating policies are considered which determine whether pumpage should be taken from the reservoir or aquifer. The total safe yields for the historic period 1961–1977 are estimated for each policy and their relative advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The simulation is also carried out for 100 years of generated data to discover the long term consequences.
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    CASE STUDIES OF AGRICULTURAL WATER CONSERVATION (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Farmers from four irrigation districts in Texas and California were questioned about water conservation practices they are now using, those they plan to adopt, and potential incentives that government might offer to induce still further water conservation on their part. While responses differed somewhat from place to place and among individual farmers, the general results were: a) farmers reported that “water conservation” is not new to them, it is something they practice regularly; b) recent innovations such as laser controlled land leveling devices have permitted some substantial water use reductions in recent years; and c) even greater incentive mechanisms that government could provide and that farmers would accept as useful incentives, such as long term low interest loans for water saving equipment, would probably not be able to reduce water use in agriculture much further than 15 percent below current levels. It is recommended nonetheless that Federal agencies and local water districts and individuals should nonetheless pursue water conservation training and education programs, demonstrations of conjunctive use and water banking opportunities for water saving, and increased loan programs for installation of water saving equipment.
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    SUSPENDED SEDIMENT PRODUCTION FROM FORESTED WATERSHEDS ON OAHU, HAWAII (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Suspended sediment from forested and agricultural watersheds was sampled over a five-year period on the island of Oahu. A variety of storm conditions were sampled, giving a measure of the extreme variability in suspended sediment production. Total annual suspended sediment from all watersheds sampled ranged from 8400 kg/km2 to 617,000 kg/km2. Normally, about 90 percent of the total suspended sediment was produced during less than 2 percent of the time. Suspended sediment concentrations rapidly increased during rising stream flow resulting from rain storms. Time to peak of less than two hours is common, with a similarly rapid return to prestorm conditions. The data presented indicate the great variability of suspended sediment yields, making establishment of effective standards difficult.
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    MODELING HYDROLOGIC TIME SERIES FROM THE ARCTIC (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: The general intervention model is applied to hydrologic and meteorologjc time series from the Canadian Arctic. The authors show how the model is able to account for environmental interventions, missing observations in the data, changes in data collection procedures, the effects of external inputs, as well as seasonality and autocorrelation. Methods for identifying transfer functions by making use of a physical understanding of the processes involved are demonstrated and sample applications of the general intervention model to Arctic data are shown.
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    IMPACT OF THERMAL STANDARDS ON POWER PLANT WATER CONSUMPTION (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Power plant water consumption (evaporative water loss) for various river temperature standards is presented for existing and proposed power plants located along the Missouri and Upper Mississippi Rivers in the MAPP geographical area. Thermodynamic and economic models are combined to evaluate the cooling related water consumption at various river thermal standards. The existing thermal standards and a number of other hypothetical thermal regulations including the extreme cases of no thermal standards and no allowable heated discharges are examined to show the dependence on thermal standards of power production related water consumption. A critical appraisal of the cost of thermal standards in terms of water consumption is thereby possible so that subjective assessments of the standards can proceed with full knowledge of the tradeoffs involved between the “water costs” of power production and environmental enhancement.
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    AGRICULTURAL CONSERVATION PROGRAM: AN EVALUATION (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: The Agricultural Conservation Program (ACP), is undergoing a new, rigorous evaluation to determine its effectiveness in conserving the Nation's agricultural soils and waters.ACP deals with many types of conservation practices, but the focus here is on the evaluation of soil and water related practices. ACP has depended heavily on the State and private forestry services, Soil Conservation Service, and the Cooperative Extension Services, for technical expertise. Thus, the process is an evaluation of the effectiveness of a “team of agencies,” as well as of the program itself.Results of the evaluation have helped to develop new thrusts which have moved ACP further into the position of treating the total conservation problem.Phase I has its limitations. It did not address the impact of wind erosion, water quality, change in productive capacity, soil quality, wildlife habitat, off site and farm income impacts. It does show that ACP has and is doing a very good job in meeting its stated purposes. It is clear that ACP's effectiveness can be improved with more and better advanced planning and more intensive use of soil maps, the USLE, and other scientific tools. ACP is headed in this direction.
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    WATER QUALITY FROM TWO SMALL FORESTED WATERSHEDS IN SOUTHERN ILLINOIS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Two intermittent streams on oak-hickory watersheds in southern Illinois were gaged with a V-notched weir and sampled with an automatic water sampler. For three years data were collected on flow volume and water quality. Flow volumes show large variations between years and watersheds. Samples were analyzed for Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++, P, and NO-3. Water quality was consistently high, although there were significant differences between watersheds. A baseline for water quality has been established for comparison after one of the watersheds is clearcut at a later date.
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    LEGAL CHALLENGE OF THE UNGAGED WATERSHED (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: The lack of uniform techniques for estimating design discharges in ungaged areas is a source of growing concern in the courts now faced with challenges to floodplain boundaries and culvert design for highway crossings. This paper summarizes a court case in which calculations of the design discharge and the hydraulic backwater effects of a major highway culvert were contested by the plaintiff. Emphasis in the paper is placed on the variation in computed flows and the interpretation of the court in the face of diverse hydrologic methods for the ungaged watershed. The results of a preliminary evaluation of ungaged watershed methods applicable to Pennsylvania are also reported in terms of standard error and bias.
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    USING COMPUTED STREAM FLOW IN WATERSHED ANALYSIS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Modifications in the computed climatic water budget have made it possible to achieve good agreement between computed and measured stream flow on both a monthly and annual basis in basins without appreciable winter snow cover. Comparisons of computed and measured stream flow in 28 basins on the Delmarva peninsula show that for some basins the agreement is excellent (regression line essentially equals unity), for other basins the regression line has a slope of one but it is displaced above or below the y=x line, while for other basins, the slope of the regression line differs appreciably from unity. Study of the basins where agreement between computed and measured values is only fair to poor reveals that the patterns of disagreement can be used to provide information on the water holding capacity in the root zone of the soil, on the quantity of deep aquifer recharge within the basin, or on the effect of human modifications within the basin. The technique should also reveal the quantity of interbasin transfers or other consumptive uses within the basin. The water budget, thus, becomes a useful tool to study hydrologic characteristics or their changes over time within a basin.
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    EFFLUENT FEES, AN ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM FOR ACHIEVING WATER QUALITY: A CASE STUDY (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: This paper reports the findings of a case study of the relative costs of a uniform standards system and an effluent fee system of water quality control. A 30-mile stretch of the Black Warrior River in Alabama is considered. The analysis demonstrates that the dischargers could reduce total pollution abatement costs by 33 percent under the suggested effluent fee system.
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    EMPHASIS ON DISTRIBUTION: STRATEGIES FOR SMALL SCALE WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT IN THAILAND (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: This paper discusses strategies for the development of water resources, emphasizing the delivery of reliable water supplies, for both domestic and production purposes, to every village and to every farmer. This necessitates a shift of emphasis from the construction of large storage reservoirs to the construction, operation, and maintenance of water distribution systems capable of reaching the largest number of farms, and a shift from projects that benefit the few, to projects that benefit the many. Water distribution in this context takes on three interrelated meanings: a geographical meaning, a technical meaning, and an economic meaning. The geographical meaning focuses on the spatial distribution of the recipient population as a key to identifying the proper distribution of water projects in physical space. The technical meaning relates to the physical distribution of water through canal systems to the farmers' fields. The economic meaning refers to the equitable distribution of benefits from water projects. The paper provides an illustration of the need for an emphasis on distribution, using the state of development of water resources in northeast Thailand as an example, with a proposed program for the further development of these resources. The northeast, the poorest region in the country, has been recognized by the Government of Thailand as a priority area for accelerated regional development efforts.
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    RESULTS OF ACIDIZING WATER WELLS IN ARIZONA (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Two wellfields have been developed to provide water for a coal fired electric generating station in Arizona. Wellfield No. 1 penetrates the unconfined Coconino Sandstone aquifer, and wellfield No. 2 penetrates the composite Kaibab Limestone-Coconino Sandstone aquifer where ground water occurs under confined conditions. A well in each wellfield was pumped and water level drawdown data were collected before and after acidizing. The drawdown data at the various pumping rates were analyzed to determine the potential benefits of acidizing production water wells in both wellfields. After acidizing, the specific capacity of the well in wellfield No. 1 was improved about 50 percent at water production rates ranging from about 200 to 500 gallons per minute (gpm) (13 to 32 liters per second (lps)). After acidizing, the specific capacity of the well completed in wellfield No. 2 was improved about 100 percent at pumping rates ranging from about 1,250 to 2,200 gpm (79 to 139 lps). An annual saving of approximately 11 percent in pumping costs can be realized in wellfield No. 2, and savings are approximately four percent in wellfield No. 1. Acidization is beneficial for wells that can produce more than 500 gpm (32 lps), and is of marginal value for those that produce less than that amount.
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    HYDROPOWER LOSSES FROM NAVIGATION IN THE SNAKE-COLUMBIA RIVERS: 1978–79 (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: This work addresses several policy questions arising from indirect power losses due to navigation of the Snake-Columbia Rivers. Losses incurred in 1978–79 are given, and these losses are then compared to current conservation efforts, new power projects, and present replacement costs associated with the system.
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    DISCUSSION (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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    DISCUSSION (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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    LITIGATION and LEGISLATION (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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    HYDATA Water News and Views (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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    PLOTTING FORMULA FOR FLOOD FREQUENCY (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : In flood frequency analysis it is required to estimate the values of probabilities based on plotting formula. All of the many existing formula provide different results, particularly at the tails of the distribution. The existing practice in selection of a particular formula is rather arbitrary; and often Weibull's formula is recommended, which provided biased and conservative results. Based on the mean square criterion, a new plotting formula is developed, and it is given by Fm= (m - 0.24)/(N + 0.5).
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    WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT OF SKUDAI RIVER (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Urban runoff as well as industrial and agricultural discharges have seriously affected the water quality of the Skudai River, Malaysia. A water quality model is developed for simulating BOD and oxygen relationship. The simulated values agree relatively well with survey data taken during low flow conditions. Survey and simulated values show that a pollution abatement program is needed to prevent further deterioration of the river from organic discharges. A systems approach, involving complete analysis of water quality models and environmental control procedures, considering various water use patterns, water quality criteria, and waste input, is essential for solution.
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    A SIMPLE PROCEDURE FOR DEVELOPING A DESIGN STORM HYDROGRAPH (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The paper presents a conceptual procedure for developing a design storm hydrograph. The methods were developed by conducting a regression analysis with simulated data generated by a complex computer model. A brief description of the model is presented together with the results of a verification study with the model. The model is based on SCS procedures but also incorporates a double triangle hydrograph method for use in agricultural and forested water-sheds. The regression procedures provide a simple hand calculator method for generating a storm hydrograph.
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    COST REDUCTIONS DUE TO SEASONAL VARIATION IN MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT LEVELS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Varying treatment levels to meet seasonal variation in assimilative capacity of streams can reduce total costs of treatment. A mathematical model of a Pennsylvania stream based on a theoretically sound approximation of the physical relationships underlying the distribution of DO in a river system was used to determine discharge constraints for an economic optimization model which produced estimates of sewage treatment cost savings. Increasing the number of flow periods during the year enhances cost reducing opportunities even when land application processes are considered. Also, the least cost treatment process for year around operation may not be the least costly under multiple flow period management.
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    USING A DISTRIBUTED ROUTING RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODEL (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Urban storm water data from four catchments near Miami, Florida, were collected and compiled by the U.S. Geological Survey and were used for testing the applicability of deterministic modeling for characterizing storm water flows from small land use areas. The four sites were:〈list xml:id="l1" style="custom"〉(1) a 40.8-acre (0.165-km2) single family residential area(2) a 58.3-acre (0.236-km2) highway area(3) a 20.4-acre (0.083-km2) commercial area, and(4) a 14.7-acre (0.059-km2) multifamily residential area.A distributed routing rainfall-runoff model was used to simulate 328 storms at one-minute time intervals. Weighted Standard Error of Estimates (SEE) for storm runoff volume for calibration and verification simulations were 0.072 in. (1.829 mm) and 0.117 in. (2.972 mm), respectively, while the corresponding SEE for peak discharges were 5.761 cfs (0.163 m3/s) and 5.119 cfs (0.145 m3/s), respectively.
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    WATER QUALITY IN AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS: IMPACT OF RIPARIAN VEGETATION DURING BASE FLOW (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Water quality was monitored for 17 months during base flow periods in six agricultural watersheds to evaluate the impact of riparian vegetation on suspended solids and nutrient concentrations. In areas without riparian vegetation, both instream algal production and seasonal low flows appeared to be major determinants of suspended solids, turbidity, and phosphorus concentrations. Peak levels of all parameters were reached during the summer when flows were reduced and benthic algal production was high. Similar summer peaks were reached in streams receiving major point inputs but peaks occurred downstream from the input. Instream organic production was less important in regulating water quality in areas with riparian vegetation and permanent flows. Concentrations of suspended solids remained relatively constant, while phosphorus and turbidity increased in association with leaf fall in autumn. Intermittent flow conditions in summer increased the importance of instream organic production in controlling water quality, even when riparian vegetation was present. Efforts to improve water quality in agricultural watersheds during base flow should emphasize maintenance of riparian vegetation and stable flow conditions.
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    A SURVEY OF THE U.S. NATIONAL PRECIPITATION NETWORK (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Numbers and record lengths of precipitation stations were surveyed in the conterminous United States using climatological data published in 1975 by the National Weather Service (NWS). The total numbers of nonrecording (8247) and recording (3036) gages were about the same as in the 1940s and less than in the late 1950s; about 70 percent of the nonrecording gages have record lengths of 25 years or more. State network densities were increased exponentially with population density and long term precipitation average. Except for a few states, precipitation stations maintained by the NWS are adequate in numbers to ensure a 95 percent statistical probability that state sample means will estimate true means within ± 5 percent.
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    NITRATES IN RURAL WELLS OF THE SENEGAL RIVER BASIN (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A survey of 34 open hand dug wells was performed in the Senegal River basin of West Africa. Nitrate concentrations were determined on the well water samples over a six-month period. With the exception of two wells, the wells indicated varying levels of nitrate contamination. The range of concentrations was 0.10 to 880 mg/I as nitrate. These data when compared to physical characteristics, land use, and age using a chi-square analysis did not suggest any strong association. The fact that these wells are open and in a semiarid climate may be of such importance that the previously considered factors are of minor relative importance. Contamination may be primarily the result of foreign matter entering the well mouth.
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    ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS IN CORPS PLANNING (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Survey data from samples of two types of Corps of Engineers planning studies have been collected. The nature of significant environmental issues affecting the studies was ascertained. Information concerning District administrative practices and communication patterns and extraorganizational coordination procedures was also obtained. Statistical analysis examined the relationships between these practices and procedures and the consideration given environmental issues in plan formulation and modification decisions. Environmental issues receive greater consideration in plan formulation decisions where District policies encourage interdisciplinary planning and direct communication between planners and environmental interests. Plan modification decisions reflect environmental considerations to a greater degree where significant controversy exists and where reviewing agencies actively pursue environmental issues.
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    GENERALIZED SKEW COEFFICIENTS FOR FLOOD FREQUENCY ANALYSIS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : In order to promote a uniform and consistent approach for floodflow frequency studies, the U.S. Water Resources Council has recommended the use of the log-Pearson type III distribution with a generalized skew coefficient. This paper investigates various methods of determining generalized skew coefficients. A new method is introduced that determines generalized skew coefficients using a weighting procedure based upon the variance of regional (map) skew coefficients and the variance of sample skew coefficients. The variance of skew derived from sample data is determined using either of two non-parametric methods called the jackknife or bootstrap. Applications of the new weighting procedure are presented along with an experimental study to test various weighting procedures to derive generalized skew coefficients.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb03932.x
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    MONTANA'S EXPERIENCE IN RESERVING YELLOWSTONE RIVER WATER FOR INSTREAM BENEFICIAL USES - THE RESERVATION DECISION (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The Yellowstone River in Montana produces an abundant supply of high quality water, but in the early 1970's, the specter of mushrooming energy development in the drainage with its attendant demands for large volumes of water prompted this state to initiate steps to protect existing users and to control future water uses. A Water Use Act was passed in 1973, and a moratorium was subsequently placed on the granting of new permits for major diversion. During this moratorium, various governmental entities were given the opportunity to request the reservation of water for future beneficial uses, including instream purposes. An earlier paper described the reservation applications that were received by the state, and it also summarized the legal framework of the reservation process in Montana. Since that time, the responsible state agency has had the opportunity to review the reservation requests, and its final decision in this regard was announced in December of 1978. This paper describes the details of this decision. Basically, an attempt was made to preserve the integrity of the stream while also strengthening its agricultural uses. In addition, a portion of the flow was not earmarked which will provide some flexibility in reacting to future demands.
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  • 80
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    ANALYZING URBANIZATION IMPACTS ON PENNSYLVANIA FLOOD PEAKS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The impact of man made change on the hydrology of developing watersheds is frequently measured in terms of the ratio: flood peak after development to flood peak before development over a range of return periods. However, the analysis of urbanization effects on flood frequency presents a vexing problem because of a general lack of flood data in urban areas and also because of nonstationarity in the development process. Clearly, the flood peak ratio depends on the impervious fraction and percent of basin sewered and these factors have been taken into account in recent urban flood peak models. In genral, these models are developed either by: (1) split sample analysis of available annual flood data, or (2) by computer simulation using mathematical watershed models capable of representing man made changes. The present paper discusses the results of work in progress to characterize the impact of urbanization on small developing watersheds in Pennsylvania.
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  • 81
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    AQUATIC IMPACTS OF DEICING SALTS IN THE CENTRAL SIERRA NEVADA MOUNTAINS, CALIFORNIA (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The fate and effect of sodium chloride applied to Californian highways in the Lake Tahoe, Truckee River, and Yuba River watersheds were studied over a period of 14 months in 1974–75. Chloride levels in streams below major freeways were found to be elevated during the winter. The high chloride levels occurred after the application of salt to roads, decreasing as the time from application increases. Small lakes receiving runoff from major highways were also enriched with chloride. Several of these lakes displayed a temporary chemocline, which was sufficiently strong to stabilize a temperature inversion in one lake.
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    COMPARISON OF ANNUAL AND PARTIAL DURATION SERIES FLOODS ON THE MURRUMBIDGEE RIVER (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : In current hydrologic practice flood frequency estimates are usually based upon either the annual or the partial duration series of floods. Recurrence intervals generated by each series are not equivalent, however, and conversion of recurrence intervals from one series to the other is usually achieved by reference to a mathematical function developed by Langbein in 1949. Data collected on the Murrumbidgee River in New South Wales suggest, however, that the Langbein conversion function does not always provide a reliable means of comparing recurrence intervals. For discharges more frequent than the three year annual flood the Langbein function understates the discrepancy between the two sets of recurrence interval by approximately 35 percent. Langbein's own North American data appear to be consistent with those collected on the Murrumbidgee River.
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    EFFECT OF SURFACE MINING ON STORM FLOW AND PEAK FLOW FROM SIX SMALL BASINS IN EASTERN KENTUCKY (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Hydrologic records from six small Eastern Kentucky watersheds were analyzed to determine the effect of surface mining on storm flows and peak flows. Average storm flow volumes were not changed by surface mining, whereas average peak flows were increased 36 percent. Peak flow increases were only in the summer. Smaller peak flows are doubled; moderate ones are increased by about a third; peak flows around 100 csm seem to be largely unaffected; and the larger peak flows may have been reduced by surface mining. The maximum annual storm flows, usually in winter or spring, appeared slightly reduced. No time trend in either storm flows or peak flows could be detected in five years of postmining record. Surface mining is not a serious floodwater discharge problem.
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  • 84
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    INTERDISCIPLINARY ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS FOR TIMBER SALE PLANNING (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A method of project planning for systematically assessing and recording impacts of alternative timber harvest startegies for subareas of a sale planning area is presented. This method uses an interdisciplinary team composed of specialists and decisionmaker to develop and analyze treatment alternatives and uses impact prediction matrices with explicit evaluation criteria to illustrate and record ratings of impacts on resource factors. The method is a system for organizing, for discovering appropriate alternatives, for facilitating interaction, and for documenting environmental analysis. It provides for decisionmaker control over the project, for exchange of value perspectives, and for reduction in conflict between specialists. The quality of decisions which result from the method presented depends upon the information available and the effectiveness of interaction between all members of the interdisciplinary team.
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    IMPORTANCE OF CO2 LOSS IN LAKE QUALITY PREDICTIONS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Water quality models of acid mine drainage effects have involved routing alkalinity and inorganic carbon loads through a hydraulic description of the system. A method is given to estimate conservatively the importance of surface mass transfer of CO2 in lake modeling. The impact of CO2 transfer upon water quality of lake effluent depends upon tributary concentrations and flow rates, initial pH of the water, and the effective mass transfer coefficient. Charts for preassigned allowable errors in acidity and pH due to neglected gas transfer are developed. Data from three reservoirs are related to the charts to estimate the relative importance of CO2 transfer. Significant reduction in modeling effort can be achieved in cases for which errors caused by neglected CO2 loss would be within acceptable limits.
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    FREQUENCY OF DRY DAY SEQUENCES (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Data from 100 stations were used to prepare a generalized characterization of the extremely long dry day sequences in the United States. Maps are presented showing the magnitude of the two-year, dry day sequences for 1 mm threshold and the coefficient of variation of the items used in the extreme value analysis. For the United States, the average coefficient of variation for dry periods is 30 percent as compared with that for maximum 24h rainfalls which is 37 percent. An example is presented for computing the longer return periods.
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    CAPITAL COST OF RURAL WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The cost of water service to rural residents is very high compared to urban areas. This is true even after subsidization by Farmers Home Administration (FmHA) loans and grants. Capital cost data on 44 projects financed by the Ohio office of the FmHA during the period August 1968 to January 1977 are used to derive cost equations for 26 components of rural water distribution systems. These components represent 92 percent of the capital cost of the pipeline distribution systems studied. The data can be used to economically design rural water supply systems from a capital cost viewpoint. More data are needed on operation and maintenance costs as well as central and cluster well costs before totally economic system designs can be undertaken.
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    “Problems in Weighting of Hyetographs” by Gert Aron, John G. Collins, and David F. Kibler (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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    “Water Quality Trap Efficiency of Storm Water Management”asins (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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    LITIGATION AND LEGISLATION (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb03949.x
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    HYDATA WATER NEWS AND VIEWS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb03950.x
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Hydraulics of Groundwater, Jacob BearDams and Public Safety, Robert B. Jansen.Wilderness Economics and Policy, Lloyd C. IrlandCan Organizations Change: Environmental Protection. Citizen Participation, and the Corps of EngineersOceanographic Institutions, Science Studies the Sea, Peter R. LimburgThe Great Dismal Swamp, Paul W. Kirk, editor.Weirs and Flumes for Flow Measurement, P. Ackers. W. P. White, J. A. Perkins: and A. J. M. Harrison.
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    Short Courses (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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    MEETINGS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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    RIVER BASIN SIMULATION MODELS: GUIDELINES FOR THEIR USE IN WATER RESOURCES PLANNING (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Simulation models constructed to estimate the physical and economic performance of alternative river basin development configurations have been widely used since the start of the Harvard Water Program in the early 1960's. These models have proved useful in choosing from among several potential river basin configurations, since they can rapidly evaluate each configuration's expected performance. However, when dealing with large scale river basin development projects, in which over 50 or 100 alternative reservoirs, irrigation areas, and other components must be considered, it is sometimes quite difficult to effectively use a simulation model to rapidly identify those combinations of projects which best satisfy the development objectives. The purpose of this paper is to describe how a simulation model was used in the analysis of a complex river basin development project in Eastern Europe, and how the problems of scale were confronted and solved. The author's experience on this projet is used to derive a set of general guidelines which may be helpful in other simulation studies.
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    STATE FINANCING OF WATER PROJECTS: THE UTAH EXPERIENCE (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Dramatic changes in Utah's economy caused by urbanization, large scale energy developments, and other influences will significantly reorient water use patterns. Thus, state water management policies and programs which have evolved over many years should be reevaluated. Several factors have influenced Utah water project financing policy. Among these have been: 1) the prominence of agriculture in the settlement of Utah and the century following, 2) dry cycles and periodic severe droughts, 3) recurring periods of economic depression, and 4) allocation of Colorado River water among the basin states and Mexico, Three revolving funds have been established. The Revolving Construction Fund, created in 1947, provides money for irrigation projects; the Cities Water Loan Fund, created in 1975, provides money to communities for developing culinary systems and improving quality to meet the demands of exploding population growth; and the Water Resources Conservation and Development Fund, created in 1978, provides money for large scale multipurpose water projects costing $1 million or more. The justification for these financing programs seems to be a mixture of rectifying market imperfections and income redistribution. However, trends in the agricultural sector and the multipurpose nature of large scale projects now being funded suggest that earlier justifications may no longer be valid. Rigorous project evaluation procedures, lacking in the past, should be adopted.
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    THE MILWAUKEE POLLUTION CASE - IMPLICATIONS FOR WATER RESOURCES PLANNING (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The Illinois v. Milwaukee Federal District Court decision is the most far reaching application yet of the federal common law of nuisance to interstate water pollution conflicts. Although a Federal Appelate Court recently rescinded part of the district court decision, Milwaukee must still upgrade its metropolitan sewage system to a level beyond that required by federal and state regulations. The improvements must be completed with or without federal aid. The case points out the apparent inability of the Clean Water Act, the most comprehensive federal legislation affecting the nation's water quality, to deal with certain interstate water quality conflicts. The Milwaukee decision could set a precedent for similar settlements elsewhere which may in turn affect the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's water quality clean up program. A more integrated, ecosystem conscious approach to management of shared water resources (e.g., the Great Lakes) would help reduce the need for court decisions like Illinois v. Milwaukee.
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    FOCUSED AND DIFFUSE PATTERNS OF AQUATIC RECREATION BEHAVIOR (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Recreation behavior can be examined by identifying characteristics of participants, activities, and places. Two distinct houschold types (social groups) were examined relative to their participation in water based recreation: households whose participation occurs exclusively in water based recreation, and those reporting participation in both water and nonwater activities. These households were compared in terms of preference for and specialization in water recreation, the relationship of water activity selected and resource (place) preference and intensity of participation in water activities. Attention by managers, planners, and social scientists to the interplay of participant group, activity, and place upon behavioral outcomes is important to the future development of recreation opportunities. It is one thing to design a facility for water based recreation; it is another to design a facility knowing the behavioral outcomes occurring and how they will be affected. Similarly, to implement a management strategy without knowing how behavior of participants will be modified as a result of the strategy can lead to failure of the management objective.
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    IMPACTS OF SURFACE DRAINAGE ON GROUND WATER HYDRAULICS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The current dredge and fill practices in locating canals along the periphery of wetlands in south Florida are transforming natural basins that originally had primarily slower subsurface drainage to ones that discharge larger quantities of water faster, via a surface drainage system. The objective of this paper is to develop an analytical technique and a numerical model in quantifying the difference of surface and subsurface runoff before and after the construction of drainage canals, and for delineating the effects of drains on channel level and regional water tables in adjacent areas in south Florida. The surface runoff model is formulated on the climatic water balance technique, and the ground water model is treated as a one dimensional transient phenomenon that forms a nonlinear flow problem. Analytical solutions are derived through problem linearization. These two models are coupled to estimate the impact of drainage canals on the adjacent water table drawdown.
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    RESPONSE OF BACTERIA TO THE PRESENCE OF CARBARYL IN WATER. I. RESPONSE OF BACTERIAL INDICATORS VS. RESPONSE OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIAL SPECIES (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecalis, Salmonella typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus were tested by plate counts and Warburg respirometry to determine effects of the presence of carbaryl in water. E. coli and S. typhimurium were initially stimulated in the presence of the insecticide whereas S. faecalis and S. aureus were inhibited. Over a period of days, all bacteria died off more rapidly in the presence of carbaryl. The implications of these data in regards to bacteriological testing of water quality are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb01933.x
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