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  • Nature Publishing Group
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  • 1
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    Climate warming during Antarctic ice sheet expansion at the Middle Miocene transition (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  EPIC3Nature Geoscience, Nature Publishing Group, 7(5), pp. 376-381, ISSN: 1752-0894
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-07-14
    Description: During the Middle Miocene climate transition about 14 million years ago, the Antarctic ice sheet expanded to near-modern volume. Surprisingly, this ice sheet growth was accompanied by a warming in the surface waters of the Southern Ocean, whereas a slight deep-water temperature increase was delayed by more than 200 thousand years. Here we use a coupled atmosphere–ocean model to assess the relative effects of changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration and ice sheet growth on regional and global temperatures. In the simulations, changes in the wind field associated with the growth of the ice sheet induce changes in ocean circulation, deep-water formation and sea-ice cover that result in sea surface warming and deep-water cooling in large swaths of the Atlantic and Indian ocean sectors of the Southern Ocean. We interpret these changes as the dominant ocean surface response to a 100-thousand-year phase of massive ice growth in Antarctica. A rise in global annual mean temperatures is also seen in response to increased Antarctic ice surface elevation. In contrast, the longer-term surface and deep-water temperature trends are dominated by changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration. We therefore conclude that the climatic and oceanographic impacts of the Miocene expansion of the Antarctic ice sheet are governed by a complex interplay between wind field, ocean circulation and the sea-ice system.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 2
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    A shift of thermokarst lakes from carbon sources to sinks during the Holocene epoch (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  EPIC3Nature, Nature Publishing Group, ISSN: 0028-0836
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-07-17
    Description: Thermokarst lakes formed across vast regions of Siberia and Alaska during the last deglaciation and are thought to be a net source of atmospheric methane and carbon dioxide during the Holocene epoch1, 2, 3, 4. However, the same thermokarst lakes can also sequester carbon5, and it remains uncertain whether carbon uptake by thermokarst lakes can offset their greenhouse gas emissions. Here we use field observations of Siberian permafrost exposures, radiocarbon dating and spatial analyses to quantify Holocene carbon stocks and fluxes in lake sediments overlying thawed Pleistocene-aged permafrost. We find that carbon accumulation in deep thermokarst-lake sediments since the last deglaciation is about 1.6 times larger than the mass of Pleistocene-aged permafrost carbon released as greenhouse gases when the lakes first formed. Although methane and carbon dioxide emissions following thaw lead to immediate radiative warming, carbon uptake in peat-rich sediments occurs over millennial timescales. We assess thermokarst-lake carbon feedbacks to climate with an atmospheric perturbation model and find that thermokarst basins switched from a net radiative warming to a net cooling climate effect about 5,000 years ago. High rates of Holocene carbon accumulation in 20 lake sediments (47 ± 10 grams of carbon per square metre per year; mean ± standard error) were driven by thermokarst erosion and deposition of terrestrial organic matter, by nutrient release from thawing permafrost that stimulated lake productivity and by slow decomposition in cold, anoxic lake bottoms. When lakes eventually drained, permafrost formation rapidly sequestered sediment carbon. Our estimate of about 160 petagrams of Holocene organic carbon in deep lake basins of Siberia and Alaska increases the circumpolar peat carbon pool estimate for permafrost regions by over 50 per cent (ref. 6). The carbon in perennially frozen drained lake sediments may become vulnerable to mineralization as permafrost disappears7, 8, 9, potentially negating the climate stabilization provided by thermokarst lakes during the late Holocene.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 3
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    Abrupt glacial climate shifts controlled by ice sheet changes (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  EPIC3Nature, Nature Publishing Group, 512(7514), pp. 290-294, ISSN: 0028-0836
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: During glacial periods of the Late Pleistocene, an abundance of proxy data demonstrates the existence of large and repeated millennial-scale warming episodes, known as Dansgaard–Oeschger (DO) events1. This ubiquitous feature of rapid glacial climate change can be extended back as far as 800,000 years before present (BP) in the ice core record2, and has drawn broad attention within the science and policy-making communities alike3. Many studies have been dedicated to investigating the underlying causes of these changes, but no coherent mechanism has yet been identified3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. Here we show, by using a comprehensive fully coupled model16, that gradual changes in the height of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets (NHISs) can alter the coupled atmosphere–ocean system and cause rapid glacial climate shifts closely resembling DO events. The simulated global climate responses—including abrupt warming in the North Atlantic, a northward shift of the tropical rainbelts, and Southern Hemisphere cooling related to the bipolar seesaw—are generally consistent with empirical evidence1, 3, 17. As a result of the coexistence of two glacial ocean circulation states at intermediate heights of the ice sheets, minor changes in the height of the NHISs and the amount of atmospheric CO2 can trigger the rapid climate transitions via a local positive atmosphere–ocean–sea-ice feedback in the North Atlantic. Our results, although based on a single model, thus provide a coherent concept for understanding the recorded millennial-scale variability and abrupt climate changes in the coupled atmosphere–ocean system, as well as their linkages to the volume of the intermediate ice sheets during glacials.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 4
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    Ups and downs in western Crete (Hellenic subduction zone) (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Studies of past sea-level markers are commonly used to unveil the tectonic history and seismic behavior of subduction zones. We present new evidence on vertical motions of the Hellenic subduction zone as resulting from a suite of Late Pleistocene - Holocene shorelines in western Crete (Greece). Shoreline ages obtained by AMS radiocarbon dating of seashells, together with the reappraisal of shoreline ages from previous works, testify a long-term uplift rate of 2.5-2.7 mm/y. This average value, however, includes periods in which the vertical motions vary significantly: 2.6-3.2 mm/y subsidence rate from 42 ka to 23 ka, followed by ~7.7 mm/y sustained uplift rate from 23 ka to present. The last ~5 ky shows a relatively slower uplift rate of 3.0-3.3 mm/y, yet slightly higher than the long-term average. A preliminary tectonic model attempts at explaining these up and down motions by across-strike partitioning of fault activity in the subduction zone.
    Description: Published
    Description: 5677
    Description: 2T. Tettonica attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: coastal geomorphology ; tectonic rates ; paleoshorelines ; subduction ; Crete ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.03. Geomorphology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
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    Lava flow hazards at Mount Etna: constraints imposed by eruptive history and numerical simulations (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Improving lava flow hazard assessment is one of the most important and challenging fields of volcanology, and has an immediate and practical impact on society. Here, we present a methodology for the quantitative assessment of lava flow hazards based on a combination of field data, numerical simulations and probability analyses. With the extensive data available on historic eruptions of Mt. Etna, going back over 2000 years, it has been possible to construct two hazard maps, one for flank and the other for summit eruptions, allowing a quantitative analysis of the most likely future courses of lava flows. The effective use of hazard maps of Etna may help in minimizing the damage from volcanic eruptions through correct land use in densely urbanized area with a population of almost one million people. Although this study was conducted on Mt. Etna, the approach used is designed to be applicable to other volcanic areas.
    Description: This work was developed within the framework of TecnoLab, the Laboratory for Technological Advance in Volcano Geophysics organized by INGV-CT, DIEES-UNICT, and DMI-UNICT.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3493
    Description: 1V. Storia e struttura dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: 2V. Dinamiche di unrest e scenari pre-eruttivi
    Description: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi
    Description: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Description: 3IT. Calcolo scientifico e sistemi informatici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Lava flow hazard ; Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    Minimal change in Antarctic Circumpolar Current flow speed between the last glacial and Holocene (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  EPIC3Nature Geoscience, Nature Publishing Group, 7(2), pp. 113-116, ISSN: 1752-0894
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-10
    Description: The Antarctic Circumpolar Current is key to the mixing and ventilation of the world’s oceans1, 2, 3, 4, 5. This current flows from west to east between about 45° and 70° S (refs 1, 2, 3) connecting the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans, and is driven by westerly winds and buoyancy forcing. High levels of productivity in the current regulate atmospheric CO2 concentrations6. Reconstructions of the current during the last glacial period suggest that flow speeds were faster7 or similar8 to present, and it is uncertain whether the strength and position of the westerly winds changed9, 10, 11. Here we reconstruct Antarctic Circumpolar Current bottom speeds through the constricting Drake Passage and Scotia Sea during the Last Glacial Maximum and Holocene based on the mean grain size of sortable silt from a suite of sediment cores. We find essentially no change in bottom flow speeds through the region, and, given that the momentum imparted by winds, and modulated by sea-ice cover, is balanced by the interaction of these flows with the seabed, this argues against substantial changes in wind stress. However, glacial flow speeds in the sea-ice zone12 south of 56° S were significantly slower than present, whereas flow in the north was faster, but not significantly so. We suggest that slower flow over the rough topography south of 56° S may have reduced diapycnal mixing in this region during the last glacial period, possibly reducing the diapycnal contribution to the Southern Ocean overturning circulation.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 7
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    Networks from Flows - From Dynamics to Topology (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Reports, Nature Publishing Group, 4(4119), ISSN: 2045-2322
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Complex network approaches have recently been applied to continuous spatial dynamical systems, like climate, successfully uncovering the system's interaction structure. However the relationship between the underlying atmospheric or oceanic flow's dynamics and the estimated network measures have remained largely unclear. We bridge this crucial gap in a bottom-up approach and define a continuous analytical analogue of Pearson correlation networks for advection-diffusion dynamics on a background flow. Analysing complex networks of prototypical flows and from time series data of the equatorial Pacific, we find that our analytical model reproduces the most salient features of these networks and thus provides a general foundation of climate networks. The relationships we obtain between velocity field and network measures show that line-like structures of high betweenness mark transition zones in the flow rather than, as previously thought, the propagation of dynamical information.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 8
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    Identification of photosynthetic plankton communities using sedimentary ancient DNA and their response to late-Holocene climate change on the Tibetan Plateau (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014]. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 4 (2014): 6648, doi:10.1038/srep06648.
    Description: Sediments from Tibetan lakes in NW China are potentially sensitive recorders of climate change and its impact on ecosystem function. However, the important plankton members in many Tibetan Lakes do not make and leave microscopically diagnostic features in the sedimentary record. Here we established a taxon-specific molecular approach to specifically identify and quantify sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) of non-fossilized planktonic organisms preserved in a 5-m sediment core from Kusai Lake spanning the last 3100 years. The reliability of the approach was validated with multiple independent genetic markers. Parallel analyses of the geochemistry of the core and paleo-climate proxies revealed that Monsoon strength-driven changes in nutrient availability, temperature, and salinity as well as orbitally-driven changes in light intensity were all responsible for the observed temporal changes in the abundance of two dominant phytoplankton groups in the lake, Synechococcus (cyanobacteria) and Isochrysis (haptophyte algae). Collectively our data show that global and regional climatic events exhibited a strong influence on the paleoecology of phototrophic plankton in Kusai Lake.
    Description: This research was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41030211 and 41302022), the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2011CB808800), and State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences (Nos GBL11410 and GBL11201).
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 9
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    Permafrost thawing as a possible source of abrupt carbon release at the onset of the Bølling/Allerød (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications, Nature Publishing Group, 5, pp. 5520, ISSN: 2041-1723
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-13
    Description: One of the most abrupt and yet unexplained past rises in atmospheric CO2 (〉10 p.p.m.v. in two centuries) occurred in quasi-synchrony with abrupt northern hemispheric warming into the Bølling/Allerød, ~14,600 years ago. Here we use a U/Th-dated record of atmospheric Δ14C from Tahiti corals to provide an independent and precise age control for this CO2 rise. We also use model simulations to show that the release of old (nearly 14C-free) carbon can explain these changes in CO2 and Δ14C. The Δ14C record provides an independent constraint on the amount of carbon released (~125 Pg C). We suggest, in line with observations of atmospheric CH4 and terrigenous biomarkers, that thawing permafrost in high northern latitudes could have been the source of carbon, possibly with contribution from flooding of the Siberian continental shelf during meltwater pulse 1A. Our findings highlight the potential of the permafrost carbon reservoir to modulate abrupt climate changes via greenhouse-gas feedbacks.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 10
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    Antarctic-wide array of high-resolution ice core records reveals pervasive lead pollution began in 1889 and persists today (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Reports, Nature Publishing Group, 4, pp. 5848, ISSN: 2045-2322
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-17
    Description: Interior Antarctica is among the most remote places on Earth and was thought to be beyond the reach of human impacts when Amundsen and Scott raced to the South Pole in 1911. Here we show detailed measurements from an extensive array of 16 ice cores quantifying substantial toxic heavy metal lead pollution at South Pole and throughout Antarctica by 1889 – beating polar explorers by more than 22 years. Unlike the Arctic where lead pollution peaked in the 1970s, lead pollution in Antarctica was as high in the early 20th century as at any time since industrialization. The similar timing and magnitude of changes in lead deposition across Antarctica, as well as the characteristic isotopic signature of Broken Hill lead found throughout the continent, suggest that this single emission source in southern Australia was responsible for the introduction of lead pollution into Antarctica at the end of the 19th century and remains a significant source today. An estimated 660 t of industrial lead have been deposited over Antarctica during the past 130 years as a result of mid-latitude industrial emissions, with regional-to-global scale circulation likely modulating aerosol concentrations. Despite abatement efforts, significant lead pollution in Antarctica persists into the 21st century.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 11
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    Virtual finger boosts three-dimensional imaging and microsurgery as well as terabyte volume image visualization and analysis (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Nature Communications 5 (2014): 4342, doi:10.1038/ncomms5342.
    Description: Three-dimensional (3D) bioimaging, visualization and data analysis are in strong need of powerful 3D exploration techniques. We develop virtual finger (VF) to generate 3D curves, points and regions-of-interest in the 3D space of a volumetric image with a single finger operation, such as a computer mouse stroke, or click or zoom from the 2D-projection plane of an image as visualized with a computer. VF provides efficient methods for acquisition, visualization and analysis of 3D images for roundworm, fruitfly, dragonfly, mouse, rat and human. Specifically, VF enables instant 3D optical zoom-in imaging, 3D free-form optical microsurgery, and 3D visualization and annotation of terabytes of whole-brain image volumes. VF also leads to orders of magnitude better efficiency of automated 3D reconstruction of neurons and similar biostructures over our previous systems. We use VF to generate from images of 1,107 Drosophila GAL4 lines a projectome of a Drosophila brain.
    Description: This work was mainly supported by Howard Hughes Medical Institute. H.P. is currently supported by the Allen Institute for Brain Science. R.W.T. and A.M. were supported by a grant MH071739 (MERIT).
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 12
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    Eruption of a deep-sea mud volcano triggers rapid sediment movement (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Nature Communications 5 (2014): 5385, doi:10.1038/ncomms6385.
    Description: Submarine mud volcanoes are important sources of methane to the water column. However, the temporal variability of their mud and methane emissions is unknown. Methane emissions were previously proposed to result from a dynamic equilibrium between upward migration and consumption at the seabed by methane-consuming microbes. Here we show non-steady-state situations of vigorous mud movement that are revealed through variations in fluid flow, seabed temperature and seafloor bathymetry. Time series data for pressure, temperature, pH and seafloor photography were collected over 431 days using a benthic observatory at the active Håkon Mosby Mud Volcano. We documented 25 pulses of hot subsurface fluids, accompanied by eruptions that changed the landscape of the mud volcano. Four major events triggered rapid sediment uplift of more than a metre in height, substantial lateral flow of muds at average velocities of 0.4 m per day, and significant emissions of methane and CO2 from the seafloor.
    Description: Participation of the Sentry AUV and TETHYS team from WHOI was funded by the Arctic Research Initiative of WHOI’s Ocean and Climate Change Institute and the NASA ASTEP grant NNX09AB76G. Additional funds were made available by the AWI, the Max Planck Society and the DFG METEOR/MERIAN programme, as well as the Leibniz programme to A.B.
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  • 13
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    Intensification of the meridional temperature gradient in the Great Barrier Reef following the Last Glacial Maximum (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Nature Communications 5 (2014): 4102, doi:10.1038/ncomms5102.
    Description: Tropical south-western Pacific temperatures are of vital importance to the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), but the role of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the growth of the GBR since the Last Glacial Maximum remains largely unknown. Here we present records of Sr/Ca and δ18O for Last Glacial Maximum and deglacial corals that show a considerably steeper meridional SST gradient than the present day in the central GBR. We find a 1–2 °C larger temperature decrease between 17° and 20°S about 20,000 to 13,000 years ago. The result is best explained by the northward expansion of cooler subtropical waters due to a weakening of the South Pacific gyre and East Australian Current. Our findings indicate that the GBR experienced substantial meridional temperature change during the last deglaciation, and serve to explain anomalous deglacial drying of northeastern Australia. Overall, the GBR developed through significant SST change and may be more resilient than previously thought.
    Description: Funding was provided by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (FE 615/4-1), Australian Research Council (Discovery grant DP1094001), Australia and New Zealand IODP Consortium, Australian Institute of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Natural Environmental Research Council (NE/H014136/1, NE/H014268/1), the Cooperative Research Program of the Center for Advanced Marine Core Research (10B039, 11A013, 11B041), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India (with partial support from DST & ISRO-GBP) and Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS NEXT-GR031).
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  • 14
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    Counting whales in a challenging, changing environment (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 4 (2014): 4170, doi:10.1038/srep04170.
    Description: Estimating abundance of Antarctic minke whales is central to the International Whaling Commission's conservation and management work and understanding impacts of climate change on polar marine ecosystems. Detecting abundance trends is problematic, in part because minke whales are frequently sighted within Antarctic sea ice where navigational safety concerns prevent ships from surveying. Using icebreaker-supported helicopters, we conducted aerial surveys across a gradient of ice conditions to estimate minke whale density in the Weddell Sea. The surveys revealed substantial numbers of whales inside the sea ice. The Antarctic summer sea ice is undergoing rapid regional change in annual extent, distribution, and length of ice-covered season. These trends, along with substantial interannual variability in ice conditions, affect the proportion of whales available to be counted by traditional shipboard surveys. The strong association between whales and the dynamic, changing sea ice requires reexamination of the power to detect trends in whale abundance or predict ecosystem responses to climate change.
    Description: This work received funding from the following institutions: Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI); Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality (EL & I); German Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (BMELV); German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU); the Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies (Wageningen IMARES); Johann Heinrich von Thu¨nen Institute (Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries); the Netherlands Polar Programme (NPP) of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NOW); Research and Technology Centre Westcoast (FTZ) of the University Kiel. RW was funded by a Marie Curie International Incoming Fellowship within the 7th European Community Framework Programme (proposal Nu 253407 (call reference: FP7- PEOPLE-2009-IIF).
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  • 15
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    MIxS-BE : a MIxS extension defining a minimum information standard for sequence data from the built environment (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in ISME Journal 8 (2014): 1-3, doi:10.1038/ismej.2013.176.
    Description: The need for metadata standards for microbe sampling in the built environment.
    Description: We would like to thank the Alfred P Sloan Foundation grant FP047325-01-PR for support for this project.
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  • 16
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    A reversal of fortunes : climate change ‘winners’ and ‘losers’ in Antarctic Peninsula penguins (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 4 (2014): 5024, doi:10.1038/srep05024.
    Description: Climate change is a major threat to global biodiversity. Antarctic ecosystems are no exception. Investigating past species responses to climatic events can distinguish natural from anthropogenic impacts. Climate change produces ‘winners’, species that benefit from these events and ‘losers’, species that decline or become extinct. Using molecular techniques, we assess the demographic history and population structure of Pygoscelis penguins in the Scotia Arc related to climate warming after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). All three pygoscelid penguins responded positively to post-LGM warming by expanding from glacial refugia, with those breeding at higher latitudes expanding most. Northern (Pygoscelis papua papua) and Southern (Pygoscelis papua ellsworthii) gentoo sub-species likely diverged during the LGM. Comparing historical responses with the literature on current trends, we see Southern gentoo penguins are responding to current warming as they did during post-LGM warming, expanding their range southwards. Conversely, Adélie and chinstrap penguins are experiencing a ‘reversal of fortunes’ as they are now declining in the Antarctic Peninsula, the opposite of their response to post-LGM warming. This suggests current climate warming has decoupled historic population responses in the Antarctic Peninsula, favoring generalist gentoo penguins as climate change ‘winners’, while Adélie and chinstrap penguins have become climate change ‘losers’.
    Description: We thank the Zoological Society of London, Quark Expeditions, Exodus Travels ltd., Oceanites, the Holly Hill Charitable Trust, the Charities Advisory Trust and an U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) Office of Polar Programs grant (ANT-0739575) for funding.
    Keywords: Climate-change ecology ; Molecular ecology ; Molecular evolution ; Population genetics
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  • 17
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    Horizontal eddy energy flux in the world oceans diagnosed from altimetry data (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 4 (2014): 5316, doi:10.1038/srep05316.
    Description: During the propagation of coherent mesoscale eddies, they directly or indirectly induce many effects and interactions at different scales, implying eddies are actually serving as a kind of energy carrier or energy source for these eddy-related dynamic processes. To quantify this dynamically significant energy flow, the multi-year averaged horizontal eddy energy fluxes (EEFs) were estimated by using satellite altimetry data and a two-layer model based on hydrographic climatology. There is a strong net westward transport of eddy energy estimated at the mean value of ~13.3 GW north of 5°N and ~14.6 GW at the band 5°S ~ 44°S in the Southern Hemisphere. However, poleward of 44°S east-propagating eddies carry their energy eastward with an averaged net flux of ~3.2 GW. If confirmed, it would signify that geostrophic eddies not only contain the most of oceanic kinetic energy (KE), but also carry and spread a significant amount of energy with them.
    Description: This study is supported by Grants XDA11010202, 2011CB403505, 2013CB430303; Projects 41306016, U1033002, 40976021 of NNSFC and LTOZZ1304.
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    Oceanography : oxygen and climate dynamics (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2014. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Nature Publishing Group for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Nature Climate Change 4 (2014): 862-863, doi:10.1038/nclimate2386.
    Description: Low oxygen levels in tropical oceans shape marine ecosystems and biogeochemistry with climate change expected to expand these regions. Now, a study indicates that regional dynamics control tropical oxygen trends, bucking projected global reductions in ocean oxygen.
    Description: 2015-03-25
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    Extreme diving behaviour in devil rays links surface waters and the deep ocean (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Nature Communications 5 (2014): 4274, doi:10.1038/ncomms5274.
    Description: Ecological connections between surface waters and the deep ocean remain poorly studied despite the high biomass of fishes and squids residing at depths beyond the euphotic zone. These animals likely support pelagic food webs containing a suite of predators that include commercially important fishes and marine mammals. Here we deploy pop-up satellite archival transmitting tags on 15 Chilean devil rays (Mobula tarapacana) in the central North Atlantic Ocean, which provide movement patterns of individuals for up to 9 months. Devil rays were considered surface dwellers but our data reveal individuals descending at speeds up to 6.0 m s−1 to depths of almost 2,000 m and water temperatures 〈4 °C. The shape of the dive profiles suggests that the rays are foraging at these depths in deep scattering layers. Our results provide evidence of an important link between predators in the surface ocean and forage species occupying pelagic habitats below the euphotic zone in ocean ecosystems.
    Description: This research was partially supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology/Ministry of Education and Science (FCT/MCTES-MEC) through individual support to P.A. (Cieˆncia 2008/POPH/QREN) and J.F. (SFRH/BPD/66532/2009) and the LARSyS Strategic Project (PEst/OE/EEI/LA00009/2011). This study was support by the US National Science Foundation (OCE 0825148 to S.R.T. and G.B.S.), The Harrison Foundation, Rodney and Elizabeth Berens, the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (baseline research funds to M.L.B.) and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
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    Antarctic-wide array of high-resolution ice core records reveals pervasive lead pollution began in 1889 and persists today (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 4 (2014): 5848, doi:10.1038/srep05848.
    Description: Interior Antarctica is among the most remote places on Earth and was thought to be beyond the reach of human impacts when Amundsen and Scott raced to the South Pole in 1911. Here we show detailed measurements from an extensive array of 16 ice cores quantifying substantial toxic heavy metal lead pollution at South Pole and throughout Antarctica by 1889 – beating polar explorers by more than 22 years. Unlike the Arctic where lead pollution peaked in the 1970s, lead pollution in Antarctica was as high in the early 20th century as at any time since industrialization. The similar timing and magnitude of changes in lead deposition across Antarctica, as well as the characteristic isotopic signature of Broken Hill lead found throughout the continent, suggest that this single emission source in southern Australia was responsible for the introduction of lead pollution into Antarctica at the end of the 19th century and remains a significant source today. An estimated 660 t of industrial lead have been deposited over Antarctica during the past 130 years as a result of mid-latitude industrial emissions, with regional-to-global scale circulation likely modulating aerosol concentrations. Despite abatement efforts, significant lead pollution in Antarctica persists into the 21st century.
    Description: This work primarily was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation Division of Polar Programs (research grants 9903744, 0538427, 0538416, 0968391, 1142166, 0632031; instrument grants 0216552, 0421412).
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    How unique was Hurricane Sandy? Sedimentary reconstructions of extreme flooding from New York Harbor (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 4 (2014): 7366, doi:10.1038/srep07366.
    Description: The magnitude of flooding in New York City by Hurricane Sandy is commonly believed to be extremely rare, with estimated return periods near or greater than 1000 years. However, the brevity of tide gauge records result in significant uncertainties when estimating the uniqueness of such an event. Here we compare resultant deposition by Hurricane Sandy to earlier storm-induced flood layers in order to extend records of flooding to the city beyond the instrumental dataset. Inversely modeled storm conditions from grain size trends show that a more compact yet more intense hurricane in 1821 CE probably resulted in a similar storm tide and a significantly larger storm surge. Our results indicate the occurrence of additional flood events like Hurricane Sandy in recent centuries, and highlight the inadequacies of the instrumental record in estimating current flood risk by such extreme events.
    Description: Funding for this work was provided by the Hudson River Foundation Expedited Grant #004/12E, the Hudson River Foundation Graduate Fellowship 02–13, the National Science Foundation (RAPID grant #1313859 and instrument and facility support via grant IF-0949313), and the Dalio Explore Fund.
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    The Average Life Period of an Atom (1928)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 122 (1928), S. 961-961 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] I QUITE agree with Dr. Poole. I had previously discussed the question he raises in a lecture, “Recent Developments of Cosmical Physics”, published as a supplement to NATURE of Dec. 4, 1926; there is a similar discussion on p. 131 of my “Astronomy and Cosmogony”: “Our terrestrial atoms have so ...
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    The Raman Effect in X-ray Scattering (1928)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 122 (1928), S. 961-962 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THAT a quantum of radiation can be absorbed in part by an atomic system, and the remaining part scattered by it giving rise to a radiation of increased wave-length, has been demonstrated by recent work on the scattering of light in material media. In his address on “A New Radiation” (Ind. Jour. ...
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    Plant Growth in a Cheddar Cave (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 962-962 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] GOUGH'S Cave at Cheddar, Somerset, is illuminated by electric light in those parts which are shown to the public. Within a radius of about six feet from almost every electric bulb (of the ordinary gas-filled type) the rock or clay is covered with a growth of green plants. At some points there ...
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    Christmas Customs and their Origins (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 964-967 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] OF the popular customs associated with Christmas, few have a Christian origin. The aim of the early Church was to distract its followers from the great festivals of the heathen, and consequently pagan elements were allowed to be incorporated as freely in the observance of Christmas as they were in ...
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    University and Educational Intelligence (1928)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 122 (1928), S. 980-980 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] BIRMINGHAM.-Dr. Leonard G. Parsons, physician to the General Hospital and senior physician to the Children's Hospital, has been appointed professor of infant hygiene and diseases of children. The Council has approved an expenditure of about £300 for the preparation of a laboratory to be used ...
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    An Introduction to Crystal Analysis (1928)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 122 (1928), S. 915-916 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] A NEW book from the pen of Sir William Bragg is always a noteworthy event. Before we open it we know that it is one which we have to read and one which it will be a joy to read. The latest is no exception. Based on and expanded from a series of lectures delivered at University College, Aberystwyth, ...
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    South Africa's Past in Stone and Paint (1928)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 122 (1928), S. 918-919 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] MR. BURKITT feels a difficulty in catering on one hand for the needs of South Africans, who naturally are interested in tracing the connexions of their local finds with the archaeology of the northern hemisphere, and, on the other hand, to bring to the notice of European prehistorians the very ...
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    Einführung in die theoretische Physik (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 920-920 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THIS " Introduction to Theoretical Optics " concludes appropriately the series of four volumes on " Theoretical Physics" by o Dr. Max Planck. General mechanics, the mechanics of deformable bodies, and the theory of electricity and magnetism are the subjects of the three earlier volumes. According- ...
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    The Philosophical Bases of Education (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 920-920 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE title of this book would have been better chosen as the "Idealistic Philosophical Basis of Education." The author has no particular use for either the naturalistic or pragmatic philosophies, and concentrates all his attention on idealism. He gives quite a good account of naturalism and ...
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    Frequency Change in Scattered Light (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 921-921 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] WORK has been carried out in this laboratory on the frequency change in scattered light (Raman effect), using a plane polarised beam. The preliminary results seem sufficiently interesting to be worth publishing even in an incomplete form. With carbon tetrachloride and an unpolarised beam, it is ...
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    The Velocity Coefficient of a Homogeneous Bimolecular Gas Reaction (1928)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 122 (1928), S. 923-924 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE theory of kinetic activation has been shown by Hinshelwood to lead to a simple explanation of homogeneous bimolecular reactions (“Kinetics of Chemical Change in Gaseous Systems”, Oxf. Univ. Press). According to this view, two molecules react on collision when their joint kinetic energy at ...
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    Determination of Noon by Shadow (1928)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 122 (1928), S. 924-924 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] CORRECT time is now so widely distributed that devices for the accurate reading of sundials are scarcely more than curiosities; but as a curiosity it may be worth while to put on record a method which I used from 1875 to 1880, by which the meridian passage of the sun was determined to within ...
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    Short Wave Echoes and the Aurora Borealis (1928)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 122 (1928), S. 878-879 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IN the issue of NATURE for Nov. 3 a short note by Prof. Carl Størmer appeared under this title. Prof. Størmer there described the observations made by him and Engineer Jørgen Hals, Oslo, of some remarkable echoes heard several seconds after the original signals—which were emitted from the short ...
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    Psychology of Infancy and Early Childhood (1928)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 122 (1928), S. 877-877 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE recent formation of a Child Guidance Clinic under the Child Guidance Council, and with the approval of the London County Council, is an indication of the increasing importance attached to the mental care of the pre-school child in England. Miss Arlitt's book comes at a very opportune moment, ...
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    The Thirsty Earth: a Study in Irrigation (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 877-877 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THIS book gives a general account of irrigation suited to the reader who wishes to know something of its effects and of the way it is done without going into too much technical detail. The author begins with a statement of the changes in climate which make land formerly humid become more arid: this ...
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    [Letters to Editor] (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 879-879 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IN connexion with Prof. Størmer's interesting letter on this subject in NATURE of Nov. 3, it may be of interest to inquire whether by purely terrestrial agencies such long temporal retardations of short wave signals may be explained. Abnormally long retardations of such signals, returned from ...
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    The Electrical Conductivity of Metals (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 882-882 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IN the recent theories of metallic conduction the exchange of electrons between neighbouring atoms has perhaps not been sufficiently considered. The new quantum mechanics as applied to molecules has shown that, for distances of the order of those which separate the atoms in a crystal lattice, ...
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    The Chromomeres of Lilium (1928)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 122 (1928), S. 882-882 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IN specially well-fixed preparations of the pachyphase (pachytene stage) of Lilium, stained with ironbrazilin, the following phenomena were observed: The homologous chromomeres of the two conjugated threads are split, and the two halves of each (chromioles) remain in contact (as Gelei ...
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    Prof. R. A. Berry (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 895-895 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE sudden death of Reginald Arthur Berry, which took place in Glasgow on Oct. 12, at the early age of fifty-two years, deprives Scotland of one of its most active workers in agricultural science. Berry was educated at Oundle and at Cambridge. After acting as assistant for several years to the late ...
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    Copper in Antiquity (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 886-895 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] ON more than one occasion attention has been directed to the work of the British Association Research Committee which is investigating the sources of Early Sumerian copper. The interim report which was presented at the recent Glasgow meeting of the Association is of exceptional interest, It ...
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    Mr. S. R. Pike (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 895-895 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE death occurred on Nov. 22, in hospital at Pasadena, California, of Sydney Royston Pike. Mr. Pike was born in 1903, and showed a marked bent towards astronomy from early years. He entered Balliol from Bedford School in 1920 with a scholarship awarded for distinction in that subject. Graduating ...
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    Geometrische Optik (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 839-839 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] So many books have been devoted to the subject of geometrical optics-the principles of which are already well defined-it is often difficult to find much variation in the presentation of the material or justification for its republication; the illustrations have often a too familiar appearance. No ...
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    Manuel du relieur (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 839-839 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THIS is a clearly written book by a high authority on practical bookbinding, suitable for amateur or professional. It does not enter into either mass binding or casing for the trade, or the refinements of finishing dear to the high-class amateur. The attempt to illustrate the various manual ...
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    Research Items (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 901-903 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] EXCAVATIONS IN THE PIN HOLE CAVE, CBESWELL.- In a paper read before the Royal Anthropological Institute on Nov. 20, Mr. A. Leslie Armstrong described the work proceeding in the large inner chamber of this cave. The total depth of the deposit is 15 feet and consists of an upper and a lower ...
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    Action of Light on Coloured Bakelite (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 845-845 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] A VERY interesting question is raised by Lord Rayleigh's letter on “Action of Light on Celluloid stained with Malachite Green”, in NATURE of Oct. 27, p. 645. Mr. A. Munro, the manufacturer of the ' Research' fountain pen, in a letter to me dated Oct. 3, 1928, discussing the colour of his ...
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    A Lunar Eclipse Legend (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 845-845 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE legends of primitive peoples connected with astronomical events are of interest to students of the history of culture, ethnography, etc. A story of this kind explaining the eclipse of the moon was heard by me last August in Karačaj—a region to the west from Elborus (Caucasus). The ...
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    The Ritchey-Chrétien Reflecting Telescope (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 846-847 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE reflecting telescope possesses one obvious J- advantage over the refractor, in that the position of the focus is independent of the colour of the light used. But as an offset to this all types of reflectors which have been used by astronomers suffer from the fact that the field of good ...
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    [Obituaries] (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 851-851 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] WE regret to announce the following deaths: Dr. John A. Bownocker, chairman of the department of geology at the Ohio State University since 1916 and State geologist of Ohio since 1906, who was interested chiefly in the economic geology of the region, on Oct. 20, aged sixty-three years. Sir Hector ...
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    Sir Alexander Kennedy, F.R.S. (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 850-851 
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    Notes: [Auszug] A NOTABLE figure in the engineering and scientific world is removed by the death of Sir Alexander B. W. Kennedy, F.R.S., in his eighty-second year. Born in London in 1847, the son of the Rev. John Kennedy, D.D., and Helen Stodart, sister of Prof. John Stuart Blackie, Kennedy received his early ...
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    Research Items (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 857-859 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE CABBYING or YOUNG BY MAMMALS.-In discussing the life history of the woodland deer mouse (Peromyscua leucopus noveboracensis) E. Raymond Hall makes a side observation of interest (Jour. Mammalogy, August). In a hunting cabin in Kansas he disturbed a female mouse with four young, which in her ...
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    University and Educational Intelligence (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 863-863 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] CAMBBIDGE.-Mr. J. F. Cameron, bursar and formerly senior tutor and lecturer in mathematics at Gonville and Caius College, has been elected Master of the College in succession to Sir Hugh Anderson, who died in Nov. 2. LONDON.-Mr. R. G. H. Clements has been appointed as from Dec. 1 to the Maybury ...
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    Societies and Academies (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 865-867 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] LONDON. Royal Society, Nov. 15.J-F. A. Jenkins and H. de Laszlo: Structure of the violet bands of silicon nitride. The analysis shows a marked isotope effect for Si28N, Si29N, and Si30N.-R. A. Fisher: The general sampling distribution of the multiple correlation coefficient.-F. W. Carter: On the ...
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    Diary of Societies (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 867-868 
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    Notes: [Auszug] TEXTILE INSTITUTE (Manchester), at 1.15.-E. E. Canney: Rational Development in the Organisation of the Cotton Industry. NORTH or ENGLAND INSTITUTE OF MINING AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERS (Associates' and Students' Section) (Newcastle-upon-Tyne), at 2.80.- J. H. M. Cragg: Notes on an Electric Heading ...
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    Asoka (Gaekwad Lectures) (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 801-802 
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    Notes: [Auszug] TWO topics from India's past history seem to exercise a paramount influence on the minds of her modern scholars. One of them is the prob lem, or series of problems, connected with the Compendium of Politics by Kautilya, which was unearthed from a South Indian manuscript about twenty years ago by ...
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    Science and Reality (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 803-803 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE Astronomer Royal for Scotland has written an admirable essay on the general character of scientific knowledge. The argument, though much condensed and avoiding no difficulties, should be intelligible to any normal person who is prepared to apply his mind seriously to the matter. No special ...
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    Assimilation and Petrogenesis: Separation of Ores from Magmas (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 804-804 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE question of the extent to which rocks have been made and modified by assimilation of ex traneous material and ores have been formed by consolidation from molten rock, has been long discussed, and the possibilities shown by many experiments. Prof. Stansfield of Illinois has con ducted an ...
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    Sir Hugh Anderson, F.R.S. (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 816-816 
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    Notes: [Auszug] SIR HUGH ANDERSON, who died on Nov. 2, was one of the most influential and the best-loved men in Cambridge. Modest to a fault and ready to see merit in all but himself, he was never theless a far-sighted and resolute administrator, and the driving force behind most of the recent changes in the ...
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    Surface Actions (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 826-827 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] GI.FINCH AND J. C. STIMSON.-The electrical * o condition of hot surfaces during the adsorption of gases. Part 2. When a nickel sheet is heated in vacua or in contact with a gas it becomes electrically charged. The magnitude of the charge depends upon the temperature of the metal and its previous ...
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    Culture and Social Progress (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 803-803 
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    Notes: [Auszug] TEN years after the cessation of hostilities we are able to regard culture in as favourable an aspect as it deserves, being freed, as it now is, from the distasteful significance which it acquired with the advent, and during the continuance, of the War. This discursus by Prof. Folsom, dealing with ...
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    Tychonis Brahe Dani Opera Omnia (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 803-804 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THESE two volumes, which have seen the light after the editor's death, would appear to complete his great edition of the works of Tycho Brahe, apart from an index rerum, which it would seem is still awaiting publication. Of these two volumes, Tomus IX. has been edited almost entirely by the late ...
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    “World-Radio” Map of European Broadcasting Stations in relation to the British Isles (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 804-804 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE British Broadcasting Corporation has issued a 'world-radio' map of Europe. The map is so constructed that the distances and the bearings of all continental stations can be-found at once from it. Straight lines drawn from any point in the British Isles to continental stations can be regarded as ...
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    [News and Views] (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 817-822 
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    Notes: [Auszug] AT the annual dinner of the Royal' Society of Medicine, held on Nov. 15, Mr. Rudyard Kipling, who was one of the guests of honour, disappointed and mystified his audience by a discourse on Nicholas Culpeper, the astrologer physician who flourished in the first half of the seventeenth century and ...
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    Research Items (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 823-825 
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    Notes: [Auszug] ROMAN BRITAIN.-The Ordnance Survey has pub lished a second edition of the map of Roman Britain (Southampton: Ordnance Survey. Price 4s.), which contains a number of additions and differs in other respects from the first. Land between 50 and 100 feet is now indicated by a layer-colour, and submarine ...
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    Philips' Pocket Surveyor (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 767-767 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE " Pocket Surveyor " is a simple and ingenious mechanism for which it is claimed that it is always ready for ' spotting ' levels, calculating heights of buildings and trees, gradients and areas; for setting right angles for sports grounds; for simple map-making and contouring. It is, however, ...
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    The ‘Dimensions’ of Society (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 768-769 
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    Notes: [Auszug] A REMARK of Dr. D. A. Robertson was quoted in NATURE of Sept. 8 last, p. 383, by the reviewer of the book on “American Universities and Colleges”: “When the world's work has been analysed and the skills and qualities required for particular jobs have been specified, the schools and colleges can ...
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    The Immunity to Adder Venom of Slow-worms, Frogs, and Toads (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 769-770 
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    Notes: [Auszug] IT is commonly believed that all creatures are subject to the destructive propensities of snake venom. I have, however, been able to show that two or three species, at any rate, in the animal kingdom are immune to adder poison. Some time ago' I carried out a series of experiments to ...
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    Secondary Absorption Edges in X-rays (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 771-772 
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    Notes: [Auszug] RECENTLY Nuttall (Phys. Rev., 31; 1928) has examined the X-ray absorption spectra of simple compounds like potassium chloride and found six absorption edges (designated as A, B, C, D, E and F) both for potassium and chlorine atoms, all of which lie on the short wave-length side of the ...
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    Laboratory Drainage (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 773-773 
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    Notes: [Auszug] TROUBLE with laboratory drainage is so frequent that information on any new departure may be of general interest. It is difficult to obtain a materiai for waste systems which wili withstand dilute acids, alkalis, organie liquids, and mercury, all of which find their way down chemical drains. So ...
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    Health and Sanitation in India (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 776-778 
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    Notes: [Auszug] AN Appendix to the Report of the Royal Com--£A_ mission on Agriculture in India has recently been published,1 consisting of a concise survey of conditions in each of the presidencies and provinces, eleven in all, of British India. One section of each such survey is devoted to public health and ...
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    Erratum (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 743-743 
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    Notes: [Auszug] -Mr. K. Sreenivasan, referring to his letter entitled " Long Wave Radio Reception and Atmospheric Ozone " in NATURE of Oct. 27, p. 646, informs us that while correcting the proof he overlooked a mistake on p. 646, near the bottom of col. 2. The figure for correlation given there is 1-77 ±0-23; it ...
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    Conference of Australian Physicists. (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 747-747 
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    Notes: [Auszug] A CONFERENCE of physicists and astronomers, -^- arranged by members of the Institute of Physios resident in Australia, was held at Canberra on Aug. 15-18, and was attended by nearly forty research workers. This conference arose from a desire to hold more frequent meetings of physicists than are ...
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    Fluorescence of Mercury Vapour under Low Excitation. (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 725-725 
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    Notes: [Auszug] IN a letter published in NATURE of Aug. 18 under the above title, I described the excitation of mercury fluorescence using wave-lengths much longer than the resonance line λ2537, and even as long as λ3125. This fluorescence shows the well-known visual green with continuous spectrum. I have ...
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    The Invention of the Hot Blast in Iron-Smelting. (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 728-728 
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    Notes: [Auszug] HAVING read Mr. E. Wyndham Hulme's letter, together with a copy of the article in the Engineer to which he refers, and the specification of Stirling's Patent No. 4081 of 1816, I cannot see any ground for his supposition that it anticipated Neilson's subsequent invention of hot blast in ...
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    The Dissociation of Pure Mercury. (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 728-728 
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    Notes: [Auszug] WITH reference to Mr. Bradley's letter on the dissociation of pure mercury in NATURE of Oct. 13, p. 573, I do not think that experimental evidence on the conductivity of other dilute amalgams confirms his calculation of the number of electrons per cubic centimetre of mercury. If the ...
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    Recent Excavations at the Cheddar Caves. (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 735-736 
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    Notes: [Auszug] OWING to the increasing number of visitors to the famous caves at Cheddar, Somerset, it became advisable in the winter of 1927-28 to enlarge the entrance. When the cave was first discovered by the late R. C. Gough some thirty years ago, access to the inner portions was obtained by making a cutting ...
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    Proposal to Establish a Size Limit for both Salmon and Sea Trout in the Baltic. (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 683-683 
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    Notes: [Auszug] IN vol. 48 of Rapports et Procès-Verbaux des Réunions of the Permanent International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, recently published, six writers, each representing a country abutting on the Baltic, give accounts of the salmon and sea trout fisheries, and in one case, that of the ...
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    Research Items. (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 744-746 
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    Notes: [Auszug] A CHINESE FBESCO OF T'ANG STYLE.-A second fresco from the Moon Hill Buddhist Monastery near Cli'ing Hua Chen in Honan Province has been acquired by the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania, and is described by Miss Helen E. Fernald in the Museum Journal, vol. 19, No. 2. It comes from the wall ...
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    Vitamin A as an Anti-Infective Agent. (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 750-750 
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    Notes: [Auszug] WHEN the fat-soluble vitamins were first differ-' * entiated, it was soon recognised that animals maintained on synthetic purified rations deficient in fat-soluble A not only ceased to grow after a variable time, but also were very prone to develop various infections. One of the most obvious and ...
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    Societies and Academies. (1928)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 122 (1928), S. 753-755 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] LONDON. Royal Society, Nov. 1.-G. D. Bengough, J. M. Stuart, and A. R. Lee: The theory of metallic corrosion in the light of quantitative measurements (2). Forms of corrosion-time curves for zinc in potassium chloride solutions in the presence of oxygen have been denned at 25° C. and 760 mm. over ...
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    Diary of Societies. (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 755-756 
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    Notes: [Auszug] FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 9. FARADAY SOCIETY (at Royal Institution), at 3.30.-Sir Oliver Lodge: Some Debatable Problems in Physics (Spiers Memorial Lecture). ROYAL SOCIETY OF ARTS (Indian Meeting), at 4.30.-J. W. Madeley: Town Water Supply in India. ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, at 5.-Dr. W. M. Smart: On ...
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    Erratum (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 706-706 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The first sentence in the third paragraph of the letter by Messrs. Aborn and Davidson, entitled " X-Ray Studies of the Structure of Salts Adsorbed on Cellulose," in NATURE of Sept. 22 (p. 440), should read: "Investigations were made both with starch and with cellulose in the form of filter ...
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    The International Institute of Bibliography. (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 710-710 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] ANNUAL MEETING AT COLOGNE. rPHE annual meeting of the Brussels Institut Inter--*- national de Bibliographic was held at Cologne on Sept. 18 and 19, and by invitation of the Ober-burgermeister, Dr. Adenauer, the proceedings took place in the Petite Salle des Congres of the ' Pressa ' Exhibition. ...
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    University and Educational Intelligence. (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 712-712 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] CAMBRIDGE.-Mr. C. Warburton, Christ's College, has been re-appointed demonstrator in medical entomology. Miss A. S. Dale, Newnham College, has been elected to the Michael Foster research studentship in physiology. Mr. H. J. Pfister, of the University of Birmingham, has been nominated to use the ...
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    The Magnetic Moment of the Electron. (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 649-649 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE hypothesis of the spinning electron assigns to the electron an angular momentum h/4π and a magnetic moment eh/4πmc. Dirac1 showed that the spectroscopic duplexity pointed out by Heisenberg can be explained more satisfactorily by modifying othe wave equation. In his theory the ...
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    Elastic Constants of Single-crystal Aluminium Wire. (1928)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 122 (1928), S. 650-650 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IN connexion with my investigations on certain elastic properties of solid metallic elements, Prof. H. C. H. Carpenter, of the Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington, has had made for me single-crystal aluminium wires of diameters 1 mm. and 2 mm. respectively. The wires ...
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    The Depth of Field and Resolving Power of Optical Instruments. (1928)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 122 (1928), S. 649-650 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE belief of some physicists that the significance of Airy's work of a hundred years ago on the character of optical images is rarely appreciated by users of optical instruments, will be strengthened by a recent letter in NATURE. It calls to mind a statement in Lord Rayleigh's address to the ...
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    Geological Jargonese. (1928)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 122 (1928), S. 650-650 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE correspondent on the above subject in NATURE of Oct. 13 gives expression to a matter of regret for many a lay reader like myself, but that regret should not be sharpened by impatience. NATURE is a kind of mixed grill, prepared for people of widely different tastes, all of them ...
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    Prof. S. Oppenheim. (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 657-657 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SAMUEL OPPENHEIM, professor of astronomy in the University of Vienna, died in that city on Aug. 15, in his seventy-first year. He had graduated at Vienna in 1880 in the subjects of mathematics, physics, and astronomy, and obtained the doctor's degree in 1884 with a thesis on a new method of ...
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    Our Astronomical Column. (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 663-663 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE ROTATION PERIOD OF NEPTUNE.-J. H. Moore and D. H. Menzel have investigated this period by the spectroscopic method, using the 36-inch refractor at Lick (Pubs. Astr. Soc. Pacific, August). They placed the slit parallel to the planet's equator, as lately determined by Eichelberger and Newton from ...
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    The Embrittlement of Boiler Plates. (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 668-668 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IN the issue of NATURE for May 7, 1927, p. 686, an account was given of work which had been carried out at the Experimental Research Station of the University of Illinois over a period of several years. The authors, S. W. Parr and F. G. Straub, showed that the embrittlement of boiler plates takes ...
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    What Botany really Means: Twelve Plain Chapters on the Modern Study of Plants (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 604-604 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] A GLANCE at the illustration at the beginning of this book, which illustrates the adventures of running sap, is sufficient to show that the book is constructed on unusual lines. Upon critical examination, probably any regular reader of NATTJEE could find some section which might undergo alteration ...
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    The Phase Rule and its Applications (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 605-605 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] FINDLAY'S " Phase Rule " is too well known to call for a lengthy review on the appearance of a new edition. It is now five years since the format was changed in a new post-War edition of the book, and the subject is too well established to require a similar drastic revision at the present stage. ...
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    Theory of Electrical Migration of Ions (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 608-608 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE object of this note is to show that the theory of moving boundaries as developed by Kohlrausch and Weber overlooks the unequal transfer of the common ion at the boundary and consequently rests on a misconception of the conditions on the ‘indicator’ side of the boundary. For a stable ...
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    The Nature of Skill (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 611-614 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE CONCEPT OF SKILL. THE word ' skill' is used in many ways. It is therefore reasonable that for scientific purposes its connotation shall be slightly limited. The following is proposed as a definition: Skill is an integration of well-adjusted performances. In such a terse statement all the words ...
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    University and Educational Intelligence. (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 669-669 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] BRISTOL.-The first Henry Herbert Wills Memorial Lecture, founded to commemorate the gift of the Physical Laboratory to the University, will be delivered by Sir James Jeans on Oct. 30 at 5.30 P.M. The title of his lecture will be " The Physics of the Universe." KING'S COLLEGE, University of London, ...
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    The Modern Calorimeter (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 569-569 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] ALTHOUGH it is written essentially for the specialist in calorimetry, this book is arranged in such a way as to be equally valuable to the general scientific reader. Dr. White has made important contributions to recent developments of calorimetry, and while his book does not completely cover the ...
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    A Method of Preparing Sections of Fossil Plants contained in Coal Balls or in other Types of Petrifaction (1928)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 122 (1928), S. 571-571 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE method described in this letter was devised in collaboration with Dr. R. G. Koopmans of Utrecht. A flat surface must first of all be cut or ground on the coal ball or other petrified mass parallel to the planes in which the sections are required: this surface is ground smooth, but a fine ...
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    The Daily Terrestrial Magnetic Variations; and the Sun's Magnetic Field (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 572-572 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] R. GUNN has recently suggested (Physical Review, July 1928) that the daily variation of the earth's magnetic field is due to the diamagnetism of the outermost layer of the atmosphere, where the ions and electrons can freely spiral many times round the lines of the earth's magnetic field between ...
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    The Synthesis of Cane Sugar: The End of a Chapter (1928)
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    Nature 122 (1928), S. 578-579 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE synthesis of cane sugar in the laboratory has brought to triumphant completion a long chapter of endeavour on the part of the chemist. It has always been regarded as the crowning success to be won in the long series of victories achieved by the chemist in synthesising natural organic products, ...
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