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  • Articles  (41,309)
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  • 1995-1999  (9,729)
  • 1985-1989  (7,525)
  • 1980-1984  (7,894)
  • 1975-1979  (15,770)
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Year
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  • 1
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 57-67 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The paper presents a simple method for solving the optimal (LQG) control problem on an infinite time horizon for linear plants described by proper rational transfer function matrices. Since the class of proper plants discussed in the paper is more general than the one commonly used, additional properties of solutions are presented. Two numerical examples illustrate the theoretical considerations. The examples have been performed on an IBM PC using the proposed algorithm. This algorithm is a part of a public ASMCS package developed by the author for analysis, synthesis, and simulations of multi-input, multi-output (MIMO) control systems.
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  • 2
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 135-143 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract We study the behavior of a Hilbert network (i.e., a finite or countably infinite network whose variables are in a Hilbert space and in which the associated total energy is finite) whose elements are affected by perturbations. More specifically, we will give estimates for a change of the current distribution caused by (a) perturbations of the elements of the nominal network when the voltage sources are fixed, and (b) a change of voltage sources in a network whose elements are perturbed. The conditions given in our theorems imply insensitivity and robust stability of the nominal network. The applications of the results are illustrated by an example of an infinite network.
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  • 3
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 473-494 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A new lattice filter structure to model two-dimensional (2-D) autoregressive (AR) fields is proposed. The proposed structure utilizes and extracts the information contained in the backward prediction error fields and their delayed versions. The main idea is to use two sets of reflection coefficients corresponding to two quadrant filters and to increase the number of reflection coefficients with the order of the lattice filter. Increasing the number of reflection coefficients at each stage produces a sufficient number of independent parameters to model AR fields up to order three, which is an improvement over the existing 2-D lattice filter structures. The improvement is confirmed by computer simulations. In addition, a relationship between the reflection coefficients and the AR coefficients is derived. It is also shown that the entropy contained in the backward prediction error field vector of the proposed structure is closer to the input entropy when compared to those contained in existing 2-D lattice filters.
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  • 4
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 555-561 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper addresses the problem of global asymptotic stability in recursive first hyperquadrant causalm-D digital filters. A set of simple-to-check 1-D conditions necessary for stability of them-D system is given. Generalizations tov-dimensional (v〈m) subsystems are also provided. These derived conditions are useful in determining asymptotic convergence ofm-D digital filters implemented in fixed or floating point arithmetic. The set of 1-D conditions can be considered the analogous result to practical bounded input bounded output (BIBO) stability for linearm-D systems.
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  • 5
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 633-637 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A new efficient algorithm for calculating the weighting coefficients of maximally linear, FIR digital differentiators is presented. Simple closed-form explicit and recursive formulas are derived in a very straightforward manner. Moreover, a simple recursive equation is established, relating coefficients of two digital differentiators of adjacent ranks.
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  • 6
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 661-667 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a sequence of pseudorandom arrays with triangular symmetry. The sequence of arrays is also pseudorandom in nature, so it can be called a pseudorandom sequence of arrays, or PRSA. A circuit for the PRSA generator is given and some interesting properties of this type of PRSA are discussed. Also, some of the concepts presented in this paper are clarified with an example.
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  • 7
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we present a new class of two-dimensional FIR-median hybrid (FMH) filters, which we call separable FMH filters, for image noise smoothing. In a separable FMH filter, a one-dimensional FMH filter is applied to the rows and the columns of an image successively. The deterministic properties of separable and cross window FMH filters are discussed. Under certain assumptions, it is proved that a root of a separable FMH filter is a root of the corresponding cross window FMH filter. The noise attenuating properties of a separable FMH filter are studied and compared with those of the separable median filter, the two-dimensional median filter with a square window, and the cross window FMH filter.
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  • 8
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 69-85 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The Chinese remainder theorem is a fundamental technique widely employed in digital signal processing for designing fast algorithms for computing convolutions. Classically, it has two versions. One is over a ring of integers and the second is over a ring of polynomials with coefficients defined over a field. In our previous papers, we developed an extension to this well-known theorem for the case of a ring of polynomials with coefficients defined over a finite ring of integers. The objective was to generalize number-theoretictransforms, which turn out to be a special case of this extension. This paper focuses on the extension of the Chinese remainder theorem for processing complex-valued integer sequences. Once again, the present work generalizes the complex-number-theoretic transforms. The impetus for this work is provided by the occurrence of complex integer sequences in digital signal processing and the desire to process them using exact arithmetic.
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  • 9
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 145-166 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A method to improve the stability of the forced response of a recursive digital filter with nonlinearities due to finite wordlength is presented. An analysis of applying a stability criterion on the nonlinear filter is performed by transforming the problem into a mathematical problem of finding a zero set. As a result of the mathematical analysis, one can find a maximal sector size that bounds an equivalent nonlinearity, so that stability is ensured. This sector size is influenced by the choice of the desired nonlinearity characteristic appropriate to the problem, and the amount of the input scaling needed. Another improvement of the filter's stability is obtained by adding a feedback gain, the value of which is determined by using the zero set-finding method. Simulation results showing the improved stability properties of a filter designed by this method are presented.
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  • 10
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 285-298 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper a fully systolic, bit level, three-port unconstrained adaptor, which constitutes the main nontrivial building block of ladder wave digital filters, is generated. The one-dimensional binary convolution is used as the underlying algorithm for the implementation of a multiplication. The Isb-first input data organization approach is adopted and thecanonical mapping methodology is used to fully systolize the unconstrained parallel three-port adaptor at the bit level with piplining period a=1. The technique is based on a transformation of the adaptor's signal-flow graph, so that unidirectional data flow takes place. A ring-systolic scheme is proposed for implementing communications among adaptors.
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  • 11
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 317-349 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract We consider the problem of robust stochastic adaptive control of not necessarily minimum phase systems in the presence of unmodelled dynamics. Stochastic gradient algorithms with parameter projection and modified gain sequence are used for the estimation of the unknown controller parameters. Global stability of the adaptive system is achieved without requiring the strictly positive real condition and the persistency exciting condition to be satisfied.
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  • 12
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 427-443 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A theoretical framework for the investigation of the qualitative behavior of differential-algebraic equations (DAEs) near an equilibrium point is established. The key notion of our approach is the notion of regularity. A DAE is called regular locally around an equilibrium point if there is a unique vector field such that the solutions of the DAE and the vector field are in one-to-one correspondence in a neighborhood of this equilibrium point. Sufficient conditions for the regularity of an equilibrium point are stated. This in turn allows us to translate several local results, as formulated for vector fields, to DAEs that are regular locally around a given equilibrium point (e.g. Local Stable and Unstable Manifold Theorem, Hopf theorem). It is important that these theorems are stated in terms of the given problem and not in terms of the corresponding vector field.
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  • 13
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 495-524 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The classical notion of the λ-generalized nullspace, defined on a matrixA εR n×n,where λ is an eigenvalue, is extended to the case of ordered pairs of matrices(F, G), F, G ε R m×nwhere the associated pencilsF − G is right regular. It is shown that for every α εC ∪ {∞} generalized eigenvalue of (F, G), an ascending nested sequence of spaces {P α i ,i=1, 2,...} and a descending nested sequence of spaces {ie495-02 i=1, 2,...} are defined from the α-Toeplitz matrices of (F, G); the first sequence has a maximal elementM α * , the α-generalized nullspace of (F, G), which is the element of the sequence corresponding to the index τα, the α-index of annihilation of (F, G), whereas the second sequence has the first elementP α * as its maximal element, the α-prime space of (F, G). The geometric properties of the {M α i ,i=1, 2,...,τα and {P α i ,i=1, 2,...sets, as well as their interrelations are investigated and are shown to be intimately related to the existence of nested basis matrices of the nullspaces of the α-Toeplitz matrices of (F, G). These nested basis matrices characterize completely the geometry ofM α * and provide a systematic procedure for the selection of maximal length linearly independent vector chains characterizing theα-Segre characteristic of (F, G).
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  • 14
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 563-586 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The robustness problem of stability for large-scale uncertain systems with a class of multiple time delays is addressed in this paper. By applying the complex Lyapunov stability theorem, the matrix measure techniques, and norm inequalities, a new approach for solving a general case of the above problem is proposed. Several robust stability conditions, delay-dependent or delay-independent, are derived to guarantee the asymptotic stability and exponential stability of the uncertain large-scale time-delay systems. Moreover, these obtained results can also be applied to the stabilization design.
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  • 15
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 615-632 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Successful speech recognition is highly dependent on appropriate speech segmentation. The poor efficiency of the sequential detection of abrupt changes in the signals with relatively short stationary intervals, as is the case with speech signals, can be improved by the off-line maximum likelihood segmentation algorithm. In this paper the new segmentation algorithm is presented. For the a priori known number of segments, the algorithm determines such signal partitions for which the sum of segment distortion is minimal. The generalized maximum likelihood distortion measure has been introduced, and has proven to be particularly efficient on short signal segments. In the case of an unknown number of segments, its estimate is obtained comparing the reduction of the distortion. The asymptotic properties of the distortion sequence have been analyzed, which led to the definition of the presented segmentation algorithm. The introduced measure can be applied both to the AR and ARMA models. The segmentation algorithm is verified on test signals as well as on the natural speech signal, for which the pitch synchronous framing scheme is applied. The experimental results also include a comparison of the AR and ARMA model-based segmentations. The first results show that ARMA model-based segmentation gives somewhat better results than the AR model algorithm.
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  • 16
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 639-651 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A new bit-serial architecture for implementation of high order FIR filters is introduced, as well as example FPGA and CMOS realizations. This structure exploits the simplicity of coefficients that consist of two power-of-two terms to yield efficient implementations. Quantization effects are discussed and a simple block scaling method for reducing rounding and truncation noise in high order filters is also presented.
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  • 17
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 39-55 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes an implementation of 2-D FIR and IIR linear digital filters via VLSI array processors. The underlying realization structures are based on the matrix decomposition approach. The 2-D concurrent processing is used in order to implement the row and column delays within the cycle time. A high degree of concurrency is achieved by exploiting the pipelining of the array processors with the inherent parallelism of the matrix decomposition structure. The resulting structures are modular, and regular, use only local communication and internal local feedback loops, and achieve high throughput and sampling rates.
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  • 18
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 111-134 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This article studies dynamical systems under perturbations. We prove an Equilibrium Equivalence Theorem that guarantees that the dynamics of the system remains unchanged under perturbations with certain fairly general assumptions. We also prove that a power system is robust with respect to parameter changes in generic situations. Concepts of equilibrium equivalence and equilibrium equivalence structural stability are developed and are applied to studies of bifurcations of vector fields on noncompact manifolds. A constructive approach to equilibrium equivalence structural stability verification is emphasized. General results on structural stability of vector fields on differential manifolds are established and important applications of this theory to stability analysis are considered.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 167-185 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The problem of designing a stabilizing compensator for a control system to achieve prescribed initial value constraintsυ (i)(0+)=yi is considered. Indeed, modulo certain technical conditions, such a compensator exists if and only if yi=0;i= 0,1,...,r〈p〉 +r〈t〉 −2; wherer〈p〉 is the relative degree of the plant andr〈t〉 is the relative degree of the system input. This theorem is derived and a complete parameterization of the set of compensators that achieve the prescribed design constraints is formulated.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 255-278 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Wideband source location in array signal processing has received much attention in the literature lately. Methods such as the Coherent Signal Subspace (CSS) method proposed by Wang and Kaveh [12], and the signal subspace method used by Cadzow [3], are typical of the approaches used to tackle the multiple wideband source location problem. Most of these methods are variations of the narrowband high-resolution methods. Grenier [5], on the other hand, has applied the idea of time-dependent Auto-Regressive (AR) modeling [7] for a nonstationary process to the frequency domain AR modeling of the sensor outputs in a linear array and has been able to produce good results for a wideband signal. The AR coefficients in the model are expanded in a set of frequency-dependent basis functions. The choice of the basis functions was deemed immaterial and the method works even when only one snapshot of the array output is available. In this paper, we re-examine this method and present an extension of the frequency-dependent AR modeling approach to a planar array. It is shown that the use of a set of sinc functions for representing the frequency-dependent AR coefficients accurately tracks their evolution in the frequency domain, and gives superior performance compared to that when power or Legendre functions are used. We also propose two methods for smoothing the spatial spectra, from which the source locations are determined. Comparison with the CSS method are also presented.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 17-38 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Centralized methods for source location using sensor arrays have computational and communication burdens that increase significantly with the number of sensors in the array. Therefore, these methods may not be usable in the applications involving very large arrays. In such applications, the data processing may need to be decentralized. This paper introduces two methods for decentralized array processing, based on the recently proposed MODE algorithm. For prescribed nonoverlapping subarrays, both methods are shown to be statistically optimal in the sense that asymptotically they provide the most accurate decentralized estimates of source location parameters. The problem of subarray selection to further optimize the estimation accuracy is only briefly addressed. The two methods are intended for different types of applications: the first should be preferred when there exist significant possibilities for local processing or for parallel computation in the central processor; otherwise the second method should be preferred. The accuracy of the two decentralized methods is compared to the centralized Cramér-Rao bound, both analytically and numerically, in order to provide indications about the loss of accuracy associated with decentralized processing.
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  • 22
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 87-110 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract We present in this paper a recursive-in-order least-squares (LS) algorithm to compute efficiently the parameters of a 2-D Gaussian Markov random field (GMRF) model. The algorithm is based on the fact that the least-squares estimation of the parameters of a 2-D noncausal GMRF model is consistent and the coefficient matrix in the normal equation has near-to-block-Toeplitz structure. Hence, it has a Levinson-like form for the updating of model parameters by introducing auxiliary variables. Moreover, this paper proposes the concept ofrecursive path for 2-D recursive-in-order algorithms, and points out that there exists a tradeoff between fast computation of the parameters and accurate choice of model support; a compromise recursive path is then suggested where the orders change alternately in two directions. The computational complexity of the developed algorithm is analyzed, and the results show that the algorithm is more efficient when either the image size or the model support is larger. It is found that the total number of multiplications (mps) involved in the new algorithm is only about 14% of that in the conventional LS method when the image size is 512 × 512 and the neighbor set of the model is a 17 × 17 window. Computer simulation results using the recursive-in-order algorithm developed in this paper and the conventional LS method are given to verify the correctness of the new algorithm.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 539-553 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Cross terms are an inherent consequence of the second order nature of Cohen's class TFDs (Time-Frequency Distributions) [5], [6]. They are manifest in a TFD of multicomponent signals as spurious artifacts arising from interactions between the various signal components, and they can often appear at times and/or frequencies inconsistent with the underlying physical nature of the signal, causing misinterpretation [2], [3], [4]. There are many time frequency distributions that avoid the cross term effect; the best are the Choi-Williams ED (Exponential Distribution) [1] and Levin's IPS (Instantaneous Power Spectrum) [9]. In this paper we combine the cross term reducing philosophy of the ED and IPS to obtain a new TFD that most effectively reduces the cross term effect. Surprisingly, the new TFD also satisfies most desired TFD properties.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 363-387 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract For a broad class of interconnected nonlinear systems, this paper develops a complete design methodology for decentralized variable structure control. Specifically, the paper sets forth design schemes for local switching surfaces and the related local switched feedback gains which together force the original nonlinear interconnected system to behave as a reduced order interconnected equivalent system having a desired response such as stability, tracking, or prespecified eigenvalues. Also developed is a numerical algorithm for constructing the switched local feedback gains. A simple nonlinear example illustrates the control strategy.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 391-419 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A new stabilization method of a large-scale dynamic system, consisting of a set of interconnected subsystems, is presented in this paper. The topology of the interconnected subsystems is given as a network containing nodes with only one ingoing link, and none, one, or more outgoing links. Here, when the notion “node” is used a subsystem is assumed, and the links stand for the subsystem interconnections. The stabilization method is made only by the use of local linear state feedback around each subsystem, in order to satisfy constraints given in the problem. The interconnections among the subsystems are assumed to be nonlinear, time-varying. According to the topology of the large-scale system, the method of stabilization is hierarchic, one proceeds from node to node, and is applicable from a computer standpoint. A design algorithm follows directly, and can be made using the Generate and Test method for each subsystem independently, thus enabling designers to use a computer which has a video terminal as a peripheral unit and providing a possibility for interactive applications.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 421-447 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The estimation of covariance matrices which are structured, for example, of Toeplitz type, from measurement data is considered. The problem is considered in the context of array beamforming, and various methods of estimation are derived and compared, such comparison including consideration of the behavior of the estimate in beamforming applications.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 449-456 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The planar least-squares inverse (PLSI) polynomials are used for stabilization of two-dimensional unstable recursive filters. In order to obtain the PLSI polynomials, the main work involved consists in forming a set of linear equations and then solving them. In this paper we present an efficient and simple method to form the necessary set of linear equations (i.e., the required coefficient matrix) for a chosen pattern and order of the desired PLSI polynomial, starting from the denominator polynomial of a two-dimensional unstable recursive filter.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 347-362 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper shows how to use orthogonal functions to invert singular (i.e., generalized state-space) systems. The approach is to express the inverse system itself as a singular system, and then to apply the theory of orthogonal functions to convert that differential-algebraic system to a purely algebraicgeneralized Lyapunov equation whose solution yields the input of the original system given its output. Both left and right inversion are treated. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of the generalized Lyapunov equation are derived, and a generalizedQZ algorithm is given for its efficient solution. It is also shown that the coefficients in the Walsh function expansion may be approximately found using an FFT-type butterfly network. These results provide both an extension in theory, by investigating the properties of a new Lyapunov equation, and an extension in the implementation of system inversion, by providing a scheme which applies to generalized state-space systems and uses an unconventional approach which may prove to be a useful contribution.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. I 
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 457-470 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In digital communication networks, a special class of complex biquad recursive digital filters called orthogonal filters is increasingly being used. The separate effects of the overflow and quantization nonlinearities on these orthogonal filters' responses have been investigated [5], [6]. In this paper we examine the zero-input stability properties of the actual orthogonal filter having both overflow and quantization nonlinearities. The overflow nonlinearities considered include saturation, bit-by-bit inversion, zeroing, and modulo 2 arithmetic. The quantization techniques used may be roundoff, magnitude, or value truncation. An example demonstrates the adverse coupling effect between the overflow and quantization nonlinearities. Two criteria are therefore derived to ensure asymptotic overflowstability of the filter in the presence of quantization. These criteria have been translated to the coefficient plane; various regions corresponding to different minimum wordlengths required to ensure decoupling of the overflow and quantization phenomena have been derived.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 471-505 
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    Notes: Abstract The identification problem for electromagnetic objects excited by transients is discussed. Several classes of models are reviewed, and an output error model is selected. An algorithm for solving the transient identification problem using this model is presented, and some of the issues connected with its use are considered. Examples of the application of this algorithm to electromagnetic data are given.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 669-674 
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    Notes: Abstract The stochastic likelihood function [(STO)LF] associated with the narrowband signal processing problem can be concentrated with respect to the signal covariance matrix elements and the noise power. Although this is a known fact, no clear-cut derivation of the concentrated (STO)LF appears to be available in the literature. In this short paper we provide a simple, complete proof of the concentrated (STO)LF formula.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 725-734 
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    Notes: Abstract We give bounds on the self-sustained limit cycles in fixed-poin implementations of state-variable-form digital filters having general stable system matrices. These bounds, which are period independent and which concern limit cycles due to quantization errors in physical realizations of digital filters, are given in closed form for second-order sections. A numerical comparison shows that the bounds are smaller than corresponding ones reported in the literature. This is due to our use of real similarity transformations.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 787-815 
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    Notes: Abstract We consider the concept reachability for Polynomial Matrix Descriptions (PMDs); i.e., systems of the form ∑: A(ρ)β(t)=B(ρ)u(t),y(t)=C(ρ)β(t), whereρ:=d/dt the differential operator,A(ρ)=A0+A1 ρ+...+ Av ρ v εR r×r[ρ], AiεR r×r,i=0, 1,..., ν ≥ 1 with rank R A v ≤r B(ρ) =B 0+B 1ρ+...+B σρσ εR r×m[ρ], Bi εR r×m,i=0,1,...,σ ≥ 0 C(ρ)=C0+C1 ρ+...+Cσ1 ρ σ1 εR m1×r[ρ],C i εR m1×r ,i=0, 1,..., σ1 ≥ 0, β(t): (0−, ∞) →R r is the pseudostate of (∑),u(t): [0, ∞) →R m is the control input to (∑), and y(t) is the output of the system (∑). Starting from the fact that generalized state space systems, i.e., systems of the form ∑1: Ex(t)=Ax(t)+ Bu(t), y(t)=Cx(t), whereE εR r×r, rank R E 〈r, A εR r×r,B εR r×m,C εR m1×r represent a particular case of PMDs, we generalize various known results regarding the smooth and impulsive solutions of the homogeneous and the nonhomogeneous system (∑1) to the more general case of PMDs (∑). Relying on the above generalizations we develop a theory regarding the reachability of PMDs using time-domain analysis, which takes into account finite and infinite zeros of the matrix A(s)=L.[A(ρ)]. The present analysis extends in a general way many results previously known only for regular and generalized state space systems.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 445-463 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper proposes a scaling and squaring geometric series method along with the inverse-geometric series method for finding discrete-time (continuous-time) structured uncertain linear models from continuous-time (discrete-time) structured uncertain linear systems. The above methods allow the use of well-developed theorems and algorithms in the discrete-time (continuous-time) domain to indirectly solve the continuous-time (discretetime) domain problems. Moreover, these methods enhance the flexibility in modeling and control of a hybrid composite system. It has been shown that the commonly used bilinear approximation model is a specific class of the proposed geometric series model.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 525-538 
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    Notes: Abstract Of concern is the undistorted propagation of pulse stress waves in long thin bodies. The primary signals are arbitrarily sharp pulses projected along thex-axis. It will be seen that these pulses travel close to the speed of sound in unbounded media. Secondary pulses follow representing interactive disturbances traveling along they-axis. But the process brings out certain anomalies in circuit realizability requirements. These issues, transmission parameters, and coupling between the various signals are studied in detail. The results are supported by experiments.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 187-211 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper investigates circuit Markov processes under the standpoint of duality principle.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 237-254 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper, a high resolution technique for estimating DOAs of spatially close source signals is presented. It is observed that the array manifold over a sector of interest is rank deficient and the dimension of the array manifold space, which is the range space of the array manifold, is less than the number of sensors in the array. The true signal subspace is a subspace in the array manifold space. A novel technique is provided that searches for the signal subspace in this array manifold space. The resulting estimated signal subspace has minimum principal angles with the data signal subspace generated by eigen-decomposing the covariance matrix of the array data vector. It is proved that the proposed estimator is asymptotically consistent and the estimated signal subspace is closer to the true signal subspace than the data signal subspace formed by MUSIC. The proposed novel technique has better performance than the MUSIC algorithm. Its performance is comparable to MLE and MD-MUSIC yet it requires only one-dimensional searches and is computationally much less intense. Simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed technique, and comparisons with MUSIC, MLE, and MD-MUSIC algorithms are also included.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 351-400 
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    Notes: Abstract High-level synthesis is becoming increasingly important in the area of VLSI CAD. During the last decade, much research has been carried out in this area and some results have been achieved. This paper presents a survey on the state-of-the-art of current high-level synthesis research and applications. Besides basic knowledge, a comprehensive overview has been conducted among the various theories, methods, algorithms, and applications of the existing systems. Their advantages, limitations, and feasibilities are also described. Finally, some points on current status and future directions of high-level synthesis are addressed.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 401-414 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper introduces the running kernels that yield recursive structures for time-frequency distributions (TFDs). The running kernels offer important properties not possessed by the commonly used block distribution kernels. The introduced kernels allow an invariance in computations with respect to the extent of the kernel in the time or the lag variable. However, contrary to the wide class of block kernels that satisfy the desired timefrequency (t-f) properties, most recursive (running) time-frequency distributions (RTFDs) violate the marginal and the support properties. This paper considers both the direct and the indirect types of recursion and presents examples for illustration.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 465-472 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper the dual topics of robust signal detection and robust estimation of a random variable are considered, where the data may be both dependent and nonstationary. We note that classical saddlepoint techniques for robustness do not readily apply in the dependent and/or nonstationary situation, and thus our results have application in a larger domain than what was feasible heretofore. In addition, our methods make possible the quantitative measurement of robustness and admit essentially arbitrary perturbations in an underlying joint statistical distribution away from the nominal. In particular, our methods show that the presence of dependency can result in a reduction of the robustness of the linear detector by approximately 50% and that appropriate censoring can improve this situation. We also show that, somewhat surprisingly, a weak amount of censoring can actually reduce robustness rather than increase it, even with dependent data that is “almost” independent. This calls into question the common practice, inspired by classical saddlepoint results for independent data, of employing censoring in cases where residual dependency is conceded. When applied to estimation, our work shows that for nominally Gaussian data, the conditional expectation estimator is optimal not only in terms of performance but also robustness (under appropriate performance measures), thus reinforcing the appeal of this estimator. On the other hand, for other performance measures, we also note that the conditional expectation estimator can be completely unrobust, regardless of whether the data is nominally Gaussian or not. Finally, our results establish a bound on estimator robustness.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 707-724 
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    Notes: Abstract Selection of test nodes is an important phase of the fault dictionary approach. It is demonstrated in this paper that the techniques used for this purpose in other approaches of analog fault diagnosis like fault analysis and fault verification are not in general suitable for the fault dictionary approach. The ambiguity set is a simple and effective concept for choosing test nodes in the context of dictionaries. These sets are formed such that each faulty condition lies in only one ambiguity set. Deviating from this thinking, overlapping ambiguity sets are proposed in this paper, giving rise to a generalized fault dictionary. These sets use information more fully and hence reduce the number of test nodes. The concept of hashing is applied in this paper for selecting test nodes. This gives a linear time algorithm (linear in the number of fault voltage specificationsf′) and it isf′ times faster than the existing methods. It is not possible to select test nodes faster than this. This technique can also be used to select test nodes by the process of elimination of nodes. This is also linear inf′ per node elimination. Even a group of nodes can be eliminated or selected within the same computation. This freedom is not possible with the existing methods.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 689-705 
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    Notes: Abstract A major reason for the success of linear autoregressive (AR) modeling is that Kolmogrorov proved that every linear system could be represented by a linear AR model of infinite order. The computation of a finite order AR approximation is, of course, the practical goal. In this paper, we prove that every nonlinear system with a Volterra series expansion can be represented as a nonlinear AR model of infinite order. Our method shows how an approximation to any desired order and degree can be achieved.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 213-236 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper presents an improved direct control architecture for the on-line learning control of dynamical systems using backpropagation neural networks. The proposed architecture is compared with the other direct control schemes. In this scheme the neural network interconnection strengths are updated based on the output error of the dynamical system directly, rather than using a transformed version of the error employed in other schemes. The ill effects of the controlled dynamics on the on-line updating of the network weights are moderated by including a compensating gain layer. An error feedback is introduced to improve the dynamic response of the control system. Simulation studies are performed using the nonlinear dynamics of an underwater vehicle and the promising results support the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 299-316 
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    Notes: Abstract The analysis of initial value problems associated with singular linear dynamic systems using spectral methods is discussed. These methods, though extensively studied in the literature, can be very sensitive to numerical errors and to the presence of noisy input data. Moreover, using piecewise constant functions, like Walsh or Block-Pulse, spectral methods have been shown to be unstable with respect to incorrect initial conditions. In this paper regularization techniques are used to reduce arbitrarily the sensitivity of the spectral methods, and at the same time to stabilize them. Although the regularized spectral methods maintain the structure of the original algorithm, they can also be rewritten in recursive form, leading to the definition of a class of discrete time filters. Finally, some applicative numerical examples are discussed in order to show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 415-425 
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    Notes: Abstract A complete solution is given to the problem of determining when a certain iteration will converge to the minimum of an important type of quadratic functional. It is shown that convergence occurs whenever the minimum exists, and that the iterates produced by the iteration will be unbounded for every starting point if the minimum does not exist. Applications are given concerning an adaptive filtering algorithm and nonharmonic series expansions.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 587-602 
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    Notes: Abstract The least mean square (LMS) algorithm is investigated for stability when implemented with two's complement quantization. The study is restricted to algorithms with periodically varying inputs. Such inputs are common in a variety of applications, and for system identification, they can always be generated as shown with an example. It is shown that the quantized LMS algorithm is just a special case of a quantized periodically shift-varying (PSV) filter. Two different sufficient conditions are obtained for the bounded input bounded output (BIBO) stability of the PSV filter. When the filter is BIBO stable, two different bounds on the filter output are also derived. These conditions and bounds are then applied to the quantized LMS algorithm. The results are illustrated with examples.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 603-614 
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    Notes: Abstract An improved version of the Fast Polynomial Transform for the computation of two-dimensional cyclic convolutions is proposed in this paper. This new version of the Fast Polynomial Transform comes from the concept of splitting product-fields and gives more than a 20% to 50% reduction in the numbers of multiplications. An average of 20% improvement on overall computation time compared with the previous approach is also achievable.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 653-660 
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    Notes: Abstract An algorithm is presented for the spectrum of experimentally obtained exponentially damped sinusoidal signals. The implementation of this algorithm is straightforward and requires only simple basic mathematical operations. Applications of the algorithm are illustrated by several examples.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 675-688 
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    Notes: Abstract Exact analysis of second-order sigma-delta modulators with constant input is presented. Some properties of general limit cycles are established. Sufficient conditions for the existence of a general class of limit cycles of the state vectors of the modulator are determined. The conditions interrelate the input, an initial vector, and the period of the limit cycle. Also, sufficient conditions are determined for a class of initial condition vectors to converge to a limit cycle.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 735-747 
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    Notes: Abstract A weighted median filter is a nonlinear digital filter consisting of a window of length 2N + 1 and a weight vector W=(W− N,..., W0,..., WN). A root signal of a median type filter is a signal that is invariant to the filter. However, not all weighted median filters possess the convergence property. In this paper, we shall study the root structures and the convergence behavior of a subclass of weighted median filters, calledclass- 1 filters, which is symmetric in its weight vector. We shall introduce an important parameter, calledfeature value, and show that any one-dimensional unappended signal of lengthL will converge to a root signal in at most $$3\left\lceil {\frac{{L - 2}}{{2(2N + 2 - p)}}} \right\rceil$$ passes of aclass −1 filter with window width 2N + 1 and thefeature value p.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 771-786 
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    Notes: Abstract A multirate modeling theory of the ARMA stochastic signals is derived from a state-space viewpoint in this work. Its application to the signal reconstruction problem for the recovery of the complete ARMA signal from its noise-corrupted, missing-sample sequence is then developed in detail. The proposed estimation-interpolation problem can be resolved by using the multirate optimal state estimation scheme of this work. Theoretically, the multirate Kalman reconstruction filters derived in this paper produce the minimum variance estimation and interpolation of the original complete, clean ARMA signal. Practically, the numerical examples show that the multirate Kalman reconstruction filters illustrate good estimation/interpolation performances, not only for synthetic ARMA sequences but also for human speech signals.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 817-825 
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    Notes: Abstract The necessary and sufficient conditions for the invariance of theU-function of a linear time-invariant two-port network under lossless nonreciprocal imbedding are given in terms of the anti-Hermitian property of the immittance matrix of the imbedding network.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 3-30 
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    Notes: Abstract Conditions are obtained for the cepstrum of anl 1 sequence having arbitrary support on theM-dimensional lattice to exist also as anl 1 sequence with arbitrary support. These conditions are used to show that the cepstrum of a sequence with support on a half-space will, when it exists, also have support on the same half-space. This result is used, in turn, to describe the support of the cepstrum of a sequence with bounded support on a half-space. The relationship between the existence of the cepstrum and bounded-input, bounded-output (BIBO) stability for all three of these cases is considered. Finally, the derivatives of the inversion operator, the homomorphic transform operator, and its inverse are calculated. These results are also useful in the one-dimensional case.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 31-43 
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    Notes: Abstract A signal-processing software system is described which allows the simulation of systems described by block diagrams or signal-flow graphs. A high-level data-flow language describes the interconnection of the components. All configurations of interconnections are allowed, including those containing feedback. Component systems (blocks) are allowed to be multi-input, multi-output, and to be programmed in any language. Blocks are implemented as separate processes running under a UNIX2 operating system. Input and output signals are transferred between blocks via the UNIXpipe facility. Thedata type of a signal is arbitrary in the context of the compiler; within a component or system, signals and internal variables can be either floating point or fixed point. The compiler enforces strong or weak type checking of signals according to the characteristics of the blocks generating and receiving the signals. The invariance of the program to implementation data type is accomplished by the use of abstract data types. Fixed-point simulations having differing number of bits per signal and per internal variable in a block are supported. Special display software is used to allow any signal in the system to be displayed on any graphics device.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 61-75 
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    Notes: Abstract Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for the solvability of fully implicit index-one and semiexplicit index-two linear time-varying semistate systems of the formA(t)x′+B(t)x=f(t). Using these solvability criteria, we establish the convergence and stability of backward difference formulas (BDF) for solvable semiexplicit index-two systems. In the algebraic variables, these methods exhibit a boundary layer of instability of length 2k, wherek is the order of the method. Finally, we show that the systems considered in this paper belong to a class of problems, solvable by BDF, which strictly contains the systems safely transformable to standard canonical form.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 45-60 
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    Notes: Abstract The design of two-dimensional IIR digital filters is approached using linear-programming techniques. The problem is formulated as an approximation problem and filter frequency response characteristics are represented via the square of the magnitude of the filter transfer function. An appropriate approximation error is minimized leading to a linear problem formulation. The latter problem does not require differential correction methods for its solution, thus resulting in a computationally efficient algorithm. Stability conditions and symmetry considerations are easily accounted for. The linear programming approach assures convergence of the solution to a global minimum, among other advantages over nonlinear methods. Several examples illustrate the strength and effectiveness of the methodology.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 77-93 
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    Notes: Abstract Necessary and sufficient conditions for output and state feedback stabilization are given for single-input/single-output systems. Extensions are also provided for single-input/multi-output and multi-input/single-output systems. A technique for constructing explicitly a stabilizing controller is presented, and the main differences with respect to the one-dimensional case are clarified. Finally, the existence of “intrinsically unstable” transfer functions, i.e., not allowing stabilizable realizations, is discussed.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 95-106 
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    Notes: Abstract A single-parameter controlled-variable amplitude change function has been constructed for digital filtering using multiple units of a prototype filter. The limits of variation are discussed. The technique is shown to be useful not only for the reduction of errors in either the pass band or the stop band of the overall filter, but also for varying the cutoff frequency of the overall filter over a wide range. Hardware implementation problems resulting from a wide variation are shown to be overcome by a modular approach.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 125-126 
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 123-123 
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 107-119 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper considers the problem of estimating the parameters of continuous-time stationary Gaussian processes with rational spectra, from uniformly sampled measurements. The sampled process is shown to be an autoregressive moving-average process, and explicit relationships between the parameters of the continuous-time and the sampled processes are derived. These relationships are then used to derive a lower bound on the variances of biased estimates of the continuous-time parameters, and on the generalized variance of such estimates. It is shown by some examples that the bound on the generalized variance depends on the sampling interval in a nonmonotonic manner. In particular, for each specific set of parameters there exists a sampling interval for which the lower bound is minimized.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 127-137 
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    Notes: Abstract The identification of concurrency is a critical factor in the high-speed calculation of algorithms. This study considers maps onX, a discrete resolution space. We establish a resolution on the space of linear maps onX which exhibit compatibility with array processing. Our results are extended to the partially ordered resolution space setting. While on-line array processing motivates our study, the results also suggest efficient processing procedures for off-line applications.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 139-151 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a method for designing systolic structures with bit-level pipelining. The proposed technique starts with the signal flow graph representation of a given algorithm. A new signal flow graph rule, called the gain transfer rule is introduced to achieve bit-level pipelining. Using this approach, systolic arrays with bit-level pipelining are derived for a general recursive digital filter and a convolver. The proposed technique is quite general and has also been applied to obtain systolic structures for other problems such as vector transformation. In comparison with some previously reported designs, the new architectures are characterized by simpler basic processing cells and faster data throughput rate or smaller chip area requirements.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 191-215 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract NON-VON is a highly parallel non-von Neumann supercomputer presently under construction at Columbia University. The basis for NON-VON's significant cost/performance advantage lies in a highly unusual application of VLSI technology to the realization of massive computational parallelism. This paper outlines the manner in which the emerging technology of VLSI circuits is employed in NON-VON to achieve this advantage. Particular emphasis is given to novel aspects of the design, layout, and operation of the NON-VON processing element, eight of which are to be embedded within each integrated circuit chip.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 153-174 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Parallel sorting algorithms have been proposed for VLSI implementation. Random defects in the silicon wafer and fabrication errors render processors in the wafer faulty, and may cause these algorithms to fail despite a significant number of nonfaulty processors. This paper presents twofault-tolerant pipelined sorting algorithms that would work on a wafer comprised of faulty and nonfaulty processors. Both the algorithms useO(n) processors and requireO(n) time to sortn elements.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 175-189 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract With the advent of wafer-scale integration (WSI), the placement of several “processors” on a single VLSI wafer is becoming a realistic possibility. To avoid the problems of a very low yield inherent in any silicon component of (very) large area, redundant components will be used. In this article we examine three different solutions for reconnecting the nonfaulty processors so that the resulting network is a square grid. We then present results of simulations for various percentages of faulty processors, which show that a small amount of redundancy is the interprocessors paths and a simple back-track based algorithm can produce a resulting grid that, while not necessarily optimal, includes most of the nonfaulty processors.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 239-259 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Conventional random access memories are capable only of writing data into and reading data from the storage location corresponding to a given address. The availability of VLSI circuits containing hundreds of thousands of switching devices, however, has recently made practical the implementation of “active” memory chips capable of performing a range of complex operations on their stored data. Such designs are characterized by the extensive intermingling of processing and memory resources within a single chip to achieve the rapid and cost-effective parallel execution of operations relevant to such tasks as image processing, computer graphics, artificial intelligence, and database management. This paper presents a brief survey of a number of active memory chips that have been implemented or proposed, along with a more detailed examination of a particular active memory circuit, the NON-VON 3 primary processing subsystem chip.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 217-238 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Serialization of memory access can be a critical bottleneck in shared memory parallel computers. The NYU Ultracomputer, a large-scale MIMD (multiple instruction stream, multiple data stream) shared memory architecture, may be viewed as a column of processors and a column of memory modules connected by a rectangular network of enhanced 2×2 buffered crossbars. These VLSI nodes enable the network to combine multiple requests directed at the same memory location. Such requests include a new coordination primitive, fetch- and-add, which permits task coordination to be achieved in a highly parallel manner. Processing within the network is used to reduce serialization at the memory modules. To avoid large network latency, the VLSI network nodes must be high-performance components. Design tradeoffs between architectural features, asymptotic performance requirements, cycle time, and packaging limitations are complex. This report sketches the Ultracomputer architecture and discusses the issues involved in the design of the VLSI enhanced buffered crossbars which are the key element in reducing serialization.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 263-286 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Conventional frequency-domain window-leakage analysis accurately describes the leakage in the short-time Fourier transform only for stationary signals. Leakage in the time-frequency plane from concentrated transient or nonstationary signals can be effectively analyzed by use of a time-frequency window-leakage envelope with rectangular contours. This envelope is obtained from the Wigner distribution of the analysis window, with appropriate corrections for the sidelobe leakage. The time-frequency window-leakage envelope gives insight into the tradeoffs in time-frequency leakage between various windows and allows quick and accurate estimates of the leakage in the short-time Fourier transform. A simple technique for constructing signals with Wigner distributions that are linear transformations of the Wigner distribution of a known signal is developed. With this technique, windows with a variety of time-frequency orientations and leakage behavior can be developed.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 287-298 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Fitting a high-order autoregressive model to data is often used to estimate the frequencies of sinusoids from their noisy measurements. This paper analyzes the asymptotic bias of the frequency estimates obtained by this method. It is shown that the bias decreases significantly with increasing model order.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 299-314 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract We consider the general nonstationary passive systems modeled by linearRCG (G = gyrator) networks. Such networks in general contain conventional topological degeneracies (i.e., capacitor-only loops and/or inductor-only cutsets) as well as the topological degeneracies due to gyrator positioning in the network. Our central result is the explict demonstration that the existence of topological degeneracies does not impose any obstruction to the existence of the explicit state model, which we derive under no restriction on the topology of the network. We also discuss the conditions for the existence of the state model, its unique solutions, and the continuity of the state vector. The nature of the degeneracies inherent in the formulation is highlighted and it is shown that a gyrator-only subnetwork is accountable for algebraic degeneracies. Since the nature and the existence of topological degeneracies does not have anything to do with whether the element characteristics are linear or nonlinear, passive or active, our results are easy to extend to a large class of nonlinear and/or activeRCG networks.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 315-334 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper studies the behavior of motions of large-scale (LS) semistate systems (SSS) governed byP i (t)x i =M i (t,x i )x i +f i (t)+h i (t, x), i=1,2,...,s, =(x 1 T x 2 T ⋯x s T )T, where matricesP i (t) are singular. Using Lyapunov's approach and the tools for LS system analysis, a variant of attractivity and ultimate boundedness of appropriate time-variable sets are investigated. The results are based on a specific choice of the aggregate functions. It is assumed that the reduction of equations to a normal form of lower order is inconvenient. The aggregation-decomposition approach used in this paper reduces the dimensionality of an aggregate matrix of the system to the number of its systems. Motion properties of LS systems are deduced from the properties of its isolated subsystems, the character of interconnections, and the conditions imposed on the system aggregate matrix. Sufficient algebraic conditions for the above-mentioned motion properties are developed.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 335-345 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper various conditions guaranteeing the ordinary, uniform, and asymptoticA-stability of semistate equations are given. These results are based on and given in terms of the semi-explicit form of a semistate equation.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 14 (1995), S. 749-770 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The mean-square error (MSE) of Capon estimate of the directions-of-arrival (DOA) is established in the narrowband array processing case. An improved Capon-like DOA estimator is proposed and its MSE is studied as well. Performance comparisons between the standard and improved Capon DOA estimates, and between these two estimates and the linear prediction DOA estimate, are performed. It is concluded that the improved Capon-like method introduced in this paper provides more accurate DOA estimates in most cases.
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    European journal of nutrition 26 (1987), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Zn-deficiency ; vitamin A ; Β-carotine ; α-tocopherol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In order to study the effect of alimentary zinc deficiency on vitamin A and α-tocopherol metabolism, weaned, male Sprague-Dawley rats with a mean weight of 48 g were divided into three groups. Zinc depletion animals (n=7) were provided a half-synthetic, casein-based diet with a zinc concentration of 1.3 ppm; the pair-fed (n=7) and ad libitum-fed (n=6) control animals were given a diet containing 96 ppm zinc. After 24 days, the serum zinc level for depletion animals was 80 % lower than the level for the two control groups, although the vitamin A, Β-carotine and tocopherol concentrations in deficiency animals and in pair-fed control animals did not differ significantly from one another. In comparison with adlibitum-fed control rats, however, vitamin A and Β-carotine concentrations in depletion and pair-fed animals were elevated. The zinc concentration in livers of deficiency animals was reduced only in comparison to the value for pair-fed control animals, while the vitamin A, Β-carotine and α-tocopherol concentrations in livers of zinc-deficient animals were reduced in comparison to the values for both of the control groups. Nevertheless, these changes are less likely a result of zinc deficiency per se, but rather are more likely a result of the lowered feed intake during zinc deficiency and the reduced growth.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Um den Einfluß eines alimentären Zinkmangels auf den Vitamin-A- und α-Tocopherol-Stoffwechsel zu untersuchen, wurden entwöhnte männliche Sprague-Dawley-Ratten mit einem Durchschnittsgewicht von 48 g in drei Gruppen eingeteilt. Die Zn-Mangel-Tiere (n=7) erhielten eine halbsynthetische Diät auf Caseinbasis mit einem Zn-Gehalt von 1,3 ppm, während der Diät-Zn-Gehalt der Pair-fed-Kontrolltiere (n=7) bzw. der ad libitum gefütterten Kontrolltiere (n=6) 96 ppm betrug. Nach 24 Versuchstagen lag der Serum-Zn-Spiegel der Depletionstiere um 80% unter den beiden Kontrollgruppen, während sich die Gehalte an Vitamin A, Β-Carotin und Tocopherol bei den Mangeltieren im Vergleich zu den Pair-fed-Kontrolltieren nicht signifikant unterschied. Gegenüber den ad libitum gefütterten Kontrollratten waren aber die Gehalte an Vitamin A und Β-Carotin bei den Depletions- und Pair-fed-Ratten erhöht. In der Leber war die Zn-Konzentration der Mangeltiere nur gegenüber den Pair-fed-Kontrolltieren reduziert, während die Gehalte an Vitamin A, Β-Carotin und α-Tocopherol bei den Zn-Mangel-Ratten gegenüber beiden Kontrollgruppen erniedrigt waren. Diese Veränderungen dürften jedoch weniger durch Zn-Mangel — per se — bedingt sein, sondern sind vielmehr im Zusammenhang mit der im Zn-Mangel verringerten Futteraufnahme und dem reduzierten Wachstum zu diskutieren.
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    European journal of nutrition 26 (1987), S. 73-78 
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    European journal of nutrition 26 (1987), S. 100-106 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: cottonseedflour ; wheatflour ; bread making
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Baumwollsaatmehl (eßbare Qualität) wurde in Anteilen von 5, 10 und 15% einem saudiarabischen Weizenmehl zur Brotbereitung zugemischt. Dies führte zu einem Anstieg der Wasserbindung des Teiges. Die Zeiten zur Teigbereitung, die Teigstabilität und das Abreißverhalten wurden mit niedrigen Zusatzmengen geringfügig erhöht; die höheren Zusatzmengen hatten umgekehrte Wirkung. Ein Zusatz von 5–10% Baumwollsaatmehl konnte bezüglich Teigeigenschaften und Brotqualität toleriert werden; die Qualität des zugesetzten Produktes war allerdings maßgebend. Auf diese Weise konnte eine Erhöhung des Proteingehaltes der Brote um 25–50% erreicht werden.
    Notes: Summary Three samples of edible grade cottonseed flour (cosf) were utilized each in 5%, 10% and 15% mixtures with Saudi wheat flour for bread making. Addition of cosf increased water absorption of the dough. Times of dough mixing, stability and break-down were slightly increased at the low addition level, but adversely shortened at the higher levels, where mixing tolerance was doubled or tripled. Up to 5%–10% of cosf could be tolerated without deleterious effect on dough properties or bread quality, depending on the source of the additive and method of preparation. An increase of 25%–50% in protein content of bread was expected.
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    European journal of nutrition 26 (1987), S. 219-225 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: dietarycottonseed protein ; serumcholesterol ; gallstones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eiweiß aus Baumwollsamen, das wenig Gossypol enthält, könnte für die Humanernährung ein wichtiges Produkt werden. In diesem Artikel wird der Einfluß von Eiweiß aus Baumwollsamen auf den Cholesterinstoffwechsel beschrieben. Versuche mit Kaninchen und Ratten zeigten, daß Baumwollsameneiweiß die Serumcholesterinkonzentration im Vergleich zum tierischen Eiweiß, Kasein, sehr stark erniedrigt. Dieser Effekt wurde bei Hamstern nicht beobachtet, aber Baumwollsameneiweiß erhöhte den Anteil des Gesamtserumcholesterins in der HDL-Lipoproteingruppe ein wenig. Es gibt Hinweise dafür, daß bei Menschen der Ersatz von tierischem Eiweiß durch Baumwollsameneiweiß in der Nahrung eine geringe Abnahme des Serumcholesterinspiegels verursacht, jedoch sind noch Studien erforderlich, um dies zu untermauern. Bei Hamstern unterdrückt Baumwollsameneiweiß, im Vergleich mit Kasein, die Bildung von Gallensteinen. Bei Diäten, die Baumwollsameneiweiß enthalten, sind sowohl die Konzentration von Cholesterin sowie auch von Phospholipiden in der Gallenflüssigkeit signifikant erniedrigt. Wir vermuten, daß der Konsum von Baumwollsameneiweiß einen günstigen Effekt auf den Cholesterinmetabolismus hat.
    Notes: Summary Low-gossypol, glandless cottonseed protein may become a major product for human consumption. In this presentation, the influence of cottonseed protein on several aspects of cholesterol metabolism will be described. Studies with rabbits and rats have shown that dietary cottonseed protein very effectively lowers the concentration of plasma cholesterol when compared to the animal protein casein. No such effect has been found in hamsters, but cottonseed protein may slightly elevate the percentage of serum total cholesterol carried by the high density lipoproteins. There is suggestive evidence that in humans the replacement of animal proteins in the diet by cottonseed protein causes a small decrease in serum cholesterol levels, but more studies are required to substantiate this. In hamsters dietary cottonseed protein effectively suppresses the formation of gallstones when compared to casein. On diets containing cottonseed protein the concentrations of both cholesterol and phospholipids in bile fluid are significantly decreased. We tentatively suggest that the consumption of cottonseed protein will have a favorable effect on cholesterol metabolism.
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    European journal of nutrition 26 (1987), S. 230-249 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: ovo-laktovegetarische Kost ; Verzehr an Lebensmitteln ; Nährstoffversorgung ; Blutstatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The purpose of the study was to investigate the physiological assessment of a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet, in comparison to a usual mixed diet and to analyse the effect of a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet on nutritional status and blood parameters. Following an initial study, 34 resp. 33 subjects, three of them male took part in two investigation periods each lasting three weeks. During the first period (N) the subjects ingested the normal mixed diet, while in the second period (L) they were fed a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet. The female subjects were aged 52.6±14.3 years, the male subjects 47.7±12.7 years. In both periods food supply ensued from the central kitchen of a nunnery. While preparing the meals, the food intake and the amount of nutrients was assessed with precise weighing methods. Also, the individual food consumption of the total subjects was estimated using food records. The nutritional physiological evaluation was based on the daily consumption of energy and nutrients to assess the nutrient supply, by means of the recommended dietary allowances of the German Nutrition Society. At the beginning of period N and both at the beginning and the end of period L, blood tests of the following parameters were performed: serum glucose, uric acid, and potassium, total protein, total cholesterol, HDL-, LDL-, VLDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, serum ferritin, serum iron, iron binding capacity, hemoglobin, s-GOT, s-GPT, thiamine, riboflavine, ascorbic acid. Measurements of body weight and height, body composition, skinfold thickness, circumferences, body surface, relative weight, blood pressure and sitting pulse rate completed the investigations. Furthermore, meal frequency and the daily individual energy requirement of the subjects were assessed by means of a diary of energy expenditure. On average, the daily energy consumption of women was 2020±611.3 kcal in period N, and 1970±592.4 kcal in period L. Consequently, there was a covering of energy requirements of 103% in period N and 99% in period L. Sources of energy consisted of 14% protein, 36,4% fat and 49,6% carbohydrates in period L, 13.6 % protein, 39.6% fat, 44.7% carbohydrates and 2.1% alcohol in period N.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ziel der Untersuchung war der Vergleich einer ovo-laktovegetarischen Ernährung mit üblicher Mischkost (Heimverpflegung) auf Ernährungs- und Blutstatus. Nach einer Pilotstudie erfolgten zwei dreiwöchige Versuchsperioden mit 34 bzw. 33 Probanden, davon jeweils drei Männern. Während der 1. Erhebungsperiode (N) erhielten die Probanden ihre gewohnte Mischkost, während der 2. Erhebungsperiode (L) eine ovo-laktovegetarische Kostform. Die weiblichen Vpn waren im Durchschnitt 52,6±14,3 Jahre alt, die männlichen 47,7±12,7 Jahre. Die Verpflegung der Probanden in beiden Erhebungsperioden erfolgte aus der Zentralküche eines Klosters. Das Lebensmittelangebot wurde bei der Speisenzubereitung nach der präzisen Wiegemethode erfaßt. Außerdem erfolgte eine Erhebung des individuellen Lebensmittelverzehrs aller Probanden nach der Protokollmethode. Die ernährungsphysiologische Auswertung basiert auf der täglichen Energie- und Nährstoffzufuhr der Probanden, um diese mit der empfehlenswerten Höhe der Nährstoffzufuhr zu überprüfen. Zu Beginn von Periode N sowie zu Beginn und am Ende von Periode L erfolgten Blutuntersuchungen in bezug auf: Serumglukose, -harnsäure, -kalium, Gesamteiweiß, Gesamtcholesterin, HDL-, LDL-, VLDL-Cholesterin, Triglyzeride, Serumferritin, Serumeisen, Eisenbindungskapazität, Hämoglobin, s-GOT, S-GPT, Vit. B1, Vit. B2 und Vit. C. Die Ergebnisse werden diskutiert. Bestimmungen von Körpermasse und -länge, Körperzusammensetzung, Hautfaltendicken- und Umfangmessungen, Körperoberfläche, Relativgewicht, Blutdruck und Sitzpulsfrequenz ergänzten die Untersuchungen. Weiterhin wurden die Mahlzeitenfrequenz sowie der individuelle Energiebedarf je Tag der Probanden mittels Arbeitsablaufstudien fortlaufend bestimmt. An Energie nehmen die Frauen im Durchschnitt je Tag 2020±611,3 kcal mit Kostform N, 1970±592,4 kcal mit Kostform L auf. Daraus folgt eine Energiebedarfsdeckung von 103% in der N-Periode, von 99% in der L-Periode. Die Energie setzt sich zusammen aus 14% Protein, 36,4% Fett und 49,6% Kohlenydraten in der Periode L, in der Periode N 13,6% Eiweiß, 39,6% Fett, 44,7% Kohlenhydraten sowie 2,1 % Alkohol.
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    European journal of nutrition 15 (1976), S. 305-310 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The standard distribution of the fatty acids in the total lipids of serum was gaschromatographically defined in the respective umbilical cord blood of 24 mothers and their newborn babies, as well as in 20 placentas. The same examinations were made with 30 newborn babies on the day of birth, 14 children in the newborn stage, 22 young babies between 3 and 10 weeks old and 16 older babies between 4 and 12 months old. In the umbilical cord mixed blood of another collective (n=10) the separation of the total serum lipids in the individual fatty fractions (neutral lipids, phospholipids, cholesterol esters) was also undertaken. The results were compared and existing differences were discussed. It was further established that an advance towards the adult's fatty acid pattern already takes place at an age between 4 and 12 months.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei 24 Gebärenden, dem zugehörigen Nabelschnurmischblut der Neugeborenen und 20 Plazenten wurde die Normverteilung der Fettsäuren in den Gesamtlipiden des Serums gaschromatographisch bestimmt. Die gleichen Untersuchungen wurden an 30 Neugeborenen am 1. Lebenstag, 14 Kindern im Neugeborenenalter, 22 jungen Säuglingen zwischen 3 und 10 Wochen alt und 16 älteren Säuglingen zwischen 4 und 12 Monaten alt durchgeführt. Außerdem wurde im Nabelschnurmischblut eines anderen Kollektivs (n=10) die Auftrennung der Serumgesamtlipide in die einzelnen Fettfraktionen (Neutralfett, Phosphatide, Cholesterinester) vorgenommen. Die gewonnenen Ergebnisse wurden miteinander verglichen und bestehende Unterschiede diskutiert. Es wurde außerdem festgestellt, daß eine Annäherung an das Fettsäuremuster des Erwachsenen schon im Alter von 4 bis 12 Monaten stattfindet.
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Wirkungsweise von echtem bzw. natürlichem Vitamin C und Carotin auf die Eisenresorption im Darm untersucht. Vitamin C bewirkte eine leichte Steigerung der Eisenresorption, während Carotin diese behinderte. Orangen-, Petersilien- und Pfeffersaft, sämtlich reich an beiden Vitaminen, behinderten in verschiedenem Maße die Eisenresorption im Darm. Es wird daher empfohlen, Patienten mit Eisenmangel nicht mit carotinreicher Nahrung zu versorgen, besonders nicht während der Eisentherapie.
    Notes: Summary The effect of vitamin C and carotene derived from authentic or natural sources on intestinal iron absorption was studied. Vitamin C caused slight enhancement to iron absorption, while carotene hindered it. The three juices tested, namely orange, parsley and pepper, which were found to be rich in these two vitamins, hindered intestinal iron absorption to different extents. It was recommended that patients suffering from iron deficiency are not supplied with nutrients rich in carotene particulary during iron therapy.
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    European journal of nutrition 15 (1976), S. 396-402 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 48 different dishes enriched withlupinus albus flour have been tested by 20 persons. The test duration has been 4 weeks. Meals and products with lupine admixtures have been judged equally with concern to corresponding conventional dishes. Farinaceous products had the best test results. Therefore, it is recommended for Peru to add lupine flour when producing bread, biscuits, sauces, soups, and noodles (maccaronis etc.). The test time had no influence to the test results.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 20 Prüfpersonen beurteilten über vier Wochen 48 verschiedene Speisen, die mit dem Mehl vonLupinus albus angereichert wurden. Die Speisen und Produkte mit Lupinenzusatz wurden mit der korrespondierenden konventionellen Speise geschmacklich gleich bewertet. Besonders günstig liegen die Teigwaren in der Beurteilung. Es empfiehlt sich zukünftig in Peru, einen Lupinenzusatz in Brot, Kekse, Soßen, Suppen und Nudeln einzuarbeiten. Ein zeitlicher Einfluß auf die Beurteilung fand nicht statt.
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    European journal of nutrition 15 (1976), S. 403-405 
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    European journal of nutrition 15 (1976), S. 406-406 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Lupinus albus flour doses of 58.9±9.6 g have been given to 20 persons. This sweet lupine flour has been digestible without complications in all cases. There have been no significant changes of hemoglobine, hematocrite, total protein, urea, bilirubine, and SGOT in the blood. So the lupine may be used for improvement of protein supply in men under the criteria that (1) the alkaloid content of the seed does not exceed 0.02%, (2) the seed itself contains no secondary fungi which may cause a lupinosis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 20 Personen erhielten über vier Wochen 58,9±9,6 g Mehl vonLupinus albus. Alle Personen vertrugen das Süßlupinenmehl gut. Es konnten keine nennenswerten Veränderungen von Hämoglobin, Hämatokrit, Gesamtprotein, Harnstoff, Bilirubin und SGOT im Blut festgestellt werden. Die Lupine kann mit zur Eiweißversorgung in der menschlichen Ernährung beitragen, wenn sichergestellt ist, daß 1. der Alkaloidgehalt im Samen nicht über 0,02 % liegt und 2. der Samen frei von Sekundärpilzen ist, die eine Lupinose bewirken können.
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    European journal of nutrition 16 (1977), S. 18-21 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of feeding an irradiated diet on the activities of some blood serum enzymes in rats have been studied. This study revealed some significant changes of SGOT due to sex differences. The results obtained failed to show any significant changes in the enzyme activities of SGPT and serum LDH neither in relation to sex nor to the irradiation doses studied.
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  • 89
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    European journal of nutrition 16 (1977), S. 12-17 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of vitamin C or carotene either from authentic or natural sources on absorption of lysine, glycine and methionine was evaluated. Results revealed that maximum absorption of these amino acids was reached at different intervals from the orally given dose. Addition of ascorbic acid enhanced amino acid absorption and this effect was maximum in case of methionine. Carotene brought about variable effect to the three amino acids tested. Pepper, parsley, or orange juices did not affect the extent of intestinal lysine absorption. Pepper juice enhanced absorption of methionine in contrast to orange and parsley. Glycine absorption was markedly enhanced by addition of orange juice. Ascorbic acid suppelementation to dietary constituents is recommended for better utilization of proteins.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In this study, diabetes was induced by intravenous injection of dithizone. In dithizonised diabetic animals, the levels of serum zinc, iron, and potassium were found to be higher than normal, while those of serum calcium and sodium were lower. Copper and magnesium levels were unchanged. After treatment with insulin, most of these serum levels approached the normal, except for serum potassium and magnesium.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A field study about the nutritional status was made in school classes with boys 6 to 19 years old in different regions of Saudi-Arabia. It is reported about 341 pupils in regard to weight, height, skinfold-thickness, circumferences and other body-size measurements. In comparison with anthropometric measurements of comparable surveys in other countries, the Saudi-Arabian school boys were found to be smaller and leaner than boys from the USA, Europe, other Arabian countries and well-to-do Indian boys.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In verschiedenen Gebieten Saudi-Arabiens wurden anthropometrische Untersuchungen an 6- bis 19jährigen Schülern innerhalb einer Studie zur Bestimmung des Ernährungsstatus und der Ermittlung der Nährstoffzufuhr vorgenommen. Gemessen wurden Körpergewicht, Körperlänge, Hautfaltendicken an Bizeps, Trizeps, Subskapula und Abdomen sowie die Umfänge an Oberarm, Bauch und Wade. Mit Hilfe dieser Daten wurden dann Körperoberfläche, Grundumsatz und Körperzusammensetzung berechnet. Bei einer Gegenüberstellung dieser Ergebnisse mit Meßwerten aus Erhebungen in anderen Ländern zeigt sich, daß die Werte der saudi-arabischen Probanden weit unter denen vergleichbarer Altersgruppen aus den USA und Europa und unter denen aus arabischen Ländern und Indien mit Ausnahme von indischen Jungen aus armen sozio-ökonomischen Schichten liegen.
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  • 92
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    European journal of nutrition 16 (1977), S. 27-30 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A number of 21 diabetic juveniles and 20 controls comprised the material of this study. Serum total proteins and their electrophoretic separated fractions were estimated. Serum free amino acids were also investigated. Results showed that serum proteins were within normal range. An average increase of 49.5% in total free amino acids was reported. In general, the data for all the detected amino acids showed an average increase when compared with normal values. The significance of these findings in relation to the normal values were discussed.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of carbon disulphide intoxication on amino acid pattern was studied. Five groups of rats were treated with carbon disulphide through intramuscular injection of 0.05 ml CS2 in 0.2 ml olive oil/rat/day. A number of rats were sacrified after receiving 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 injections. As a result of intoxication, a state of hypoaminoacidemia and hyperaminoacidurea affected all the amino acids investigated, but to variable extent. Of value to add that stoppage of carbon disulphide leads to improvement of the amino-acid pattern in group six, compared to the other groups.
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  • 94
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In alloxan diabetes, serum zinc, copper, iron and magnesium were significantly higher than in normal rats, while the level of serum calcium, sodium, and potassium was lower than normal. Treatment with daonil or insulin led to a normalization, as expected of the level of serum glucose and most of the other elements, except for iron and potassium. When lycanol was used for treatment, the level of all elements returned to the normal except for blood glucose, zinc and potassium.
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  • 96
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    European journal of nutrition 16 (1977), S. 72-72 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 97
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    European journal of nutrition 16 (1977), S. 73-76 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Twenty patients, divided in two groups to ten were undergoing a fasting period for 14 days. One group received 80 mEq potassium per day. Despite of identical loss of body-weight, the application of potassium showed the following advantages: 1) The body is able to keep acid-base-balance. 2) The important loss of potassium, induced by starvation can be reduced to a minimum.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Je 2mal 10 Patienten wurden einer 14tägigen Fastenperiode unterzogen, wobei einer Gruppe zusätzlich 80 mval Kalium verabreicht wurden. Bei identischer Gewichtsabnahme in beiden Gruppen kommt es unter Kaliumzulage zu einer Zunahme der Natriumausscheidung auf das Dreifache und einer Verminderung der Kaliumausscheidung um 1/3.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Under the effect of carbon-disulphide intoxication on the experimental animals, a significant decrease in serum copper and ceruloplasmin levels was observed. The decrease was aggravated with prolongation of carbon disulphide intoxication due to loss of appetite, formation of chelating compounds with carbon disulphide metabolites and increased loss of copper in urine. However, reinvestigated at 20 days after stoppage of dosage, most of these derangements started to be alleviated.
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  • 99
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    European journal of nutrition 16 (1977), S. 92-97 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The thermal inactivation of lipase out of Geotrichum candidum and of lipoxigenase out of soybeans was investigated in phosphate buffer solution. Comparable to peroxidase, a sharp bend was observed in the inactivation curves of both enzymes. The z-value of 19 °C for lipase out of Geotrichum candidum was higher than the values indicated in the pertinent literature for pancreas lipase and milk lipase. The z-value for soy lipoxigenase was found to be 9.8 °C.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die thermische Inaktivierung von Lipase aus Geotrichum candidum und von Lipoxigenase aus Sojabohnen wurde in Phosphatpufferlösung untersucht. Ähnlich wie bei Peroxidase wurde ein Knickpunkt bei den Inaktivierungskurven beider Enzyme beobachtet. Dabei ergab Lipase aus Geotrichum candidum einen z-Wert von 19 °C, der größer war als die in der Literatur angegebenen Werte für Pankreaslipase und Milchlipase. Für die Sojalipoxigenase wurde ein z-Wert von 9,8 °C ermittelt.
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    European journal of nutrition 16 (1977), S. 81-91 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The thermal inactivation and storage behaviour for horseradish and spinach peroxidases were investigated in defined systems, in spinach also within its natural environment. The inactivation curves of either enzyme show a sharp bend which is clearly visible at low, but not at higher temperatures. The D-values were taken from the inactivation curves. z-values resulting from the D-values were 25.5 °C for horseradish peroxidase, 13 °C for isolated peroxidase and 18 °C for peroxidase in spinach extract. Horseradish peroxidase was relatively heat-resistent at pH 6.0, spinach peroxidase at pH 5.0–6.0; both enzymes were found to be highly susceptible to heat at pH 4.0. Peroxidase isolated from spinach responded differently to heating than the enzyme in spinach extract or suspension. This discrepancy indicates that certain model experiments cannot be transferred to foods. Heated peroxidase from horseradish and spinach were found to regenerate during storage; the extent of regeneration depended on the pH.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die thermische Inaktivierung und das Lagerungsverhalten von Peroxidase aus Meerrettich und Spinat wurden in definierten Systemen, bei Spinat auch innerhalb des natürlichen Verbandes, untersucht. Die Inaktivierungskurven wiesen bei beiden Enzymen einen Knickpunkt auf, der bei niedrigen Temperaturen deutlich, bei höheren Temperaturen dagegen nicht mehr erkennbar war. Aus den Inaktivierungskurven wurdenD-Werte ermittelt, aus denen sich z-Werte von 25,5 °C für Meerrettich-Peroxidase, von 13 °C für isolierte Peroxidase und von 18 °C für Peroxidase im Spinatextrakt ergaben. Meerrettich-Peroxidase war bei pH 6,0 und Spinat-Peroxidase zwischen pH 5,0 und 6,0 besonders hitzeresistent; bei pH 4,0 waren beide sehr hitzelabil. Die aus Spinat isolierte Peroxidase verhielt sich beim Erhitzen anders als das Enzym in Spinat-Extrakt oder -Suspension. Die beobachtete Diskrepanz deutet die Nichtübertragbarkeit gewisser Modelluntersuchungen auf Lebensmittel an. Erhitzte Peroxidasen aus Meerrettich und Spinat zeigten eine Regenerierung während der Lagerung, die vom pH-Wert abhängig war.
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