ALBERT

Notes: This paper gives a summary of the methods that have been used for independent model aerial triangulation. A modification of one of the methods is proposed and the paper concludes with a comparison of the independent model with the classical method of triangulation.

Notes: The camera is a further development of an existing type with greatly improved photogrammetric performance so that the photography can be used with first-order plotting machines. A new lens provides minimal distortion, high resolution and greatly improved marginal illumination. An entirely new shutter provides high speeds and efficiency. Laboratory results and preliminary survey trials indicate image quality and location standards of the same order as established existing cameras.

Notes: Book reviews in this article:INTERNATIONAL YEAR BOOK OF CARTOGRAPHY (Vol. IV, 1964). Editor, Eduard Imhof.JUBILEE VOLUME DEDICATED TO WILLEM SCHERMERHORN ON HIS SEVENTIETH ANNIVERSARY: ESSAYS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY. Published by I.T.C., Delft.

Notes: The geologist's use of air photographs and the characteristics studied by photogeologists are briefly described. The influence of photographic factors such as scale, season, time of day, film type, processing, overlap and dimensional accuracy are considered from the geologist's viewpoint.

Notes: This paper modifies the well-known formula that corrects x-parallaxes for tilt. It shows how we can make significant improvements in accuracy with a no more complicated formula, in which the effects of ground relief are completely removed; and how we can reduce the second-order errors due to lateral (w) tilts by very large factors in favourable cases.

Notes: The history of the Argentine-Chile frontier is briefly reviewed. The paper then describes the photogrammetric and land-surveying work that formed part of the recent settlement of a section of the frontier, that was referred to the British Government for arbitration.

Notes: Topics of immediate practical interest formed the basis of the Address. Particular emphasis was placed upon problems of point transfer, pre-marking of ground control points, aerial triangulation by observation of independent models, and the status of photogrammetric operators.

Notes: The article describes a method of strip aerial triangulation using the Wild B8 plotter. The principal feature of the method is the transfer of exterior orientation of a camera by measurement of outer orientation parallel to successive airbases.

Notes: A successful attempt has been made to produce design plans of large chemical plant using photogrammetric techniques, and involving the development and modification of cameras and plotting equipment. Photogrammetry has provided a solution to a problem which could not easily be solved by direct methods.

Notes: Book reviews in this article:PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF SOUTH AFRICAN SURVEYORS, FEBRUARY 1964. Edited by G. H. Menzies et al.

Notes: Four authors review the activities of the seven Commissions of the I.S.P. at the Xth International Congress, Lisbon, 1964.

Notes: Rather than rely on laboratory calibration, test fields have been established in Sweden to enable photography from a tower or aircraft, and so simulate as nearly as possible actual operational conditions. Repeated experiments, followed by analysis of photography, and the application of statistical tests, have allowed the geometrical quality of the aerial photograph to be assessed, and systematic and irregular errors to be distinguished.

Notes: It does not seem to be widely recognised that the solution of the space resection problem from measurements made on a single photograph of three ground control points is not unique. There are, in general, four solutions, so that either the camera orientation must be approximately known (as is the case for near vertical photography) or extra control must be used to discriminate between these solutions. The iterative solution commonly used will only yield one solution, which will be correct if the photography is nearly vertical, but which is liable to be wrong in the general case. An explicit solution is therefore preferred since all solutions may be examined in the light of such extra control as is available. This paper gives a method for such a solution and shows how the discrimination should be used. The paper goes on to derive a method of adjusting the result to redundant control by least squares.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Silver impregnation techniques were used to study the silverline system of three species in the genus Spirostomum. It was concluded that for those species studied in the general area of Washington, D.C., the average numbers of ciliary meridians in S. teres, S. minus and S. ambiguum are 18, 24 and 46 respectively. Seventy-six % of the measurements in S. teres and S. ambiguum and 84% of the measurements in S. minus deviate from the mean by less than 1 standard deviation.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Blepharisma seculum sp. nov. is described as a small-sized blepharisma with a compact, spheroid macronucleus and a distinct curvature of the body anteriorly. A comparison of this form with other species of the genus Blepharisma subgenus (Compactum) is given.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Lymphotropha tribolii gen. nov., sp. nov. (Neogregarinida, Schizocystidae) is described from the haemocoele of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae). The trophozoites are large, ovoid and uninucleate with distinct longitudinal striae. Schizogony occurs in one type of cycle only, each schizont giving rise to up to 8 merozoites. Gametocytes are uninucleate when they associate. Up to 16 oocysts each with 8 sporozoites are formed in each gametocyst. The oocysts are lemon-shaped, and sporozoites emerge from the poles.The parasite causes considerable mortality in young larvae, though its pathogenicity is probably inferior to that of Farinocystis tribolii Weiser.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Sarcocystis garnhami n. sp. is described from an opossum, Didelphis marsupialis. Its distinguishing characters are the spiny cyst wall, 6–8 μ thick, and the size of the spores, 5.3–6.9 μ in length and 1.3–1.9 μ in breadth. Sarcocystis darlingi, Brumpt 1913 is considered Besnoitia darlingi (Brumpt, 1913) n. comb.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. An epizoic suctorian from Gulf of Maine coastal waters, designated as Paracineta sp., is described. Morphological measurements are given for 23 small, medium, and large specimens. Mean length was 200 μ and average cell body diameter 39 μ. Of 21 copepod species and 19 zooplankton groups examined, only copepods of the genus Metridia showed any Paracineta attached. Suctorian occurrence was, with a single exception, limited to adult copepods, with the larger females showing the heaviest incidence. Differences in areal occurrence were observed with greatest incidence of Paracineta on M. lucens in the eastern and central Gulf, and lowest numbers in the western area. This differential occurrence is accredited to an apparent cold water affinity of the suctorian. It is suggested that Paracineta could be carried into the Gulf during periodic intrusions of cool Nova Scotian water, reaching the western area in the southwesterly flowing Gulf of Maine eddy system. No significant differences in vertical distribution were found in Paracineta incidence on Metridia among the depths sampled (0, 10, 30, and 60 m). No harmful effect of Paracineta on Metridia was evident.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The intralymphocytic stages of Theileria parva, T. lawrencei and T. annulata have been cultivated for several months in tissue cultures of bovine lymphocytes associated with baby hamster kidney cells. In established cultures the theilerial particles multiplied at about the same rate as the host cells, the percentage of infected cells and the mean number of parasite particles per cell remaining nearly constant.During mitotic division of the host cell the theilerial body becomes closely associated with the spindle fibres and is pulled apart and distributed to both daughter cells in late anaphase. The single theilerial particles (chromatin) within the theilerial body divide by binary fission; their division is not synchronous with that of the host cell.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. A sulfolipid, isolated from the phytoflagellate, Ochromonas danica, and from its medium, constitutes over 50% of the sulfur of the cells. It is bound to protein and excreted by the phytoflagellate. When the S35-labeled sulfolipid was placed in the medium it was incorporated by the cells without cleavage of the sulfate group. Thus it passes back and forth between the growth medium and the cells.The sulfolipid has been found in O. danica, O. malhamensis, Tetrahymena pyriformis, Chlamydomonas sp., Pseudomonas sp. (sea water bacterium). It was identified in the culture medium of O. danica, O. malhamensis, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, and Streptomyces griseus. Preliminary evidence was obtained for its presence in the growth medium of white clover and sorghum.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The normal cycle of asexual reproduction in Euplotes eurystomus was subjected to a detailed morphological study using whole-mounted and sectioned material prepared by the method of silver impregnation. The cycle was arbitrarily divided into 7 stages (numbered 0–6) characterized by nuclear and cortical events. Particular attention was focused on the development of the oral primordium (OP), and the production of new kinetal cilia (or “dorsal bristles”).The OP is interpreted as originating from an invagination or infolding of the parental cortex, followed by considerable in situ growth and differentiation beneath the cell surface. It is suggested that differentiation beneath the parental cell surface may in some way facilitate morphogenesis of other cortical structures without necessitating dedifferentiation of the parent's buccal apparatus. During stage 6, the division constriction plays an important morphogenetic role in shaping the opisthe's buccal apparatus.During stage 4, a zone of ciliary increase (ZCI) appears in the central portion of each kinety. New kinetal cilia arise as semi-circular clusters of 1 to 9 kinetosomes flanking each old basal structure; the latter persist until the new organelles are well established. An analysis of total kinetal cilia in animals during stages 0 to 3 indicates that, while ciliary number varies according to animal size, there is no increase in cilia prior to formation of the ZCI.Several aspects of the asexual cycle in Euplotes seem to bear importantly on the more general problem of ciliate morphogenesis. The pattern or gradient concept might be useful in the analysis of factors determining primordial sites, although later development of the primordium into a specific organelle or organelle system is probably controlled by autonomous epigenetic processes that are somewhat independent of the parental cortical pattern. The hypothesis of kinetosome continuity cannot account for the origin of primordial fields in cortical regions remote from pre-existing kinetosomes, as observed in Euplotes. The initiation of morphogenetic activity on the cortex is closely correlated with, and may be causally related to, the appearance of replication bands in the macronucleus. The known metabolic significance of these bands, particularly the release of nuclear RNA, lends support to this suggestion.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Experiments were performed to ascertain the effect of heat and cold on oral and micronuclear development in synchronized Tetrahymena pyriformis WH-6. The developing oral primordium becomes insensitive to cold sometime during stage 2. Cold shocks cause the reversion of many stage 2 primordia to stage 1. Cells so affected are set back in division. The delayed division is always asynchronous. When heat shocks are applied prior to late stage 4, the developing primordium will regress. High temperature shocks applied at later stages permit continued development. However, when the cell begins to cleave at the high temperature, division is frequently arrested and the new oral areas regress. Subsequent cell separation is greatly delayed and asynchronous.Heat and cold affect the micronucleus in the same way. Both agents prolong the arrest of mitosis brought about by the synchronizing treatment. A temperature shock is ineffective if applied after there is a space completely separating the chromosome groups, so that mitosis is completed in the presence of the agent. Bimicronucleate chains result in those cases in which division is arrested by heat shocks.It is suggested that the different phases of sensitivity to heat and cold may reflect different types of syntheses necessary for development of the oral primordium. Division arrest and subsequent oral replacement might possibly be related to high temperature induced changes in the physical state of the ciliate cortex.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The free amino acids of E. invadens and 4 strains of E. histolytica cultured in the CLG medium have been identified by thin layer chromatography. The chromatogram patterns of 3 strains grown for 72 hr at 37°C (103, K-9 and 200) were nearly identical. Amino acids detected on chromatograms according to Rf values, relative positions on chromatogram plates, and identifying colors using a polychromatic ninhydrin spray were: leucine/isoleucine, tyrosine, valine, alanine, glycine, glutamic acid, lysine/ornithine, histidine, proline, plus very small amounts of arginine and possibly serine, aspartic acid and citrulline/glutamine. Cysteic acid may also be present. The same amino acids were detected on chromatograms using comparable extracts of strain Laredo and E. invadens grown for 6 days at room temperature. However, the patterns were different in that serine, glycine, threonine and especially alanine were present in greater abundance in these latter 2 cell types.These chromatogram patterns were compared with similar analyses of strains Laredo and 200 grown in the modified Shaffer-Frye medium of Reeves.Similar analyses are reported on the basic ingredients of the CLG medium, including the cells and protoplasts of the Bacteroides, the non-multiplying bacterial associate employed in the CLG medium. The chromatogram patterns of the Bacteroides, protoplasts and medium were decidedly different from those of the amebae, thus indicating that adequate separation of bacteria, amebae and medium was accomplished.Analyses of the culture filtrates of all cells analyzed revealed a possible difference between the Laredo strain and the other strains of E. histolytica (103, K-9 and 200) in amino acid utilization. Similar differences were observed between the Laredo strain and E. invadens.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Colligocineta furax gen. nov., sp. nov., parasitizes the epithelial cells of the peristomial cirri of the sabellid polychaete Laonome kröyeri Malmgren. The material studied was dredged in West Sound of Orcas Island, San Juan Archipelago, Washington. In general, the pattern of ciliation of Colligocineta resembles that of Hypocomella and Heterocinetopsis. However, of the ten kineties which constitute the ciliary system, two from the extreme right side appear to be continuous with two from the left side. During division, the posterior part of the ciliary field is conferred upon the opisthe, and in the proter all of the ten kineties are for a time completely separate.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Myxosoma cartilaginis n. sp. is described from the cartilage of Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill), L. cyanellus (green sunfish) and Micropterus salmoides (largemouth black bass). The development of the parasite is described from naturally infected fish which were held in spore-free water after infection. The sporoplasm invades cartilage, and becomes a multi-nucleate trophozoite which forms pansporoblasts, each of which produces 2 to 4 spores. The first spores appear in 7 weeks.The histopathology in the above fish consists at first of little cellular reaction, but after 4 to 5 months epithelioid granulomas appear around some of the spore masses. Cartilage liquefaction is present around the parasites for at least 5 weeks. Eosinophilic globules are present in cartilage cells adjacent to the lesions. Diffuse infiltration of the spores from the lesions is described.Of 24 chemicals tested for polar filament extrusion, potassium hydroxide gave the best results.An illustrated synopsis of the Myxosoma of North American fishes is given. Included is some additional information and illustrations of M. hoffmani Meglitsch, 1963. Also included is a table showing the hosts, site of infection, geographic location, spore and polar capsule sizes.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Two species of hysterocinetids occur in the alimentary tract of Drilocrius breymanni, an aquatic oligochaete collected in Departamento del Valle, Colombia. The suckers of both species are unusual for their complexity. In Craticuloscuta escobari gen. nov., sp. nov., the sucker is a shallow oval concavity with longitudinal and transverse supporting elements. About one-fifth of the area of the sucker, in its posterior portion, is ciliated, but argyrophilic punctations, which probably represent kinetosomes, are distributed in a regular pattern over most of its surface. In Epicharocotyle kyburzi gen. nov., sp. nov., the oval major portion of the sucker is deep, and continuous with a short trough which extends posteriorly and bends toward the left. Veil-like flanges, bordered by a fringe of thick, inactive cilia, arise from the margins of the sucker on either side. In the region of the trough, the flanges may overlap in such a way that the trough is almost completely covered. The trough and a small area of the major portion of the sucker anterior to it are ciliated. However, argyrophilic punctations which probably represent kinetosomes are distributed over most of the surface of the sucker. The pattern of longitudinal and transverse supporting elements found in the sucker itself extends into the flanges. In both Craticuloscuta and Epicharocotyle, the arrangement of the adoral and buccal ciliary organelles is essentially like that in Hysterocineta, Ptychostomum, and other ciliates of the family Hysterocinetidae.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Various protozoa and lower metazoa were exposed to filtrates of Staphylococcus aureus B (formerly called Type S-6) (2) and non-enterotoxigenic filtrates of staphylococci to study the toxicity of staphylococcal enterotoxin to these organisms. No reaction specific for enterotoxin was observed either in those culture filtrates from toxin-producing strains or in solutions of purified enterotoxin. Non-specific reactions were obtained with various growth media and a “potassium inhibited” filtrate containing 0.5% K2HPO4.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The effect of hexamethonium chloride, an acetyl-choline competitor, on the ciliary and myonemal systems of Spirostomum intermedium and S. ambiguum was investigated. Although the drug caused immobilization of the cilia, severe cell damage often ensued indicating an unspecific action. The general reaction was usually more severe and the ciliary inhibition less in S. ambiguum than in S. intermedium. It is postulated that the general reaction is the result of either membrane depolarization or binding of hexamethonium at the surface. Fed animals were more susceptible to drug action than starved ones. Raising the external potassium level did not affect the drug action.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. A morphological study on the ectoplasm and the proboscis in the ciliate Didinium nasutum, has been performed by means of an electron microscope. The ectoplasm and the endoplasm of Didinium are separated by a fibrous layer. In addition to the ciliary apparatus and the filament system, the ectoplasm is characterized by having ectoplasmic vacuoles enclosing cross-striated bodies and by having small rods surrounding the ciliary basal body.The filament system is composed of 4 types of tubular filaments: primary filaments originating from the basal body, secondary ones coursing longitudinally along the cell periphery, tertiary ones going down in cylindrical arrays from the periphery of the proboscis into the endoplasm, and finally kinetosomal ones from the base of the basal body into the endoplasm through the newly found pore of the fibrous layer.The fine morphology of the trichites in the proboscis is elucidated three-dimensionally and illustrated schematically. Moreover, the correlation among the small rod, ectoplasmic vacuole and trichite is discussed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Animals arising spontaneously in a culture of Paramecium aurelia, variety 4, strain 51.8s, swam about three times as rapidly as normal 51.8s, 51.7s or 29.8 animals. When the 51-fast animals were mixed with 51.8 or 29.8 paramecia, a random sampling of swimming rates showed a bimodal distribution. The faster rate of 51-fast animals was maintained under such deleterious conditions as 48-hour starvation. “Fastness” or “slowness” could not be selected for in vegetative clones. The 51-fast paramecia would not mate with 51.7, 51.8 or 29.8 animals, although fission rate, serotype and general appearance indicated that 51-fast probably arose from strain 51.8.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Silver stains of the free-swimming sessiline peritrich Opisthonecta henneguyi reveal the adoral infraciliature as the bases of two membranes, a haplokinety and a polykinety, which diverge at the buccal overture and spiral down the infundibulum to end at the cytostome. A second polykinety parallels the adoral polykinety in the oral half of the infundibulum, and the two form a peniculus. The haplokinety appears as a single row of kinetosomes, the adoral polykinety as a series of transverse rows of three kinetosomes. The peniculus is six kinetosomes in width.The electron microscope shows that the haplokinety is a double row of staggered kinetosomes. Only the external row bears cilia. The polykinety is a complex ciliary membrane, three kinetosomes wide. The three kinetosomes are connected with one another by fibrous bundles passing beneath them. They are linked orally and apically into longitudinal rows of thick, zig-zag, fibrous connections. The kinetosomes of the internal longitudinal row are attached by a dense fiber to a strand of fibrous material interrupted at regular intervals by dense nodes.A section of the wall of the infundibulum is thrown up into longitudinal folds with tubular fibrils running parallel to the folds. These structures, the crests, appear to continue into the cytopharynx. Beneath and around the adoral and infundibular infraciliature and the crests is a fibrous matrix with dense nodes, resembling the reticulated infundibular fiber described by Faureé-Fremiet.The trochal band in silver stains appears as short diagonal rows of kinetosomes. The electron microscope shows 5 to 7 kinetosomes per diagonal row. The kinetosomes of the diagonal rows are linked to thick dense rods which originate just above the trochal band and continue antapically past the kinetosomes for a distance of 10 to 15 μ. The kinetosomes are joined to one another by fibrous strands and each is also connected by a dense fiber to the diagonal rod to its left. Running below the kinetosomes and at right angles to the rods is a system of striated fibers.At the aboral end of the body, a ring, 2 μ in diameter, of argentophilic granules is shown by the electron microscope to be a small circle of kinetosomes. Sessile stages have not been reported for Opisthonecta. The aboral ring is probably a vestigial or non-functioning scopula.The argyrome is represented by circular striae around the body. Each stria bears argentophilic dots on either its apical or its antapical side. Electron microscopy reveals that these dots are pores in the cuticle. The striae themselves may be points of adhesion between the inner cuticle and the outer cuticle, or ridges of cytoplasm between flattened alveoli of the inner cuticle. A dense fiber runs below and parallel to each stria. Opisthonecta shows at least three different kinds of ciliary membranes. Some speculations are offered on the taxonomic affinities of peritrichs based on their infraciliature.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Haplosporidium mytilovum Field, 1924, a sporozoan (?) parasite in the ova of the mussel Mytilus edulis L., is found to be morphologically similar to, and deemed to be congeneric with, the type species of genus Chytridiopsis Schneider, C. socius S., 1884, in beetles. It is compared also with the only other reported species of Chytridiopsis in a mollusc, C. ovicola Léger and Hollande, 1917, in ova of the European oyster, Ostrea edulis L. These two parasites in ova of bivalve molluscs are much alike but, since they seem to have some slight morphological differences, it would be premature to conclude that they belong to the same species. Chytridiopsis, a genus of uncertain affinities, has been considered by various authors to be related to the Chytridiales, the Haplosporida, the Mycetozoa or the Microsporida. New evidence favors the hypothesis that it is microsporidian in nature, although proof in the form of a clearly demonstrated polar filament has not yet been produced.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Leptomonas costoris n. sp. is described from Gerris comatus. It differs from other species of Leptomonas in the structure of the reservoir which has ultramicroscopic thickenings in its wall, matched by corresponding thickenings in the adjacent flagellar membrane. The one or two diagonal lines seen in the reservoirs of Giemsa-stained specimens are thought to be manifestations of these ultramicroscopic fibrils. The reservoir structure suggests a close relationship between this species and Cryptobia, (family Bodonidae) in which somewhat similar structures have been described. Blastocrithidia veliae is redescribed and differentiated from B. gerridis.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and the level of reduced glutathione were assayed in host-parasite interactions in which the malaria parasites preferentially invade: 1. mature erythrocytes (Plasmodium lophurae in the duck) and 2. reticulocytes (P. berghei in the mouse). Assay for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was by the dye decolorization test of Motulsky and Campbell. In P. berghei infected mouse erythrocytes with parasitemias ranging from 28–78% there was no deficiency in enzyme except at the 78% level. Similarly, P. lophurae-infected duck erythrocytes with parasitemias of 29–114% showed no enzyme deficiency except above the 80% level. No linear relationship existed between parasitemia and enzyme level. The reduced glutathione stability test of Beutler in duck erythrocytes infected with P. lophurae in the range 27–67% showed no glutathione instability.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Axenic cultures of Tetrahymena pyriformis W were used to obtain fractions rich in kinetosomes by alcoholdigitonin extraction techniques followed by centrifugation. The morphology of the kinetosomes was examined in the electron microscope at various stages during the isolation procedure, and compared to the morphology of the in situ kinetosome. In the latter preparation the well known cartwheel structure was present, and in addition 9 electron dense dots were displayed at the end of each spoke of the cartwheel.The prepared kinetosomes could easily be identified during the entire process, and there was no apparent change until after the digitonin step. However, with the further fractionation, alteration was found to have taken place in the interior and in the kinetosome wall. The inside appeared “empty,” and we were not able to find 9 triplets in the wall but only doublets.In view of the morphological alterations in the kinetosomerich fractions, chemical analysis still appears to us to be premature.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Excystment of Didinium nasutum is solely dependent upon dense bacterial populations and is independent of the type of medium in which the bacteria have been grown. Beers' hypothesis of the need for a factor from proteose-peptone is thereby not confirmed, but the need for living, intact bacteria as postulated by him is fully shown. The process of excystment is initiated by bacteria, but their presence is not required throughout the excystment. Axenically grown paramecia, shown to be adequate as food organisms for didinia, will not induce excystment. Five types of bacteria including Gram-positive, Gram-negative, aerobic and anaerobic all suffice to induce excystment, suggesting that the initiation of this process is caused by some general metabolic process or product of bacteria.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. About 50% of the amoebae found in early prophase through metaphase stages of mitosis have at least some mitochondria (ca. 25%) that contain complex internal structural patterns. These patterns are less frequently seen in mitochondria after metaphase, and they are extremely rare or absent during interphase. In the most typical pattern, larger than normal tubules are arranged in a parallel zig-zag configuration with a small amount of matrix between them. Complex patterns typically comprise about 30% of the mitochondrion; they are usually confined to one area, the remaining portion consisting of a clear matrix with few, if any, peripheral tubules.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Examination of feces obtained from wild-trapped woodchucks, Marmota monax, near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, revealed three previously described species: Eimeria monacis, E. perforoides, and E. os. In addition I found a new coccidium, E. tuscarorensis n. sp., described in this paper. Structurally the new species resembles E. wisconsinensis and E. bilamellata. An unidentified polysporocystic coccidium, possibly the genus Klossia, was found in small numbers in one sample.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Laboratory cultures of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, became infected with Mattesia grandis n. sp. (Neogregarinida, Ophryocystidae). The ensuing epizootic resulted in destruction of the weevil colony. Infection occurred per os in larval and adult weevils. Sporozoites penetrate the intestinal wall and infect adipose tissue cells. Micronuclear schizogony with production of merozoites is the primary method of multiplication and spread to new foci. Micronuclear schizonts may grow as large as 30 μ in size and produce up to 200 or so merozoites, which may be 20 μ long and 1–2.5 μ wide and are motile. Macronuclear schizonts are formed from these 1st schizogony merozoites, and can become 20–30 μ in size, producing up to 80 or so macronuclear merozoites. These can be 15 μ long but 2–3 μ wide with limited motility. Second schizogony merozoites form gamonts, which pair, forming gametocysts. Nuclear division occurs, resulting in 4 equal sized nuclei and 2 pairs of residual nuclei. Four gametes are formed by cytoplasmic constriction around the nuclei. The gametes rapidly pair to form 2 zygotes in the gametocyst, resulting in 2 spores. Nuclear pairing in 1 of the 2 zygotes often lags slightly behind. Abnormal development of zygotes was rare, but could result in 1 spore with 3 poles and a normal spore, or with only 1 spore developing. Near maturity gametocysts are about 12.5 μ long and 14.0 μ wide, with the gametocyst wall tightly stretched over the poles of the spores. Spores often are slightly flattened on the adjacent side in the gametocyst but frequently attained evenly curved walls on all sides after release. The spores are octozoic, with sporozoite development occurring after release from the gametocyst. Spores measured 7.1 μ X 11.8 μ. Characters are given to separate M. grandis from other species of Mattesia.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Broad scope investigations have allowed a study of the intestinal parasitic protozoa of the Kenya baboon Papio doguera in its natural habitat as well as an opportunity to follow the intestinal protozoan populations in these primates held in captivity. Samplings indicate that the amoebae found in the baboon are essentially the same as those which commonly occur in man. Balantidium coli is frequent in wild baboons but is self-limiting in animals after a few weeks in captivity. The flagellates Chilomastix mesnili and Giardia lamblia were detected in captive but not in wild baboons; the presence of the latter constitutes a new record for Papio doguera.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Experimental observation of the pathogenicity of some strains of Hartmannella plus the observation of human meningo-encephalitis due to small amebas which had a structure compatible with that of Hartmannella in the tissues has suggested the concept of respiratory amebiasis followed by cerebral and other complications.Until recently no cultural evidence was available to identify positively the amebas in the human cases. This report summarizes the isolation of Naegleria sp. (HB-1) from human spinal fluid by mouse inoculation followed by tissue culture of the infected mouse brain. C. Butt and his associates, who submitted this material to us, isolated the Naegleria on agar medium with Escherichia coli without antibiotics at 37 C.The new isolate failed to grow on the medium previously suggested by us for Hartmannella. HB-1 is virulent for laboratory animals and has a structure in the tissues which more resembles the amebas in the human tissue than the amebas in experimental Hartmannella infections of mice. Naegleria and Hartmannella are both potential pathogens for normal animals and man. A clinical laboratory method to detect Naegleria as well as Hartmannella is herein suggested.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Reticulocytosis, stimulated by the destruction of red blood cells by phenylhydrazine, altered the course of infection of both Plasmodium chabaudi and P. berghei in the mouse. P. chabaudi, lacking a preference for reticulocytes, was adversely affected when young cells were present in abundance. Parasitemias diminished and most of the animals survived the otherwise fatal infection. P. berghei preferentially invaded reticulocytes to the extent that the parasitemia became contained largely in the reticulocyte population. This was accompanied by a delay in time to death.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Uronema nigricans, a hymenostome ciliate, is redescribed by modern technics. Anatomic studies were made on 4 strains treated primarily with the Chatton-Lwoff silver impregnation technic. Particular attention was given to the buccal apparatus and its importance to generic assignment in the order Hymenostomatida.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. A hyperparasite probably related to some lower protistan was found in the cytoplasm of Entamoeba suis Hartmann. These were very minute bodies with a central Feulgen-positive dot, the nucleus, and a bordering cytoplasmic ring with an alcian blue-positive reaction. This organism appeared to interfere with the synthesis of DNA & RNA in the host amoeba as reflected in its relative stainability with Feulgen or pyronin-methyl green. The suggestion is that the parasitized amoebic cysts were most likely rendered nonviable.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Cell-free preparations from Crithidia jasciculata carried out protein synthesis as measured by 14C-leucine uptake (optimum ∼ 10 mM Mg++) and poly U-directed 14C-phenylalanine uptake (optimum ∼ 16 mM Mg++). Characteristics of the system and sucrose density-gradient patterns of ribosomes were investigated. The charging and transfer reactions—the 2 main steps in protein synthesis—were inhibited by stilbamidine, hydroxystilbamidine, pentamidine, quinapyramine (Antrycide), and suramin.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Cohnilembus verminus, a marine hymenostome ciliate, is described from a culture taken at Eniwetok. Anatomic studies were made on specimens treated primarily with the Chatton-Lwoff silver impregnation technic.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Eimeria callospermophili was found in 6 species of ground squirrels and the white-tailed prairie dog. The hosts included Spermophilus armatus from Utah and Montana, S. richardsoni from Montana and Wyoming, S. beecheyi from California, S. lateralis and S. variegatus from Utah, and S. tridecemlineatus and Cynomys leucurus from Wyoming. Infections were generally transmissible from each species of ground squirrel to S. armatus and S. richardsoni. Oocysts from C. leucurus caused infections in S. armatus and S. richardsoni. No infections were found after inoculation of E. callospermophili oocysts into least chipmunks (Eutamius minimus), Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus), or laboratory rats; however, excystation occurred in these animals. Resistance to infection did not develop in S. armatus, S. richardsoni, or S. variegatus, but did occur after 5 or more infections in S. lateralis. Eimeria callospermophili had little or no effect on the host in S. armatus, S. lateralis, or S. variegatus, but caused bloody diarrhea in severely infected individuals of S. richardsoni.The oocysts had an oocyst residuum consisting of several distinct bodies, which later coalesced to form a large homogeneous body. Each sporozoite had an unusually large refractile body. In experimentally infected specimens of S. armatus the prepatent period and patent period lasted for 5 and 9 days, respectively. Mature 1st-generation schizonts, first seen 2 days after inoculation, had 8–12 merozoites. Mature 2nd-generation schizonts, first seen 3 days after inoculation, had an average of 18 merozoites which were smaller than those of the 1st generation. Mature gametes were 1st seen 4 days after inoculation. Mature microgametocytes were only slightly larger than mature macrogametes.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The conclusion drawn in 1921 that the large nuclei in the cytoplasmic cortex of Glugea cysts are not vegetative nuclei of the microsporidan but nuclei of the hypertrophied host cell was based on the discovery of early developmental stages in the mesenchyme of stickleback larvae experimentally fed Glugea spores. This observation had been made on serial sections from experiments done in 1912. The intracellular development of the microsporidan could be followed up in this material only thru the 1st stages of schizogony. Renewed infection experiments, done still in 1921 on a much broader basis, have fully confirmed the previous findings, as briefly stated in 1922. On this material, the intracellular development of G. anomala has been followed up in recent years from uninucleate host cells 7 μ in diameter, interpreted as wandering cells in the mesenchyme, until they became macroscopic multinucleate cysts, in which schizogony and sporogony of the microsporidan produced innumerable vegetative stages and spores of Glugea. The details of the developmental processes are described in the present paper.The multinucleate host cell and the intracellular parasites together form one of the symbiotic complexes for which the term “xenom” or “xenoma” has been used by me since 1949. By a sequence of amitotic nuclear divisions, the uninucleate host cell in the Glugea xenomas of Gasterosteus becomes plurinucleate in contrast to the usual structure of other xenomas of fish.Already in 1921, I thought that the host cell in the Glugea xenomas may have phagocytic properties. The observation of accumulation of granules from pigment cells in some of the Glugea xenomas has now verified this supposition.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Eimeria eumopos n. sp. (Coccidiida, Eimeriidae) from a Colombian bat Eumops trumbulli (Chiroptera, Molossidae) is described. This is the first recorded coccidium in a bat from the western hemisphere, and the sixth bat coccidium species described to date. The unsporulated oocysts in the bat feces are 30.9–24.0 by 28.9–23.2 μ (near 28.8 × 26.1 μ). Their outstanding feature is the pronounced pitting of the thick brownish oocyst wall.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. An electron microscope study of Plasmodium coatneyi in the rhesus monkey supplied information on the fine structure of trophozoites, gametocytes and of the host cell. The trophozoites resemble other mammalian malaria parasites. They do not have typical protozoan mitochondria, but instead a concentric double-membraned organelle, which, it is assumed, performs mitochondrial functions. They feed on the host cell by pinocytosis, engulfing droplets of erythrocytes thru invaginations of the plasma membranes at any region of the cell or thru the cytostome. Digestion of hemoglobin takes place in small vesicles pinched off from the food vacuole proper.Gametocytes can be clearly distinguished into macro- and microgametocytes. Macrogametocytes are covered by 2 plasma membranes, the inner one appearing thicker in some places. The cytoplasm is filled with Palade's particles and has numerous vesicles of endoplasmic reticulum and toxonemes. In microgametocytes most of the inner membrane is thickened, the cytoplasm has few Palade's particles and vesicles of the endoplasmic reticulum and does not have toxonemes.Erythrocytes with trophozoites are irregularly scallop-shaped and have elevated points with knob-like protrusions covered by a double membrane. If these protrusions are sticky they might be in part responsible for clumping and arresting the schizonts and segmenters in the capillaries. The host cell contains numerous Maurer's clefts which in some instances are continuous with the membranes of the parasite suggesting that they might originate from them.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Mice, segregated in groups according to sex and age from 5 to 21 weeks, and randomly presented, were inoculated in one continuous process with a trypanosome suspension prepared from a Trypanosoma brucei subgroup stabilate of such a dilution that about 50% of the mice might be expected to become infected. No statistically significant difference occurred between groups, either with regard to sex or to age.Significant alterations in the proportions of mice infected did, however, occur in relation to inoculation order. The inoculation process occupied 12–197 minutes after removal of the stabilate from −79 C storage. Essentially, infectivity rose initially to a peak between 30 and 80 minutes, and then fell off, but was not abolished at the end of the experiment.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Observations were made on the fine structure of Paramecium bursaria and its intracellular Chlorella symbionts. Emphasis was placed on the structure of the algae and structural aspects of the relationship between the organisms.The algae are surrounded by a prominent cell wall and contain a cup-shaped chloroplast which lies just beneath the plasma membrane. Within the cavity formed by the chloroplast are a large nucleus, a mitochondrion, one or more dictyosomes, and numerous ribosomes. The chloroplast itself is made up of a series of lamellar stacks each containing 2–6 or more thylakoids with a granular stroma and starch grains intercalated between the stacks. The thylakoid stacks of mature algae are frequently more compact than those of recently divided algae. A large pyrenoid is located within the base of the chloroplast. It is made up of a granular or fibrillar matrix surrounded by a shell of starch. The matrix is bisected by a stack of 2 thylakoids. Prior to the division of the chloroplast the pyrenoid regresses; pyrenoids subsequently form in the daughter chloroplasts thru condensation of the matrix material and the reappearance of a starch shell. This shell appears to be formed by the hollowing-out of starch grains already present in the chloroplast stroma. Accordingly, in this case, starch moves from the stroma to the pyrenoid.The algae are located thruout the peripheral cytoplasm of the Paramecium. Each alga is located in an individual vacuole except immediately following division of the algae when the daughter cells are temporarily located in the vacuole which harbored the parental cell. Shortly thereafter the vacuole membrane invaginates, thereby isolating the daughter algae into individual vacuoles. Degenerating symbiotic algae are seen; because these are frequently found in vacuoles with bacteria, they are presumed to be undergoing digestion. Due to the conditions of culture these algae could have been either of intracellular or extracellular origin.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Electron-microscopic observations were performed on 2 species of Volvox, one similar to V. globator, the other to V. aureus. The former has distinct protoplasmic connections in the adult coenobium and specific structures, named “medial bodies,” in the connections just at the intersection with the middle lamella. The medial body is disk shaped, about 800 mμ in diameter, and is composed of 3 parts, 2 dense outer layers and an intermediate less dense zone. In the latter species, the connection and medial body were not seen. On the other hand, it was commonly seen in both of them that in younger, dividing gonidia neighboring protoplasts were connected with each other by protoplasmic bridges. The bridges are undoubtedly formed due to incomplete cell separation in the division of a gonidium. The structural difference in the adult coen***bium between the 2 species emerges just after inversion of the coenobium. In the globator type the medial body appears just after inversion, and the connection remains unruptured all thru life. In the aureus type, it seems that the connections are withdrawn or degenerate immediately after inversion. It is discussed whether protoplasmic continuity is really maintained by the connection or not in the freeswimming coenobium of Volvox.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Plasmodium lophurae hemozoin (malaria pigment) is a heme-containing protein which is distinctly different from hemoglobin and hematin by immunologic, spectrophotometric, fingerprint, heme-iron, gel filtration, and starch gel electrophoretic analyses. The calculated average molecular weight of P. lophurae hemozoin is ca. 40,000. Hemozoin contains at least 3 antigenic components and shows some indication of cross-reaction with hemoglobin.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. In tryptone media, optimal growth of nonphotosynthetic Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris on glucose occurred with 1% (w/v) glucose at pH 3.5, and required a previous adaptive period in glucose medium.In short term metabolic experiments, glucose uptake was greatly stimulated by small concentrations of tryptone or succinate; effects of shaking suggested that CO2 has a similar stimulatory effect. Glucose utilization was highly dependent on glucose concentration, with an apparent threshold at about 2 mM and increasing steeply with glucose concentration above this value. In tracer experiments, about 90% of the glucose carbon consumed was assimilated, and about 10% released as CO2.Glucose did not stimulate respiration even during rapid glucose utilization. Tracer studies indicated oxidation of endogenous substrates was depressed by an amount which just compensated for the respiration due to glucose.The conditions which allowed rapid glucose utilization by “resting”E. gracilis var. bacillaris were the same as those known previously to be required for growth on glucose. It was therefore concluded that these factors act directly on the main pathways of glucose metabolism.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. A microsporidian, Nosema muris n. sp., is described from laboratory white mice in Czechoslovakia. I t differs from Nosema cuniculi (Levaditi, Nicolau and Schoen, 1923) and other Microsporidia in mice in that it develops in the omentum and heart muscle, iorming large masses of schizonts and spores. The parasite is distributed to other tissues (liver, spleen, fat, peritoneal muscles, connective tissue and brain) by infected mononudear cells, and then forms localized cysts in them. Kidney, lungs, adrenal glands, pancreas and salivary glands are not infected. The parasite can be transmitted via the placenta, by feeding on infected tissues, or by experimental injection of ascitic fluid.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Babesia bigemina was identified in the erythrocytes of calves as early as 9 days 21 hours after infected larval ticks (Boophilus microplus) had been placed on them. This confirms the circumstantial data [Hoyte, (1961): J. Protozool. 8, 462–61, which indicated that there is no pre-erythrocytic schizogony in the life cycle of B. bigemina.The earliest time at which parasites were themselves found to be capable of infecting ticks was between 11 and 12 days, (i.e., about two days after parasites were first seen in the blood). It is suggested that this delay occurs because, until this time, parasites are present in the blood in such small numbers that none survive digestion within the tick.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Diophrys scutum, collected from four locations on the New Hampshire coast, ranged from 89–195 7mu; in length, 50–105 μ in width, and 68–88 μ in buccal cavity length. The end of the adoral zone of membranelles (AZM) extends 37–59 μ (average = 45.6 μ) posteriorly in a groove on the right side of the body. Dorsally are five rows of stiff cilia. The silverline system (Chatton-Llvoff technique) appears as a fine meshwork, entirely different from that found in Euplotes or Uronychia. There are two elongate macronuclei (Feulgen reaction) and several micronuclei. Diophrys peloetes n. sp., collected from one location in Alligator Harbor. Florida, ranged from 95–134 μ in length, 62–84 μ in width. and 60–80 μ in buccal cavity length. The terminal portion of the AZM extends posteriorly in a groove 30–44 7mu; (average = 36.8 μ) on the right side of the body. Dorsally are eight rows of stiff cilia. The details of the silverline system are similar to those of D. scutum.There is insufficient difference in ranges of body length, width. and buccal cavity length to use these characters in separating the two species. However, a statistical analysis shows that the length of the portion of the AZM on the right side of the body in D. scutum is significantly different (longer) from that of D. peloetes. Furthermore, these two species differ not only in number of dorsal ciliary rows, but also in the number of cilia per row. The degree of difference in these two species is similar to that between closely related species in other hypotrich genera, and also to that between some varieties of Paramecium aurelia.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The mechanism of carbohydrate metabolism was studied in homogenates of the ameba, Mayorella palestinensis. The utilization of intermediates with the formation of lactic acid as the end product of the anaerobic breakdown of the carbohydrates was established. Evidence was obtained for the presence of the main enzymes associated with the Embden-Meyerhof glycolytic scheme. The activity of hexokinase and phosphorylase was ascertained in a M. pakstinensis homogenate. These enzymes have not yet been found among other soil amebas grown in axenic cultures.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Chloramphenicol inhibits growth of Euglena gracilis. It also interferes in the “greening” process by inhibiting protein synthesis (measured by leucine uptake), but RNA synthesis is essentially unafiected. The antibiotic acts on all cell fractions, but prefermtially inhibits the synthesis of plastid protein. Inhibition of chlorophyll synthesis is transitory and does not affect the self-reproduction system for chloroplast formation.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Thirty to 80% of Tetramitus rostratus amoebae were induced to transform into the flagellated stage. The procedure involved growth in a dilute hydrolyzed casein medium with living Escherichia coli dispensed in microdrops approximately 0.5 mm3 in volume and sealed in a slide-depressionchamber. Single amoebae placed in such microdrops did not transform until growth and division had produced a population density of 100 amoebae/mm3. Flagellation then began and proceeded rapidly.Analysis of growth and transformation in microdrops of different sizes but with equal numbers of amoebae, or of microdrops of the same size but different numbers of amoebae, suggested that the amoebae themselves were elaborating substances into the medium which brought about their own transformation. The effects of bacteriostasis induced by a variety of antibiotics did not clearly rule out a bacterial contribution to the factors causing transformation. Osmotic effects within physiological limits did not play any demonstrable role in inducing the response.It was concluded that transformation of amoebae to flagellates involved rapid growth and subsequent undetermined changes in the medium.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Thymidine-methyl-H2 is incorporated into the cytoplasm of Euglena. The label is non-nuclear and not in DNA; evidence for its presence in RNA and protein is presented. Only Euglena which maintain the potentiality to develop chloroplasts show this incorporation; it was not observed in streptomycin. uv, benadryl, O-methyl threonine or heat “bleached”Euglena, nor in Astasia longa.Preliminary incorporation experiments show that exogenous pyrimidines are not utilized as nucleic acid precursors in Euglena in general. However, the tritiated purines are incorporated into DNA and RNA. The use of thymidine to localize DNA autoradiographically in Euglena is completely excluded.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. A survey of the genus Lagenophrys Stein, 1852 (Ciliata, Peritricha) on freshwater crayfish (Parastacidae) revealed a wide range of new species in Australia and New Zealand. Fourteen new species are described. L. seticola sp. nov. is close to L. vaginicola Stein. L. spinosa, L. bispinosa, L. latispinosa, L. communis, L. occlusa, L. lawrii, L. lingulata spp. nov. form one species group. L. willisi, L. rugosa, L. darwini, L. deserti, L. ditngogi and L. engaei spp. nov. form a second group distinguished by characters of the lorica, lorica mouth and macronucleus.Nenninger's classification of degree of specificity of commensal-host relationship is applied to the whole genus and expanded in the light of the Australian material. The zoogeographic problems resulting from the specificity of Lagenophrys and the limited range of some of its hosts are indicated.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Blood films made from the “shoveller duck”, Anas clypeata Linnaeus 1758, in Lin-pien Ping-tung Hsien, Taiwan, showed a new species of avian malaria parasite, for which the name Plasmodium anasurn is proposed. This species is characterized by elongate gametocytes often closely resembling Huemopvoteus, about 15 merozoites per segmenter (although such stages were too few for really accurate counts), and trophozoites and schizonts which very often surround the extremities of the host cell nucleus in U-shaped fashion. Pigment is abundant, appears early, and is very dark. The host cell shows little or no alteration. No infected reticulocytes or blood cells other than erythrocytes were observed.

Notes: In my article I have taken up different expressions for the terms of trade in foreign trade, and especially I have been interested in a breakdown of total gain into two parts, namely the part due to the terms-of-trade effects and the part due to the price level effects. I have also taken up the inter-sectoral gain from terms of trade and the relation to the terms of trade in foreign trade. Besides the usual index for terms of trade-the ratio between output prices and input prices-I have also introduced another index for terms of trade corresponding to the relation between the output price index and an index consisting of a weighted average of input prices and prices for final demand. Finally I have tried to give some emperical findings which should throw light on the development of the Danish terms of trade for the period 1949 to 1964.

Notes: The purpose of this paper is to describe and evaluate the quarterly national income and product accounts of the United States (to be referred to henceforth as N.I.P.). The historical development of these accounts is reviewed first. Next, a summary of the statistical methodology underlying them is provided. An analysis of the errors to which they have been subject follows. An attempt is then made to define the area of their usefulness. Finally, suggestions for their improvement are formulated.The most general conclusions are as follows:〈list xml:id="l1" style="custom"〉1The quarterly N.I.P. estimates were developed in close response to an urgent need for them in economic analysis and policy formulation. Their development was a gradual process covering about two decades in which experience gained at one stage suggested improvements and extensions for the next.2The quarterly figures are based on abundant data sources. To be sure, the information is not as comprehensive as that available for the preparation of the annual estimates, but we are dealing only with differences in degree - there is no sharp contrast.3The series are subject to a considerable margin of error. There is bias in some of them - the initial estimates tend to be too low; and quite apart from bias they differ from the revised figures.4The margin of error attaching to the statistics disqualifies them from serving as precision instruments, but they are indispensable as a systematic framework for the order-of-magnitude analysis of the major forces determining the short-run movements of the economy. At present, the outstanding handicap in such analysis is not statistical error, but the inadequacy of economic theories and of our ability to test them.5The opportunities for mechanizing estimating techniques are assessed; the work on seasonals is discussed in this context; and a thorough investigation is proposed of the problems involved in the synchronization of the various components of the accounts. In addition, proposals for improving the data available for the estimation of specific income and product flows are formulated. Quarterly estimates of the physical volume of national output by industry, and quarterly accounts showing the financial transactions that mediate between saving and tangible investment are considered the two high-priority major extensions of the present accounts. Other, less basic, extensions of these accounts are also proposed.

Notes: With few exceptions, only cormmodity flows and values which can be determined by means of commodity flows (flows of goods and services) are calculated in constant prices in the official national accounts of the Federal Republic of Germany. Figures an the industrial origin and the final use of the national product are published, the former according to thirty industries, the latter according to the major types of uses of which in particular private consumption expenditure has been further analysed.The computations at constant prices are based on market prices and not on factor costs. It is only on this basis that a uniform valuation of the production and the expenditure side can be made since the turnover tax, which is the most important indirect tax, is contained in the elements of final demand in varying shares and cannot be eliminated (the tax is part of the price and has cumulative effect).The computation at constant prices presupposes a breakdown of the values in current prices according to quantities and prices. This raises a number of problems, e.g. because seller and buyer may consider differing aspects-production costs, technical attributes, etc., on the one hand, and use etc., on the other hand. In part there exist only vague ideas, or no ideas at all, as to what is to be considered-from a theoretical point of view-as quantity and price. In other cases the two values can only with great difficulties, if at all, be quantified, or there exists no market price and only the production costs are available. The author deals in greater detail with differences in quality and new commodities, the determination and treatment of quantities and prices for services, in particular for trade services (services attached to goods), the computation of government services at constant prices considering the development of productivity in public service, the determination of the values calculated as balances, above all the treatment of changes in the terms of trade for net exports of goods and services, the computation of the contributions of industries to the gross domestic product and, finally, the reconciliation of the production and the expenditure side.In a third section the author deals with index formulae and the base year. In the majority of cases values are deflated; partly, however, they are currently adjusted by means of volume and quantity data. On the production side the two methods are in part combined.In a concluding section a survey is provided of the computation methods used in the Federal Republic of Germany and on the available material for the computations. Mention is made of depreciation at constant prices.

Notes: A quarterly macro-econometric model of Japan's postwar economy has been constructed for the period 1954–1965 FY on the basis of standardized quarterly national income accounts. The model is designed for facilitating short-term economic forecasting and formulating adequate fiscal and monetary policy. Longer-term factors such as labor mobility, technical progress, etc., were also considered in the model.The model consists of fifty-three equations related to most of the macroeconomic variables in both money and real terms, and the equations were estimated in principle by the limited information maximum likelihood method. Principal exogenous variables related to policy instruments are government expenditures including transfers, parameters of tax functions, interest rate, and prices and fares controlled by the government, etc. In formulating the model, non-linear specifications were used whenever found necessary.Results of our testing on its predictive capability indicated fairly satisfactory performances for our observation period and also for 1966 FY. Multipliers related to fiscal and monetary policy were also obtained, indicating the dynamic characteristics of the Japanese economy, in particular, represented by dynamic business fixed investment, as compared with corresponding multipliers of the U.S. models.Although the model is exploratory and to serve as a core for a more disaggregated “Master Model,” the usefulness of the model for our purposes and the workability of our quarterly national accounts data for model-building have been recognized. The quarterly data, however, still remain to be improved especially in regard to consistency between income and expenditure and integration with flow-of-funds accounts.

Notes: The measurement and inter-spatial comparison of Latin American real income levels calls for techniques which depart substantially from the conventional procedure of applying such official or free market exchange rates as happen to prevail in any given period. The reasons are varied, the main ones being that in an area such as Latin America prices are notoriously volatile, their structure differs radically from that encountered in other parts of the world, and the exchange rate system is characterized by frequent and usually irregular revisions, while in certain countries a multiple exchange rate system applies and no single factor is available for conversion purposes. In addition, there exists the problem common to all developing countries that the rates to a large extent reflect the exchange value of a limited number of export commodities vis-à-vis a wide range of imported goods and in no way typify the internal-external price relationship for the bulk of production which by its nature fails to enter into international trading transactions.The author has endeavoured to circumvent these difficulties by adopting the often-discussed “purchasing power parity” approach whereby national accounts data are converted into a common monetary denominator (in this case, the U.S. dollar) expressed in “real” or quantitative terms which as far as possible eliminate inter-spatial price differences. Results are presented and analyzed, first for the base year 1960, and then for the period 1955–1964 at the level of main expenditure sectors as well as for the total gross domestic product.To the extent that available statistics permitted, results for Latin American countries are also related to the United States and certain countries in Western Europe, a main objective being to determine the approximate dimension of the incomes “gap” and to ascertain whether this is increasing, decreasing or remaining very much unchanged in size.

Notes: The main purpose of the study is to determine the savings potential of urban and rural households in India and in the process determine the possible savings and consumption functions separately for urban and rural areas.Four different possible functions have been used for determining the savings behaviour of the households both at the aggregate level and at the per capita level. The rural households, according to the results, have an extremely low rate of saving with income elasticity of saving of less than unity. For the urban households on the other hand, the income elasticity of saving is high enough to suggest the possibilities of considerably high savings potential.To understand the consumption behaviour of these households, the long-run and the short-run marginal propensities to consume and the marginal propensities to consume out of‘permanent’ or ‘normal’ income and ‘transitory’ income have been worked out. For the urban sector none of these give encouraging enough results and the analysis has been extended to examine whether other factors like prices and household assets are of any significance. Whereas for the rural sector, Milton Friedman's theory of ‘permanent’ or ‘normal’ income is somewhat substantiated, other factors like ‘transitory’ income, prices and assets appear to inthence urban consumption behaviour though no single one of them substantially enough. A negligible effect of ‘permanent’ income on urban consumption behaviour is, on the other hand, very clearly suggested by the results.Household consumption and savings have next been projected using the above results to determine the possible levels for the next three years. The results suggest that the rate of domestic savings likely to be achieved by the end of the Third Five Year Plan (1965–66) falls short of the targets laid down.

Notes: Cet article résume brièvement les méthodes utilisées par le Service de la statistíque yougoslave dans le calcul du revenu national aux prix constants. En ce qui concerne l'industrie, la méthode utilisée consiste à multiplier le revenu net par unité dans l'annCe de base (distribué par type) par les quantités produites dans l'année en cours. Cet article discute également des autres méthodes possibles, et fait ressortir les raisons qui se trouvent à la base des choix effectués.La partie finale examine la validité des mesures obtenues; elle met en garde contre la tentation de procéder a des interprétations de caractére normatif sur la base de prix déterminés par voie administrative ou sujets a d'autres types de distortions. Des données, classées par industrie et par région, sont fournies pour la periode 1952–1965.

Notes: In a number of underdeveloped countries today, adequate statistics for estimating national output by traditional national accounting methods are unavailable or unreliable. However, many of these same countries do publish data on monetary variables at an early stage in their development. These data can now be used to estimate national income.In this study the money supply was defined to include all currency in circulation, private deposits subject to check at all banks and postal systems, all government deposits, and unused overdrafts less float. The national accounts data were taken from United Nations sources and data supplied by various foreign statistical offices. To make the accounts more comparable in terms of coverage and to limit reported income to the monetized sector of the economy, non-monetary imputations were deleted.The monetary and national accounts data were combined in a multiple, stepwise regression. National income was used as the dependent variable and money supply and other data were used as the independent variables. The final estimating equations explained about 96 per cent of the variation in income between countries. Other tests were conducted using the currency ratio, transactions velocity, population, and per capita consumption. However, these variables did not augment the explanatory power of the regression equations.When the equations were used to estimate national income for twenty-two under-developed countries, the derived estimates showed a high degree of concordance with reported income where it existed for comparative purposes. The results indicate that monetary data can be used to estimate national income for underdeveloped countries with a relatively high degree of accuracy, between countries, and from year to year within a country.

Notes: In The Present Paper The Author Reviews The Results Of An Investigation Aimed At Estimating The relative level of stocks in Hungary in terms of international comparisons. Though international comparison was limited by scarcity of data, it has still become evident that stocks as a whole, compared to production and sales, seem to be unnecessarily high. The investigation has been carried out in relation both to the level of stocks and their rate of increase.The global volume and building of stocks, however, did not give a satisfactory explanation, and the investigation had to be extended to the individual groups of stocks separately. In order to facilitate the comparison, stocks were classified into the following groups: agricultural stocks, goods in process, industrial finished goods and manufactures held by users, and retail stocks. The classification was based on the different function of the individual groups. This classification of stocks could be compared only with the data of the U.S A.The international comparison revealed that both the volume and the rate of increase of stocks in Hungary is unreasonably high. They are high even if we consider that the growth rate of the economy in Hungary was greater than in any of the countries examined.The author refers to the fact that the stock problem was one of the starting issues in the economic research process which led to the reform of the Hungarian economic management system introduced on 1st January 1968.

Notes: The national income and product account (United Nations concept) in current prices itemized by distributive shares and by type of expenditure is given for the period 1929–1937. The national income by industrial origin and the reproducible national wealth are computed for the year 1930. Differences between the U.N. and the material concept are explained by means of the 1939 data.The national product series in real terms are computed (a) by means of the price deflation of the types of expenditure, and (b) as the physical output of goods and services by industrial origin (since 1926). Major changes In distributive shares are explained with the help of Price-cost analysis.The national product in real terms attains the lowest point in 1935 and not in 1933, as the industrial production and foreign trade series indicate. The structure of gross national expenditure reveals the same pattern of shifts, as is well known from other industrially developed countries during the business cycle.The development of national product by industrial origin, however, reveals some conspicuous singularities. Especially the uninterrupted increase in trade services (in terms of both persons engaged and turnover in constant prices) is an anomaly in the period of 1929–1937.Further, the Increase of rent (due to the gradual abolition of rent control), contrasting with the general fall of prices, led to a major shift in the distribution of national income during the early thirties. The other remarkable change resulting mainly from the changing price structure was the decrease of the farmers' share in national income.The production, transportation and distribution series in real terms reveal some time-lags. These result partly from the shift from the foreign to the home market, partly from the compensatory effects of stock movements, and partly from the delayed adjustment of consumers to declining income.

Notes: This paper presents a new annual series for United Kingdom gross national product, at current and constant prices, calculated from the expenditure side. These results differ significantly from previous estimates in that they go back to the beginning of the railway age on an annual basis and also in that the constant price estimates involve a detailed deflation of the main components of expenditure on consumption and capital formation. The implications of the new results are summarised, with particular reference to rates of growth and relative price changes, and an appendix describes the sources of the estimates.