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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050450101
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  • 2
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    The effects of certain physical and chemical factors on locomotion and others life-processes in Amoeba proteusThis investigation was suggested by Prof. S. O. Mast and carried out under his direction. He has also furnished valuable aid in the presentation of the results. For these favors, I am greatly indebted to him. (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 97-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Amoeba proteus was raised in a modified and diluted Ringer solution. When the pH of this culture medium became less than 6.0, the normal activities of the amoebae were interfered with; and when a still lower pH was attained, the amoebae died off. The same was true when the pH became greater than 8.0. At neutrality the activities were subnormal, very dark, and rounded. The rate of locomotion of amoebae raised in solutions with a pH less than 7.0 showed a maximum rate of locomotion at pH 6.6, which decreased as the pH changed in either direction, dropping to a very low rate at pH 7.0 and above and also below 6.0. For amoebae raised at a pH above 7.0 the rate was maximum at pH 7.6 and decreased as the pH changed in either direction; it was low at pH 7.0 and below and also above 8.0.On increasing the external osmotic pressure of the medium it was found that the effects caused varied somewhat with the hydrogen-ion concentration. Small increases in osmotic pressure decreased the rate from the normal at pH 6.0 and 8.0, increased it at pH 6.6 and 7.6, and did not affect it at pH 7.0. Osmotic pressures above that produced by M/20 lactose caused locomotion to cease in a short time at all pH values.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050450104
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  • 3
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    The cranial musculature of the toadfish (Opsanus tau) (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 209-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The highly specialized cranial musculature of the toadfish is characterized by the following features: 1Absence of intermandibularis and branchiomandibularis muscles.2Presence of levator premaxillaris muscle.3Very large branchial chamber, the outer wall of which is formed by seven branchiostegal rays connected by a strong fascia provided with muscles (oblique levators and adductors).4Highly developed masticator muscles (adductor mandibularis and pterygoids).5The rectus abdominis, sternohyoid, and hyohyoid muscles are attached by a median aponeurosis to the hyoid and basibranchial elements and directly to the hypobranchial cartilages; this muscle complex depresses the buccal floor in opposition to the geniohyoid.6The pelvic fins are in the jugular position.7Two narrow muscles connect the cleithrum with the fourth ceratobranchial.8The cranial musculature is obviously adapted to a carnivorous habit and particularly for increasing respiratory capacity under asphyxial conditions.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050450107
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  • 4
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    Spiral movement in man (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 293-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Blindfolded persons walk, run, swim, row, and drive automobiles in clock-spring spiral paths of greater or less regularity when attempting a straightaway. The spirals turn either right or left in one and the same individual, and may do so even in one experiment. But either right or left turns predominate in the great majority of individuals, often to a high degree. The paths show marked individuality, and there is some ground for thinking there exists a correlation between temperamental differences and general character of path.The mechanism which produces the spiral path is not located in the locomotor organs, but in the central nervous system and is probably identical essentially with the spiral mechanism in other motile organisms, all of which move in spiral paths when there are no guiding senses to direct the path. The clock-spring spiral in man is interpreted as the expression in two dimensions of space of a helical spiral mechanism which seems to exist in all motile organisms moving in three dimensions of space and in amebas which move in two dimensions. In a large number of lower organisms the number of body lengths per spiral turn is almost constant, being about 4.5. The smallest regular swimming spirals in man are very close to this value, but the smallest regular walking spirals are somewhat larger. The fundamental spiral mechanism seems to be of molecular dimensions, and there seems to exist a demonstrable locomotor bilateral asymmetry in very nearly, if not quite, all organisms.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050450110
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  • 5
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    The anatomy and life-history of a freshwater mollusk of the genus sphaeriumContributions from the Zoölogical Laboratory of the University of Illinois, no. 317. (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 473-503 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A detailed study has been made of the anatomy of one of the fingernail shells, and preliminary observations on the life-history have been carried out. In its general organization Sphaerium notatum is very similar to the larger fresh-water lamellibranchs. A gastric shield, crystalline style, and style sac, very similar to those found in the stomach and intestine of Lampsilis, are present. A pair of slender muscles extending from the dorsal side of the body into the gills, and evidently not previously described, have been found. The nervous system consists of the typical three pairs of lamellibranchiate ganglia, with their connectives, accessory ganglia, and nerve fibers. Particular study was given to the statocysts and osphradia, and attention is called to the fact that the function commonly ascribed to the osphradia is incompatible with their position in the roof of the cloacal chamber.S. notatum, like all the Sphaeriidae, is hermaphroditic and viviparous. The gonads are paired racemose glands lying behind and below the stomach. The sperm-producing follicles form the anterior portion of each gonad and are somewhat smaller and more numerous than the ova-producing follicles which form the posterior portion. The young pass through the early stages of development in brood pouches in the gills and are expelled as relatively enormous individuals.Preliminary observations on the life-history indicate that reproduction reaches its height in the summer and that fertilization probably takes place during the late summer and fall.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050450204
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  • 6
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    Developmental factors in teleost hybrids. I. The early mitotic behavior in the cross between menidia menidia notata ♀ and Prionotus carolinus ♂ (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 579-597 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: When Menidia eggs are fertilized with Prionotus sperm, the Prionotus chromosomes react in the Menidia cytoplasmic medium just as they do in the cytoplasm of Fundulus eggs. There is lagging, non-disjunction, and elimination of chromosomes during the early cell divisions. The mitotic behavior of the Prionotus sperm in the Menidia egg also resembles the behavior of the sperm of Ctenolabrus in the same medium. This behavior which was expected from what was known concerning the mitotic behavior of the reciprocal crosses between Menidia and Fundulus and between Ctenolabrus and Prionotus and other intercrosses between the members of these two groups is regarded as a function of the physical state of the egg cytoplasm during the division phase of mitosis. This physical character forms the earliest differential factor in the development of these hybrids and shows no correlation with the width of the cross.A comparison of nine teleost crosses, in which both the development and the early mitotic behavior are known, with a rough numerical estimate of the width of the cross brought out the fact that development is most successful in crosses between nearly related species if mitosis is normal and in distantly related crosses if mitosis is abnormal. This indicates that nuclear relationship is also a factor in the development of hybrids.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050450208
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  • 7
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    Growth of paramecia in pure cultures of pathogenic bacteria and in the presence of soluble products of such bacteriaSubmitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the University of Missouri. (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 46 (1928), S. 85-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Virulent hay-infusion cultures of Bacillus pyocyaneus are toxic to pure-line races of three species of paramecia, but these races may acquire a tolerance for this toxic agent. Races with acquired tolerance have been grown for long periods of time in toxic, pure cultures of B. pyocyaneus by means of the daily-isolation culture method, and here the average division rate is as high as, or higher than, in the chance-mixed bacterial cultures in which these protozoa are usually maintained in the laboratory. The tolerance is lost, however, when the paramecia are removed from the toxic cultures and grown for a number of generations in cultures of non-toxic bacteria.The toxic agent that is lethal to paramecía is probably the soluble toxin of B. pyocyaneus. The investigation shows that the agent is soluble and either thermolabile or volatile. It also shows that all deleterious substances, other than the soluble toxin, known to be produced in cultures of this bacillus, are non-lethal to paramecia.Hay-infusion cultures of Bacillus enteritidis were lethal to paramecia. All attempts to develop tolerance in paramecia for the toxic agent in these cultures failed.Under the experimental conditions that prevailed, diphtheria toxin was found to have no appreciable effect upon the division rate or death rate in three species of paramecia.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050460104
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  • 8
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    The histology of the blood of some bermuda ascidiansContributions from the Bermuda Biological Station for Research, no. 157. (1930)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 49 (1930), S. 385-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structure of the living blood cells is described and the cells are classified in the following species of ascidians: Phallusia nigra, Ecteinascidia turbinata, Clavelina oblongata, Symplegma viride. Evidence for the genetio relationship of the various types of cells is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050490205
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  • 9
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    Cytoplasmic phenomena in the spermatogenesis of gerris (1930)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 49 (1930), S. 455-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The history of the cytoplasmic components in the spermatogenesis of Gerris is, in general, like that which has been described in the Pentatomidae. The observations of fixed material have been checked by extensive studies of freshly teased preparations. During the spermatocyte growth period the chondriosomes undergo considerable increase in mass. During the maturation divisions the chondriosomes are remarkably constant in orientation with respect to the centrioles. The nebenkern arises by fusion of chondriosomes differentiated into chromophilic and chromophobic portions. The Golgi bodies of the earlier spermatocytes are vesicular bodies, the peripheries of which are osmiophilic. These are not visible in fresh preparations, but the masses resulting from their fusion in the late prophase of the first division are visible in the unfixed cells. The non-osmiophilic material inside these masses stains with neutral red in fresh preparations. Only the osmiophilic part of the Golgi masses is involved in the fragmentation to form dictyosomes. There is very suggestive evidence that the process of acrosome synthesis largely takes place inside the sac-like acroblast (Golgi apparatus). In the spermatid, material which stains, in fresh preparations, like the acroblast is never seen, except inside or attached to the acroblast, where it appears in the form of small spheres of ‘pro-acrosomic’ material, which fuse to form the acrosome.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050490207
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  • 10
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    The early development of Haemichromis bimaculata, with special reference to factors determining the embryonic axis (1930)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 49 (1930), S. 579-619 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Haemichromis bimaculata is a tropical teleost fish which will produce eggs practically throughout the year at intervals of from three to four weeks. These eggs are of suitable size and character for embryological study, the features of special interest so far discovered being as follows: (1) The egg is oval; (2) it is attached to a substratum by its side, the blastopore being at one end; (3) the embryo always tends to develop along the side opposite that originally next to the substratum.Results obtained by reorienting the eggs previous to cleavage, and by centrifuging them, seem to show that the relation of the embryonic axis to the egg is determined either previous to laying or very soon afterward, possibly by the relation to the substratum, and is not subsequently affected by gravity or other known factors. There may be some tendency for the first cleavage plane and the sagittal plane of the embryo to coincide, but such coincidence is not at all constant or exact.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050490210
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  • 11
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    The arterial system of Palaemonetes (1930)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 50 (1930), S. 127-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Color changes in Palaemonetes had been found to be inhibited in the whole abdomen by occluding the dorsal abdominal artery. Inasmuch as these chromatic responses are brought about by means of circulating hormones, it should be possible, in view of early anatomical findings, for specific substances to reach the abdomen by way of the ventral abdominal artery which has been described for so many decapod crustaceans. This paper reports a degenerate ventral abdominal artery and a ventral continuation of the dorsal abdominal artery, the latter thus being distributed to practically the entire abdomen and therefore chiefly responsible for abdominal color-change phenomena.A method is given for injecting the arteries of small crustaceans, and the entire arterial system of Palaemonetes is described and figured. Several hitherto unreported vascular structures are noted: a plexus of blood vessels surrounding the supra-oesophageal ganglion, certain branches of the ophthalmic artery leading to the eyes, and various branches of the dorsal abdominal artery in the region of the telson and uropods. The forward flow of blood in the ventral portion of the abdomen in decapod crustaceans is held to be unique.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050500105
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  • 12
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    Masthead (1930)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 50 (1930) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050500201
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  • 13
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    Metamorphosis in the honeybeeThis paper, presented as partial fulfillment for the degree of doctor of philosophy at Cornell University, was written in 1928. The writer is now Assistant Apiculturist at the Southern States Bee Culture Field Station, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. (1930)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 50 (1930), S. 295-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Histological changes which occur in the digestive system and its appendages and in the muscular system of the honeybee during metamorphosis are described. Some attention is given to changes which take place in the fat-body, the silk-glands, and the reproductive system. Material of known ages was used. Observations began with the sealing of the larva in its cell and were concluded with the young bee ready to emerge from its cell. Soon after the larva is sealed in its cell, the body tissues begin to undergo a change. Larval epithelial cells lining the midgut are cast into the lumen and they are replaced by cells which proliferate from the imaginal or ‘replacement’ cells. In the fore- and hindgut the lining of the larval cells is replaced by imaginal cells whose points of origin are probably at the anterior and posterior ends, respectively, of the midgut. While the imaginal lining is being formed, the opening from the midgut into the hindgut is closed by a small portion of tissue. A part of the larval muscles are histolyzed and then re-formed from imaginal myoblasts, other larval muscles disappear entirely. The strictly imaginal muscles (e.g., leg muscles) are formed by myoblasts which congregate at the point of muscle formation. There is no evidence of phagocytosis in the honeybee during metamorphosis.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050500202
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  • 14
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    The effects of breed on the growth of the chick embryo (1930)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 50 (1930), S. 341-359 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The growth of chick embryos of heavy and light breeds and the reciprocal crosses between them is described. The embryos of the heavier breed and the hybrids were found to be somewhat heavier than the embryos of the lighter breed from the tenth day of incubation to hatching time. In eggs of the same weight from the two breeds the size difference tends to disappear toward hatching time, probably due to the equivalence of the strictly limited food supply. It is pointed out that the size difference is more probably due to difference in the proportion of cells dividing at a given time than to a difference in duration of mitoses.The mortality of the hybrid embryos was intermediate between that characteristic of the parent breeds, while the percentage of monsters in the hybrids was less than that for either parent breed. There is thus some indication of heterosis.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050500203
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  • 15
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    The cytology of several species of iceryine coccids, with special reference to parthenogenesis and haploidy (1930)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 50 (1930), S. 475-495 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Four species of iceryine coccids have been studied cytologically in connection with certain breeding experiments. These are Icerya littoralis, Icerya montserratensis, Echinicerya anomola, and Crypticerya rosae. For the three first-named species the complete chromosomal history has been established, and the evidence on the fourth, Crypticerya rosae, is sufficient to indicate that it differs in no essential respect from the others. The following résumé may, therefore, be considered to apply to all four species. The females are diploid, with a chromosome number of four, and the males are haploid, with a chromosome number of two. Oogenesis proceeds quite normally; two tetrads are formed and two maturation divisions occur in which the chromosomes are reduced to two in each female pronucleus. All eggs undergo this reduction: if the eggs are then fertilized, the diploid number is thus restored and development into females ensues; if the eggs remain unfertilized, whether in the body of a virgin or of a fertilized female, they develop parthenogenetically, with no restoration of diploidy, into haploid males. The spermatogenesis of the haploid males involves a single meiotic division, demonstrably equational in character; the accompanying cytoplasmic division is suppressed, and from each of the binucleate spermatids thus produced two spermatozoa are formed. These conditions are contrasted with the functional hermaphroditism and haploid parthenogenesis of Icerya purchasi.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050500208
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  • 16
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    The origin of the germ cells in Amblystoma maculatum (1930)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 50 (1930), S. 569-611 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study is based upon a close series of ontogenetic stages from cleavage until after metamorphosis.The so-called primordial germ cells, first differentiated in the lateral mesoderm, are traced to a definitive position in the genital anlagen. Careful counts of these demonstrated that they exist in larger numbers in the younger stages and that few of them ever reach the genital anlagen where they may form a small portion of the propagative cells.Evidence is presented that the majority of the germ cells are of somatic origin. From the earliest appearance of the indifferent gonad certain cells in the germinal epithelium have been observed which were increasing markedly in size and undergoing the various changes necessary in the transformation of small cuboidal or spindle-shaped peritoneal cells with oval nuclei into large germ cells with immense polymorphic or lobate nuclei. These cells are abundant in all older individuals. All the successive stages in the evolution of a somatic cell into a reproductive cell, involving as it does an increase in size, changes in shape, and a new distribution of chromatin material, are demonstrated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050500212
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  • 17
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    An investigation of the nervous system as a possible factor in the regulation of ciliary activity of the lamellibranch gill (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 147-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Certain variations of ciliary activity in the lamellibranch gill occur which are an intrinsic part of the gill tissue and which are due to causes other than environmental changes. Experimental and morphological evidence indicates that the central nervous system is not involved in the production of these variations.A comparative study of laterofrontal and lateral ciliated cells leads to the conclusion that the coordination impulse passes through the cytoplasm of the cell and that the velocity of the propagation wave is influenced by the number of cell walls per unit length through which it passes. It is suggested that the ciliary rootlets in the laterfrontal cells, due to their arrangement bring the impulse simultaneously to both rows of cilia within a single cell.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050510104
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    The spermiogenesis of Succinea ovalis say, with special reference to the components of the sperm (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 243-289 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An investigation of the spermiogenesis of Succinea ovalis Say, a small terrestrial pulmonate, has revealed: 1) The germ cells are differentiated from indifferent germinal epithelial cells. In this form the germinal epithelium is a true epithelium, and not a syncytium. 2) Forty chromosomes are found in the spermatogonial divisions and twenty in the maturation divisions. 3) Early in spermiogenesis the proximal centriole penetrates through the spermatid nucleus and, with the oxychromatin, forms an intranuclear rod similar to that reported for certain prosobranches. The homology and significance of the rod are discussed. 4) Of the cytoplasmic structures, the mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus were followed through all stages of spermatogenesis. 5) At the maturation divisions the mitochondria are grouped into peculiar. thread-like structures. Some of the mitochondria take part in the formation of the sheath around the axial filament of the spermatozoon, while the remainder are sloughed off with the cytoplasmic remnant. 6) The Golgi apparatus consists of a number of banana-shaped rods closely grouped around the idiosome. Three to five Golgi rods are found in the spermatid stages. A portion of the Golgi apparatus and idisome (acroblast) forms the acrosome, and the Golgi remnant is discarded at the end of spermatogenesis. 7) In mature sperm both head and tail have a spiral structure. The origin and nature of the spirals are pointed out.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050510107
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  • 19
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    Blood formation in the african lungfish, under normal conditions and under conditions of prolonged estivation and recoveryThis paper was awarded the Virginia Academy of Science research prize for 1930. (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 319-371 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The blood cells of the African lungfish, Protopterus ethiopicus, are very large and resemble those of urodeles. Leucocytes are especially plentiful and rich in variety, including eosinophils, special eosinophils, [meta-eosinophils] with atypical granules, monocytes, thrombocytes, lymphocytes, and basophils.The chief hemocytopoietic organs are the spleen, intestine, and kidneys. The lungfish spleen, embedded in the wall of the stomach, represents an intermediate phylogenetic stage between the disperse intra-enteral type of the hagfish and the compact extra-enteral type of other vertebrates.Erythrocytes are formed in the spleen pulp, granulocytes in the granulocytopoietic organ of the intestine and in the capsules of kidneys, gonads, and spleen. Thrombocytes and monocytes are differentiated in the spleen and general circulation. Basophils arise in the spleen and intestine. Lymphoid cells of all types arise in the spleen. Evidence is presented bearing upon the hemocytopoietic capacity of the various types. Cells with [Russell bodies] also occur in the spleen.In lungfishes subjected to long periods of dry estivation, erythrocytopoiesis practically ceases. Granulocytes, however, appear to play an important rǒle, possibly in fat metabolism. The large variety of meta-eosinophils, a unique feature of the lungfish, appears to be associated with the habit of estivation.Recovery from estivation may show numerous amitoses of erythrocytes in the general circulation. Other cells which divide in this manner are young thrombocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphoid hemoblasts.
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    Notes on the postnuclear, acrosome-seat granules, and ‘vacuome’ in Desmognathus fusca spermatogenesis (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 597-612 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The acrosome in Desmognathus, Spelerpes, Plethodon, salamander, Amphiuma, etc., is attached to the nucleus in connection with an acrosome seat, which forms a shallow cup, traced back to a number of granules in the early spermatid. A postnuclear plate is present in the above-mentioned urodeles, and is derived from a small number of minute granules which assemble in the spermatid and become fixed onto the nuclear membrane. The centrosomes of the spermatid are visible intravitam. The ‘vacuome’ is formed of minute neutral-red-staining globules embedded in the idiozome. No connection appears to exist between mitochondria and Golgi bodies, as is postulated by the vacuome-chondriome hypothesis (Parat).
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    Studies on the comparative histology of the digestive tube of certain teleost fishes II. A minnow (Campostoma anomalum)Studies from the Department of Zoölogy, The University of Nebraska, no. 168. (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 1-25 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This paper presents a study of the normal histology of the digestive tract of an herbivorous teleost, the minnow Campostoma anomalum (Raflnesque). The tunics of the buccal cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and intestine are described; particular attention is given to the mucosa because of the specializations occurring in that coat, such as taste buds, goblet cells, callous pad, etc. Because of the very decided anatomical and histological differences existing between the anterior and posterior regions of the pharynx, due to the presence of a callous pad and pharyngeal teeth, it has been deemed advisable to consider the pharynx as divisible into an anterior and a posterior region. Thyroid tissue was found in the submucosa of the anterior pharynx. No gastric epithelium was demonstrated, the ‘intestinal bulb,’ the only enlargement of the coelomic portion of the digestive tube, being lined with epithelium presenting only minor differences from that found in the coiled tubular intestine.
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    The life history of Cryptocotyle lingua (Creplin), with notes on the physiology of the metacercariaeThis paper was awarded an A. Cressy Morrison prize of the New York Academy of Sciences for the year 1929. (1930)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 50 (1930), S. 143-191 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The various stages in the life history of Cryptocotyle lingua are identified and described. Adults naturally occur in the intestine of fish-eating birds and mammals. They were experimentally obtained in the cat, white rat, and guinea-pig. The development of the miracidium was followed within the egg. Larval stages occur in the marine snail, Littorina littorea. The structure of the redia and cercaria is described in detail, and evidence is submitted to show that the cercaria is identical with Cercaria lophocerca Lebour, described from the same snail on the British coast. Penetration and encystment of the cercaria in the skin of the cunner were experimentally secured. Excystment of the metacercaria was obtained both in experimental animals and in vitro. The metacercariae were maintained in culture media for as long a time as is required for them to attain sexual maturity in the final host. The host relations and specificity of the parasite are discussed on the basis of infection experiments. The cercaria is compared with similar larvae and its taxonomic position determined.
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    Golgi bodies, vacuome, and mitochondria in the salivary glands of the Chironomus larva (1930)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 50 (1930), S. 497-515 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Our observations confirm the recent findings of Krjukowa ('29) on the specific character of the Golgi material in the salivary glands of the Chironomus larva and are therefore in disagreement with the findings of Parat and Painlévé ('24).The Golgi material in the salivary glands of the Chironomus larva is present as discrete bodies having the form of crescents, rings, and rods. These are evenly deposited throughout the gland and show no makred variation in number at different stages of the physiological activity of the gland.The mitochondria are present in the form of filaments frequently concentrated in the area surrounding the nucleus and at the periphery of the cell.Neutral-red staining was never observed to color the Golgi bodies. It is suggested that the neutral-red bodies may represent the secretory material. However, it is clear that, whatever the significance of the neutral-red bodies, they are not Golgi material. Accordingly, this evidence supports the view that the Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and neutral-red bodies are morphologically distinct structures in the cells of the salivary glands of the Chironomus larva.
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    A cytochemical and cytological study of differentiation in normal and reorganizational stages of Stentor coeruleus (1949)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 84 (1949), S. 335-363 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Masthead (1949)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 84 (1949) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050840301
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    Beryllium inhibition of regeneration. I. Morphological effects of beryllium on amputated fore limbs of larval Amblystoma (1949)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 84 (1949), S. 459-493 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050840305
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    Masthead (1949)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 85 (1949) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050850101
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    The nature of the Golgi apparatus. I. Parallelism between intercellular myelin figures and Golgi apparatus in somatic cellsAided in part by a grant from the American Cancer Society on the recommendation of the Committee on Growth of the National Research Council. (1949)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 85 (1949), S. 35-69 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Histological effects on the embryo following X-irradiationThis document is based on work performed under Contract AT-30-1-Gen 70, for the Atomic Energy Commission. (1949)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 85 (1949), S. 483-501 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    The morphology of Trichomonas wenyoni (Protozoa, mastigophora) (1949)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 85 (1949), S. 519-531 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050850307
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    The morphology of the palmar digital triradii and main linesContributions from the Department of Zoölogy, Smith College, no. 159. (1930)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 49 (1930), S. 153-221 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study is made of the morphological types of the second, third, and fourth interdigital patterns of the human palm and their differential occurrence as a basis for determining the morphological significance of the digital triradii and main lines, which are the final remnants of the pattern boundaries. Certain types of patterns show a large preponderance, with a correspondingly large percentage of a certain morphological value for each digital triradius, although other morphological possibilities than the usual one are discovered in each case. Correlated combinations of rare patterns are presented and their hereditary nature discussed.
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    Studies on some physiological functions and morphological characters of Rhabditis (Rhabditidae, nematodes) (1930)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 49 (1930), S. 251-275 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Intravitam stains were used to determine the functions of several organs in two species of nemas (Rhabditis strongyloides and Rhabditis elongata). The organs were also studied in section. From the results obtained it is concluded that the amphids are not excretory in function, but more probably sensory, for definite connections were observed to extend to the nerve ring. No migratory cells, such as those described by Stefanski, were seen.The phasmids stained with all intravitam stains used. but were never observed to secrete. It seems doubtful that they serve as excretory organs.The excretory system was seen to consist of a typical X system. Actual excretion was observed. Deirids were seen for the first time in both species. Oesophageal glands were also described. A study was made of the structure of the intestinal cells, rectal glands, and anal muscles. Attention was called to the fact that there are two kinds of ejaculatory glands, one of which probably serves as a ‘cement gland,’ while the function of the other is still in doubt.
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    The natural history of Bugula flabellata at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, including the behavior and attachment of the larva (1930)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 49 (1930), S. 355-383 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The breeding season of Bugula flabellata extends from June 10th to November 15th. The young embryos develop in brood pouches (ovicells) and are finally expelled from the colony as swimming embryos. They come from the colonies at dawn or early morning. After a free-swimming period of four to six hours, each larva becomes attached and after a profound metamorphosis which involves the loss of larval organs, it develops into the bryozoan colony by budding.The larvae at first are positive to light, but become negative before attachment. Their behavior is described in detail and the mode of attachment is explained.After the larva has become attached a period of rapid growth by budding ensues. The rate of growth is given in a table in which it is shown that the first individual of the colony is completed in two days and that a new series of buds is formed every two days. There are eight or ten individuals after one week and over a hundred in two weeks. In one month the colony is half-grown and becomes sexually mature. A colony becomes senescent in three months, when it measures 112 to 134 inches in diameter.Younger colonies hibernate successfully and resume growth in early May, when new polypides are formed.
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    The human ovarian germ cellsAided by grants from the Committee for Research in Problems of Sex of the National Research Council and the Board of Research of this institution. (1930)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 49 (1930), S. 543-577 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The germ cells in human embryonic ovaries arise by proliferations from the germinal epithelium. These cells pass through the early maturation phases, including synizesis, beginning at about the third month. Four distinct periods may be distinguished in ovogenesis, each having its own peculiar characteristics: the early embryonic period from seven weeks to three months, the middle embryonic period from three to five months, the late embryonic period from five to seven months, and the adult period. The early embryonic period shows only growth and multiplicative phases; the middle embryonic period is distinguished by maturation phases, among which phases are interpolated which do not appear elsewhere in the species; the late embryonic period is charcterized by phases similar to those of the adult male germ cells, and the adult period by the omission of early maturation phases preliminary to the maturation divisions.
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    Masthead (1930)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 50 (1930) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050500101
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    Studies on the comparative histology of the digestive tube of certain teleost fishes. I. A predaceous fish, the sea bass (Centropristes striatus)Studies from the Department of Zoölogy, The University of Nebraska, no. 166. (1930)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 50 (1930), S. 39-70 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The first of a series of studies on the comparative histology of the digestive tubes of fishes selected, on the basis of their feeding habits, from the teleost group: a study of the microscopic anatomy of the digestive tube of a predaceous teleost, the sea bass (Centropristes striatus (L.)). Based on studies of sections, with details of gross anatomy from both fresh and preserved material. Includes a short survey of previous work. Deals with the histology of the various regions of the tract, their tunics and tissues, together with details of cell structure and arrangement. Approach is made from the physiological side, with particular reference to the adaptation of histological elements to functional activity. Parts treated in detail are esophagus, cardiac and pyloric limbs of the stomach, intestine, and pyloric caeca. Particular stress is laid on the histological structure and arrangement of the tunica mucosa, especially in relation to digestion and absorption. Topics given particular emphasis are: condition of mucosal folds with reference to the amount of food present in the lumen; transformation between adjacent epithelia of different types; structure of cardiac and pyloric glands; origin and differentiation of intestinal goblet cells; comparisons between histology of pyloric caeca and that of adjacent intestine, together with general conditions found in the caecal mucosa.
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    The history of the germ cells in the viviparous teleost platypoecilus maculatus (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 115-153 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study is based upon a series of ontogenetic stages from just before coelom formation to maturity.Primordial germ ceils are first seen at the outer edge of the lateral mesoderm and are traced from there to a position in the genital analagen. Counts indicate that most of them succeed in reaching the genital anlagen, where they from definitive reproductive cells in both sexes.The evidence seems to show that there is some transformation of somatic cells into germ cells in the immature female, but that this transformation is not extensive. In the male the primordial germ cells are the sole source of the definitive elements.
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    The development of the carp, cyprinus carpio. I. The larval life of the carp, with special reference to the development of the intestinal canal (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 217-231 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The detailed spawning habits and hatching period are described. The larval period is divided into the inactive, when the yolk is the source of food, and the active period, when food is captured. The rate of growth and transformation of the larvae into fry is described.The cell formation passes into a syncytial period, when there are produced many nuclei without cytoplasm.c division. Around these nuclei, the cytoplasm collects to give rise to more cells. The method by which mucous cells are produced is described and also the presence of secretion masses in both the mucous cells and the syncytium of the mucosa.
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    The development and the regeneration of the color pattern in brachydanio rerio (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 513-523 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The teleost fish Brachydanio rerio is strikingly marked with longitudinal black stripes, which extend into the caudal fin and across the anal fin. Removal of the anal fin is followed by complete regeneration of the fin and of its normal color pattern. Microphotographic studies show that melanophores are at first uniformly distributed in the regenerating tissue and that later the melanophores disintegrate in the zone of the future light stripe and increase in the region of the future dark stripe. Observations on the normal development of the fin where the history of the individual melanophores has been followed show the same mode of formation of the stripes.
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    Masthead (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050510101
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    Masthead (1930)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 49 (1930) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Cytoplasmic inclusions of Trichamoeba and their reaction to vital dyes and to osmic and silver impregnation (1930)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 49 (1930), S. 139-151 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In Trichamoeba sp two types of inclusions are recognized on the basis of reaction to vital dyes and tomethods of osmic and silver impregnation. Globular inclusions, which are stained selectively with neutral red, may be blackened under direct observation by exposure to osmic vapor in hanging-drop preparations and demonstrated by osmic and silver impregnation. Rod-like and granular mitochondria, stainable vitally with Janus green, may be distinguished from the neutral-red globules in preparations stained with a mixture of Janus green and neutral red, and are demonstrated by Regaud's chondriosome method.
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    History of the germ cells in Sphaerium striatinum (Lam.) (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 545-595 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Study of living and sectioned material throughout the life cycle shows the germ-cell history from fertilized egg to sexual maturity. This can be divided into the following five periods with definite limits: Original appearance during cleavage, period of inactivity, period of multiplication, maturation, and fertilization. Primordial germ cells of characteristic structure can be recognized just before gastrulation, when there is one large germ cell in the mass of mesoderm on either side of the blastocoel. After one division in each of these two cells, the four daughter cells remain inactive, while the remainder of the mesoderm differentiates, until division is resumed in the developing gonad. An indefinite number of gametes is produced. All are direct descendants of the two original primordial germ cells. Transformation of somatic cells into germ cells does not occur nor do germ cells become somatic cells. Cell lineage shows the two primordial germ cells to be derived from the third division of the paired mesoderm cells which have arisen by an equal division of the fourth micromere produced by cell D of the four-cell stage. Details of meiosis have not been ascertained, because of the small size of the chromosomes, their large number, and the difficulty of fixation. Nothing forecasts which primordial germ cells will become ova and which spermatozoa.
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    Cytoplasmic structures in binucleate opalinids, with special reference to the Golgi apparatusThis investigation was carried out with the aid of the Cancer Research and Treatment Fund. (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 27-45 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Three types of cell inclusions are demonstrated within the general protoplasm of the binucleated Protoplina, parasites of Hyla aurea. These are considered to represent mitochondria, together with associated, synthesized vegetative granules and Golgi bodies, as evidenced by their behavior, morphology, and staining reactions.The Golgi material is shown to consist of irregularly twisted rods and granules scattered at random in the cytoplasm, but possessing a very distinctive morphology and reaction to different techniques when compared with the mitochondria. No relationship could be detected between these vegetative structures and the cilia, as has been previously described.These observations have also been extended to a similar study of the cytoplasmic organs of Nyctotherus cordiformis, and it has been possible to demonstrate Golgi bodies of a similar appearance within this organism as well as to show again the nature of the basal granules and their relationship to the cilia.The procedure of identifying the mitochondria elements with great care is recommended as a preliminary means of studying the Golgi apparatus of Protozoa, particularly where osmication techniques are used exclusively.
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    Cytological studies on the spinning glands of the larva of Galleria mellonella: Respective rôles played by the nucleus, the Golgi apparatus, and the mitochondria during secretion (1930)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 49 (1930), S. 509-541 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Spining in Galleria begins shortly after hatching and continues throughout larval life. The gland cells secrete continuously, irrespective of the act of spinning.The nucleus plays a direct and an importnat rôle in silk secretion by the migration of nucleoli into the cytoplasm, where they enlarge and synthesize a fatty material in the center; the fatty material is transformed into a non-soluble basophllic substance, which then changes into the secretory product in its final form. The processes of converting the fat into non-soluble substance and of converting the latter into the secretory product progress inwardly from the periphery of each secretory body. The secretory bodies or masses of secretory material break up into smaller and smaller masses and eventually into a fine dispersed state before their entrance into the lumen of the gland.The mitochondria are granular in the cells of the conductive portion and filamentous in those of the reservoir and secretory portions of the gland. In the secretory portion they are orientated with the long axis toward the gland lumen. Their rǒle in silk secretion is negligible or at most a minor one.The Golgi apparatus is in the form of discrete ring- and half-ring-shaped bodies and remains so during all stages of secretion. If it plays any rǒle in silk secretion, the fact has not been detected by the author.
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    The intranuclear deutoplsmThe terms deutoplasm and yolk are used in this paper, as they seem to be generally used by turbellarian workers, to denote material that is used as food material by the developing organism and which, with ordinary stains and technique, reacts like yolk. It should be understood that no specific chemical tests for yolk have been empolyed in this work. and the origin of gametes in the turbellarian Prorhynchus applanatus Kennel (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 233-247 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: It is shown that in Prorhynchus applanatus there exists a type of yolk elaboration which has hitherto not been reported. Formation is within the nucleus through the growth and fusion of nucleoli, but the yolk globule becomes larger than the original nucleolus. The developing individual utilizes the food material contained in the yolk cells in the following order: (1) cytoplasm of the yolk cell, (2) yolk bodies contained in this cytoplasm, (3) intranuclear yolk, (4) nucleoplasm. It is also shown that the germ cells in this form arise from the endoderm by diapedesis, but that the yolk cells are mesenchymal in origin. The sequence of formation of male and female gametes precludes the possibility of the presence of sex hormones such as are found in higher forms.
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    A comparative study of the chromosomes of rodentsContribution from the Department of Zoölogy, University of Texas. This work was done under the direction of Dr. T. S. Painter, to whom the writer wishes to express his obligation and appreciation. (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 373-401 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A comparative study has been made of fifteen species and subspecies of rodents to determine the range in number and variation in morphology of their chromosomes. The number range is between 40 and 86±, with an average number for known species of 52. In the family of Cricetidae there is little variation in chromosome number and a general similarity of the chromosomes. In the Muridae the range for known species is 40 to 42, but the chromosome morphology even of subspecies may be quite different. In Sciuridae a range of 48 to 62 has been found in different species. The greatest range in number is found in the Heteromyidae, 44 and 86± chromosomes having been found in two species. It is concluded that the stem number for rodents is close to 48 and that fragmentation and fusion account for variation in numbers, and these affect the morphology of the chromosomes. The evidence also indicates that variations in morphology are due to translocations and inversions, and possibly deletions accompanied by translocations.
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    The distribution of sperm-forming materials in scorpions (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 429-483 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: There are in scorpions two sharply contrasting types in respect to the mode of distribution of the chondriosomes to the sperm cells. In one of these the chondriosomes, spheroidal in form and nearly definite in number, are sorted out whole without division during the spermatocyte divisions, their number being thus reduced successively to one-half and one-fourth. This type occurs in Opisthacanthus, Hadrurus, Vejovis, Euscorpius, and Palamnaeus. In the other, as yet known only in Centrurus, all the chondriosomes fuse during the spermatocyte growth period to form a single ring-shaped body; and this, during the two ensuing mitoses, is accurately divided into two, four, and eight equal parts, of which each spermatid receives two. In both types alike the chondrioma is thus distributed very nearly equally to the sperm cells, but by widely contrasting processes; and in both types the spermatid chondriosomes are drawn out to form the sheath of the axial filament in the sperm tail. In Opisthacanthus there are indications of a definite process of dictyokinesis during the spermatocyte divisions.These facts are discussed in the light of the general history of the chondriosomes in other animals, with especial reference to more general problems of cell division. The present vagueness and uncertainty of our knowledge of cell division and differentiation are emphasized.
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    Polymorphism among the subgenera of nasutitermes (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 593-607 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study is concerned with the interrelationship existing among the polymorphie soldier castes of six representative subgenera of the genus Nasutitermes. By measurements of anatomical parts and camera-lucida drawings, an attempt has been made to compare these particular subgenera on a basis of gradual divergence of certain structures. For this purpose a series of tables was compiled in which apparently unstable structures were compared to a relatively stable figure in all available species of the selected subgenera.According to my findings, it was concluded that there is no strict correspondence between the major, intermediate, and minor castes of different subgenera of the genus Nasutitermes. Particular reference is made to the work of N. Holmgren ('12) and to that of J. S. Huxley on heterogonic growth.
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    The formation of the sex glands and germ cells of mammals. V. Germ cells in the ovaries of adult, pregnant, and senile albino rats (1930)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 50 (1930), S. 453-473 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ovaries of adult albino rats were studied, the following phases being considered: Eleven to twenty and one-half days pregnant, shortly after fertilization, oestrus, not pregnant, young sterile, old, and senile. Some new ova are produced from the germinal epithelium during pregnancy and oestrus, but it is in the ovaries of non-pregnant animals between oestrous periods that the germinal epithelium is most active. There can be no question of the formation of new ova during adult life, for there is a correlation between the activity of the germinal epithelium and the number of oocytes and young follicles present in ovaries. Also one can trace the origin of ova in the surface and follow their transformation and movement into the ovary proper. In some sterile young animals little new formation took place, in others a good deal. In old and senile animals the germinal epithelium continued to be active, especially in producing ingrowing cords of cells, but frequently these were anovular. The germinal epithelium may form different types of cells by ingrowth: ova, follicle cells, and interstitial cells, but the formation of anovular follicles at one period does not prevent a later production of normal ova and follicles.Some new ova are produced from the germinal epithelium of ovaries during pregnancy and oestrus, but it is in the ovaries of non-pregnant animals between oestrous periods that the germinal epithelium is most active. There can be no question of the formation of new ova during adult life, for there is a correlation between the activity of the germinal epithelium and the number of oocytes and young follicles present in ovaries. In some sterile young animals little new formation took place; in others, a good deal. In old and senile animals the germinal epithelium continued to be active, especially in producing ingrowing cords of cells, but frequently these were anovular. The germinal epithelium may produce different types of cells by ingrowths - ova, follicle cells, and interstitial cells - but the formation of anovular follicles at one period does not prevent a later production of normal ova.
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    A cytological study of the changes occurring in the oenocytes of Galerucella nymphaeae Linn. during the larval and pupal periods of developmentThesis submitted to the faculty of Brown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy, June, 1927. (1930)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 50 (1930), S. 527-567 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study of the cytological changes occurring in the larval oenocytes of Galerucella nymphaeae Linn., correlating those changes with the molting cycles. Preceding each larval molt, vacuoles, apparently of nuclear origin, are found in the cytoplasm from which they are eliminated at the time of the molt. The accumulation of vacuoles is not so striking at the times of pupation and the emergence of the imago, but occurs nevertheless. Beginning with pupation or just previous to it, the larval oenocytes seemingly undergo a process of deterioration, decreasing in size and presenting a ragged appearance.The fat-cells are closely associated morphologically with the larval oenocytes, and it seems that there is a probable physiological relationship also, since the fat-cells undergo a series of changes at the same time the oenocytes are exhibiting their cyclic behavior. Furthermore, it has been observed that in many instances there is a greater accumulation of vacuoles in that part of the cytoplasm of the oenocytes which is adjacent to the fat-cells than elsewhere.
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    The distribution of the branchial nerve in Mytilus edulis and its relation to the problem of nervous control of ciliary activity (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 195-205 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The branchial nerve of Mytilus edulis, traced by means of serial sections, has been found to be limited entirely to the epithelial and connective tissues bordering the axis of the gills. Most of the numerous branches which originate from the branchial nerve extend posteriorly and lie close to the interfibrillar matrix of the connective tissue which supports the epithelium of this region. Fibers of these nerves have been traced to this epithelium.The chitinous supporting structures of the gills lie in close proximity to these nerves, yet neither nerves nor nerve fibers have been observed to penetrate them. Moreover, a careful study of the gill tissues fails to reveal the presence of structures which might be interpreted as nerves or nerve fibers.Since no innervation of the gills has been demonstrated, it seems probable that the ciliary activity of the gill epithelium is not regulated by means of fibers connected with the central nervous system.
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    The morphology of Spironympha, with a description of a new species from reticulitermes hesperus Banks (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 291-307 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Spironympha is discussed as valid genus. It was described by Koidzumi ('16); later it was redescribed by the same author as Microspironympha ('21). Therefore, according to the rules of nomenclature, it is Spironympha.The genus is compared with the related genera: Spirotrichonympha, Holomastigotes, and Microjoenia.Spironympha is characterized by four flagellar bands which are spirally wound around the anterior part of the body; these bands occur only in the anterior end, whereas in Spirotrichonympha they extend almost to the posterior end. The parabasals are few in number, and they are attached to the basal granules of the flagellar bands; the anterior end is clear and almost free from cytoplasmic granules; and there are twenty to thirty anterior flagella which are attached to the base of the centroblepharoplast or to the basal granules of the flagellar bands. An axostyle is present.No centrosome occurs within the nucleus, but the centroblepharoplast has this kinetic function.Spironympha ovalis is described as a new species. It is ovoid; the average size is 38 μ to 44 μ. An axostyle is present. The host is Reticulitermes hesperus Banks.
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    The germ cells in the hermaphroditic gland of Polygyra appressa (1930)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 49 (1930), S. 415-453 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The male and female germ cells of Polygra appressa were found occurring together in the acini from the time the snails were 5 mm. in width onward, and their development traced backward to the gonial stage, in which the aspect of the female cells, present in small numbers in the acinus wall, and the male cells, in greater numbers in the lumen, seems identical.In oocytes, differentiation involves the enormous increase in volume of cell, nucleus, and plasmosome; the appearance of yolk and of a secondary nucleolus attached to the first one, and, in some cells, various other nucleoli, attached to the chromosomes. Meanwhile the chromosomes become diffuse and spread into the interior of the nucleus, finally condensing again on the periphery. The employment of various technical methods produced interesting variations in the aspect of oocyte chromatin and nucleoli.The appearance of the Nebenkern in spermatocytes during the growth period was noted, but no indication of its presence discovered in oocytes until the fairly late growth period.The chromosome forms were noted in spermatogonia, first spermatocytes and oocytes, and their numbers found to be 61 63, 31, and 31, respectively, but no clear dividing oogonia were found, on which similar observations could be made.
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    The morphology of the amphibian endolymphatic organContribution from the Zoölogical Laboratory of the University of Michigan. (1930)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 50 (1930), S. 71-126 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An extensive survey of the anatomy of the endolymphatic organ (i.e., endolymphatic sac and duct) has been made on thirty-four species of amphibians.1The histological structure is similar throughout the group; the sac being formed of cubical cells, which grade into the columnar cells of the duct. A part or the whole of the duct is formed of peculiar ‘ependyma-like’ cells.2The organ typically arises from the sacculus, extends to the endolymphatic foramen by which it enters the endocranial cavity. Here the sac-like expansion of the organ lies in the extradural space.3Six morphological types of endolymphatic organ may be recognized in the Amphibia.4The development of the endolymphatic organ of four of these types has been followed. The structure in each case may be considered to have reached its definitive condition at the time of metamorphosis.5The types of sac structure cannot be readily correlated with any habit of the animals possessing them.6A discussion is given of the homology, comparative morphology, and function of the organ throughout vertebrates.
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    The development of the ear of Acanthias vulgaris (1930)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 50 (1930), S. 259-293 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study of the development of the ear of the common dogfish from the 3.5-mm. stage to the adult, with a brief review of the literature and comparison with related forms.The study includes the following topics: First indications of vesicles. The beginning of specialization. The separation of component structures. The sensory epithelium. The structure of the adult ear, including a description of the sensory areas, the innervation, the lagena.The position of the future canals is first indicated in 15- to 20-mm. stages. The sacculus and utriculus were first noted in the 22-mm. stage. Complete separation of the canals, the sacculus, utriculus, the recessus utriculus, and the lagena has occurred by the time the 33-mm. stage is reached. Definite innervation of the ampullae is found at this stage.The article contains twenty-seven figures; eight of them are drawings made from wax reconstructions of various stages.
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    The aortic arches and their derivatives in the embryo porcupine (Erethizon dorsatus) (1930)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 50 (1930), S. 361-392 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This ontogenetic study shows the following facts: (1) the presence of a vidian artery homologous with that of reptiles, which serves visceral elements of the jaw; (2) there exists a transitory occipital artery arising from the stapedial which contributes to the vascular supply of the occipital region; (3) the presence of a transitory fifth arch intimately associated with the sixth arch; (4) there is evidence of at least two presegmental branches of the aorta; (5) in the development of the adult pulmonary stem the right artery forms very little of the common vessel; (6) a single cephalobrachial trunk forms the culmination of arch development; (7) arterial development of the head and neck falls into three phases: (a) a temporary arterial pattern designed to carry nutriment to primitive head structures, (b) a plan of arterial distribution adapted to supply the rapidly forming cartilage and muscle of the jaws, and, (c) a readjustment period when the arterial plan is readjusted due to the increased heteronomy of the head.
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    A study of chromatin diminution in Ascaris and Ephestia (1930)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 50 (1930), S. 413-451 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The process of ‘chromatin diminution’ may be said to be a casting off of chromatic material from the chromosomes earlier or later in the course of mitosis. A study of the phenomenon as it occurs in Ephestia and Ascaris shows it to be comparable in only the broadest and most general sense.In Ephestia the diminution substance is not formed in the nucleus, but is due to a later differentiation of the chromosomes long after their discharge from the nucleus. This can be made apparent by the use of differential stains and by other methods.In Ascaris diminution is found not to occur until the third cleavage, and then in all three cells that are destined to be somatic. The diminution process in this instance is apparently comparable to the casting out of residual substance which occurs when the nuclear vesicle breaks down in other cells.
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    Effect of composition of air on the growth and mortality of the chick embryo (1930)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 50 (1930), S. 517-525 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fertilized hen's eggs of known origin were incubated under predetermined, standardized, and uniform conditions of all physical factors except air, the composition of which in respect to the carbon dioxide and oxygen varied in each experiment. The growth and mortality of the embryo were studied daily, with, on an average, four observations.The experimental data show that the continuous exposure to about 0.4 per cent of carbon dioxide in the air of the incubator stimulated growth during the first part of embryonic life. A high content of carbon dioxide and at the same time a slightly reduced content of oxygen resulted in diminishing of the size and increasing of mortality of the embryo. The maximum combined proportions of these gases possible for growth of the embryo were about 22.0 and 16.3 per cent, respectively. A temporary exposure (twenty-four and forty-eight hours) to a large amount of carbon dioxide resulted in diminishing the size of the embryo without apparent deformities or increase of mortality.
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    The embryogeny of the Polyctenid, Hesperoctenes fumarius Westwood, with reference to viviparity in insects (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 1-117 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Four functional types of viviparity are recognized, and the last, pseudoplacento viviparity, is illustrated by a review of the embryogeny of a species of Polyctenidae. This insect normally has ten embryos in the reproductive tract in successive stages of development. The problem of fertilization is discussed, for there seems to be no spermatheca and spermatic clumps are present in the haemocoel. No organ of Berlese can be found. One, apparently a nymph, when sectioned revealed spermatozoa in even greater abundance than the mature females. Four to six of her offspring would seem to be paedogenetic.Females liberate ova that are yolk-free, and no chorion is secreted about them. Blastomeres are distinct, the embryonic envelopes are formed as usual, and hemipteran embryology occurs. The trophserosa functions until blastokinesis takes place, when the pleuropodial extensions evaginate and encompass the embryo which now lies in a pleuropodial cavity. The pleuropodia function as Lutrient organs, or psedoplacenta, until shortly before birth. At birth the embryo is a little more than one-third the adult body length and bears strongly developed setae.
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    The labyrinth of bufo vulgaris japonicus larva. Especially, upon the morphologic study of the perilymphatic space, in connection with the membranous labyrinth and auditory capsule (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 207-242 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A morphologic study of the labyrinth, especially on the perilymphatic space with its physiologic aspect, is presented in this paper. The perilymphatic space starts its development with the chondrification of the auditory capsule, and is completed by the end of the first third of metamorphosis. The author divides the whole spatium into two parts: the ductus perilymphaticus et diverticula and the pars spongiosa spati perilymphatici. The ductus perilymphaticus et diverticula may play an important rǒle in carrying out the functions of both equilibrium and audition. The pars spongiosa serves not only to fasten the membranous labyrinth to the capsular wall, but acts as a safeguard for the functions of both the membranous labyrinth and the ductus perilymphaticus et diverticula. The ductus system may have more important physiologic relations than does the membranous labyrinth in connection with the cranial cavity and spinal cord, as to the change of pressure, the transmission of vibrations, the osmosis of fluids, etc. A number of microscopic and schematic figures are shown with reference to the anatomic and morphologic relations of the membranous labyrinth, auditory capsule, and spatium perilymphaticum.
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    Observations on the ‘renal-portal’ perfusion in etherized birds (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 309-318 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This investigation was made to demonstrate the direction of the current of a perfusing fluid (hence that of blood in nature) inside the so-called [renal-portal] vein of birds and to determine if this vein has any fine capillaries in the kidney substance. A domesticated male duck was anaesthetized with ether, and a warm saline (mixed with a little urea and urine) was passed through the aorta. The [renal-portal] vein was also perfused with the same fluid through the left internal iliac vein. At first the kidneys actively secreted semisolid urine, but gradually the strength of the latter varied from a milky to a watery fluid.Later, a warm carmine solution was perfused through the left internal iliac vein, and the path of the dye could be easily traced along the whole length of the left renal afferent (left [renal-portal] vein) and its final exit through the postcaval vein. The posterior lobe of the left kidney was partially tinged with red, probably due to diffusion, since the kidney substance should have taken a uniform red hue if there was any definite capillary system. The coccygeomesenteric vein contained no dye.These results (coupled with actual caliber measurements of the two [renal-portal] veins in duck and pigeon examined, the calibers of these veins increasing gradually posteroanteriorly) indicate that: 1) blood flows anteriorly in the [renal-portal] vein; 2) this vein does not break up into capillaries in the kidney substance, but receives larger affluent veins; 3) there is no [renal-portal] system in birds; 4) the urine secreted by birds is always semisolid.
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    Life cycle, sex differentiation, and testis development in Melanoplus differentialis (Acrididae, Orthoptera) (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 467-525 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The general morphological and histological evidence accumulated by this study suggests the following facts: 1Under out-of-door conditions, in the vicinity of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, embryonic development begins at deposition and continues to the middle or late spring, when hatching occurs. The postembryonic development is completed during the summer. Copulation and oviposition occur in the late summer and early fall.2The embryonic development may be divided as follows: aThe prerevolution period, in which the rudiments of organs and systems are formed.bThe early-revolution period, during which the direction of the embryo in the egg is reversed.cThe late-revolation period, or time of yolk circumcrescence and completion of the dorsal wall of the embryo.dThe postrevolution period. comprising development from yolk engulfment to hatching.3The sexes are differentiated during the early- and late-revolution periods.4In the differentiation of the genital rudiments, a) the germ cells are segregated into groups; b) and indifferent mesodermal element grows in among the germ cells of such a group; c) the processes of this cell (the apical cell) form intimate connections with the processes of connective-tissue elements surrounding the germ-cell group; and, d) the covering membrane of the genital rudiment grows in between the various germ-connective-tissue cell groups, completing the rudiment of the follicle.5When the adult condition is reached the testis is functionally differentiated.
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    The vacuome of the flagellate Chlamydomonas (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 527-543 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A vacuome (‘Golgi apparatus’) consisting of small globular inclusions has been demonstrated in Chlamydomonas sp. These inclusions may be seen in the living, unstained organism; they are stainable vitally with neutral red; they have been stained vitally with neutral red and then blackened with osmic vapor under direct observation, and they have been impregnated by osmic and silver methods without previous treatment with neutral red.The reaction of these inclusions to the iodin test for starch suggests that they may play some rǒle, possibly one of storage, in the cycle of starch metabolism.
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    Masthead (1949)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 84 (1949) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Growth and form in gymnoblastic hydroids.Aided by a grant from the Penrose Fund. I. Polymorphic development in Bougainvillia and Aselomaris (1949)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 84 (1949), S. 1-30 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Greying of hair. I. Effects produced by single doses of x-rays on miceI wish to express my gratitude to Dr. Henry Quastler, Radiologist at Carle Hospital Clinic, Urbana, Illinois, for the actual raying of the animals and for many helpful suggestions during the progress of the work. (1949)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 84 (1949), S. 57-79 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    The development of Axiothella mucosa (Andrews)Aided by a grant from the Duke University Research Council. (1949)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 84 (1949), S. 145-183 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Histochemical studies on the Acanthocephala. II. The distribution of glycogen and fatty substancesContribution from the Zoological Laboratories of the University of Illinois under the direction of Prof. Harley J. Van Cleave in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. (1949)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 84 (1949), S. 201-225 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Some transformations in asymmetry among Corixidae (1949)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 84 (1949), S. 525-534 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    A comparative study of the reproductive systems of Xironogiton instabilius instabilius Moore and Cambarincola philadelphica Leidy (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Branchiobdellidae)The work reported in this paper was done at the University of Virginia in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. I wish to express my appreciation to Dr. Horton H. Hobbs, Jr., for the encouragement he has given me throughout the course of this study, and for his critical reading of the manuscript. (1949)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 84 (1949), S. 535-571 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Correlated studies of sense organs and nerves of the lateral-line in living frog tadpoles. III. Experiments on the orange granules and sense hairs of denervated and innervated organs (1949)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 85 (1949), S. 113-139 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    The weight of the pituitary gland of the male dog in relation to body weight and age, with a differential cell count of the anterior lobeThis paper is an abridgement of a thesis by Kenneth C. Francis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, University of Colorado Medical Center, Denver, Colorado. (1949)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 85 (1949), S. 141-161 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Abnormal growths on the head of Drosophila melanogasterThe establishment of The Genetics Research Laboratory in which this investigation was carried out has been aided by grants from the University of Utal Research Committee. This support is gratefully acknowledged. (1949)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 85 (1949), S. 177-195 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Folliculinid life-cycle (1949)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 84 (1949), S. 401-409 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Morphological and phylogenetic interpretations of the cement glands in the Acanthocephala (1949)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 84 (1949), S. 427-457 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    The nature of the Golgi apparatus. II. Identification of the Golgi apparatus with a complex of myelin figuresAided in part by a grant from the American Cancer Society on the recommendation of the Committee on Growth of the National Research Council. (1949)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 85 (1949), S. 71-111 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Observations on the fat-body in Hymenoptera (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 121-185 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An histological and cytological study of the postembryonic history of the fat-body in Pteronidea ribesi (Scopoli) and Diphadnus appendiculata (Hartig) (both Tenthredinidae) and in Macrocentrus ancylivora Rohwer (Ichneumonidae).The two principal components of the fat-body are the urate-storing excretory cells and the fat-cells.The development and behavior of the excretory cells, especially during the metamorphosis, are described, and in Pteronidea their origin is traced to leucocytes which have become associated with the fat-cells.In the albuminoid inclusions found in the fat-cells two types of substance are distinguished: (a) a basophile material, of nuclear origin, which appears only during the metamorphosis; (b) an acidophile material which appears already during the early larval stages in Macrocentrus, but in Pteronidea is formed only during the metamorphosis and in association with the basophile material. It is thus found that albuminoids formed slowly during larval life may exist from the beginning in the form of acidophile spheres, as occurs in Macrocentrus. But those formed rapidly during the metamorphosis, in all the forms studied, are formed in association with a basophile material derived from the nucleus.The significance of intracellular changes during the metamorphosis is discussed, and the final disposition of the cell inclusions as well as of the fat-cells themselves is described.
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    Masthead (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050450201
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    A study of the tonsillar developments in the lingual region of anurans (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 399-439 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In this study the problem of the tonsil is considered in anurans. The common toad (family Bufonidae) is used as the type, and representative species of the other families are compared.In each species representative stages beginning before transformation were selected, and the lingual region of each was sectioned. Some thyroid-fed toad tadpoles which had prematurely transformed were examined. The investigations led to the following conclusions: 1Accumulations of lymphocytes occur in all the families except Hylidae.2A pair of tonsils located on either side of the tongue appear before transformation in Bufo, and persist, increasing in size through old age.3This pair has its developmental origin at or near the cephalic end of pouch II. In no other species examined do the tonsils appear as early; in almost all forms the accumulations are inconstant in occurrence, as are also some in Bufo.4The cells of the ‘tonsils’ are lymphocytes of varying sizes. They arise from the mesenchyme; later their accumulations become sites of lymphopoiesis.5This type of lympho-epithelial mass is simple in structure and has a greatly thickened epithelium, due to extensive infiltration by lymphocytes. In the connective tissue the vascular supply is abundant.6The differentiation of lymphocytes may be due to a factor of strain, arising through adjustments made during metamorphosis.7Thyroid-fed toad tadpoles transform, apparently without developing tonsils.
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    The metabolism of amino-acids by Paramecium caudatumData taken from the thesis submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Wisconsin in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree. (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 555-577 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The object of the present study is to determine by quantitative means the rate at which a given number of paramecia can utilize the various amino-acids and to study factors influencing this rate.The method consisted in testing the rate of utilization of isolated and mixtures of amino-acids by a known number of Paramecium caudatum. The amino-acids were used in 0.1 per cent solution and were tested, by the Henriques-Sörensen formol titration method for amino-acids, at the beginning and after the paramecia had lived in these amino-acids for twelve hours. The difference between these two tests, figured in percentage, is considered as the amount utilized by the paramecia. The part played by bacteria was found to be negligible when isolated amino-acids were studied. The influence of temperature on the rate of utilization of the amino-acids has been studied, and the results show a direct relationship between the two.The rate of utilization was decreased by anaesthetics and nitroglycerin. A careful study has been made of a number of isolated amino-acids and the rate of utilization of each discussed in relationship to the others studied. An explanation of why one amino-acid was used more than another amino-acid was sought for, but not found. A detailed discussion of the above points has been presented in the body of the paper.
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    The significance of the asymmetry of the ovaries of the fowlThe writer wishes to express his gratitude for the constant advice and kindly interest of Prof. Frank R. Lillie, who directed this investigation. (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 46 (1928), S. 1-57 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A chronological investigation of the histological condition of the right ovary of the domestic hen from embryos of nine days' incubation to adults of eighteen months was made. A rudiment of the right ovary is found at all times. Its composition is variable. Sixty-one per cent of the rudimentary ovaries contained medullary tissue only. Thirty-nine per cent had rudiments of cortex, in addition. The occurrence of cortical rudiments in embryonic stages is the probable basis of ovarian follicles found in the rudimentary right ovaries of adults. Primordial germ cells persist in the medullary tissue until three weeks after hatching. They subsequently appear to atrophy. The medullary cords persist through the entire period either as distended tubules or as solid cords of modified epithelial cells. Remnants of the right mesonephros persist as tubules and connect with the gonad by rete tubules. The mesonephric duct maintains a patent lumen.
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    The history of the germ cells in the domestic fowl (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 46 (1928), S. 275-315 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Material of the domestic fowl of appropriate ages, ranging from twelve hours' incubation to the adult bird, was prepared for the purpose of studying the production and development of the germ cells.The primordial germ cells arise in the extra-embryonic region anterior to the head fold in the region of the zone of junction during the primitive-streak stage. These germ cells migrate, through the blood stream, to the region of the future gonad, where they develop into the definitive germ plasm.There is no widespread degeneration of the primordial germ cells after their arrival in the gonadal region, nor is there any widespread transformation of somatic cells into definitive germ cells.
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    Observations on the gross and microscopic anatomy of the sloths (Bradypus griseus griseus Gray and Choloepus hoffmanni Peters) (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 46 (1928), S. 317-397 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In this study observations are reported upon the morphological differences between the three-toed and two-toed forms of sloths, as well as a comparison made of some aspects between the sloths and the other groups of the Xenarthra. Much attention has been paid to the gross, as well as the histological examination of the viscera, musculature, and the vascular and lymphatic systems.The importance of the correlation of the morphological findings with physiological studies has been emphasized. For example, the probable correlation of the vascular plexuses of the extremities with the postures and muscular activity of the different members of the Xenarthra is discussed. Much new information has been gained concerning the placentation and development of the sloths, as well as concerning the structure of the male and female reproductive tracts.
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    The septomaxillary of the Amphibia Anura and of the Reptilia. II (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 46 (1928), S. 399-430 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The septomaxillary is described in certain anurans and in some of the reptiles in which it occurs. In urodeles and some anurans this bone arises by ossification of the nasal cartilages. Lack of embryological material has prevented the verification of this in the young stages of the reptiles. Adult reptiles have been examined, and in these the bone appears to be and has often been described as a ‘membrane bone.’ It is suggested, however, that the septomaxillary is originally a ‘cartilage bone,’ and that in the reptiles additional membrane bone layers form its main part and obscure its cartilaginous origin. The infolding of the bone in the anurans and reptiles until it lies in close contact with the nasal septum, and thereby loses contact with the external nasal structures, appears to be correlated with the loss of the external nasal muscles. This loss in its turn results from the adoption of terrestrial life and consequent changes in the respiratory mechanism.
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    Reactions of immature monkeys (Macacus rhesus) to injections of ovarian hormone (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 46 (1928), S. 479-519 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Series of injections of ovarian hormone have been made into normal and ovariectomized immature animals. Injections were made twice daily for twenty-two days. The total dose exceeded 1000 rat units per animal.Effects noted in the living animals were the appearance of reddening and swelling of the ‘sexual skin’ and change of the cell content of the vaginal smear to the interval type of the mature animal. Measurements made at operation, before and after injections, indicated considerable enlargement of both the cervix and body of the uterus. The thymus glands of the injected animals weighed significantly less than those of the controls. Histologic study of the genital tract showed extreme thickening of the vaginal walls, considerable growth of the uterine epithelium and glands, hypertrophy of the muscle layers of the uterus, and advanced differentiation of the epithelium of the uterine tubes.The ovaries of the injected normal animal were smaller and contained fewer primordial and medium-sized follicles than those of the controls. The presence of large numbers of atretic follicles, especially large flattened scars from former relatively well-developed follicles also suggests a harmful effect of this amount of ovarian hormone upon follicular development. Several stages of elimination of ova from polyovular follicles were also observed. There was marked growth in the ducts and an increase in the number of alveoli of the mammary glands.
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    Prenatal growth of swinePaper from the Departments of Genetics (no. 85) and Veterinary Science, Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station, in cooperation with the Animal Husbandry Division of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Published with the approval of the director of the Station and the chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture. (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 46 (1928), S. 59-84 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Fetuses from forty-three gravid uteruses from sows of known breeding dates, as well as from 448 uteruses with unknown breeding dates, were studied. Growth curves are given for weight and length of fetus and for weight of fetal membranes. The weight of the fetus first reaches that of the fetal membranes between the sixtieth and seventieth days of pregnancy. Degenerate fetuses were found in 3.68 per cent of the cases. They were found at all stages of gestation. Size of litter was found to decrease from 11.4 at the twentieth day to 6.8 at the 110th day. Also, the calculated per cent of ova lost up to each ten-day stage tends to increase as gestation advances. Crowding was found to be an important factor, but probably not the only factor, in causing degeneration. Genetic factors were probably responsible for part of the resorbing fetuses.In the study of the normal fetuses, significant correlations were found between fetus length and weight of fetal membranes, as well as between fetus weight and weight of fetal membranes. Lower correlations, but probably significant, were found between total distance (spacing) between fetuses in the uterus and weight of fetal membranes. Correlations between size of fetus and total distance between fetuses were very low. As in the case of the degenerates, crowding has an important relationship to size of fetus, but is probably not the only factor involved.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Masthead (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 46 (1928) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050460201
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    Ecological studies of the seasonal distribution of protozoa in a fresh-water pondA thesis in zoölogy presented to the faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Pennsylvania in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 46 (1928), S. 431-478 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study deals with the seasonal distribution of protozoa (February, 1927, to February, 1928) in correlation with seasonal fluctuations of temperature, hydrogen-ion concentration, and the relative amounts of dissolved oxygen and other gases in a small fresh-water pond. Twenty-seven species of Sarcodina, thirty-one species of Mastigophora, and 109 species of Infusoria were recorded in the surface water of the pond.As found especially for Mastigophora and Infusoria, the number of species is inversely correlated with the abundance of individuals in the seasonal distribution.Higher temperatures probably accelerated the rate of reproduction, since the seasonal maxima for most of the species were recorded in warmer weather.Colonial flagellates and Zoochlorellae-bearing ciliates seemed to be favored by higher oxygen content, with a simultaneous abundance of volatile acids, especially CO2. Although hydrogen-ion concentration was limited between 6.2 and 7.05, it was probably one of the factors influencing protozoan distribution, since several species disappeared when the lowest pH was recorded. Sunlight is one of the important factors in bringing certain heliotropic protozoa to the surface.The seasonal maxima of many of the protozoa occurred during September and October, 1927, when most of the observed physical environments seemed much more favorable than in other months.
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    The anatomy of the urinogenital organs of the male Myrmecobius fasciatus (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 46 (1928), S. 563-583 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The urinogenital organs of Myrmecobius fasciatus conform to the marsupial type in both their anatomical characters and histological details. The external genitalia indicate a close relationship with the Dasyuridae.
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    The formation of the sex glands and germ cells of mammals. IV. Continuous origin and degeneration of germ cells in the female albino rat (1930)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 49 (1930), S. 333-353 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The current view in mammals is that ova are formed in the embryo in large numbers and stored in the ovary as a reserve to be drawn on through adult life; they may persist for long periods ina latent condition, a few resuming active development at each recurring oestrous period; new ova are not and cannot be added.An alternative hypothesis has been presented by several authors: New ova are formed throughout life, from the embryonic period through the time of sexual maturity; each ovum so produced must at once begin its growth and development of die; long latency of oocytes and primary follicles is not possible and does not occur. There is a constant degeneration of most follicles, and only a few come to ovulation. A study of the albino rat presents evidence which is consistent with the second view and supports it more strongly that it does the older hypothesis. Similar evidence is found in other mammals. It seems probable that the newer hypothesis is the correct one, at least in some mammals; further investigation may show it to be of general application.
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    A comparative study of the spermatogenesis of five species of earwigsContribution from the Zoölogical Laboratory of Indiana University, no. 214. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree, Doctor of Philosophy. (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 46 (1928), S. 241-273 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The following species of earwigs are used in this study: Labidura bidens, Labia minor, Anisolabis annulipes, Anisolabis maritima, and Forficula auricularia.1In all species the chromosomes are divisible into, a) autosomes and, b) XY-complex.2The chromosome distribution in regular in Labidura bidens and Labia minor. The male diploid number is 12 and 14, respectively. Each has an XY-complex in which the X is a single chromosome.3In both Anisolabis annulipes and Anisolabis maritima the male diploid number is 25, or 22 autosomes and an XXY-complex. The two X components remain fused during the first spermatocyte division.4The diploid number in the male of Forficula auricularia is 25 and 24. The chromosome number is constant in the individual. The irregularity is interpreted as due to the fusion of the two X components in the individuals with 24 counts and to these X components remaining separate in the earwigs with the 25 counts.5An explanation is given for some of the variable results obtained in former studies of the chromosomes of Forficula auricularia.6The discussion considers the possible origin of the variations in chromosome numbers in the earwigs.
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    Binary fission and endomixis in the Trichodina from tadpoles (Protozoa, Ciliata)A thesis in zoölogy presented to the faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Pennsylvania in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.An abstract of this paper has appeared in The Anatomical Record, vol. 34, 1926. (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 46 (1928), S. 521-561 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This peritrichous ciliate lives as an ectocommensal on the skin and gills of anuran tadpoles. Its relation to described species of Trichodina is doubtful. This study was made almost exclusively on fixed and stained material. Binary fission is similar to that in other ciliates. The horseshoe-shaped macronucleus condenses, then divides amitotically. The single small micronucleus forms a spindle containing between four and six chromosomes.Endomixis is of high incidence in the free-living Trichodinae. Encystment was not observed. At the onset of endomixis, the macronucleus disintegrates into fragments which persist throughout the process. The micronucleus undergoes three rapidly succeeding mitotic divisions to form eight nuclei. There is no evidence of chromosome reduction during these divisions. Seven of the nuclei differentiate into macronuclear anlagen; the eighth becomes the functional micronucleus. Successive cell divisions - before each of which the micronucleus divides - distribute macronuclei to daughter cells. Variations from the regular process of endomixis may arise, 1) by precocious division of endomictic parents; 2) by extra divisions of the micronucleus; 3) by less than the usual number (three) of divisions of the micronucleus; 4) by hypertrophy and early differentiation of the micronucleus into macronuclei; 5) by unusual segregation of nuclei to daughters, and, 6) from miscellaneous causes.The significance of these variations is discussed in connection with the possible origin of bimicronucleate and amicronucleate races.
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    Chromosome studies. II. Synapsis in the Tettigidae, with special reference to the presynapsis splitContribution no. 121 from the Department of Zoölogy, Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Manhattan. (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 119-145 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Homologous chromosomes entering parasynapsis are already split. This split evidently originates in each chromosome in the resting period prior to the last spermatogonial division. In the prophase of this division the daughter chromonemata in each halfchromosome were probably incompletely separated, but the succeeding telophase effects the completion of their separation. These processes are accompanied and suceeded by an elongation, straightening, and general paralleling of the split threads and by an elongation of the cell and its nuclear space.Parasynapsis begins with intimate approximation of the daughter threads in each homologue and is continued by approximation of the homologues at the usual [bouquet] and [zygotene] periods. There results the [diplotene] thread, which therefore consists of four completely distinct strands, but which exhibits a [two-strand] appearance due to parasynapsis between daughter chromonemata being further advanced than that between homologues.The pairing process begins at the distal ends and proceeds proximally. With parasynapsis complete, the nucleus enters the [diffuse] stage On emergence, disjunction is seen to have progressed from the distal ends to near the proximal ends in each pair and the [tetrads] have taken form. In the prephase that follows each strand in a tetrad may [crimp] independently, and with the condensation and matrix (?) formation that accompany it there results the spermatocyte ‘tetrad.’
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    Masthead (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050510201
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    The evolutional significance of the chromosomes of Aphididae (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 373-433 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An investigation into the number of chromosomes in thirty-seven species of Aphidiae belonging to twenty-seven geaera has shown that there is but one sex chromosome in the male cells of all but one species of Aphididae. That exceptional species is Euceraphis betulae Koch.The number of chromosomes and body characters are so closely correlated that we can safely judge the evolutional scale of any aphid by its number of chromosomes.In Aphididae the least number of chromosomes seems to be the most primitive.The number of chromosomes varies with the genera. The highest number is 1811 + X = 37 chromosomes, the lowest being 211 + X = 5 (diploid in male).The increase in the number of chromosomes seems to have been brought about by transverse divisions of the primitive chromosomes.The genus Tuberolachnus with 311 + X = 4 elements (♂) represents altogether different chromosomes characters from the genus Pterochlorus with 8 elements.In the genera Periphyllus and Calaphis there are species with a small m-element which is bivalent.
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    A connecting link between the Annelida and the Echiuroidea (Gephyrea armata) (1930)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 49 (1930), S. 223-249 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: During the course of a hydrobiological survey of Monterey Bay, California, a series of pelagic organisms was taken at a depth of approximately 350 M., which appears to be a link connecting the Echiuroidea (Gephyrea armata) on the one hand and the polychaetes on the other. The range in body length is from 5 mm. to 27 mm.; and in an extended condition the anterior end of the body, with its palps and cirri, bears a close resemblance to a nereid. The supra-oesophageal ganglia and the ventral nerve cord, with eleven pairs of ganglia, are also strikingly annelidan in character. On the other hand, the spacious coelom, communicating with the exterior by a pair of anterior nephridia, allies it with the gephyreans. The same is likewise true of the gonad, which arises from the coelomic epithelium surrounding the genital vessel. The various systems are described in detail, and their resemblances to those of other annelids are indicated. This new species, Poeobius meseres, is made the representative of a new family, the Poeobiidae, which, provisionally at least, is included in the Echiuroidea.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    The formation of the sex glands and germ cells of mammals. III. The history of the female germ cells in the albino rat to the time of sexual maturity (1930)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 49 (1930), S. 277-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The entire ovary, including its germ cells, is produced by a local proliferation of peritoneal cells. The germ cells of the embryonic ovary grow, divide, become grouped into nests, pass through synaptic changes, and become primary follicles by three days after birth. At that time, growth of all the ova and follicles begins, and this results in a normal maturation, then a degeneration of all the ova by about thirty-two days after birth; few, if any, of the original germ cells remain after this degeneration. About twenty-three days after birth, there begins a great activity of the germinal epithelium in forming new ova, reaching its maximum between thirty-six and thirty-nine days, but continuing into the adult animal.The definitive ova of the adult are transformed peritoneal (germinal epithelial) cells formed anew during the late youthful and adult life. This occurs chiefly by a local enlargement of single germinal epithelial cells which become surounded by follicle cells and push into the ovary; there is also the production of ova from ingrowing cords of the surface layer of the ovary. The original germ cells pass through synapsis and other meiotic changes in late embryonic and early postnatal periods, but these all degenerate; synapsis cannot be distinguished later than three days after birth. But it is possible to follow, in young and adult ovaries, the transforming germinal epithelial cells into ova which pass through normal maturation and ovulation; therefore, these must be considered as true ova, which they are in fact, even though synapsis cannot be observed in their history.
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    The effects of vitamin-E deficiency on the development of the chickContribution no. 406 from the Zoölogical Laboratory, University of Illinois. (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 47-89 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In an investigation of the hatchability of eggs from hens fed on a diet deficient in vitamin E Card found that all embryos from these eggs died during development. Study of these chicks showed that a variety of conditions were responsible for death:During early development the rate of growth and differentiation was definitely slower than under normal conditions, but malformations were rare. Some embryos died during the first two days, due to disintegration of the circulatory system or its failure to become established. At the end of the fourth day there was a definite critical period which few specimens survived and by this time distinet pathological conditions had arisen in extra-embryonic structures. These involved wiping out of the vitelline circulation by establishment of a lethal ring in the blastoderm. This structure was produced by intensive cell proliferation in the mesoderm which resulted in choking out vitelline blood vessels and their subsequent degeneration. It also caused obliteration of the exocoele, with consequent failure of the allantois to expand. In addition, many embryos showed profuse haemorrage into the exocoele. The source of bleeding was most frequently in the atrium of the heart, and at the actual rupture peculiar cells occurred which were probably histiocytic mesenchyme cells.Although death was due directly to causes enumerated above, the ultimate responsibility rests upon conditions set up by them, namely: starvation, asphyxiation, and loss of the medium (blood) by which to carry on metabolic exchange.
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    Studies on the lymph system of digenetic trematodesThesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Zoölogy in the Graduate School of New York University, 1929. (1930)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 50 (1930), S. 1-37 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A survey is made of the literature pertaining to lymph systems of the various groups of trematodes in which they occur, together with descriptions of the lymph systems in several forms not previously studied. The author reports the presence of a lymph system in two families, Cyclocoelidae and Heronimidae, which heretofore were considered to be without such organs, and the significance of this characteristic feature of certain trematodes is discussed as bearing on the problem of the evolution of monostomes, amphistomes, and other distomes. The gross morphology and the histology of the structural units of the system are described for Paramphistomum stunkardi, an amphistome from a fish, and for Diplodiscus temporatus, an amphistome from an amphibian, together with observations on the ramifications and structural components of the system in Cotylophoron cotylophorum. Various theoretical considerations concerning the development, function, and taxonomic and phylogenetic significance are treated on the basis of the morphology of the system and its resemblance to certain components of the vascular system of higher forms. The lymph system in trematodes is the natural starting-point in any study of the phylogenetic development of vascular systems.
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