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  • Elsevier  (45,022)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science  (5,620)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (3,952)
  • Oxford University Press  (3,766)
  • International Union of Crystallography  (2,126)
  • Annual Reviews
  • 2020-2024  (6,886)
  • 2005-2009  (2)
  • 1980-1984  (50,846)
  • 1930-1934
  • 1925-1929  (3,593)
  • 2022  (4,294)
  • 2020  (2,594)
  • 1981  (50,846)
  • 1927  (3,593)
Collection
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Language
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Year
  • 1
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    New Mediums, Better Messages? (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-18
    Description: The notion of development influences and is influenced by all aspects of human life. Social science is but one representational option among many for conveying the myriad ways in which development is conceived, encountered, experienced, justified, courted, and/or resisted by different groups at particular times and places. This wide-ranging collection from a diverse group of academic and non-academic authors engages with the broad field of development through twelve chapters that deal with music, theatre, fiction, photography, festivals, computer games, the arts, blogging, and other media. It explores three broad areas of alternative forms of knowledge about development, organized around the three themes of ‘translation’, ‘advocacy’, and ‘engagement’. The first of these is concerned with how popular representations of development can successfully compete with and complement formal social scientific representations; the second relates to the politics of popular representations of development, and the way that popular productions shape debates; and the third asks whether popular representations of development can generate alternative critiques that allow for the articulation of views that would be unacceptable to more orthodox means.
    Keywords: international development, popular representations of development, culture, translation, advocacy, arts and international development, media and development, development studies, festivals, music, theatre, fiction, photography, computer games, blogging, politics of representation, decolonizing knowledge ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCM Development economics & emerging economies ; bic Book Industry Communication::A The arts
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Gauge Theory of Elementary Particle Physics (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The aim of this book is to provide student and researcher with a practical introduction to some of the principal ideas in gauge theories and their applications to elementary particle physics. Elementary particle physics has made remarkable progress. We have a comprehensive theory of particle interactions. One can argue that it gives a complete and correct description of all non-gravitational physics. This theory is based on the principle of gauge symmetry. Strong, weak, and electromagnetic interactions are all gauge interactions. A knowledge of gauge theory is essential for anyone interested in modern high energy physics. Regardless of the ultimate correctness of every detail of this theory, it is the framework within which new theoretical and experimental advances will be interpreted in the foreseeable future.
    Keywords: Particle physics, relativistic quantum field theory, gauge symmetry, strong interactions, weak interactions, electromagnetic interactions, principles of locality, causality, renormalizability ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Chapter 17 Technology to Prevent Criminal Behavior (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-24
    Description: technology; prevent; criminal behavior
    Keywords: crime prevention; neurointerventions; neuroethics ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JK Social services & welfare, criminology::JKV Crime & criminology::JKVC Causes & prevention of crime
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Sticky Power (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-13
    Description: Modern civilization revolves around money. However, money is a paradox. It is nothing more than a representation of and medium for decentralized networks of social trust, but its production is controlled by highly centralized networks of firms, places, and governments, and there is never enough of it to go around. Moreover, given that the creation of money, as credit, is based on expectations, money is at its heart an instrument for human agency to change the future. At the same time, however, the financial systems that produce money are deeply rooted in the past, and perpetuate themselves through history. This book seeks to deepen our understanding of the paradox of money, by introducing a novel conceptual lens—that of Global Financial Networks—to cast new light on the geography, history, politics, and sociology of finance from the middle ages to the global financial crisis and beyond. It shows that the power of finance is inherently “sticky”; with what are generally assumed to be new innovations such as “offshore” finance actually dating back centuries, and the architecture of global financial networks more broadly adapting to the rise and fall of empires and new technologies while changing surprisingly little in their basic character; or at most changing very slowly. A recognition of the mechanics of this durability, it is argued, calls for a new approach to reforming finance which is less reactively focused on regulation, and more proactively focused on building new institutional systems with a long-term “sticky power” of their own.
    Keywords: Financial geography, economic geography, economic history, international political economy, global financial networks, financial centers, financial and business services, offshore jurisdictions, financial innovation, financial institutions ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KF Finance & accounting::KFF Finance ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCL International economics ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCZ Economic history
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Chapter 1 Rethinking our Assumptions about Moral Status (2022)
    Oxford University Press | Rethinking Moral Status
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: Recent technological developments and potential technological developments of the near future require us to try to think clearly about what it is to have moral status and about when and why we should attribute moral status to beings and entities. What should we say about the moral status of human non-human chimeras, human brain organoids, artificial intelligence, cyborgs, post-humans, and human minds that have been uploaded into a computer, or onto the internet? In this introductory chapter we survey some key assumptions ordinarily made about moral status that may require rethinking. These include the assumptions that all humans who are not severely cognitively impaired have equal moral status, that possession of the sophisticated cognitive capacities typical of human adults is necessary for full moral status, that only humans can have full moral status, and that there can be no beings with higher moral status than ordinary adult humans. We also need to consider how we should treat beings and entities when we find ourselves uncertain about their moral status.
    Keywords: artificial intelligence, cyborgs, human brain organoids, human non-human chimeras, moral uncertainty, moral status, post-humans, slavery, species membership, uploaded minds ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Social Mobility in Developing Countries (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: Social mobility is the hope of economic development and the mantra of a good society. There are disagreements about what constitutes social mobility, but there is broad agreement that people should have roughly equal chances of success regardless of their economic status at birth. Concerns about rising inequality have engendered a renewed interest in social mobility—especially in the developing world. However, efforts to construct the databases and meet the standards required for conventional analyses of social mobility are at a preliminary stage and need to be complemented by innovative, conceptual, and methodological advances. If forms of mobility have slowed in the West, then we might be entering an age of rigid stratification with defined boundaries between the always-haves and the never-haves—which does not augur well for social stability. Social mobility research is ongoing, with substantive findings in different disciplines—typically with researchers in isolation from each other. A key contribution of this book is the pulling together of the emerging streams of knowledge. Generating policy-relevant knowledge is a principal concern. Three basic questions frame the study of diverse aspects of social mobility in the book. How to assess the extent of social mobility in a given development context when the datasets by conventional measurement techniques are unavailable? How to identify drivers and inhibitors of social mobility in particular developing country contexts? How to acquire the knowledge required to design interventions to raise social mobility, either by increasing upward mobility or by lowering downward mobility?
    Keywords: Development economics & emerging economies; social mobility; welfare economics; economic growth ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCM Development economics and emerging economies ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBF Social and ethical issues::JBFQ Social mobility ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCV Economics of specific sectors::KCVK Welfare economics
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    Global Legitimacy Crises (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-24
    Description: This book addresses the consequences of legitimacy in global governance, in particular asking: when and how do legitimacy crises affect international organizations (IOs) and their capacity to rule. The book starts with a new conceptualization of legitimacy crisis that looks at public challenges from a variety of actors. Based on this conceptualization, it applies a mixed-methods approach to identify and examine legitimacy crises, starting with a quantitative analysis of mass media data on challenges of a sample of 32 IOs. It shows that some, but not all organizations have experienced legitimacy crises, spread over several decades from 1985 to 2020. Following this, the book presents a qualitative study to further examine legitimacy crises of two selected case studies: the WTO and the UNFCCC. Whereas earlier research assumed that legitimacy crises have negative consequences, the book introduces a theoretical framework that privileges the activation inherent in a legitimacy crisis. It holds that this activation may not only harm an IO, but could also strengthen it, in terms of its material, institutional, and decision-making capacity. The following statistical analysis shows that whether a crisis has predominantly negative or positive effects depends on a variety of factors. These include the specific audience whose challenges define a certain crisis, and several institutional properties of the targeted organization. The ensuing in-depth analysis of the WTO and the UNFCCC further reveals how legitimacy crises and both positive and negative consequences are interlinked, and that effects of crises are sometimes even visible beyond the organizational borders.
    Keywords: legitimacy, legitimacy crises, global governance, international organizations, legitimacy audiences, effects of legitimacy, capacity to rule, liberal world order, UNFCCC, WTO ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPS International relations ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPS International relations::JPSN International institutions ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPH Political structure & processes::JPHV Political structures: democracy ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPA Political science & theory
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  • 8
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    Elementary Scattering Theory (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The opportunities for doing scattering experiments at synchrotron and neutron facilities have grown rapidly in recent years and are set to continue to do so into the foreseeable future. This text provides a basic understanding of how these techniques enable the structure and dynamics of materials to be studied at the atomic and molecular level. Although mathematics cannot be avoided in a theoretical discussion, the aim has been to write a book that most scientists will still find approachable. To this end, the first two chapters are devoted to providing a tutorial background in the mathematics and physics that are implicitly assumed in other texts. Thereafter, the philosophy has been one of keeping things as simple as possible.
    Keywords: scattering experiments, synchrotron facilities, neutron facilities, dynamics of materials, structure of materials ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHF Materials / States of matter::PHFC Condensed matter physics (liquid state and solid state physics) ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNT Crystallography ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Policy Success in Canada (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-18
    Description: This book offers twenty-two in-depth case studies of public policies and programs of both provincial and federal governments in Canada that have been markedly successful. Using a common analytical framework, each case study describes the history and evolution of the policy, and assesses the extent of its programmatic, process, political and long-term success. Combined, the cases provide a unique collection of stories about instances in which Canadian institutions and policymakers actually worked as taxpayers would hope they always do. The volume provides a key and open access resource for teachers and researchers of both Canadian and comparative public policy.
    Keywords: Policy Success, Canada, Program success, Political success, Policymaking, Policy endurance ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPA Political science & theory ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPQ Central government::JPQB Central government policies ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPP Public administration
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Disability (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This Handbook introduces philosophers, as well as other scholars in the humanities and social sciences, to one of the most dynamic new areas of philosophical inquiry. Disability raises some of the deepest conceptual and normative issues about human embodiment and well-being; dignity, respect, justice and equality; and personal and social identity. But it also raises pressing practical questions for educational, health, reproductive, and technology policy, and confronts controversial questions about the scope and direction of the human and civil rights movements. The Handbook addresses these issues and more, with contributions from some of the most prominent philosophers in the field. The clarity it brings to these discussions demonstrates fully the continued centrality and importance of philosophical inquiry.
    Keywords: Philosophy, disability, human embodiment, social identity, normative, conceptual, dignity, human well-being, civil rights, human rights ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy
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  • 11
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    Comparative Policy Agendas (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: The Comparative Agendas Project (CAP) brings together data on government activities in over twenty countries, and provides a consistent categorizing system to understand when a given institution of government in a particular country took action on any issue of public policy. All topics are covered, comprehensively, over several decades, in some countries going back to World War II. Because of the open-data philosophy that animates the international network of scholars involved in the project and their meticulous attention to comparability and common data coding conventions, the databases of the CAP represent an unprecedented resource for the study of public policy across national borders. In this major new book, leaders of each national team provide the background and information needed for anyone to understand how best to make use of these newly available historical databases. Interested users will range from novice students of public policy to accomplished scholars, from interested citizens to professional journalists, political or partisan activists, and professional staff of legislative assemblies or national administrative agencies. The book’s sections include chapters introducing the CAP to a new audience, describing each national project, illustrating various cross-national uses and analyses that the CAP data allow, and concluding with ideas for further practical and research uses.
    Keywords: comparative public policy, comparative public administration, comparative legislative institutions, comparative media systems, comparative party systems, comparative politics, Comparative Agendas Project ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPA Political science and theory ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPB Comparative politics
    Language: English
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  • 12
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    Victims' State (2022)
    Oxford University Press | OUP USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: Victims' State is the first integrated account of how Imperial Austria and the successor Austrian Republic responded to the needs of citizen-soldiers and their families in the age of mass politics and the First World War. It shows that compulsory military service and war mobilization changed the mission of the Austrian state and citizens' understanding of what they were entitled to, thus showing how war victim welfare was central to shaping modern European welfare state.
    Keywords: warfare-welfare nexus;Imperial Austria;Austrian First Republic;welfare state;First World War;disabled veteran;pension;conscription;war victim;social citizenship ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHW Military history::NHWR Specific wars and campaigns::NHWR5 First World War ; thema EDItEUR::3 Time period qualifiers::3M c 1500 onwards to present day::3MP 20th century, c 1900 to c 1999::3MPB Early 20th century c 1900 to c 1950::3MPBF c 1910 to c 1919::3MPBFB c 1914 to c 1918 (World War One period) ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHD European history ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 13
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    The Digital Humanities and Literary Studies (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: This book delivers an introduction and overview of developing intersections between digital methods and literary studies. The Digital Humanities and Literary Studies serves as a starting place for those who wish to learn more about the possibilities, and the limitations, of the oft-touted digital humanities in the literary space. The volume engages with the proponents of digital humanities and its detractors alike, aiming to offer a fair and balanced perspective on this controversial topic. The book combines a survey and background approach with original literary research and, therefore, straddles the divide between seasoned digital experts and interested newcomers.
    Keywords: literary studies; literature; history; criticism; ethical & social aspects of IT ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism::DSB Literary studies: general ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UB Information technology: general topics::UBJ Digital and information technologies: social and ethical aspects
    Language: English
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  • 14
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    Vulnerability and the Politics of Care (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: Vulnerability is a fundamental aspect of existence, giving rise to the need for care in various forms. Yet we are not all vulnerable in the same way, and not all vulnerabilities are equally recognised or cared for. This transdisciplinary volume considers how vulnerability and care are shaped by relations of power within contemporary contexts of war, development, environmental degradation, sexual violence, aging populations and economic precarity. It proposes that care for vulnerable populations or individuals is inseparable from other political processes of recognition, welfare, healthcare and security, whilst also exploring vulnerability as a shared, generative condition that makes caring possible. Ethnographic and narrative accounts of vulnerable life and caring relations in various geographical regions - including Japan, Uganda, Micronesia, Iraq, Mexico, the UK and the US - are interspersed with perspectives from philosophy, International Relations, social and cultural theory, and more, resulting in a compelling series of intellectual exchanges, creative frictions and provocative insights.
    Keywords: health; politics
    Language: English
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  • 15
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    New Models for Managing Longevity Risk (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-10
    Description: Notwithstanding the terrible price the world has paid in the Coronavirus pandemic, the fact remains that longevity at older ages is likely to continue to rise in the medium and longer term. This volume explores how the private and public sectors can collaborate via public-private partnerships (PPPs) to develop new mechanisms to reduce older people’s risk of outliving their assets in later life. As we show in this volume, PPPs typically involve shared government financing alongside private-sector partner expertise, management responsibility, and accountability. In addition to offering empirical evidence on examples where this is working well, our contributors provide case studies, discuss survey results, and examine a variety of different financial and insurance products to better meet the needs of the aging population. The volume will be informative to researchers, plan sponsors, students, and policymakers seeking to enhance retirement plan offerings.
    Keywords: Longevity risk, public-private partnerships, retirement, pension, security ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KF Finance & accounting::KFF Finance::KFFP Pensions ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KN Industry & industrial studies::KNS Service industries::KNST Financial services industry ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHB Sociology::JHBD Population & demography
    Language: English
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  • 16
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    Open Source Law, Policy and Practice (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-03
    Description: This book examines various policies, including the legal and commercial aspects of the Open Source phenomenon. Here, ‘Open Source’ is adopted as convenient shorthand for a collection of diverse users and communities, whose differences can be as great as their similarities. The common thread is their reliance on, and use of, law and legal mechanisms to govern the source code they write, use, and distribute. The central fact of open source is that maintaining control over source code relies on the existence and efficacy of intellectual property (‘IP’) laws, particularly copyright law. Copyright law is the primary statutory tool that achieves the end of openness, although implemented through private law arrangements at varying points within the software supply chain. This dependent relationship is itself a cause of concern for some philosophically in favour of ‘open’, with some predicting (or hoping) that the free software movement will bring about the end of copyright as a means for protecting software.
    Keywords: open source, free software, intellectual property, copyright law, source code, private law, software supply, object code ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LN Laws of Specific jurisdictions::LNQ IT & Communications law::LNQD Data protection law ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LN Laws of Specific jurisdictions::LNQ IT & Communications law ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LN Laws of Specific jurisdictions::LNR Intellectual property law
    Language: English
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  • 17
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    The Digital Continent (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-03
    Description: Only ten years ago, there were more internet users in countries like France or Germany than in all of Africa put together. But much has changed in a decade. The year 2018 marks the first year in human history in which a majority of the world’s population are now connected to the internet. This mass connectivity means that we have an internet that no longer connects only the world’s wealthy. Workers from Lagos to Johannesburg to Nairobi and everywhere in between can now apply for and carry out jobs coming from clients who themselves can be located anywhere in the world. Digital outsourcing firms can now also set up operations in the most unlikely of places in order to tap into hitherto disconnected labour forces. With CEOs in the Global North proclaiming that ‘location is a thing of the past’ (Upwork, 2018), and governments and civil society in Africa promising to create millions of jobs on the continent, the book asks what this ‘new world of digital work’ means to the lives of African workers. It draws from a year-long fieldwork in South Africa, Kenya, Nigeria, Ghana, and Uganda, with over 200 interviews with participants including gig workers, call and contact centre workers, self-employed freelancers, small-business owners, government officials, labour union officials, and industry experts. Focusing on both platform-based remote work and call and contact centre work, the book examines the job quality implications of digital work for the lives and livelihoods of African workers.
    Keywords: gig economy, outsourcing, digital work, labour, job quality, precarity, flexibility, labour agency, Africa ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCM Development economics & emerging economies ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCL International economics ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RG Geography::RGC Human geography::RGCM Economic geography ; bic Book Industry Communication::1 Geographical Qualifiers::1H Africa
    Language: English
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  • 18
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    Middle English Medical Recipes and Literary Play, 1375-1500 (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: This volume is the first detailed, book-length study of Middle English medical recipes in their literary, imaginative, social, and codicological contexts. Analysing recipe collections in over seventy late medieval manuscripts, this book explores how the words and structures of recipes could contribute to those texts’ healing purpose, but could also confuse, impede, exceed, and redefine that purpose. The study therefore presents a challenge to recipes’ traditional reputation as mundane, unartful texts written and read solely for the sake of directing practical action. Crucially, it also relocates these neglected texts and overlooked manuscripts within the complex networks forming medieval textual culture, demonstrating that—though marginalized in modern scholarship—medical recipes were actually linguistically, formally, materially, and imaginatively interconnected with many other late medieval discourses, including devotional writings, romances, fabliaux, and Chaucerian poetry. The monograph thus models for readers modes of analysis and close reading that might be deployed in relation to recipes in order to understand better their allusive, fragmentary, and playful qualities as well as their wide-ranging influence on medieval imaginations.
    Keywords: recipes, remedies, medicine, Middle English, poetry, networks, imagination, close reading, play, fragments ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism::DSB Literary studies: general::DSBB Literary studies: ancient, classical and medieval ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MB Medicine: general issues::MBX History of medicine ; thema EDItEUR::3 Time period qualifiers::3K CE period up to c 1500::3KL c 1000 CE to c 1500
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  • 19
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    Chapter 11 Watchful Waiting (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-31
    Description: This paper opens up the relationship between vulnerability and the temporalities of care. It takes ‘care’ as not just a material practice that supports, manages and sustains vulnerable bodies, but as a temporal practice, one that produces time in situations that are otherwise felt to be stuck or ‘chronic’. It draws on some co-written anecdotes about the use of ‘watchful waiting’ by medical practitioners working in general practice in the UK’s National Health System (NHS) to think through the meanings of waiting in relation to chronic health and mental health crises. The offer of ‘watchful waiting’ as a response to ‘chronic crisis’ becomes a test case for understanding a more general condition of watchful waiting as a form of care, in a context in which waiting for healthcare has become an agony for many, experienced as a form of abandonment or a key sign of health service failure. The paper attempts to re-think ‘waiting times’ within a wider history of the temporalities of care, in order to elucidate the ways an offer of waiting can itself be understood as a response to vulnerability through a practice of staying with or alongside the chronic temporalities of others.
    Keywords: Temporality, waiting, care, crisis, mental health, general practice, NHS ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MB Medicine: general issues::MBP Health systems and services::MBPK Mental health services
    Language: English
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  • 20
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    Citizens, Elites, and the Legitimacy of Global Governance (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-18
    Description: Contemporary society has witnessed major growth in global governance, yet the legitimacy of global governance remains deeply in question. This book offers the first full comparative investigation of citizen and elite legitimacy beliefs toward global governance. Empirically, it provides a comprehensive analysis of public and elite opinion toward global governance, building on two uniquely coordinated surveys covering multiple countries and international organizations. Theoretically, it develops an individual-level approach, exploring how a person’s characteristics in respect of socioeconomic status, political values, geographical identification, and domestic institutional trust shape legitimacy beliefs toward global governance. The book’s central findings are threefold. First, there is a notable and general elite–citizen gap in legitimacy beliefs toward global governance. While elites on average hold moderately high levels of legitimacy toward international organizations, the general public is decidedly more skeptical. Second, individual-level differences in interests, values, identities, and trust dispositions provide significant drivers of citizen and elite legitimacy beliefs toward global governance, as well as the gap between the two groups. Most important on the whole are differences in the extent to which citizens and elites trust domestic political institutions, which shape how these groups assess the legitimacy of international organizations. Third, both patterns and sources of citizen and elite legitimacy beliefs vary across organizations and countries. These variations suggest that institutional and societal contexts condition attitudes toward global governance. The book’s findings shed light on future opportunities and constraints in international cooperation, suggesting that current levels of legitimacy point neither to a general crisis of global governance nor to a general readiness for its expansion.
    Keywords: global governance, international organizations, legitimacy, confidence, trust, citizens, elites, public opinion, elite opinion, International Criminal Court, International Monetary Fund, United Nations, World Bank, World Health Organization, World Trade Organization ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPS International relations ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPA Political science & theory ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPH Political structure & processes
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    Topics of Thought (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: This book concerns mental states such as thinking that Obama is tall, imagining that there will be a climate change catastrophe, knowing that one is not a brain in a vat, or believing that Martina Navratilova is the greatest tennis player ever. Such states are usually understood as having intentionality, that is, as being about things or situations to which the mind is directed. The contents of such states are often taken to be propositions. The book presents a new framework for the logic of thought, so understood—an answer to the question: Given that one thinks (believes, knows, etc.) something, what else must one think (ditto) as a matter of logic? This should depend on the propositions which make for the contents of the relevant thoughts. And the book defends the idea that propositions should be individuated hyperintensionally, i.e. not just by the sets of worlds at which they are true (as in standard ‘intensional’ possible worlds semantics), but also by what they are about: their topic or subject matter. Thus, the logic of thought should be ‘topic-sensitive’. After the philosophical foundations have been presented in Chapters 1−2, Chapter 3 develops a theory of Topic-Sensitive Intentional Modals (TSIMs): modal operators representing attitude ascriptions, which embed a topicality or subject matter constraint. Subsequent chapters explore applications ranging from mainstream epistemology (dogmatism, scepticism, fallibilism: Chapter 4), to the nature of suppositional thinking and imagination (Chapter 5), conditional belief and belief revision (Chapter 6), framing effects (Chapter 7), probabilities and indicative conditionals (Chapter 8).
    Keywords: Modal logic, Epistemic logic, Conditional logic, Hyperintensionality, Subject matters, Suppositional thought, Imagination, Belief revision, Framing effects, Indicative conditionals ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HP Philosophy::HPL Philosophy: logic ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HP Philosophy::HPK Philosophy: epistemology & theory of knowledge ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTL Philosophy: logic ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTK Philosophy: epistemology and theory of knowledge
    Language: English
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    Neutron Interferometry (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Quantum mechanics is a part of physics where experiment and theory are inseparably intertwined. This general theme permeates the 2nd edition of this book. It discusses more than 40 neutron interferometry experiments along with their theoretical motivations and explanations. The basic ideas and results of interference experiments related to coherence and decoherence of matter waves and certain post-selection variations, gravitationally induced quantum phase shifts, Berry’s geometrical phases, spinor symmetry and spin superposition, and Bell’s inequalities are all discussed in this book. Both the scalar and vector Aharonov-Bohm topological interference effects and the neutron version of the Sagnac effect are presented in a self-contained and pedagogical way. Interferometry with perfect crystals, artificial lattices, and spin-echo systems are described in some detail. The book includes the theoretical underpinning as well as connections to other areas of experimental physics, such as quantum optics, nuclear physics, gravitation, and atom interferometry. The observed phase shifts due to the Earth’s gravity and rotation indicate a close connection to relativity theory. Neutron interferometry can be considered as a central technique of quantum optics with massive particles. It has stimulated the development of interferometry with atoms, molecules, and clusters. Quantum interference experiments with massive particles have direct consequences on the discussion of epistemological questions since they show explicitly the wave-particle duality, and the entanglement and the contextuality of various parameters governing our modern view of nature.
    Keywords: interferometry, neutrons, coherence, quantum mechanics, wave packets, spinor symmetry, quantum contextuality, AB effects, COW experiment, wave-particle duality, dynamical diffraction theory ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHM Atomic and molecular physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHJ Optical physics
    Language: English
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    Algorithmic Reason (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-06
    Description: Are algorithms ruling the world today? Is artificial intelligence making life-and-death decisions? Are social media companies able to manipulate elections? As we are confronted with public and academic anxieties about unprecedented changes, this book offers a different analytical prism to investigate these transformations as more mundane and fraught. Aradau and Blanke develop conceptual and methodological tools to understand how algorithmic operations shape the government of self and other. While disperse and messy, these operations are held together by an ascendant algorithmic reason. Through a global perspective on algorithmic operations, the book helps us understand how algorithmic reason redraws boundaries and reconfigures differences. The book explores the emergence of algorithmic reason through rationalities, materializations, and interventions. It traces how algorithmic rationalities of decomposition, recomposition, and partitioning are materialized in the construction of dangerous others, the power of platforms, and the production of economic value. The book shows how political interventions to make algorithms governable encounter friction, refusal, and resistance. The theoretical perspective on algorithmic reason is developed through qualitative and digital methods to investigate scenes and controversies that range from mass surveillance and the Cambridge Analytica scandal in the UK to predictive policing in the US, and from the use of facial recognition in China and drone targeting in Pakistan to the regulation of hate speech in Germany. Algorithmic Reason offers an alternative to dystopia and despair through a transdisciplinary approach made possible by the authors’ backgrounds, which span the humanities, social sciences, and computer sciences.
    Keywords: algorithms, governmentality, big data, artificial intelligence, politics, difference, self/other, friction, refusal, resistance ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPA Political science & theory ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPS International relations ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPV Political control & freedoms ; bic Book Industry Communication::U Computing & information technology::UM Computer programming / software development::UMB Algorithms & data structures ; bic Book Industry Communication::U Computing & information technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence
    Language: English
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    Political Settlements and Development (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-06
    Description: Few concepts have captured the imagination of the conflict and development communities in recent years as powerfully as the idea of a ‘political settlement’. At its most ambitious, ‘political settlements analysis’ (PSA) promises to explain why conflicts occur and states collapse, the conditions for their successful rehabilitation, different developmental pathways from peace, and how to better fit development policy to country context. Yet despite the meteoric rise of the term and its tremendous promise, not all is well in the world of PSA. Rival definitions of the concept abound; there are disagreements about its scope and the way it should be used; a growing schism between conflict specialists and economists; basic concepts are ambiguous; and little progress has been made on measurement. This book consequently has three main aims. The first is to argue for a revised definition of a political settlement, capable of unifying its diverse strands. The second is to put the concept on a more solid theoretical and scientific footing, providing a method for measuring and categorizing political settlements, using both qualitative case studies and a large-n statistical analysis to illustrate its potential. And the third is to examine the implications of the findings for mainstream social science analysis and for policymakers.
    Keywords: Government Policy, Provision and Effects of Welfare Programmes, Economic Development, Development Planning and Policy, Rent-Seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior, Bureaucracy, Administrative Processes in Public Organizations, Corruption, Conflict, Conflict Resolution, Alliances, Revolutions, Positive Analysis of Policy Formulation and Implementation, Political Economy ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCP Political economy ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCM Development economics & emerging economies ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCS Economic systems & structures
    Language: English
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    Perceptual Experience (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: This book offers an account of perceptual experience—its intrinsic nature, its engagement with the world, its relations to mental states of other kinds, and its role in epistemic norms. One of the book’s main claims is that perceptual experience constitutively involves representations of worldly items. A second claim is that the relevant form of representation can be explained in broadly biological terms. After defending these foundational doctrines, the book proceeds to give an account of perceptual appearances and how they are related to the objective world. Appearances turn out to be relational, viewpoint dependent properties of external objects. There is also a complementary account of how the objects that possess these properties are represented. Another major concern is the phenomenological dimension of perception. The book maintains that perceptual phenomenology can be explained reductively in terms of the representational contents of experiences, and it uses this doctrine to undercut the traditional arguments for dualism. This treatment of perceptual phenomenology is then expanded to encompass cognitive phenomenology, the phenomenology of moods and emotions, and the phenomenology of pain. The next topic is the various forms of consciousness that perceptual experience can possess. A principal aim is to show that phenomenology is metaphysically independent of these forms of consciousness, and another is to de-mystify the form known as phenomenal consciousness. The book concludes by discussing the relations of various kinds that perceptual experiences bear to higher level cognitive states, including relations of format, content, and justification or support.
    Keywords: perception, experience, representation, teleosemantics, appearance, phenomenology, pain, consciousness, iconic representation, epistemic justification ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HP Philosophy::HPJ Philosophy: metaphysics & ontology ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HP Philosophy::HPM Philosophy of mind ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTJ Philosophy: metaphysics and ontology ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTM Philosophy of mind
    Language: English
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    The Black Book of Quantum Chromodynamics (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The LHC (Large Hadron Collider) will serve as the energy frontier for high-energy physics for the next 20 years. The highlight of the LHC running so far has been the discovery of the Higgs boson, but the LHC programme has also consisted of the measurement of a myriad of other Standard Model processes, as well as searches for Beyond-the-Standard-Model physics, and the discrimination between possible new physics signatures and their Standard Model backgrounds. Essentially all of the physics processes at the LHC depend on quantum chromodynamics, or QCD, in the production, or in the decay stages, or in both. This book has been written as an advanced primer for physics at the LHC, providing a pedagogical guide for the calculation of QCD and Standard Model predictions, using state-of-the-art theoretical frameworks. The predictions are compared to both the legacy data from the Tevatron, as well as the data obtained thus far from the LHC, with intuitive connections between data and theory supplied where possible. The book is written at a level suitable for advanced graduate students, and thus could be used in a graduate course, but is also intended for every physicist interested in physics at the LHC.
    Keywords: LHC, Tevatron, QCD, Standard Model, Higgs boson, W/Z bosons, jets, parton showers, resummation, parton distribution functions ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHQ Quantum physics (quantum mechanics and quantum field theory) ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHP Particle and high-energy physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics
    Language: English
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    The Challenges of Technology and Economic Catch-up in Emerging Economies (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-13
    Description: This book synthesizes and interprets existing knowledge on technology upgrading failures as well as lessons from successes and failures in order to better understand the challenges of technology upgrading in emerging economies. The objective is to bring together in one volume diverse evidence regarding three major dimensions of technology upgrading: paths of technology upgrading, structural changes in the nature of technology upgrading, and the issues of technology transfer and technology upgrading. The knowledge of these three dimensions is being synthesized at the firm, sector, and macro levels across different countries and world macro-regions. Compared to the old and new challenges and uncertainties facing emerging economies, our understanding of the technology upgrading is sparse, unsystematic, and scattered. While our understanding of these issues from the 1980s and 1990s is relatively more systematized, the changes that took place during the globalization and proliferation of GVCs, the effects of the post-2008 events, and the effects of the current COVID-19 and geopolitical struggles on technology upgrading have not been explored and compared synthetically. Moreover, the recent growth slowdown in many emerging economies, often known as a middle-income trap, has reinforced the importance of understanding the technology upgrading challenges of catching-up economies. We believe that the time is ripe for “taking stock of the area” in order to systematize and evaluate the existing knowledge on processes of technology upgrading of emerging economies at the firm, sector, and international levels and to make further inroads in research on this issue. This volume aims to significantly contribute towards this end.
    Keywords: technological capabilities, technology upgrading, global value chain, middle-income trap, emerging economies, innovation and economic growth, technology transfer, economic catching-up ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KJ Business & management::KJD Business innovation ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCG Economic growth ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KJ Business & management::KJM Management & management techniques::KJMV Management of specific areas::KJMV3 Knowledge management
    Language: English
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    The Spirit of Global Health (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: Since the beginning of the World Health Organization, many of its staff members, regional offices, Member States, and directors-general have grappled with the question of what a ‘spiritual dimension’ of health looks like, and how it might enrich the health policies advocated by their organization. Contrary to the widespread perception that ‘spirituality’ is primarily related to palliative care and has emerged relatively recently within the WHO, this book shows that its history is considerably longer and more complex, and has been closely connected to the organization’s ethical aspirations, its quest for more holistic and equitable healthcare, and its struggle with the colonial legacy of international health organizations. Such ideals and struggles silently motivated many of its key actors and policies—such as the provision of universal primary healthcare—which for decades have embodied the organization’s loftiest aspirations. The WHO’s official relationship with ‘spirituality’ advanced in fits, leaps, and setbacks. At times creative and interdisciplinary, at others deeply political, this process was marked by cycles of institutional forgetting and remembering. Rather than a triumph of religious lobbyists, this book argues, the ‘spiritual dimension’ of health may be better understood as a ‘ghost’ that has haunted—and continues to haunt—the WHO as it comes to terms with its mandate of advancing health as a state of ‘complete well-being’ available to all.
    Keywords: religion, spirituality, global health, World Health Organization, United Nations, primary healthcare, healthcare reform, social determinants of health ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HR Religion & beliefs::HRA Religion: general::HRAM Religious issues & debates::HRAM3 Religion & science ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HR Religion & beliefs::HRA Religion: general::HRAM Religious issues & debates::HRAM2 Religion & politics ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HR Religion & beliefs::HRA Religion: general::HRAX History of religion ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MB Medicine: general issues::MBX History of medicine ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QR Religion and beliefs::QRA Religion: general::QRAM Religious issues and debates::QRAM3 Religion and science ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QR Religion and beliefs::QRA Religion: general::QRAM Religious issues and debates::QRAM2 Religion and politics ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QR Religion and beliefs::QRA Religion: general::QRAX History of religion ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MB Medicine: general issues::MBX History of medicine
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    Bad Beliefs (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: Why do people come to reject climate science or the safety and efficacy of vaccines, in defiance of the scientific consensus? A popular view explains bad beliefs like these as resulting from a range of biases that together ensure that human beings fall short of being genuinely rational animals. This book presents an alternative account. It argues that bad beliefs arise from genuinely rational processes. We’ve missed the rationality of bad beliefs because we’ve failed to recognize the ubiquity of the higher-order evidence that shapes beliefs, and the rationality of being guided by this evidence. The book argues that attention to higher-order evidence should lead us to rethink both how minds are best changed and the ethics of changing them: we should come to see that nudging—at least usually—changes belief (and behavior) by presenting rational agents with genuine evidence, and is therefore fully respectful of intellectual agency. We needn’t rethink Enlightenment ideals of intellectual autonomy and rationality, but we should reshape them to take account of our deeply social epistemic agency.
    Keywords: belief, evidence, rationality, autonomy, nudging ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HP Philosophy::HPK Philosophy: epistemology & theory of knowledge ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HP Philosophy::HPQ Ethics & moral philosophy ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HP Philosophy::HPS Social & political philosophy ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTK Philosophy: epistemology and theory of knowledge ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTQ Ethics and moral philosophy ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTS Social and political philosophy
    Language: English
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    The Oxford Handbook of Digital Ethics (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: digital ethics
    Keywords: digital ethics ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HP Philosophy ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HP Philosophy::HPQ Ethics & moral philosophy ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTQ Ethics and moral philosophy
    Language: English
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    The Politics of Distributing Social Transfers (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-06
    Description: This book provides a systematic analysis of the political processes shaping the distribution of social transfers in six countries in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. In doing so, the book addresses a notable gap in recent research on social protection concerning the politics of implementation. While considerable attention has been devoted to debating the merits of different policy designs and the political factors shaping the adoption and diffusion of different policy models, ultimately the ability of any social transfer programme to deliver on its promises is dependent on the effective implementation and distribution of social transfers in line with intended objectives. The chapters in this book examine international and sub-national variation in programme implementation in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Nepal, and Rwanda, drawing on a common analytical framework that highlights the importance of state capacity and reach, rooted in histories of state formation, and contemporary political competition in shaping the distribution of social transfers. Comparative analysis of the case studies supports the view that variation in the capacity and reach of the state within countries is a centrally important factor shaping the effectiveness and impartiality of distribution. Yet state capacity alone is insufficient. Rather, political competition and power relations shape how this capacity is actually deployed in practice. As such, the book underscores the inherently political nature of implementation and questions common technocratic efforts to improve implementation by de-politicizing the social protection policy process.
    Keywords: social protection, social transfer, policy implementation, political economy, power relations, state capacity, Africa, South Asia ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCP Political economy ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFF Social issues & processes ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GT Interdisciplinary studies::GTF Development studies ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCM Development economics & emerging economies
    Language: English
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    Movements After Revolution (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-16
    Keywords: Agrarian Movement;Communism;Communist Party;Labor Movement;Land Reform;Latin America;Mexican Revolution;Modern Mexico;People’s Movement;Popular Movement ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPW Political activism::JPWQ Revolutionary groups & movements ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HB History
    Language: English
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    Chapter Disabilities and wellbeing (2022)
    Oxford University Press | Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Disability
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This chapter argues for a normative distinction between disabilities that are inherently negative with respect to wellbeing and disabilities that are inherently neutral with respect to wellbeing. First, after clarifying terms I discuss recent arguments according to which possession of a disability is inherently neutral with respect to wellbeing. I note that though these arguments are compelling, they are only intended to cover certain disabilities, and in fact there exists a broad class regarding which they do not apply. In section three I discuss two such problem cases: Locked-in Syndrome and the Minimally Conscious State. In section four I explain why these are cases in which possession of the disability makes one worse off overall. I do so by explicating the notion of control over one’s situation. I argue that disabilities that significantly impair control over one’s own situation – e.g., Locked-in Syndrome and the Minimally Conscious State – strongly tend to be inherently negative with respect to wellbeing, while disabilities that do not strongly tend to be inherently neutral. The upshot is that we must draw an important normative distinction between disabilities that undermine this kind of control, and disabilities that do not.
    Keywords: wellbeing, Minimally Conscious State, Locked-in Syndrome, control over one’s situation ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy
    Language: English
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    Particle Physics in the LHC era (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This book gives a modern introduction to particle physics. The main mathematical tools required for the rest of the book are developed in Chapter 2. A quantitative introduction to accelerator physics is presented in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 covers detector physics, with an emphasis on fundamental physical principles. Chapter 5 covers the static quark model, with applications to light mesons and baryons as well as heavier states containing charm and beauty quarks. Chapter 6 introduces relativistic quantum mechanics and uses spinors to relate Lorentz invariance to the Dirac equation. Chapter 7 covers the basics of the electroweak theory based on broken SU(2) × U(1) symmetry. Chapter 8 reviews some of the key experiments that led to the development of the electroweak theory. Chapter 9 explains the importance of deep inelastic scattering data for providing direct evidence for the existence of quarks. It also gives a brief introduction to quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Chapter 10 considers flavour oscillations in the quark sector and then discusses the evidence for CP violation. Chapter 11 examines the theory of neutrino oscillations as well as the evidence for these oscillations. Chapter 12 gives an elementary introduction to the Higgs mechanism as well as a careful explanation of the experimental evidence for the existence of a Higgs boson. Chapter 13 looks at LHC physics and explains how searches for Beyond the Standard Model Physics are performed. It concludes with a discussion of the evidence for dark matter and dark energy.
    Keywords: Particle physics, nuclear physics, astrophysics, cosmology, accelerator physics, detector physics, quarks and leptons, Dirac equation, electroweak theory, quantum chromodynamics, flavour oscillations, CP violation, Higgs boson, Beyond the Standard Model physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHP Particle and high-energy physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHV Applied physics::PHVB Astrophysics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PG Astronomy, space and time::PGK Cosmology and the universe ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHM Atomic and molecular physics
    Language: English
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    A Featural Typology of Bantu Agreement (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-24
    Description: The Bantu languages are in some sense remarkably uniform (SVO basic word order, noun classes, verbal morphology), but this extensive language family also show a wealth of morphosyntactic variation. Two core areas in which such variation is attested are subject and object agreement. The book explores the variation in Bantu subject and object marking on the basis of data from 75 Bantu languages, discovering striking patterns (the RANDOM and the AWSOM correlation), and providing a novel syntactic analysis. This analysis takes into account not just phi agreement, but also nominal licensing and information structure. A Person feature, associated with animacy, definiteness, or givenness, is shown to be responsible for differential object agreement, while at the same time accounting for doubling vs. non-doubling object marking – a hybrid solution to an age-old debate in Bantu comparative morphosyntax. It is furthermore proposed that low functional heads can Case-license flexibly downwards or upwards, depending on the relative topicality of the two arguments involved. This accounts for the properties of symmetric object marking in ditransitives (for Appl), and subject inversion constructions (for v). By keeping Agree constant and systematically determining which featural parameters are responsible for the attested variation, the proposed analysis argues for an emergentist view of features and parameters (following Biberauer 2018, 2019), and against both Strong Uniformity and Strong Modularity.
    Keywords: Bantu languages, agreement, Agree, comparative morphosyntax, Case, information structure, nominal licensing, Person, Topic, subject marking, object marking, crosslinguistic variation ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CF Linguistics::CFK Grammar, syntax and morphology ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CF Linguistics::CFF Historical and comparative linguistics ; thema EDItEUR::2 Language qualifiers::2H African languages::2HC Niger-Congo languages::2HCB Bantu languages
    Language: English
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    How to Achieve Inclusive Growth (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: Rising inequality and widespread poverty, social unrest and polarization, gender and ethnic disparities, declining social mobility, economic fragility, unbalanced growth due to technology and globalization, and existential danger from climate change are urgent global concerns of our day. These issues are intertwined. They therefore require a holistic framework to examine their interplay and bring the various strands together. This book brings together leading academic economists and experts from several international institutions to explain the sources and scale of these challenges. The book summarizes a wide array of empirical evidence and country experiences, lays out practical policy solutions, and devises a comprehensive and unified plan of action for combatting these economic and social disparities. This authoritative book is accessible to policy makers, students, and the general public interested in how to craft a brighter future by building a sustainable, green, and inclusive society in the years ahead.
    Keywords: Inclusive growth, growth, inequality, equality, poverty, development, climate change, disparities, income distribution, economic policy ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCV Economics of specific sectors::KCVG Environmental economics ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCG Economic growth ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCA Economic theory and philosophy
    Language: English
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    Bell Nonlocality (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Nonlocality was discovered by John Bell in 1964, in the context of the debates about quantum theory, but is a phenomenon that can be studied in its own right. Its observation proves that measurements are not revealing pre-determined values, falsifying the idea of “local hidden variables” suggested by Einstein and others. One is then forced to make some radical choice: either nature is intrinsically statistical and individual events are unspeakable, or our familiar space-time cannot be the setting for the whole of physics. As phenomena, nonlocality and its consequences will have to be predicted by any future theory, and may possibly play the role of foundational principles in these developments. But nonlocality has found a role in applied physics too: it can be used for “device-independent” certification of the correct functioning of random number generators and other devices. After a self-contained introduction to the topic, this monograph on nonlocality presents the main tools and results following a logical, rather than a chronological, order.
    Keywords: Nonlocality, Bell’s theorem, John Bell, quantum entanglement, Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen, device-independent, quantum foundations, local hidden variables, local realism, spooky action ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHQ Quantum physics (quantum mechanics and quantum field theory) ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHP Particle and high-energy physics ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science
    Language: English
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    Rethinking Moral Status (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: Common-sense morality implicitly assumes that reasonably clear distinctions can be drawn between the ‘full’ moral status usually attributed to ordinary adult humans, the partial moral status attributed to non-human animals, and the absence of moral status, usually ascribed to machines and other artefacts. These assumptions were always subject to challenge; but they now come under renewed pressure because there are beings we are now able to create, and beings we may soon be able to create, which blur traditional distinctions between humans, non-human animals, and non-biological beings. Examples are human non-human chimeras, cyborgs, human brain organoids, post-humans, human minds that have been uploaded into computers and onto the internet, and artificial intelligence. It is far from clear what moral status we should attribute to any of these beings. While commonsensical views of moral status have always been questioned, the latest technological developments recast many of the questions and raise additional objections. There are a number of ways we could respond, such as revising our ordinary suppositions about the prerequisites for full moral status. We might also reject the assumption that there is a sharp distinction between full and partial moral status. The present volume provides a forum for philosophical reflection about the usual presuppositions and intuitions about moral status, especially in light of the aforementioned recent and emerging technological advances.
    Keywords: morality, moral status, chimera, cyborg, human brain organoid, post human, non-human animal, artificial intelligence ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence
    Language: English
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    The Changing German Voter (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-11
    Description: Over the past half century, the behavior of German voters has changed profoundly—at first rather gradually but during the last decade at accelerated speed. Electoral decision-making has become much more volatile, rendering election outcomes less predictable. Party system fragmentation intensified sharply. The success of the Alternative for Germany (AfD) put an end to Germany’s exceptionality as one of the few European countries without a strong right-wing populist party. Utilizing a wide range of data compiled by the German Longitudinal Election Study, the book examines changing voters’ behavior in the context of changing parties, campaigns, and media during the period of its hitherto most dramatically increased fluidity at the 2009, 2013, and 2017 federal elections. Guided by the notions of realignment and dealignment, the study addresses three questions: How did the turbulences that increasingly characterize German electoral politics come about? How did they in turn condition voters’ decision-making? How were voters’ attitudes and choices affected by situational factors that pertained to the specifics of particular elections? The book demonstrates how traditional cleavages lost their grip on voters and a new socio-cultural line of conflict became the dominant axis of party competition. A series of major crises, but also programmatic shifts of the established parties promoted this development. It led to a segmentation of the party system that pits the right-wing populist AfD against the traditional parties. The book also demonstrates the relevance of coalition preferences, candidate images as well as media and campaign effects for voters’ attitudes, beliefs, and preferences.
    Keywords: Germany, electoral behavior, electoral change, party system development, realignment, dealignment, party competition, socio-economic conflict dimension, socio-cultural conflict dimension, right-wing populism ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPA Political science & theory ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPB Comparative politics ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPH Political structure & processes::JPHF Elections & referenda ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPH Political structure & processes ; bic Book Industry Communication::1 Geographical Qualifiers::1D Europe::1DF Central Europe::1DFG Germany
    Language: English
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    Future Morality (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The world is changing so fast that it's hard to know how to think about what we ought to do. We barely have time to reflect on how scientific advances will affect our lives before they're upon us. New kinds of dilemma are springing up. Can robots be held responsible for their actions? Will artificial intelligence be able to predict criminal activity? Is the future gender-fluid? Should we strive to become post-human? Should we use drugs to improve our intimate relationships — or to reduce crime? Our intuitions about questions like these are often both weak and confused. David Edmonds has put together a philosophical task force to get to grips with these challenges. Twenty-nine philosophers present provocative and engaging pieces about aspects of life today, and life tomorrow — birth and death, health and medicine, brain and body, personal relationships, wrongdoing and justice, the internet, animals, and the environment. The future won't look the same when you've finished this book.
    Keywords: philosophy; moral philosophy; social & political philosophy ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy
    Language: English
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    Voices in Psychosis (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-10
    Description: Voices in Psychosis: Interdisciplinary Perspectives deepens and extends the understanding of hearing voices in psychosis in a striking way. For the first time, this collection brings multiple disciplinary, clinical and experiential perspectives to bear on an original and extraordinarily rich body of testimony: transcripts of forty in-depth phenomenological interviews conducted with people who hear voices and who have accessed Early Intervention in Psychosis services. Voice-hearing experiences associated with psychosis are highly varied, frequently distressing, poorly understood, and deeply stigmatized, even within mental health services. Voices in Psychosis responds to the urgent need for new ways of listening to and making sense of these experiences. The book addresses the social, clinical and research contexts in which the interviews took place, thoroughly investigating the embodied, multisensory, affective, linguistic, spatial, and relational qualities of voice-hearing experiences. The nature, politics, and consequences of these analytic endeavours is a focus of critical reflection throughout. This volume presents a collection of essays by members and associates of the Hearing the Voice project that were written in response to the transcripts. Each chapter gives a multifaceted insight into the experiences of voice-hearers in the North East of England and to their wider resonance in contexts ranging from medieval mysticism to Amazonian shamanism, from the nineteenth-century novel to the twenty-first-century survivor movement.
    Keywords: voice-hearing, phenomenology, interdisciplinarity, psychosis, mental health services, trauma ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JM Psychology::JMP Abnormal psychology ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JM Psychology::JMQ Psychology: emotions ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JM Psychology::JMS The self, ego, identity, personality ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MM Other branches of medicine::MMH Psychiatry ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JK Social services & welfare, criminology::JKS Social welfare & social services::JKSM Care of the mentally ill
    Language: English
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    Dancing the World Smaller (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-24
    Description: This book examines international dance performances in New York City in the 1940s as sites in which dance artists and audiences contested what it meant to practice globalism in mid-twentieth-century America. Debates over globalism in dance proxied larger cultural struggles over how to reconcile the nation’s new role as a global superpower. In dance as in cultural politics, Americans labored over how to realize diversity while honoring difference and manage dueling impulses toward globalism, on the one hand, and isolationism, on the other.
    Keywords: Performing arts, dance, ballet, modern dance, world dance, dance, globalism, internationalism, modernism, ethnic, ethnologic, New York City, 1940s, mid-century, mid-twentieth century ; thema EDItEUR::A The Arts::AT Performing arts::ATQ Dance ; thema EDItEUR::A The Arts::AT Performing arts::ATX Other performing arts
    Language: English
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    Public Law and Economics (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-03
    Description: This comprehensive textbook applies economic analysis to public law. The economic analysis of law has revolutionized legal scholarship and teaching in the last half-century, but it has focused mostly on private law, business law, and criminal law. This book extends the analysis to fundamental topics in public law, such as the separation of government powers, regulation by agencies, constitutional rights, and elections. Every public law involves six fundamental processes of government: bargaining, voting, entrenching, delegating, adjudicating, and enforcing. The book devotes two chapters to each process, beginning with the economic theory and then applying the theory to a wide range of puzzles and problems in law. Each chapter concentrates on cases and legal doctrine, showing the relevance of economics to the work of lawyers and judges. Featuring lucid, accessible writing and engaging examples, the book addresses enduring topics in public law as well as modern controversies, including gerrymandering, voter identification laws, and qualified immunity for police.
    Keywords: law and economics, interpretive economics, constitutional economics, economics of rights, economics of bargaining, economics of voting, economics of entrenchment, economics of delegation, economics of adjudication, economics of enforcement ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LB International law::LBB Public international law ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LB International law
    Language: English
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    Sacred Rivals (2022)
    Oxford University Press | OUP USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: France;Algeria;Ottoman Syria;Islam;Catholicism;Catholic Orientalism;Imperialism;Missions;Jesuits;Louis Veuillot;Melchior de Vogüé;Charles Lavigerie;White Fathers;Humanitarianism;Œuvre d'Orient;Civilizing Mission
    Keywords: France;Algeria;Ottoman Syria;Islam;Catholicism;Catholic Orientalism;Imperialism;Missions;Jesuits;Louis Veuillot;Melchior de Vogüé;Charles Lavigerie;White Fathers;Humanitarianism;Œuvre d'Orient;Civilizing Mission ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HR Religion & beliefs::HRA Religion: general::HRAX History of religion ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HB History::HBJ Regional & national history::HBJD European history ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HB History::HBT History: specific events & topics::HBTQ Colonialism & imperialism ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QR Religion and beliefs::QRA Religion: general::QRAX History of religion ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHD European history ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHT History: specific events and topics::NHTQ Colonialism and imperialism
    Language: English
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    Chapter (When) Is Adblocking Wrong? (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-22
    Description: In this chapter, I examine three deontological objections to adblocking: the objection from property (according to which adblocking involves accessing another’s property without satisfying the conditions placed on such access by the owner), the objection from complicity (according to which, by blocking ads, consumers become complicit in wrongdoing of adblocking software providers), and the objection from freeriding (according to which adblocking consumers free-ride on other consumers who allow ads to be served). I argue that, though these objections plausibly establish the moral impermissibility of some instances of adblocking, they do not, even collectively, establish a blanket moral prohibition on adblocking, as it is currently done.
    Keywords: Adblocking, Piracy, Theft, Intellectual Property, Complicity, Extortion, Free-Riding ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LN Laws of Specific jurisdictions::LNR Intellectual property law
    Language: English
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    Empires and Communities in the Post-Roman and Islamic World, c. 400 – 1000 CE (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: This book deals with the ways in which empires affect smaller communities – for instance, ethnic groups, religious communities, local or peripheral populations. It addresses Byzantinium, the early Islamic World and the West in the 5th to 10th centuries CE, a period with a particular dynamic of imperial formation and decline in Europe and the Mediterranean.
    Description: Dieser Band beschäftigt sich mit den Auswirkungen von Imperien auf kleinere Gemeinschaften – zum Beispiel ethnische verbände, religiöse Gemeinschaften, lokale oder periphere Bevölkerungen. Behnadelt werden Byzanz, die frühislamische Welt und der Westen im 5.-10. Jahrhundert n. Chr., eine Zeit von besonders dynamischen Prozessen von Neubildung und verfall von Imperien in Europa und dem Mittelmeeraum.
    Keywords: Imperien – Geschichte – vor 1500; Zivilisation, mittelalterliche; Mittelalter; Islamisches Imperium, Geschichte; Ethnizität, Geschichte, bis 1500; Ost und West ; ÖFOS 2012, Byzantinistik ; ÖFOS 2012, Globalgeschichte ; ÖFOS 2012, Islam ; Imperialism—History—To 1500; Civilization, Medieval; Middle Ages; Islamic Empire—History; Ethnicity—History—To 1500; East and West (nach LCSH) ; ÖFOS 2012, Byzantine studies ; ÖFOS 2012, Global history ; ÖFOS 2012, Islam ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology ; thema EDItEUR::3 Time period qualifiers::3K CE period up to c 1500 ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHD European history ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHG Middle Eastern history
    Language: English
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    Sick Note (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-02
    Description: Sick Note is a history of how the British state asked, ‘who is really sick?’ Tracing medical certification for absence from work from 1948 to 2010, it shows that doctors, employers, employees, politicians, media commentators, and citizens each concerned themselves with measuring sickness. At various times, each understood that a signed note from a doctor was not enough to ‘prove’ whether someone was ‘really’ sick. Yet, with no better alternative on offer, the sick note survived in practice and in the popular imagination—just like the welfare state itself. Sick Note reveals the interplay between medical, employment, and social security policy. The physical note became an integral part of working and living in Britain, while the term ‘sick note’ was often deployed rhetorically as a mocking nickname or symbol of Britain’s economic and political troubles. Using government policy documents, popular media, internet archives, and contemporary research, this book covers the evolution of medical certification and the welfare state since the Second World War, demonstrating how sickness and disability policies responded to demographic and economic changes—though not always satisfactorily for administrators or claimants. Moreover, despite the creation of ‘the fit note’ in 2010, the idea of ‘the sick note’ has remained. With the specific challenges posed by the global pandemic in the early 2020s, Sick Note shows how the question of ‘who is really sick?’ has never been straightforward and will continue to perplex the British state.
    Keywords: history, welfare, United Kingdom, social security, medicine, employment, absenteeism, disability, politics ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHD European history ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology ; thema EDItEUR::3 Time period qualifiers::3M c 1500 onwards to present day ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHT History: specific events and topics::NHTB Social and cultural history ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MB Medicine: general issues::MBX History of medicine
    Language: English
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    India in the Persian World of Letters (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-24
    Description: This study traces the development of philology (the analysis of literary language) in the Persian tradition in India, concentrating on its socio-political ramifications. The most influential Indo-Persian philologist of the eighteenth century was Sirāj al-Dīn ʿAlī Ḳhān (d. 1756), whose pen-name was Ārzū. Besides being a respected poet, Ārzū was a rigorous theoretician of language whose intellectual legacy was side-lined by colonialism. His conception of language accounted for literary innovation and historical change in part to theorize the tāzah-goʾī [literally, “fresh-speaking”] movement in Persian literary culture. Although later scholarship has tended to frame this debate in anachronistically nationalist terms (Iranian native speakers versus Indian imitators), the primary sources show that contemporary concerns had less to do with geography than with the question of how to assess innovative “fresh-speaking” poetry, a situation analogous to the Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns in early modern Europe. Ārzū used historical reasoning to argue that as a cosmopolitan language Persian could not be the property of one nation or be subject to one narrow kind of interpretation. Ārzū also shaped attitudes about reḳhtah, the Persianized form of vernacular poetry that would later be renamed and reconceptualized as Urdu, helping the vernacular to gain acceptance in elite literary circles in northern India. This study puts to rest the persistent misconception that Indians started writing the vernacular because they were ashamed of their poor grasp of Persian at the twilight of the Mughal Empire.
    Keywords: Persian, Indo-Persian, Urdu, philology, Sirāj al-Dīn ʿAlī Ḳhān Ārzū, tāzah-goʾī, vernacularization, literary culture, early modern, Mughal Empire ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CB Language: reference and general::CBX Language: history and general works ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DC Poetry::DCF Poetry by individual poets ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism::DSC Literary studies: poetry and poets ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CF Linguistics::CFF Historical and comparative linguistics ; thema EDItEUR::3 Time period qualifiers::3M c 1500 onwards to present day::3ML 18th century, c 1700 to c 1799
    Language: English
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    Digitization of imaging plates from Guinier powder X‐ray diffraction cameras (2022)
    Nasir, Jamal ; Steinbrück, Nils ; Xu, Ke ; [et al.]
    International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-15
    Description: A Guinier camera equipped with an imaging plate is used to investigate and eliminate the sources of instrumental errors affecting the quality of the obtained scanned Guinier data. A program with a graphical user interface is presented which converts the data of the scanned images into different standard file formats for powder X‐ray patterns containing intensities, their standard deviations and the diffraction angles. The program also allows for manual and automatic correction of the 2gθ scale against a known reference material. It is shown using LaB6 that the exported X‐ray diffraction patterns provide a 2gθ scale reproducible enough to allow for averaging diffractograms obtained from different exposures of the imaging plate for the same sample. As shown on a mixture of NaCl and sodalite, the quality of the produced data is sufficient for Rietveld refinement. The software including source code is made available under a free software license.
    Description: A program for the digitization of Guinier powder diffraction images is described, which works with images from both optical and laser scanners. Thus, processing of data from storage‐phosphor‐based imaging plates and Ag‐based photographic films is possible.
    Keywords: ddc:548 ; IPreader software ; Guinier cameras ; imaging plates (IPs) ; diffraction pattern conversion into data columns ; powder X‐ray diffraction ; data processing ; Guinier method
    Language: English
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    Non‐exchangeable stable hydrogen isotope ratios in clay minerals and soil clay fractions: A method test (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-20
    Description: Stable hydrogen isotope ratios (δ2H values) in structural hydroxyl groups of pedogenic clay minerals are inherited from the surrounding water at the time of their formation. Only non‐exchangeable H preserves the environmental forensic and paleoclimate information (δ2Hn value). To measure δ2Hn values in structural H of clay minerals and soil clay fractions, we adapted a steam equilibration method by accounting for high hygroscopicity. Our δ2Hn values for USGS57 biotite (−95.3 ± SD 0.9‰) and USGS58 muscovite (30.7 ± 1.4‰) differed slightly but significantly from the reported δ2H values (−91.5 ± 2.4‰ and −28.4 ± 1.6‰), because the minerals contained 1.1%–4.4% of exchangeable H. The low SD of replicate measurements (n = 3) confirmed a high precision. The clay separation method including destruction of Fe oxides, carbonates and soil organic matter, and dispersion did not significantly change the δ2Hn values of five different clay minerals. However, we were unable to remove all organic matter from the soil clay fractions resulting in an estimated bias of 1‰ in two samples and 15‰ in the carbon‐richest sample. Our results demonstrate that δ2Hn values of structural H of clay minerals and soil clay fractions can be reliably measured without interference from atmospheric water and the method used to separate the soil clay fraction. Highlights We tested steam equilibration to determine stable isotope ratios of structural H in clay. Gas‐tight capsule sealing in Ar atmosphere was necessary to avoid remoistening. Our steam equilibration method showed a high accuracy and precision. The clay separation method did not change stable isotope ratios of structural H in clay.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:549 ; controlled isotope exchange technique ; deuterium ; montmorillonite ; soil clay separation ; soil organic matter removal ; steam equilibration ; structural H ; USGS57 biotite ; vermiculite ; δ2H
    Language: English
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    Small‐angle neutron scattering of long‐wavelength magnetic modulations in reduced sample dimensions (2022)
    International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-04
    Description: Magnetic small‐angle neutron scattering (SANS) is ideally suited to providing direct reciprocal‐space information on long‐wavelength magnetic modulations, such as helicoids, solitons, merons or skyrmions. SANS of such structures in thin films or micro‐structured bulk materials is strongly limited by the tiny scattering volume vis a vis the prohibitively high background scattering by the substrate and support structures. Considering near‐surface scattering just above the critical angle of reflection, where unwanted signal contributions due to substrate or support structures become very small, it is established that the scattering patterns of the helical, conical, skyrmion lattice and fluctuation‐disordered phases in a polished bulk sample of MnSi are equivalent for conventional transmission and near‐surface SANS geometries. This motivates the prediction of a complete repository of scattering patterns expected for thin films in the near‐surface SANS geometry for each orientation of the magnetic order with respect to the scattering plane.
    Description: Near‐surface SANS is discussed for its potential as a probe of long‐wavelength magnetic modulations in specimens with reduced sample dimensions.
    Keywords: ddc:548 ; small‐angle neutron scattering ; near‐surface SANS ; magnetism ; non‐collinear magnetism ; thin films ; skyrmions ; MnSi
    Language: English
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    Do toxic Pseudo-nitzschia species pose a threat to aquaculture in the southern Benguela eastern boundary upwelling system? (2020)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Harmful Algae, Elsevier, 99, pp. 101919, ISSN: 15689883
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-13
    Description: The productive but highly exposed coastline of the southern Benguela eastern boundary upwelling system offers limited natural environment for aquaculture. Saldanha Bay located on the west coast of South Africa is one of the few embayments on the coastline that provides a productive and relatively sheltered environment suitable for the cultivation of shellfish. Consequently, bivalve culture in South Africa is centered in Saldanha Bay and is presently targeted for expansion. Pseudo-nitzschia blooms including toxin-producing species are shown to contribute significantly to the phytoplankton of Saldanha Bay specifically in spring and summer. Their dominance at this time of the year, when upwelling is strongest, fits the ecological profile of Pseudo-nitzschia occurring during periods of high turbulence and nutrients. Multiple Pseudo-nitzschia blooms were sampled under varying environmental conditions and the strength of the relationship between Pseudo-nitzschia cell abundance and particulate domoic acid (pDA) content, reflecting bloom toxicity, varied greatly. This variability is the result of the combined influence of species and strain composition of the Pseudo-nitzschia assemblage and the effect of environmental conditions on toxin production. Elevated levels of pDA were associated with higher concentrations of cells of the P. seriata complex differentiated by frustule width (〉3 µm). P. australis was identified as a toxin-producing species and a prominent member of the P. seriata complex. Low DA levels in shellfish in Saldanha Bay are considered a function of low cellular domoic acid (cDA). Silicate limitation has emerged as an important factor inducing DA production in Pseudo-nitzschia species. The high ratio of silicate to nitrate in Saldanha Bay provides a plausible explanation for the low toxin content of Pseudo-nitzschia blooms in the bay and the consequent low risk posed by these blooms to the aquaculture sector.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    A new procedure for evaluating light-to-moderate earthquake location based on InSAR data and forward modeling tested on Mediterranean area (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-18
    Description: We propose a procedure based on remote sensing Sentinel-1 InSAR data aiming at evaluating the variability of the moment tensor solutions provided by different agencies in case of light-to-moderate earthquake. We model the expected coseismic ground deformations from the available moment tensor solutions and compare them with the real ones retrieved with the InSAR data. Any differences between location and intensity of simulated and estimated seismic-induced deformation fields allow indirectly evaluating the variability of the solutions in terms of epicenter locations and kinematics of the causative faults. We applied this investigation method to several light (4〈Mw 〈 4.9) to moderate (5〈Mw 〈 5.9) earthquakes occurred along the Mediterranean area since the launch of the Sentinel-1A mission in 2014. The selected seismic events cover all the faulting mechanisms and are characterized by different estimated magnitudes and depths thus offering a synoptic view of the performance of the procedure in several cases. Thanks to the global coverage and the unprecedented revisit time of Sentinel-1 acquisitions, the proposed procedure can be easily extended to any seismic event occurred inland worldwide.
    Description: Published
    Description: 100057
    Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    New insights on metals in the Arctic aerosol in a climate changing world (2020)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-25
    Description: Ship traffic, population, infrastructure development, and mining activities are expected to increase in the Arctic due to its rising temperatures. This is expected to produce a major impact on aerosol composition. Metals contained in atmospheric particles are powerful markers and can be extremely helpful to gain insights on the different aerosol sources. Thiswork aims at studying the sources of metals in the Arctic aerosol sampled at the Thule High Arctic Atmospheric Observatory (THAAO; Greenland, 76.5°N 68.8°W). Due to the particular composition of Greenlandic soils and to properties of other sources, it was possible to find several signatures of natural and anthropogenic aerosols transported from local and long-range regions. Arctic haze (AH) at Thule builds up on long-range transported aerosol mainly from Canada and Nord America. From a chemical standpoint, this aerosol is characterized by a high concentration of sulfate, Pb, As and Cd and by a La/Ce ratio larger than 1. The Ti/Al and Fe/Al ratios in the AH aerosol are lower (Ti/Al = 0.04 w/w; Fe/ Al= 0.79 w/w) than for local aerosol (Ti/Al= 0.07 w/w; Fe/Al = 0.89 w/w). Conversely, aerosol arising from coastal areas of South-West Greenland is characterized by a high concentration of V,Ni, and Cr. These metals, generally considered anthropogenic, arise heremainly fromnatural crustal sources. In some summer samples, however, the V/Ni ratio becomes larger than 3. In particular, cases displaying this characteristic ratio, as also shown by backward trajectories, are associated with sporadic transport to Thule of ship aerosol from ships passing through Baffin Bay and arriving to Thule during summer. Although further measurements are necessary to confirm the discussed results, the analysis carried out in this work on a large number of metals sampled in coastal Greenland aerosol is unprecedented.
    Description: Published
    Description: 140511
    Description: 5A. Ricerche polari e paleoclima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Subduction-related melt refertilisation and alkaline metasomatism in the Eastern Transylvanian Basin lithospheric mantle: Evidence from mineral chemistry and noble gases in fluid inclusions (2020)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-25
    Description: Calc-alkaline and alkaline magmatic activity is generally separated in space and/or in time. The Eastern Transylvanian Basin in Romania is one of the few places where, during Pleistocene, alkaline eruptions occurred contemporaneously with the calc-alkaline activity. Mantle xenoliths entrained in Perşani Mts. alkaline volcanic products have been studied in order to investigate the interaction of metasomatic agents of different magmatic affinities with the mantle wedge. Based on mineral major and trace element and noble gases in fluid inclusions, two main events have been recognized. The first was a pervasive, complete re-fertilization of a previously depleted mantle by a calc-alkaline subduction-related melt, causing the formation of very fertile, amphibole-bearing lithotypes. This is shown by the a) increased amounts of modal clinopyroxene up to 21.9 % with Al2O3 contents up to 8.16 wt%, higher than what is expected for clinopyroxene in Primordial Mantle; b) 4He/40Ar* ratios up to 1.2, within the reported range for mantle production; c) 3He/4He in olivine, opx and cpx of 5.8 ± 0.2 Ra, among the most radiogenic values of European mantle, below the typical MORB mantle value (8 ± 1 Ra), reflecting recycling of crustal material in the local lithosphere. The second event is related to later interaction with an alkaline metasomatic agent similar to the host basalts that caused slight LREE enrichment in pyroxenes and disseminated amphiboles and precipitation of vein amphiboles with a composition similar to amphiboles megacrysts also found in the Perşani Mts. volcanic deposits. This is highlighted by the 4He/40Ar* and 3He/4He values found in some opx and cpx, up to 2.5 and 6.6 Ra, respectively, more typical of magmatic fluids.
    Description: Published
    Description: 105516
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Mantle refertilisation ; Eastern Transylvanian Basin ; Noble gases ; Post-collisional ; Subduction-related metasomatism ; Solid Earth ; 04.01. Earth Interior
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 56
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    Mush cannibalism and disruption recorded by clinopyroxene phenocrysts at Stromboli volcano: New insights from recent 2003–2017 activity (2020)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-26
    Description: The Present-day (〈1.2 kyr) activity of Stromboli (Aeolian Islands, Southern Italy) is fed by a vertically-extended mush column with an open-conduit configuration. The eruptive products are the result of periodic supply of mafic magma (low porphyritic or Lp-magma) from depth into a homogeneous shallow reservoir (highly porphyritic or Hp-magma). Clinopyroxene phenocrysts from the 2003–2017 activity exhibit marked diopside-augite heterogeneities caused by continuous Lp-Hp magma mixing and antecryst recycling. Diopsidic bands record Lp-recharge injected into the shallow Hp-reservoir, whereas resorbed diopsidic cores testify to the continuous disruption and cannibalism of relic antecrysts from the mush. The transition between diopside (∼1175 °C) and augite (∼1130 °C) takes place at comparable P (∼190 MPa) and H2O (0.5–2.4 wt%) conditions. Short timescales (∼1 year) for diopsidic bands from the 2003 paroxysm document restricted temporal intervals between mafic injection, magma mixing and homogenization in the Hp-reservoir. Longer timescales (∼4–182 years) for diopsidic cores indicate protracted antecryst remobilization times. By comparing clinopyroxenes from the Present-day and Post-Pizzo eruptions, we argue a distinct phase in the life of Stromboli volcano is evident from the 2003 paroxysm onwards. More efficient mechanisms of mush disruption and cannibalism involve diopsidic antecrysts remobilized and transported by Lp-magmas permeating the mush, in concert with gravitational instability of the solidification front and melt migration within the shallow Hp-reservoir. Magmatic injections feeding the persistent Present-day activity are more intensively mixed and homogenized prior to eruption, reflecting small recharge volumes and/or a more mafic system in which the mafic inputs are less pronounced.
    Description: Published
    Description: 105440
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Stick-slip vs. stable sliding fault behaviour: A case-study using a multidisciplinary approach in the volcanic region of Mt. Etna (Italy) (2020)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-26
    Description: In active volcanic zones, fault dynamics is considerably fast but it is often difficult to separate the pattern of nearly continuous large-scale volcanic processes (inflation/deflation processes, flank instability) from impulsive episodes such as dyke intrusions or coseismic fault displacements. At Etna, multidisciplinary studies on active faults whose activity does not strictly depend on volcanic processes, are relatively few. Here we present the case-study of the San Leonardello fault, an active structure located in the eastern flank of Mt. Etna characterised by a well-known seismic history. This fault saw renewed activity in May 2009, when pre-seismic creeping along the southern segment preceded an MW 4.0 earthquake in the northern segment, followed by some twenty-five aftershocks. Later, in March–April 2016, creep events reactivated the southern section of the same fault. Both the seismic and aseismic phenomena were recorded by the seismic and GNSS networks of INGV-Osservatorio Etneo, and produced surface faulting that left a footprint in the pattern of ground deformation detected by the InSAR measurements. We demonstrate that the integration of multidisciplinary data collected for volcano surveillance may shed light on different aspects of fault dynamics, and allow understanding how coseismic slip and creep alternate in space and time along the strike. Moreover, we use findings from our independent datasets to propose a conceptual model of the San Leonardello fault, taking into account behaviour and previous constraints from fault-based seismic hazard analyses. Although the faulting mechanisms described here occur at a very small scale compared with those of a purely tectonic setting, this case-study may represent a perfect natural lab for improving knowledge of seismogenic processes, also in other fault zones characterised by stick slip vs. stablesliding fault behaviour.
    Description: Published
    Description: 228554
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Fault ; Earthquake ; Creep ; Seismotectonics ; Behaviour ; Mt. Etna volcano ; 04.07. Tectonophysics ; 04.06. Seismology ; 04.03. Geodesy
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 58
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    The role of trapped fluids during the development and deformation of a carbonate/shale intra-wedge tectonic mélange (Mt. Massico, Southern Apennines, Italy) (2020)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-26
    Description: Numerous studies exist on exhumed tectonic mélanges along subduction channels whereas, in accretionary wedge interiors, deformation mechanisms and related fluid circulation in tectonic mélanges are still underexplored. We combine structural and microstructural observations with geochemical (stable and clumped isotopes and isotope composition of noble gases in fluid inclusions of calcite veins) and U-Pb geochronological data to define deformation mechanisms and syn-tectonic fluid circulation within the Mt. Massico intra-wedge tectonic mélange, located in the inner part of the central-southern Apennines accretionary wedge, Italy. This mélange developed by shear deformation at the base of a clastic succession. Deformation was characterized by disruption of the primary bedding, mixing, and deformation of relicts of competent olistoliths and strata within a weak matrix of deformed clayey and marly interbeds. Recurrent cycles of mutually overprinting fracturing/veining and pressure-solution processes generated a block-in-matrix texture. The geochemical signatures of syntectonic calcite veins suggest calcite precipitation in a closed system from warm (108°-147 °C) paleofluids, with δ18O vlaues between þ9‰ and 14‰, such as trapped pore waters after extensive 18O exchange with the local limestone host rock and/or derived by clay dehydration processes at T 〉 120 °C. The 3He/4He ratios in fluid inclusions are lower than 0.1 Ra, indicating that He was exclusively sourced from the crust. We conclude that: (1) intraformational rheological contrasts, inherited trapped fluids, and low-permeability barriers such as marlyshaly matrix, can promote the generation of intra-wedge tectonic mélanges and the development of transient fluid overpressure; (2) clay-rich tectonic mélanges, developed along intra-wedge décollement layers, may generate low-permeability barriers hindering the fluid redistribution within accretionary wedges.
    Description: Published
    Description: 104086
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Tectonic mélange ; Fluid-rock interaction ; Stable and clumped isotopes ; Noble gases ; Fold and thrust belt ; 04.04. Geology
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  • 59
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    Physics-based simulation of sequences with multiple main shocks in Central Italy (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-26
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©:The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. All rights reserved
    Description: The application of a physics-based earthquake simulator to Central Italy allowed the compilation of a synthetic seismic catalogue spanning 100 000 yr, containing more than 300 000 M ≥ 4.0 simulated earthquakes, without the limitations that real catalogues suffer in terms of completeness, homogeneity and time duration. The seismogenic model upon which we applied the simulator code was derived from version 3.2.1 of the Database of Individual Seismogenic Sources (DISS; http://diss.rm.ingv.it/diss/), selecting, and modifying where appropriate, all the fault systems that are recognized in the portion of Central Italy considered in this study, with a total of 54 faults. Besides tectonic stress loading and static stress transfer as in the previous versions, the physical model on which the latest version of our simulation algorithm is based also includes the Rate and State constitutive law that helps to reproduce Omori’s law. One further improvement in our code was also the introduction of trapezoidalshaped faults that perform better than known faults. The resulting synthetic seismic catalogue exhibits typical magnitude, space and time features which are comparable to those in real observations. These features include the total seismic moment rate, the earthquake magnitude distribution, and the short- and medium-term earthquake clustering. A typical aspect of the observed seismicity in Central Italy, aswell as across thewhole Italian landmass and elsewhere, is the occurrence of earthquake sequences characterized by multiple main shocks of similar magnitude. These sequences are different from the usual earthquake clusters and aftershock sequences, since they have at least two main shocks of similar magnitude. Therefore, special attentionwas devoted to verifyingwhether the simulated catalogue includes this notable aspect. For this purpose, we developed a computer code especially for this work to count the number of multiple events contained in a seismic catalogue under a quantitative definition. We found that the last version of the simulator code produces a slightly larger number of multiple events than the previous versions, but not as large as in the real catalogue. A possible reason for this drawback is the lack of components such as pore-pressure changes due to fluid-diffusion in the adopted physical model.
    Description: Published
    Description: 526–542
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 60
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    To forty more years of Political Geography (2022)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Political Geography, Elsevier, 92, pp. 102581-102581, ISSN: 0962-6298
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-30
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 61
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    Incorporation of Na and S in bamboo coral skeletons (2022)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Chemical Geology, Elsevier, 597, pp. 120795-120795, ISSN: 0167-6695
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-30
    Description: Ocean environmental conditions can be inferred from the chemical composition of bamboo coral skeletons. The high magnesium calcite internodes of these long-living octocorals may therefore represent a potential archive for seawater properties such as salinity or temperature where instrumental time series are absent. To extend these time series into the past using a natural archive the principles of temperature and salinity signal incorporation into cold-water coral skeletal material need to be investigated. Since skeletal Na and S concentrations have been proposed as environmental proxies, we mapped the spatial distribution and concentration of these elements in two Atlantic specimens of Keratoisis grayi (family Isididae). These measurements were conducted with an electron microprobe applying a spatial resolution of 4 μm. The mean apparent distribution coefficient of Na/Ca for the two samples was within 2.5 and 2.8*10−4, while that of S shows a similar depletion relative to seawater with 3.8 and 3.6*10−3. The two elements show an inverse correlation in bamboo coral skeletons. The mean apparent distribution coefficient of Na is similar to that of abiotic calcites. This similarity can be interpreted as the absence of significant vital effects for skeletal Na/Ca. Hence it corroborates the idea that the average skeletal composition of bamboo corals holds the potential to record past seawater conditions. In contrast, it appears unlikely that the spatial variations of the element distribution of seemingly simultaneously precipitated material along growth rings are exclusively controlled by environmental factors. We further exclude Rayleigh fractionation, ion-specific pumping, and Ca/proton exchange as the driver of Na and S distribution in bamboo corals. Instead, we adapt a calcification model originally proposed for scleractinians to bamboo corals. This model can explain the observed distribution of Na and S in the skeleton by a combination of Ca/proton pumping, bicarbonate active transport, and the formation of an organic skeletal matrix. The adapted model can further be used to predict the theoretical behaviour of other elements and disentangle vital effects from external factors influencing compositional features. It is therefore a useful tool for future studies on the potential of bamboo corals as environmental archives.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Using diffraction losses of X‐rays in a single crystal for determination of its lattice parameters as well as for monochromator calibration (2022)
    International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-04
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉A way has been developed to measure the unit‐cell parameters of a single crystal just from an energy scan with X‐rays, even when the exact energy of the X‐rays is not well defined due to an error in the pitch angle of the monochromator. The precision of this measurement reaches 〈italic〉da〈/italic〉/〈italic〉a〈/italic〉 ∼ 1 × 10〈sup〉−5〈/sup〉. The method is based on the analysis of diffraction losses of the beam, transmitted through a single crystal (the so‐called `glitch effect'). This method can be easily applied to any transmissive X‐ray optical element made of single crystals (for example, X‐ray lenses). The only requirements are the possibility to change the energy of the generated X‐ray beam and some intensity monitor to measure the transmitted intensity. The method is agnostic to the error in the monochromator tuning and it can even be used for determination of the absolute pitch (or 2gθ) angle of the monochromator. Applying the same method to a crystal with well known lattice parameters allows determination of the exact cell parameters of the monochromator at any energy.〈/p〉
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Diffraction losses (glitches) at certain energies of the X‐ray beam, transmitted through a single crystal, can be used for lattice parameters determination as well as for calibrating the monochromator (absolute pitch angle and the unit‐cell parameter).〈boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="graphic" xml:lang="en"〉〈graphic position="anchor" id="jats-graphic-1" xlink:href="urn:x-wiley:16005775:jsy2ay5590:jsy2ay5590-fig-0001"〉 〈alt-text〉image〈/alt-text〉 〈/graphic〉〈/boxed-text〉〈/p〉
    Keywords: ddc:548 ; X‐ray glitches ; diffraction losses ; unit‐cell parameter ; single‐crystal X‐ray optics ; monochromator calibration
    Language: English
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    Modelling and physico-chemical constraints to the 4.5 ka Agnano-Monte Spina Plinian eruption (Campi Flegrei, Italy) (2020)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Description: The 4.5 ka trachytic Plinian eruption of Agnano-Monte Spina is the largest magnitude event of the past 5 ka at Campi Flegrei caldera. The complete eruptive sequence consists of six members, three of which, named A, B and D, are characterized by the association of fallout and pyroclastic density current (PDC) deposits well preserved at proximal locations. In this study, we analyze the textural characteristics of the pumice clasts of the three major fallout deposits (A1, B1, D1) and of their associated PDC deposits (A2, B2, D2), and link them to the physical properties of magma in order to investigate conduit fluid dynamics. A combination of data (field work, grain-size and density measurements, vesicle number densities and size distributions, crystal content, water content) is used to set up the source term conditions for numerical simulations. Each fall/PDC transition is accompanied by distinctive changes in textural properties of the juveniles, recognized by a lowering in vesicle number densities of about one order of magnitude (from 108 to 107 cm−3), indicating a significant decrease in the magma ascent rate. Melt inclusions show a marked decrease in volatile content recurrent at each fall/PDC transition and indicate that the three main pulses of the eruption were fed by distinct and progressively deeper magma batches. Numerical simulations, taking into account magma properties derived from the textural analyses, and variations in initial water content, show decreases in the exit velocities and Mass Discharge Rate (MDR) consistent with such fall/PDC transitions. Different initial water contents together with changes in conduit diameters allow us to simulate the different column heights reconstructed for the three Plinian phases. The reconstructed scenario for the Agnano-Monte Spina eruption involves a stop-start behavior and a top-down trigger for the most voluminous and intense eruptive episode D.
    Description: Published
    Description: 119301
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Campi flegrei ; Plinian eruptions ; Textural analysis ; VSD ; CSD ; Numerical modeling
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Sliding modes in the management of renewable resources (2022)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Automatica, Elsevier, 144, pp. 110487-110487, ISSN: 0005-1098
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-23
    Description: The presence of tipping points in ecological systems implies abrupt changes in the dynamics of the ecosystem. In these piecewise-smooth dynamical systems sliding dynamics, i.e., dynamics on the switching boundary, have been reported for population models. However, the question whether or not, and if so under which conditions, sliding dynamics may occur in an optimally controlled system have not yet been studied. We explore this issue in a simple harvesting model with two regimes, and find that optimal sliding may occur if regular steady states do not exist. Hence, sliding dynamics may be part of an optimal policy.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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    Combining reverse Monte Carlo analysis of X‐ray scattering and extended X‐ray absorption fine structure spectra of very small nanoparticles (2022)
    International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-21
    Description: Finite size effects in partial pair distribution functions generate artefacts in the scattering structure factor and scattering intensity. It is shown how they can be overcome using a binned version of the Debye scattering equation. Accordingly, reverse Monte Carlo simulations are used for very small nanoparticles of LaFeO3 with diameters below 10 nm to simultaneously analyse X‐ray scattering data and extended X‐ray absorption fine structure spectra at the La K and Fe K edges. The structural information obtained is consistent regarding local structure and long‐range order.
    Description: Computing scattering intensity using the Debye scattering equation after binning interatomic distances avoids finite size artefacts and is efficient enough for simultaneous refinement of scattering data and extended X‐ray absorption spectra by reverse Monte Carlo simulations.
    Keywords: ddc:548 ; extended X‐ray absorption fine structure ; EXAFS ; wide‐angle X‐ray scattering ; WAXS ; reverse Monte Carlo ; RMC ; nanocrystals ; LaFeO3
    Language: English
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    Distribution of phycotoxins in Última Esperanza Province during the PROFAN expedition 2019 (2022)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Progress in Oceanography, Elsevier, 206, pp. 102851, ISSN: 00796611
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-01
    Description: Harmful Algae Blooms pose an increasing threat to the public health and economic stability of Southern Chile, particularly to the aquaculture industries. This fieldwork performed during the PROFAN expedition from 12th to 22nd November 2019 extends the knowledge on the distribution of marine toxin-producing species in the difficult to access Última Esperanza Province in the Magallanes Region. Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning toxins with high relative abundances of saxitoxin and lipophilic toxins dominated by yessotoxins, pectenotoxins and domoic acid were detected at nearly each sampling station. The respective toxin-producing organisms are mainly from the genus Alexandrium and Dinophysis. Furthermore, the first detection of pinnatoxin-G (PnTx-G) in Chilean waters strongly indicates the presence of the dinoflagellate Vulcanodinium rugosum.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Potential erodibility of semi‐arid steppe soils derived from aggregate stability tests (2022)
    Koza, Moritz ; Pöhlitz, Julia ; Prays, Aleksey ; [et al.]
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-26
    Description: Erosion is a severe threat to the sustainable use of agricultural soils. However, the structural resistance of soil against the disruptive forces steppe soils experience under field conditions has not been investigated. Therefore, 132 topsoils under grass‐ and cropland covering a large range of physico‐chemical soil properties (sand: 2–76%, silt: 18–80%, clay: 6–30%, organic carbon: 7.3–64.2 g kg−1, inorganic carbon: 0.0–8.5 g kg−1, pH: 4.8–9.5, electrical conductivity: 32–946 μS cm−1) from northern Kazakhstan were assessed for their potential erodibility using several tests. An adjusted drop‐shatter method (low energy input of 60 Joule on a 250‐cm3 soil block) was used to estimate the stability of dry soil against weak mechanical forces, such as saltating particles striking the surface causing wind erosion. Three wetting treatments with various conditions and energies (fast wetting, slow wetting, and wet shaking) were applied to simulate different disruptive effects of water. Results indicate that aggregate stability was higher for grassland than cropland soils and declined with decreasing soil organic carbon content. The results of the drop‐shatter test suggested that 29% of the soils under cropland were at risk of wind erosion, but only 6% were at high risk (i.e. erodible fraction 〉60%). In contrast, the fast wetting treatment revealed that 54% of the samples were prone to become “very unstable” and 44% “unstable” during heavy rain or snowmelt events. Even under conditions comparable to light rain events or raindrop impact, 53–59% of the samples were “unstable.” Overall, cropland soils under semi‐arid conditions seem much more susceptible to water than wind erosion. Considering future projections of increasing precipitation in Kazakhstan, we conclude that the risk of water erosion is potentially underestimated and needs to be taken into account when developing sustainable land use strategies. Highlights Organic matter is the important binding agent enhancing aggregation in steppe topsoils. Tillage always declines aggregate stability even without soil organic carbon changes. All croplands soil are prone to wind or water erosion independent of their soil properties. Despite the semi‐arid conditions, erosion risk by water seems higher than by wind.
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; climate change ; land use ; soil organic carbon ; soil texture ; water erosion ; wind erosion
    Language: English
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    X‐ray diffraction with micrometre spatial resolution for highly absorbing samples (2022)
    International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-21
    Description: X‐ray diffraction with high spatial resolution is commonly used to characterize (poly)crystalline samples with, for example, respect to local strain, residual stress, grain boundaries and texture. However, the investigation of highly absorbing samples or the simultaneous assessment of high‐Z materials by X‐ray fluorescence have been limited due to the utilization of low photon energies. Here, a goniometer‐based setup implemented at the P06 beamline of PETRA III that allows for micrometre spatial resolution with a photon energy of 35 keV and above is reported. A highly focused beam was achieved by using compound refractive lenses, and high‐precision sample manipulation was enabled by a goniometer that allows up to 5D scans (three rotations and two translations). As experimental examples, the determination of local strain variations in martensitic steel samples with micrometre spatial resolution, as well as the simultaneous elemental distribution for high‐Z materials in a thin‐film solar cell, are demonstrated. The proposed approach allows users from the materials‐science community to determine micro‐structural properties even in highly absorbing samples.
    Description: A demonstration of high‐resolution micro X‐ray diffraction at high photon energies for highly absorbing samples.
    Keywords: ddc:548 ; X‐ray diffraction ; high spatial resolution ; high photon energy ; X‐ray fluorescence ; goniometers
    Language: English
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    Vertical SOC distribution and aromatic carbon in centuries old charcoal‐rich Technosols (2022)
    Bonhage, Alexander ; Raab, Thomas ; Schneider, Anna ; [et al.]
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-21
    Description: Charcoal‐rich Technosols on century‐old relict charcoal hearths (RCHs) are the subject of ongoing research regarding potential legacy effects that result from historic charcoal production and subsequent charcoal amendments on forest soil properties and forest ecosystems today. RCHs consist mostly of Auh horizons that are substantially enriched in soil organic carbon (SOC), of which the largest part seems to be of pyrogenic origin (PyC). However, the reported range of SOC and PyC contents in RCH soil also suggests that they are enriched in nonpyrogenic SOC. RCH soils are discussed as potential benchmarks for the long‐term influence of biochar amendment and the post‐wildfire influences on soil properties. In this study, we utilised a large soil sample dataset (n = 1245) from 52 RCH sites in north‐western Connecticut, USA, to quantify SOC contents by total element analysis. The contents of condensed highly aromatic carbon as a proxy for black carbon (BC) were predicted by using a modified benzene polycarboxylated acid (BPCA) marker method in combination with diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy‐based partial least square regression (r2 = 0.89). A high vertical spatial sampling resolution allowed the identification of soil organic matter (SOM) enrichment and translocation processes. The results show an average 75% and 1862% increase in TOC and BPCA‐derived carbon, respectively, for technogenic Auh horizons compared to reference soils. In addition to an increase in aromatic properties, increased carboxylic properties of the RCH SOC suggest self‐humification effects of degrading charcoal and thereby the continuing formation of leachable aromatic carbon compounds, which could have effects on pedogenic processes in buried soils. Indeed, we show BPCA‐derived carbon concentrations in intermediate technogenic Cu horizons and buried top/subsoils that suggest vertical translocation of highly aromatic carbon originating in RCH Auh horizons. Topmost Auh horizons showed a gradual decrease in total organic carbon (TOC) contents with increasing depth, suggesting accumulation of recent, non‐pyrogenic SOM. Lower aliphatic absorptions in RCH soil spectra suggest different SOM turnover dynamics compared to reference soils. Furthermore, studied RCH soils featured additional TOC enrichment, which cannot be fully explained now. Highlights BC to TOC ratio and high resolution vertical SOC distribution in 52 RCH sites were studied. RCH soils non‐BC pool was potentially different to reference soils. RCH soils feature TOC accumulation in the topmost horizon. There is BC translocation into buried soils on RCH sites.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; benzene polycarboxylated acid marker (BPCA) ; black carbon ; charcoal degradation ; charcoal kiln ; pyrogenic carbon ; relict charcoal hearth ; biochar
    Language: English
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    Domain Auto Finder (DAFi) program: the analysis of single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data from polycrystalline samples (2022)
    International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-21
    Description: This paper presents the Domain Auto Finder (DAFi) program and its application to the analysis of single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (SC‐XRD) data from multiphase mixtures of microcrystalline solids and powders. Superposition of numerous reflections originating from a large number of single‐crystal domains of the same and/or different (especially unknown) phases usually precludes the sorting of reflections coming from individual domains, making their automatic indexing impossible. The DAFi algorithm is designed to quickly find subsets of reflections from individual domains in a whole set of SC‐XRD data. Further indexing of all found subsets can be easily performed using widely accessible crystallographic packages. As the algorithm neither requires a priori crystallographic information nor is limited by the number of phases or individual domains, DAFi is powerful software to be used for studies of multiphase polycrystalline and microcrystalline (powder) materials. The algorithm is validated by testing on X‐ray diffraction data sets obtained from real samples: a multi‐mineral basalt rock at ambient conditions and products of the chemical reaction of yttrium and nitrogen in a laser‐heated diamond anvil cell at 50 GPa. The high performance of the DAFi algorithm means it can be used for processing SC‐XRD data online during experiments at synchrotron facilities.
    Description: This paper presents the Domain Auto Finder (DAFi) program and its application to the analysis of single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (SC‐XRD) data from multiphase mixtures of microcrystalline solids and powders. The DAFi algorithm is designed to quickly find subsets of reflections from individual domains in a whole set of SC‐XRD data and neither requires a priori crystallographic information nor is limited by the number of phases or individual domains.
    Keywords: ddc:548 ; single‐crystal domain auto finder ; DAFi ; single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction ; polycrystalline samples ; multiphase mixtures
    Language: English
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  • 71
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    High‐resolution XEOL spectroscopy setup at the X‐ray absorption spectroscopy beamline P65 of PETRA III (2022)
    Levcenko, S. ; Biller, R. ; Pfeiffelmann, T. ; [et al.]
    International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-25
    Description: A newly designed setup to perform steady‐state X‐ray excited optical luminescence (XEOL) spectroscopy and simultaneous XEOL and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy characterization at beamline P65 of PETRA III is described. The XEOL setup is equipped with a He‐flow cryostat and state‐of‐the‐art optical detection system, which covers a wide wavelength range of 300–1700 nm with a high spectral resolution of 0.4 nm. To demonstrate the setup functioning, low‐temperature XEOL studies on polycrystalline CuInSe2 thin film, single‐crystalline GaN thin film and single‐crystalline ZnO bulk semiconductor samples are performed.
    Description: X‐ray excited optical luminescence (XEOL) spectroscopy is increasingly important to understand the interplay between the optical properties, structure and chemical composition, providing insights into the mechanism of radiative recombination for a wide range of materials. This study demonstrates a newly implemented setup to perform steady‐state XEOL and simultaneous XEOL and XAFS characterizations at beamline P65 of PETRA III.
    Keywords: ddc:550.2 ; XEOL ; XAS ; CuInSe2 ; ZnO ; GaN
    Language: English
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  • 72
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    A site-specific earthquake ground response analysis using a fault-based approach and nonlinear modeling: the Case Pente site (Sulmona, Italy) (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-17
    Description: In this paper we present the ground response analyses (GRA) of a site where an industrial facility is planned. Because of its location on an active normal fault system known as a relevant seismic gap, the Mt. Morrone Fault system (MMF), and at the edge of a basin filled with slow velocity continental deposits, a inter-disciplinary and non-standard approach has been applied to assess the seismic input of the dynamic numerical analyses. It includes geological, seismological, geotechnical and engineering contributions. Two fault scenarios, MMF1 and MMF2, were considered and scenario-based (SSHA) and probabilistic (time-dependent, TD, and time-independent, TI) seismic hazard (PSHA) analyses were implemented. Comparison among the spectra corresponding to the 90th percentile of the SSHA statistical distribution and the PSHA average ones, shows that the MMF2 has values similar to the TD model. The SSHA 90th percentile distribution was selected as target spectra to retrieve the seismic input for GRA. Nonlinear numerical simulations of seismic wave propagation were implemented to derive surface ground motion parameters. GRA acceleration response spectra and their PGA are notably higher, and thus on the safety site, than those obtained following the Italian code approach for seismic resistant buildings. These results confirm that a scenario-based methodology can better capture the shaking effect in near-field conditions, avoiding possibly unconservative underestimations of the seismic actions and in view of a more robust performance-based approach used by engineers for either new design and/or assessment/retrofit purposes of the built environment.
    Description: Published
    Description: 106970
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 73
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    The power of connection: Navigating the constraints of community engagement for disaster risk reduction (2022)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, Elsevier, 68, pp. 102699-102699, ISSN: 2212-4209
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Community engagement for disaster risk reduction has become central to participatory emergency management. In neoliberal contexts, publics are increasingly portrayed as responsible for preparing and responding to disasters, while at the same time and contradictorily, they are engaged by the state to encourage compliance with top-down policies and directives. This is happening while incremental budget cuts reinforce the operationalisation of community engagement as information dissemination and service delivery. In this paper we scrutinize the ways in which community engagement for disaster risk reduction has been governed and translated into practice in Australia, focusing on the experiences of the practitioners and community representatives doing community engagement in a peri-urban and multi-hazard area of Victoria. We identify and discuss the role of connectors—individuals fostering connections within and among state-led emergency services, local government, and publics—in negotiating change and building relationships. Our analysis shows how the political economy of state-led emergency management hinders the efforts of connectors, contributing to disconnection between publics, community representatives, and emergency agencies. In navigating the bureaucratic, temporal, and financial constraints of state-led community engagement, the emergency sector is missing opportunities to listen, learn, and work with connectors. The result is missed opportunities to build meaningful connections with publics for disaster risk reduction.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 74
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    Defining Hydrogeological Site Similarity with Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Malden, US
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-28
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Hydrogeological information about an aquifer is difficult and costly to obtain, yet essential for the efficient management of groundwater resources. Transferring information from sampled sites to a specific site of interest can provide information when site‐specific data is lacking. Central to this approach is the notion of site similarity, which is necessary for determining relevant sites to include in the data transfer process. In this paper, we present a data‐driven method for defining site similarity. We apply this method to selecting groups of similar sites from which to derive prior distributions for the Bayesian estimation of hydraulic conductivity measurements at sites of interest. We conclude that there is now a unique opportunity to combine hydrogeological expertise with data‐driven methods to improve the predictive ability of stochastic hydrogeological models.〈/p〉
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉〈italic〉Article impact statement〈/italic〉: This article introduces hierarchical clustering as a method for defining a notion of site similarity; the aim of this method is to improve the derivation of prior distributions in Bayesian methods in hydrogeology.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: https://github.com/GeoStat-Bayesian/geostatDB
    Description: https://github.com/GeoStat-Bayesian/exPrior
    Description: https://github.com/GeoStat-Bayesian/siteSimilarity
    Keywords: ddc:551.49 ; hydrogeological sites ; hydrogeological modeling
    Language: English
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  • 75
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    Automatic bad‐pixel mask maker for X‐ray pixel detectors with application to serial crystallography (2022)
    International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-14
    Description: X‐ray crystallography has witnessed a massive development over the past decade, driven by large increases in the intensity and brightness of X‐ray sources and enabled by employing high‐frame‐rate X‐ray detectors. The analysis of large data sets is done via automatic algorithms that are vulnerable to imperfections in the detector and noise inherent with the detection process. By improving the model of the behaviour of the detector, data can be analysed more reliably and data storage costs can be significantly reduced. One major requirement is a software mask that identifies defective pixels in diffraction frames. This paper introduces a methodology and program based upon concepts of machine learning, called robust mask maker (RMM), for the generation of bad‐pixel masks for large‐area X‐ray pixel detectors based on modern robust statistics. It is proposed to discriminate normally behaving pixels from abnormal pixels by analysing routine measurements made with and without X‐ray illumination. Analysis software typically uses a Bragg peak finder to detect Bragg peaks and an indexing method to detect crystal lattices among those peaks. Without proper masking of the bad pixels, peak finding methods often confuse the abnormal values of bad pixels in a pattern with true Bragg peaks and flag such patterns as useful regardless, leading to storage of enormous uninformative data sets. Also, it is computationally very expensive for indexing methods to search for crystal lattices among false peaks and the solution may be biased. This paper shows how RMM vastly improves peak finders and prevents them from labelling bad pixels as Bragg peaks, by demonstrating its effectiveness on several serial crystallography data sets.
    Description: Attention is focused on perhaps the biggest bottleneck in data analysis for serial crystallography at X‐ray free‐electron lasers, which has not received serious enough examination to date. An effective and reliable way is presented to identify anomalies in detectors, using machine learning and recently developed mathematical methods in the field referred to as `robust statistics'. image
    Keywords: ddc:548 ; bad‐pixel masks ; robust mask maker ; machine learning ; robust statistics ; serial crystallography
    Language: English
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  • 76
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    Updates in SASfit for fitting analytical expressions and numerical models to small‐angle scattering patterns (2022)
    International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-22
    Description: Small‐angle scattering is an increasingly common method for characterizing particle ensembles in a wide variety of sample types and for diverse areas of application. SASfit has been one of the most comprehensive and flexible curve‐fitting programs for decades, with many specialized tools for various fields. Here, a selection of enhancements and additions to the SASfit program are presented that may be of great benefit to interested and advanced users alike: (a) further development of the technical basis of the program, such as new numerical algorithms currently in use, a continuous integration practice for automated building and packaging of the software, and upgrades on the plug‐in system for easier adoption by third‐party developers; (b) a selection of new form factors for anisotropic scattering patterns and updates to existing form factors to account for multiple scattering effects; (c) a new type of a very flexible distribution called metalog [Keelin (2016). Decis. Anal.13, 243–277], and regularization techniques such as the expectation‐maximization method [Dempster et al. (1977). J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B (Methodological), 39, 1–22; Richardson (1972) J. Opt. Soc. Am.62, 55; Lucy (1974). Astron. J.79, 745; Lucy (1994). Astron. Astrophys.289, 983–994], which is compared with fits of analytical size distributions via the non‐linear least‐squares method; and (d) new structure factors, especially for ordered nano‐ and meso‐scaled material systems, as well as the Ornstein–Zernike solver for numerical determination of particle interactions and the resulting structure factor when no analytical solution is available, with the aim of incorporating its effects into the small‐angle scattering intensity model used for fitting with SASfit.
    Description: Recent enhancements and additions to the SASfit program are discussed, including anisotropic scattering models, flexible distributions, regularization techniques such as the expectation‐maximization method, and new structure factors, especially for ordered nano‐ and meso‐scaled material. The Ornstein–Zernike solver for numerical structure factors is also introduced. image
    Keywords: ddc:548 ; small‐angle scattering ; SASfit ; numerical models ; structure factors ; form factors ; regularization techniques
    Language: English
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  • 77
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    Extending MIEZE spectroscopy towards thermal wavelengths (2022)
    International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-05
    Description: A modulation of intensity with zero effort (MIEZE) setup is proposed for high‐resolution neutron spectroscopy at momentum transfers up to 3 Å〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉, energy transfers up to 20 meV and an energy resolution in the microelectronvolt range using both thermal and cold neutrons. MIEZE has two prominent advantages compared with classical neutron spin echo. The first is the possibility to investigate spin‐depolarizing samples or samples in strong magnetic fields without loss of signal amplitude and intensity. This allows for the study of spin fluctuations in ferromagnets, and facilitates the study of samples with strong spin‐incoherent scattering. The second advantage is that multi‐analyzer setups can be implemented with comparatively little effort. The use of thermal neutrons increases the range of validity of the spin‐echo approximation towards shorter spin‐echo times. In turn, the thermal MIEZE option for greater ranges (TIGER) closes the gap between classical neutron spin‐echo spectroscopy and conventional high‐resolution neutron spectroscopy techniques such as triple‐axis, time‐of‐flight and back‐scattering. To illustrate the feasibility of TIGER, this paper presents the details of its implementation at the RESEDA beamline at FRM II by means of an additional velocity selector, polarizer and analyzer.
    Description: A modulation of intensity with zero effort (MIEZE) setup is proposed for high‐resolution neutron spectroscopy at momentum transfers up to 3 Å〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉, energy transfers up to 20 meV and an energy resolution in the microelectronvolt range using both thermal and cold neutrons.
    Keywords: ddc:548 ; neutron resonant spin echo ; MIEZE ; quasielastic scattering ; thermal neutrons
    Language: English
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  • 78
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    Extreme conditions research using the large‐volume press at the P61B endstation, PETRA III (2022)
    International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-05
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Penetrating, high‐energy synchrotron X‐rays are in strong demand, particularly for high‐pressure research in physics, chemistry and geosciences, and for materials engineering research under less extreme conditions. A new high‐energy wiggler beamline P61 has been constructed to meet this need at PETRA III in Hamburg, Germany. The first part of the paper offers an overview of the beamline front‐end components and beam characteristics. The second part describes the performance of the instrumentation and the latest developments at the P61B endstation. Particular attention is given to the unprecedented high‐energy photon flux delivered by the ten wigglers of the PETRA III storage ring and the challenges faced in harnessing this amount of flux and heat load in the beam. Furthermore, the distinctiveness of the world's first six‐ram Hall‐type large‐volume press, Aster‐15, at a synchrotron facility is described for research with synchrotron X‐rays. Additionally, detection schemes, experimental strategies and preliminary data acquired using energy‐dispersive X‐ray diffraction and radiography techniques are presented.〈/p〉
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The operation of the P61B endstation large‐volume press and optics of P61 are reviewed. The instrumentation at P61B, including the large‐volume press, detection systems and data acquisition for 〈italic〉in situ〈/italic〉 high‐pressure experiments are described.〈boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="graphic" xml:lang="en"〉〈graphic position="anchor" id="jats-graphic-1" xlink:href="urn:x-wiley:16005775:jsy2ju5040:jsy2ju5040-fig-0001"〉 〈/graphic〉〈/boxed-text〉〈/p〉
    Keywords: ddc:550.724 ; extreme conditions ; high‐pressure ; large‐volume press ; energy‐dispersive X‐ray diffraction ; radiography ; resistive heating ; ultrasonic interferometry ; acoustic emissions detection
    Language: English
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  • 79
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    An evaluation of the C/N ratio of the mantle from natural CO2-rich gas analysis: Geochemical and cosmochemical implications (2020)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-31
    Description: The terrestrial carbon to nitrogen ratio is a key geochemical parameter that can provide information on the nature of Earth's precursors, accretion/differentiation processes of our planet, as well as on the volatile budget of Earth. In principle, this ratio can be determined from the analysis of volatile elements trapped in mantle-derived rocks like mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB), corrected for fractional degassing during eruption. However, this correction is critical and previous attempts have adopted different approaches which led to contrasting C/N estimates for the bulk silicate Earth (BSE) (Marty and Zimmermann, 1999; Bergin et al., 2015). Here we consider the analysis of CO2-rich gases worldwide for which a mantle origin has been determined using noble gas isotopes in order to evaluate the C/N ratio of the mantle source regions. These gases experienced little fractionation due to degassing, as indicated by radiogenic ⁎ values (where 4He and 40Ar* are produced by the decay of U+Th, and 40K isotopes, respectively) close to the mantle production/accumulation values. The C/N and ratios of gases investigated here are within the range of values previously observed in oceanic basalts. They point to an elevated mantle C/N ratio (∼350-470, molar) higher than those of potential cosmochemical accretionary endmembers. For example, the BSE C/N and ratios (160-220 and , respectively) are higher than those of CM-CI chondrites but within the range of CV-CO groups. This similarity suggests that the Earth accreted from evolved planetary precursors depleted in volatile and moderately volatile elements. Hence the high composition of the BSE may be an inherited feature rather than the result of terrestrial differentiation. The and ratios of the surface (atmosphere plus crust) and of the mantle cannot be easily linked to any known chondritic composition. However, these compositions are consistent with early sequestration of carbon into the mantle (but not N and noble gases), permitting the establishment of clement temperatures at the surface of our planet.
    Description: Published
    Description: 116574
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 80
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    Magma ascent at floor-fractured craters diagnoses the lithospheric stress state on the Moon (2020)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-31
    Description: On the Moon, floor-fractured craters (FFCs) present evidence of horizontal crater-centred magmatic intrusions. Crater floor uplift and moat formation indicate that these sill intrusions occur at shallow depths ( 〈 10 km). While a recent study has demonstrated that magma ascent below FFCs and mare-filled craters was triggered by crater unloading, the mechanism leading to the emplacement of shallow sills is still poorly understood. Here we show that the local stress field due to crater unloading is also responsible for the horizontalisation of the magma flow leading to sill-like intrusions. On Earth, caldera formation has been shown to similarly affect magma trajectories, inducing the formation of a sill-shaped storage zone. Magma ascent to shallow depths below FFCs was however made possible because of a regional tensional stress caused by mare loading on the lunar lithosphere. We show that the tensional stress generated by elastic lithosphere deformation caused by mare loading combined to the local crater stress field can explain the distribution of FFCs on the Moon, with the smallest FFCs being located over a larger distance range from the mare. In particular, FFCs distribution around Oceanus Procellarum is consistent with an average load thickness of ∼ 1 km. This study suggests that magma trajectory in the crust of terrestrial planets can provide a diagnostic of the lithospheric structure and state of stress.
    Description: Published
    Description: 115889
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 81
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    Quantifying electron cascade size in various irradiated materials for free‐electron laser applications (2022)
    International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-12
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Studying electron‐ and X‐ray‐induced electron cascades in solids is essential for various research areas at free‐electron laser facilities, such as X‐ray imaging, crystallography, pulse diagnostics or X‐ray‐induced damage. To better understand the fundamental factors that define the duration and spatial size of such cascades, this work investigates the electron propagation in ten solids relevant for the applications of X‐ray lasers: Au, B〈sub〉4〈/sub〉C, diamond, Ni, polystyrene, Ru, Si, SiC, Si〈sub〉3〈/sub〉N〈sub〉4〈/sub〉 and W. Using classical Monte Carlo simulation in the atomic approximation, we study the dependence of the cascade size on the incident electron or photon energy and on the target parameters. The results show that an electron‐induced cascade is systematically larger than a photon‐induced cascade. Moreover, in contrast with the common assumption, the maximal cascade size does not necessarily coincide with the electron range. It was found that the cascade size can be controlled by careful selection of the photon energy for a particular material. Photon energy, just above an ionization potential, can essentially split the absorbed energy between two electrons (photo‐ and Auger), reducing their initial energy and thus shrinking the cascade size. This analysis suggests a way of tailoring the electron cascades for applications requiring either small cascades with a high density of excited electrons or large‐spread cascades with lower electron densities.〈/p〉
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Studying electron‐ and X‐ray‐induced electron cascades in solids is essential for various research areas at free‐electron laser facilities, such as X‐ray imaging, crystallography, pulse diagnostics or X‐ray‐induced damage. To better understand the fundamental factors that define the duration and spatial size of such cascades, this work investigates the electron propagation in ten solids relevant for the applications of X‐ray lasers. Using classical Monte Carlo simulation in the atomic approximation, the dependence of the cascade size on the incident electron or photon energy and on the target parameters is studied.〈boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="graphic" xml:lang="en"〉〈graphic position="anchor" id="jats-graphic-1" xlink:href="urn:x-wiley:16005775:jsy2gb5123:jsy2gb5123-fig-0001"〉 〈/graphic〉〈/boxed-text〉〈/p〉
    Keywords: ddc:548 ; electron cascades ; X‐ray free‐electron lasers ; Monte Carlo ; photon‐induced cascade ; electron transport
    Language: English
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  • 82
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    Ice sheet decline and rising atmospheric CO2 control AMOC sensitivity to deglacial meltwater discharge (2022)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Global and Planetary Change, Elsevier, 210, pp. 103755-103755, ISSN: 0921-8181
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-19
    Description: The last deglaciation was characterized by a sequence of abrupt climate events thought to be linked to rapid changes in Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). The sequence includes a weakening of the AMOC after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) during Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1), which ends with an abrupt AMOC amplification at the transition to the Bølling/Allerød (B/A). This transition occurs despite persistent deglacial meltwater fluxes that counteract vigorous North Atlantic deep-water formation. Using the Earth system model COSMOS with a range of deglacial boundary conditions and reconstructed deglacial meltwater fluxes, we show that deglacial CO2 rise and ice sheet decline modulate the sensitivity of the AMOC to these fluxes. While declining ice sheets increase the sensitivity, increasing atmospheric CO2 levels tend to counteract this effect. Therefore, the occurrence of a weaker HS1 AMOC and an abrupt AMOC increase in the presence of meltwater, might be explained by these effects, as an alternative to or in combination with changes in the magnitude or routing of meltwater discharge.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 83
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    Petrological and noble gas features of Lascar and Lastarria volcanoes (Chile): Inferences on plumbing systems and mantle characteristics (2020)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-16
    Description: Lascar (5592 m a.s.l.) and Lastarria (5697 m a.s.l.) are Chilean active stratovolcanoes located in the Central Volcanic Zone (CVZ; 16°S to 28°S) that have developed on top of a 71 km thick continental crust. Independently of the similarities in their Plinian/Vulcanian eruptive styles, their complex magmatic feeding structures and the origins of their magmatic fluids still necessitate constraints in order to improve the reliability of geochemical monitoring. Here we investigate the petrography, bulk-rock chemistry, and mineral chemistry in products from the 1986–1993 explosive eruptive cycle at Lascar and from several Holocene eruptive sequences at Lastarria. These data are integratedwith measurements of the noble gas isotopes in fluid inclusions (FIs) of minerals fromthe same products as well as in fumarole gases. The geochemistry ofminerals and rocks shows that the studied products belong to high-K–calc-alkaline series typical of subduction-related settings, and provide evidence of differentiation,mixing, and crustal assimilation that are higher at Lastarria. The contribution of slab sediments and fluids to magma genesis in thewedge is limited, suggesting a homogeneous mantle beneath CVZ. The deepest crystallization processes occurred at variable levels of the plumbing systems according to the lithostatic equivalent depths estimated with mineral equilibrium geobarometers at Lascar (15–29 km) and Lastarria (~20–40 km). The 40Ar/36Ar and 4He/20Ne ratios in FIs and fumarole gases indicate the presence of some degree of air contamination in the fluids from both volcanoes. The 3He/4He values at Lascar (6.9–7.3 Ra) are relatively homogeneous and comparable to those of fumaroles, suggesting a main zone of magma crystallization and degassing. In contrast, the 3He/4He values at Lastarria (5.31–8.01 Ra) vary over a wide range, suggesting various magma storage levels and providing evidence of crustal contamination, as indicated by the rock chemistry.We argue thatmantle beneath the two volcanoes has a MORB-like signature of 3He/4He, while local crustal contamination explains the lower ratios measured at Lascar.
    Description: Published
    Description: 105615
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Lascar ; Lastarria ; noble gases ; Fluid inclusions ; Crustal contamination ; Mantle wedge ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 04.01. Earth Interior
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 84
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    Origin and hazard of CO2 and H2S emissions in the Lavinio-Tor Caldara zone (Metropolitan City of Rome Capital, Italy) (2020)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-21
    Description: Highlights -He isotopic R/Ra of emitted gas decreases moving away from Albani Hills volcano -Total soil flux of endogenous CO2 at Lavinio-Tor Caldara is estimated to 20 ton/day -Tor Caldara gas has the highest H2S content (up to 6.3 vol.%) of central Italy -Repetition of soil CO2 flux survey shows that flux increases during earthquakes -Gas air concentration monitoring shows that H2S is the killer gas of small animals
    Description: Gas hazard was evaluated at Lavinio-Tor Caldara, the southernmost gas-discharging zone of the quiescent Albani Hills volcano in central Italy. Also this zone, like the other gas discharges of this volcanic complex, is located above a structural high of the buried Mesozoic carbonate basement, which represents the main reservoir for gas rising from depth. All extensional faults affecting the carbonates are leaking pathways along which gas may rise to the surface creating hazardous conditions. Gas is dominated by CO2 (〉90 vol.%) and the second component at Lavinio-Tor Caldara is H2S that displays the highest content (4.0-6.3 vol.%) of all gas manifestations of the Rome region. This H2S enrichment corresponds to a marked decrease in 3He/4He (R/Ra) isotopic ratio suggesting that gas was contaminated in an upper crustal environment. The main gas discharge occurs at the natural reserve of Tor Caldara, in zones where past sulphur mining excavations removed the surficial impervious cover, or along a ditch. Comparison of the results of four soil CO2 flux surveys carried out in 2005-2018 at Miniera Grande within Tor Caldara, indicates that the highest soil CO2 release occurs shortly after local earthquakes. Continuous monitoring of CO2 and H2S air concentration and of wind speed has been carried out for four months in twelve anomalous gas realising sites of Tor Caldara. Results indicate that only H2S reaches lethal concentration (〉250 ppm) near the soil in no wind nights, explaining the presence of small dead animals. At Lavinio, the main soil gas release occurs near old water wells that likely produced a gas blowout during drilling. A total release of over 20 tons/day from 2.93 km2 of gas of endogenous origin, has been estimated for the Lavinio-Tor Caldara area by a detailed soil CO2 flux survey (2,572 measurement points over an area of 3.65 km2). The main structural lineaments of the area have N-S and W-E directions, but also NE-SW and NW-SE directions are well represented. Some sectors of the investigated area are exposed to a severe gas hazard for people and animals and precautionary measures should be adopted.
    Description: Published
    Description: 106985
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: •Lavinio-Tor Caldara, southern periphery of Albani Hills volcano ; •He isotopic R/Ra values ; •Soil CO2 flux surveys ; •CO2 and H2S air concentration monitoring ; •Gas chemistry ; •Gas hazard assessment ; 04. Solid Earth
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 85
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    Geophysical reconstruction of buried geological features and site effects estimation of the Middle Valle Umbra basin (central Italy) (2020)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-14
    Description: The Middle Valle Umbra (central Italy) is a NW-SE 20 km long and 10 km wide Quaternary extensional basin located in the internal sector of the Apennine chain. This area historically experienced strong earthquakes that caused significant damages to the outstanding historical heritage. The same area has been recently hit by the 2016 seismic sequence of Amatrice-Visso-Norcia. With the aim to reconstruct the buried geological structures of the basin, a multi-technique geophysical approach was performed. An extended campaign of ambient noise measurements was carried out to investigate the subsurface setting, and to identify the main geological units. We performed three 2D passive arrays to analyze two different sites within the basin; their aperture was between 150 and 752 m for one site and of 48 m for the other site, to characterize the geological units in terms of sediment thickness and shear-wave velocity profile. Data collected were processed with f-k and MSPAC analysis to extract dispersion curves with good resolution in a frequency range of 0.5–10 Hz and 4.5–18 Hz for the two sites respectively. Spectral ratios were computed for every single station ambient noise measurement performed and for all the stations of the bigger array. Our final target is to extend these results to the whole valley, in order to retrieve the attitude of the main geological units and propose a reliable reconstruction of the subsurface geometry of the basin. Another point of this work is to evaluate the site response in the middle of the valley through the analysis of the earthquakes recorded by the accelerometric station IT.CSA (belonging to the Italian Civil Protection) and the corresponding recordings of the nearby rock station IT.ASS.
    Description: Published
    Description: id 105543
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: site effects ; seismic site characterization ; subsoil model ; spectral ratios ; Valle Umbra ; passive arrays ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 86
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    Shallow submarine mud volcano in the northern Tyrrhenian sea, Italy (2020)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-16
    Description: Submarine methane emissions in the Tuscan Archipelago have been studied since the 1960s, both for economic and research purposes. Offshore gas seepage is mainly concentrated southward and westward of Elba island, along N–S faults related to recent extensional activity in the Tuscan shelf and N–S trending positive magnetic anomalies, which have been interpreted as serpentinites associated with ophiolitic rocks due to their very high magnetic susceptibility. This study focuses on the gas chemistry of a new emission site corresponding to a shallow water mud volcano in the Scoglio d’Affrica area. The Scoglio d’Affrica seep has a gas composition typical of mud volcanoes, with methane as the prevalent component (95 vol%) and minor gases which include carbon dioxide, nitrogen and trace amounts of helium. The combined stable C and H isotope composition of CH4 (δ13C and δ2H) and the enrichment in heavy carbon isotopes of CO2, highlight a prevalent secondary microbial origin for these fluids (δ13C~− 35.8‰ vs VPDB; δ2H~− 166‰ vs VSMOW; δ13CCO2 up to + 21.7‰ vs VPDB). Thus, in spite of the occurrence of positive magnetic anomalies, a possible abiotic origin of methane is excluded. Moreover, the gas from the mud volcano is extremely depleted in 3He and presents typical 3He/4He ratios of a geological setting in which radiogenic crustal helium is strongly predominant. A photo-mosaic of the mud volcano is also reported. A possible connection with other submarine methane emissions in the Tuscan Archipelago is limited to emissions located few kilometers from the Scoglio d’Affrica area. Recent emissions in the area suggest that gases similar in composition from distinct reservoirs, find their way to the surface from Eocene deposits in different time intervals and through different faults and fractures, placed along the Elba-Pianosa ridge.
    Description: Published
    Description: 104722
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Submarine emission ; Mud volcano ; Methane ; Gas geochemistry ; Tyrrhenian sea ; Geochemistry ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 87
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    Noble gas magmatic signature of the Andean Northern Volcanic Zone from fluid inclusions in minerals (2020)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-21
    Description: Trace volatile elements like He are key for understanding the mantle source signature of magmas and to better constrain the relative roles of subduction and crustal processes to the variability of along-arc chemical and isotopic signatures of magmatic fluids. Here we report on noble gas abundances and isotopic data of Fluid Inclusions (FIs) in eruptive products and/or fumarolic gases from the Colombia-Ecuador segment of Andean Northern Volcanic Zone (NVZ). FIs in olivine phenocrysts from Ecuador (El Reventador, Cotopaxi and Tungurahua) yield air-normalized corrected 3He/4He ratios of 7.0–7.4 RA, within the MORB range (8 ± 1 RA). With exception of the Cotopaxi lavas (opx 〈 〈oliv.), these are indistinguishable of those obtained for their cogenetic orthopyroxene pairs and of gas emissions previously reported in literature. Olivine phenocrysts from Nevado del Ruiz fissure lavas also yield the highest 3He/4He (8.5 ± 0.3 RA) for this volcanic system, which is in the range of fumarolic gases for Galeras (previously reported as high as 8.8 RA and here measured to a maximum of 8.3 ± 0.1 RA). Our dataset highlights disparities between isotope signatures of eruptive products from Ecuador (avg. ~7.2 RA) and those reported for the Colombian portion of the NVZ (avg. ~8.5 RA). Previous studies on the geochemistry of erupted products put in evidence significant along-arc variations ascribed either to the involvement of different slab components, or to variable depths of evolution of arc magmas within the continental crust. However, the same variation is not discernible in the signature of noble gases, especially helium, from FIs and gas emissions analyzed in this study, with little inter-variation between Cotopaxi, Reventador and Tungurahua (all within 0.2 RA from the Ecuador average of 7.2) and Galeras and Nevado del Ruiz, whose maximum values differ by ~0.3 RA. We therefore suggest a homogenous MORB-like 3He/4He signature for the mantle wedge beneath this arc segment, whereby along-arc variations in crustal thickness (from 〈35 km at the northernmost part of the segment to ≥50 km at the Ecuadorian arc segment) may factor largely into the variability recorded on our data set. The first CO2/3He ratios obtained in FIs from Andean rocks support the hypothesis of increasing crustal contamination from Colombia to Ecuador, concomitant with increasing crustal thicknesses under the respective arc regions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 119966
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Andean Volcanic Belt ; Northern Volcanic Zone ; Fluid inclusions ; Noble gases ; Helium ; Crustal thickness ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 04.01. Earth Interior
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  • 88
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    Explosive mud volcano eruptions and rafting of mud breccia blocks (2020)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-21
    Description: Azerbaijan hosts the highest density of subaerial mud volcanoes on Earth. The morphologies characterizing these structures vary depending on their geological setting, frequency of eruption, and transport processes during the eruptions. Lokbatan is possibly the most active mud volcano on Earth exhibiting impressive bursting events every ∼5 years. These manifest with impressive gas flares that may reach more than 100 meters in height and the bursting of thousands of m3 of mud breccia resulting in spectacular mud flows that extend for more than 1.5 kilometres. Unlike other active mud volcanoes, to our knowledge Lokbatan never featured any visual evidence of enduring diffuse degassing (e.g., active pools and gryphons) at and near the central crater. Only a very small new-born gryphon was intermittently active in 2019 (with negligible flow). Gas flux measurements completed with a closed-chamber technique reveal extremely low values throughout the structure with average CH4 = 1.36 tonnes yr−1 and CO2 = 11.85 tonnes yr−1. We suggest that after eruptive events, the mud breccia is able to seal the structure preventing gas release and thereby promoting overpressure build-up in the subsurface. This self-sealing mechanism allows a fast recharge of Lokbatan resulting in more frequent and powerful explosive episodes. Our field observations reveal the presence of large (up to ∼50,000 m3) stratified blocks that were originally part of a large crater cone. These blocks were rafted 〉1 km from the vent on top of mud breccia flows. We use a model based on lubrication theory to show that it is reasonable to transport blocks this large and this far provided the underlying mud flow was thick enough and the blocks are large enough. The presence of large rafted blocks is not a unique phenomenon observed at Lokbatan mud volcano and is documented at other large-scale structures both onshore and offshore.
    Description: Published
    Description: 116699
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Lokbatan mud volcano Azerbaijan ; rafted mud breccia megablocks ; gas flux ; self-sealing ; explosive eruptions ; lubrication theory ; Solid Earth ; Geochemistry
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  • 89
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    The Variscan subduction inheritance in the Southern Alps Sub-Continental Lithospheric Mantle: Clues from the Middle Triassic shoshonitic magmatism of the Dolomites (NE Italy) (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-16
    Description: Although often speculated, the link between theMiddle Triassic shoshonitic magmatismat the NE margin of the Adria plate and the subduction-related metasomatismof the Southern Alps Sub-Continental Lithospheric Mantle (SCLM) has never been constrained. In this paper, a detailed geochemical and petrological characterization of the lavas, dykes and ultramafic cumulates belonging to the shoshonitic magmatic event that shaped the Dolomites (Southern Alps) was used tomodel the composition and evolution of the underlying SCLMin the time comprised between the Variscan subduction and the opening of the Alpine Tethys. Geochemical models and numerical simulations enabled us to define that 5–7% partial melting of an amphibole + phlogopite-bearing spinel lherzolite, similar to the Finero phlogopite peridotite, can account for the composition of the primitive Mid-Triassic SiO2- saturated to -undersaturated melts with shoshonitic affinity (87Sr/86Sri = 0.7032–0.7058; 143Nd/144Ndi = 0.51219–0.51235; Mg # ~ 70; ~1.1 wt% H2O). By taking into account the H2O content documented in mineral phases from the Finero phlogopite peridotite, it is suggested that the Mid-Triassic SCLM source was able to preserve a significant enrichment and volatile content (600–800 ppm H2O) for more than 50 Ma, i.e. since the slab-related metasomatismconnected to the Variscan subduction. The partialmelting of a Finero-like SCLM represents the exhaustion of the subduction-related signature in the Southern Alps lithosphere that predated the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic asthenospheric upwelling related to the opening of the Alpine Tethys.
    Description: Published
    Description: 105856
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 90
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    Overcoming excessive numerical dissipation in SPH modeling of water waves (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-16
    Description: Excessive nonphysical energy dissipation is a problem in Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) when modeling free surface waves, resulting in a significant decrease in wave amplitude within a few wavelengths for progressive waves. This dissipation poses a limitation to the physical scale of SPH applications involving water wave propagation. Some prior solutions to this wave decay problem rely on elaborate schemes, which require a complex, or non-straightforward, implementation. Other approaches demand large smoothing lengths that lead to longer simulation times and potential degradation of the results. In this work we present an approach based on a kernel gradient correction. Our scheme is fully 3D and solves the main known drawbacks of kernel gradient corrections, such as instabilities and lack of momentum conservation. The latter is ensured by adopting an averaged correction matrix, so as to conserve reciprocity during particle interactions. We test our model with a standing wave in a basin and a progressive wave train in a wave tank, and in both cases no nonphysical decay occurs. A comparison to an approach based on large smoothing factors shows advantages both in quality of the results and simulation time.
    Description: Published
    Description: 104018
    Description: 3IT. Calcolo scientifico
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: WCSPH ; Wave propagation ; Coastal engineering ; Kernel correction ; Decay
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 91
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    Efficiency analysis of social protection expenditure in the Italian Regions (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-16
    Description: The attention and demand for greater social protection is increasing among the populations of all European countries. It is difficult to identify which of the structures and infrastructures, sectors and regional budgets are inefficient and/or negligent in respect of providing more social protection. In the political sphere the problem is examined from a qualitative point of view, because it is essential to have a valid decisional support system that provides useful information for structural and economic intervention programs devised to improve social protection. Regional spending on social protection is a fundamental component of individual well-being. This work is precisely aimed at assessing individual well-being in terms of technical expenses efficiency in the Italian Regions. Stochastic frontier analysis and a nonparametric deterministic model structure are the tools used to investigate the social protection determinants in the paper.
    Description: Published
    Description: 100965
    Description: 4TM. Web e Social
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Data envelopment analysis ; Technical efficiency ; Efficiency analysis
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 92
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    Distributed normal faulting in the tip zone of the South Alkyonides Fault System, Gulf of Corinth, constrained using 36Cl exposure dating of late-Quaternary wave-cut platforms (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-16
    Description: The geometry, rates and kinematics of active faulting in the region close to the tip of a major crustal-scale normal fault in the Gulf of Corinth, Greece, are investigated using detailed fault mapping and new absolute dating. Fault offsets have been dated using a combination of 234U/230Th coral dates and in situ 36Cl cosmogenic exposure ages for sediments and wave-cut platforms deformed by the faults. Our results show that deformation in the tip zone is distributed across as many as eight faults arranged within ~700 m across strike, each of which deforms deposits and landforms associated with the 125 ka marine terrace of Marine Isotope Stage 5e. Summed throw-rates across strike achieve values as high as 0.3–1.6 mm/yr, values that are comparable to those at the centre of the crustal-scale fault (2–3 mm/yr from Holocene palaeoseismology and 3–4 mm/yr from GPS geodesy). The relatively high deformation rate and distributed deformation in the tip zone are discussed in terms of stress enhancement from rupture of neighbouring crustal-scale faults and in terms of how this should be considered during fault-based seismic hazard assessment.
    Description: Published
    Description: 104063
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Crustal Deformation ; Active Faults ; Absolute Dating ; Marine terraces
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 93
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    Orbital tuning for the middle Eocene to early Oligocene Monte Cagnero Section (Central Italy): Paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic implications (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-24
    Description: During the middle Eocene to early Oligocene Earth transitioned from a greenhouse to an icehouse climate state. The interval comprises the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO; ~40 Ma) and a subsequent long-term cooling trend that culminated in the Eocene-Oligocene transition (EOT; ~34 Ma) with the Oi-1 glaciation. Here, we present a refined calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy and an orbitally tuned age model for the Monte Cagnero (MCA) section spanning the middle Eocene to the early Oligocene (~41 to ~33 Ma). Spectral analysis of magnetic susceptibility (MS) data displays strong cyclicities in the orbital frequency band allowing us to tune the identified 405 kyr eccentricity minima in the MS record to their equivalents in the astronomical solution. Our orbitally tuned age model allows us to estimate the position and duration of polarity chrons (C18 to C13) and compare them with other standard and orbitally tuned ages. We were also able to constrain the timing and duration of the MECO event, which coincides with a minimum in the 2.4 Myr and 405 kyr eccentricity cycles. Our study corroborates the previous estimated age for the base of the Rupelian stage (33.9 Ma) and estimates the base of the Priabonian stage in the MCA section to be at 37.4 Ma. Finally, calcareous nannofossils with known paleoenvironmental preferences suggest a gradual shift from oligotrophic to meso-eutrophic conditions with an abrupt change at ~36.8 Ma. Besides, nannofossil assemblages suggest that enhanced nutrient availability pre- ceded water cooling at the late Eocene. Altogether, this evidence points to a poorly developed water column stratification prior to the cooling trend.
    Description: Published
    Description: 110563
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: 5A. Ricerche polari e paleoclima
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 94
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    The migration path of Gondwanian dinosaurs toward Adria: New insights from the Cretaceous of NW Sicily (Italy) (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-16
    Description: The increasing dinosaur record from Italy questioned classic palaeogeographic scenarios for the Central Mediterranean area and suggest the proximity of landmass areas and a geographical connection between Gondwana and Laurasia during Cretaceous times. Besides several track-sites and exceptionally-preserved specimens (e.g. Scipionyx samniticus), the Italian dinosaur record also consists of isolated bones, among which the bone fragment of a theropod discovered in north-western Sicily. The bone occurs in a shallowwater carbonate succession (i.e. Pizzo Muletta, Palermo Mountains) pertaining to the Panormide Carbonate Platform (PCP). The bone was previously ascribed to the Cenomanian, strongly supporting the hypothesis of a land bridge connecting Gondwana and Adria via PCP. More recently, new sedimentological and biostratigraphic studies on the Pizzo Muletta succession have been carried out. The obtained results allow to predate the stratigraphic position of the dinosaur bone to the late Aptianeearly Albian and to assess a detailed AptianeCenomanian evolution of this sector of the PCP. In particular, the karstic overprint of Cenomanian rudist limestones indicate a subaerial exposure of the platform preceding its drowning during latest Cenomanian times. The new assumptions allow to extend the temporal duration of the intermittent land bridge between Gondwana and Laurasia at least from Aptian to Cenomanian times and to add further evidences of the dominant tectonic control affecting the Western Tethys during Cretaceous times.
    Description: Published
    Description: 104919
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 95
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    Dissolved and particulate iron redox speciation during the LOHAFEX fertilization experiment (2022)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Marine Pollution Bulletin, Elsevier, 184, pp. 114161-114161, ISSN: 0025-326X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-03
    Description: The redox speciation of iron was determined during the iron fertilization LOHAFEX and for the first time, the chemiluminescence assay of filtered and unfiltered samples was systematically compared. We hypothesize that higher chemiluminescence in unfiltered samples was caused by Fe(II) adsorbed onto biological particles. Dissolved and particulate Fe(II) increased in the mixed layer steadily 6-fold during the first two weeks and decreased back to initial levels by the end of LOHAFEX. Both Fe(II) forms did not show diel cycles downplaying the role of photoreduction. The chemiluminescence of unfiltered samples across the patch boundaries showed strong gradients, correlated significantly to biomass and the photosynthetic efficiency and were higher at night, indicative of a biological control. At 150 m deep, a secondary maximum of dissolved Fe(II) was associated with maxima of nitrite and ammonium despite high oxygen concentrations. We hypothesize that during LOHAFEX, iron redox speciation was mostly regulated by trophic interactions.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 96
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    Functional repertoire convergence of distantly related eukaryotic plankton lineages abundant in the sunlit ocean (2022)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Cell Genomics, Elsevier, 2(5), pp. 100123-100123, ISSN: 2666-979X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-03
    Description: Marine planktonic eukaryotes play critical roles in global biogeochemical cycles and climate. However, their poor representation in culture collections limits our understanding of the evolutionary history and genomic underpinnings of planktonic ecosystems. Here, we used 280 billion Tara Oceans metagenomic reads from polar, temperate, and tropical sunlit oceans to reconstruct and manually curate more than 700 abundant and widespread eukaryotic environmental genomes ranging from 10 Mbp to 1.3 Gbp. This genomic resource covers a wide range of poorly characterized eukaryotic lineages that complement long-standing contributions from culture collections while better representing plankton in the upper layer of the oceans. We performed the first, to our knowledge, comprehensive genome-wide functional classification of abundant unicellular eukaryotic plankton, revealing four major groups connecting distantly related lineages. Neither trophic modes of plankton nor its vertical evolutionary history could completely explain the functional repertoire convergence of major eukaryotic lineages that coexisted within oceanic currents for millions of years.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 97
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    Temporal and spatial distribution of epibenthic dinoflagellates in the Kattegat-Skagerrak, NE Atlantic–Focus on Prorocentrum lima and Coolia monotis (2022)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Harmful Algae, Elsevier, 118, pp. 102318-102318, ISSN: 1568-9883
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: Epibenthic dinoflagellates occur globally and include many toxin-producing species of concern to human health and benthic ecosystem function. Such benthic harmful algal blooms (BHABs) have been well described from tropical and sub-tropical coastal environments, but assessments from north temperate waters, e.g., northern Europe, and polar regions are scarce. The present study addressed the biodiversity and distribution of potentially toxic epibenthic dinoflagellate populations along the west coast of Sweden (Kattegat-Skagerrak) by morphological and molecular criteria. Morphological analysis conducted by light- and electron-microscopy was then linked by DNA barcoding of the V4 region of 18S rRNA gene sequences to interpret taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships. The presence of two potentially toxigenic epibenthic dinoflagellates, Prorocentrum lima (Ehrenberg) F.Stein and Coolia monotis Meunier was confirmed, along with a description of their spatial and temporal distribution. For P. lima, one third of the cell abundance values exceeded official alarm thresholds for potentially toxic BHAB events (〉1000 cells gr–1 of macroalgae fresh weight). The same species were recorded consecutively for two summers, but without significant temporal variation in cell densities. SEM analyses confirmed the presence of other benthic Prorocentrum species: P. fukuyoi complex, P. cf. foraminosum and P. cf. hoffmannianum. Analyses of the V4 region of the 18S rRNA gene also indicated the presence P. compressum, P. hoffmannianum, P. foraminosum, P. fukuyoi, and P. nanum. These findings provide the first biogeographical evidence of toxigenic benthic dinoflagellates along the west coast of Sweden, in the absence of ongoing monitoring to include epibenthic dinoflagellates. Harmful events due to the presence of Coolia at shellfish aquaculture sites along the Kattegat-Skagerrak are likely to be rather marginal because C. monotis is not known to be toxigenic. In any case, as a preliminary assessment, the results highlight the risk of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) events caused by P. lima, which may affect the development and sustainability of shellfish aquaculture in the region.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 98
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    Apparent biogeographical trends in Alexandrium blooms for northern Europe: Â identifying links to climate change and effective adaptive actions (2022)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Harmful Algae, Elsevier, 119, pp. 102335-102335, ISSN: 1568-9883
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: The marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium Halim represents perhaps the most significant and intensively studied genus with respect to species diversity, life history strategies, toxigenicity, biogeographical distribution, and global magnitude and consequences harmful algal blooms (HABs). The socioeconomic impacts, environmental and human health risks, and mitigation strategies for toxigenic Alexandrium blooms have also been explored in recent years. Human adaptive actions based on future scenarios of bloom dynamics and shifts in biogeographical distribution under climate-change parameters remain under development and not yet implemented on a regional scale. In the CoCliME (Co-development of climate services for adaptation to changing marine ecosystems) project these issues were addressed with respect to past, current and anticipated future status of key HAB genera and expected benefits of enhanced monitoring. Data on the distribution and frequency of Alexandrium blooms related to paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) events from key CoCliME Case Study areas, comprising the North Sea and adjacent Kattegat-Skagerrak, Norwegian Sea, and Baltic Sea, and eastern North Atlantic marginal seas, were evaluated in a contemporary and historical context over the past several decades. The first evidence of possible biogeographical expansion of Alexandrium taxa into eastern Arctic gateways was provided from DNA barcoding signatures. Various key climate change indicators, such as salinity, temperature, and water-column stratification, relevant to Alexandrium bloom initiation and development were identified. The possible influence of changing variables on bloom dynamics, magnitude, frequency and spatial and temporal distribution were interpreted in the context of regional ocean climate models. These climate change impact indicators may play key roles in selecting for the occurrence and diversity of Alexandrium species within the broader microeukaryote communities. For example, shifts to higher temperature and lower salinity regimes predicted for the southern North Sea indicate the potential for increased Alexandrium blooms, currently absent from this area. Ecological and socioeconomic impacts of Alexandrium blooms and effects on fisheries and aquaculture resources and coastal ecosystem function are evaluated, and, where feasible, effective adaptation strategies are proposed herein as emerging climate services.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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    Spatial and biological oceanographic insights into the massive fish-killing bloom of the haptophyte Chrysochromulina leadbeateri in northern Norway (2022)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Harmful Algae, Elsevier, 118, pp. 102287-102287, ISSN: 1568-9883
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: A bloom of the fish-killing haptophyte Chrysochromulina leadbeateri in northern Norway during May and June 2019 was the most harmful algal event ever recorded in the region, causing massive mortalities of farmed salmon. Accordingly, oceanographic and biodiversity aspects of the bloom were studied in unprecedented detail, based on metabarcoding and physico-chemical and biotic factors related with the dynamics and distribution of the bloom. Light- and electron-microscopical observations of nanoplankton samples from diverse locations confirmed that C. leadbeateri was dominant in the bloom and the primary cause of associated fish mortalities. Cell counts by light microscopy and flow cytometry were obtained throughout the regional bloom within and adjacent to five fjord systems. Metabarcoding sequences of the V4 region of the 18S rRNA gene from field material collected during the bloom and a cultured isolate from offshore of Tromsøy island confirmed the species identification. Sequences from three genetic markers (18S, 28S rRNA gene and ITS region) verified the close if not identical genetic similarity to C. leadbeateri from a previous massive fish-killing bloom in 1991 in northern Norway. The distribution and cell abundance of C. leadbeateri and related Chrysochromulina species in the recent incident were tracked by integrating observations from metabarcoding sequences of the V4 region of the 18S rRNA gene. Metabarcoding revealed at least 14 distinct Chrysochromulina variants, including putative cryptic species. C. leadbeateri was by far the most abundant of these species, but with high intraspecific genetic variability. Highest cell abundance of up to 2.7 × 107 cells L − 1 of C. leadbeateri was found in Balsfjorden; the high cell densities were associated with stratification near the pycnocline (at ca. 12 m depth) within the fjord. The cell abundance of C. leadbeateri showed positive correlations with temperature, negative correlation with salinity, and a slightly positive correlation with ambient phosphate and nitrate concentrations. The spatio-temporal succession of the C. leadbeateri bloom suggests independent initiation from existing pre-bloom populations in local zones, perhaps sustained and supplemented over time by northeastward advection of the bloom from the fjords.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 100
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    Metagenomic survey of the microbiome of ancient Siberian permafrost and modern Kamchatkan cryosols (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  EPIC3microLife, Oxford University Press, 3(1), pp. 1-15, ISSN: 2633-6693
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-30
    Description: In the context of global warming, the melting of arctic permafrost raises the threat of a re-emergence of microorganisms some of which were shown to remain viable in ancient frozen soils for up to half a million years. In order to evaluate this risk, it is of interest to acquire a better knowledge of the composition of the microbial communities found in this understudied environment. Here we present a metagenomics analysis of 12 soil samples from Russian Arctic and subarctic pristine areas: Chukotka, Yakutia, and Kamchatka, including 9 permafrost samples collected at various depths. These large datasets (9.2 1011 total bp) were assembled (525,313 contigs 〉 5kb), their encoded protein contents predicted, then used to perform taxonomical assignments of bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic organisms, as well as DNA viruses. The various samples exhibited variable DNA contents and highly diverse taxonomic profiles showing no obvious relationship with their locations, depths or deposit ages. Bacteria represented the largely dominant DNA fraction (95%) in all samples, followed by archaea (3.2%), surprisingly little eukaryotes (0.5%), and viruses (0.4%). Although no common taxonomic pattern was identified, the samples shared unexpected high frequencies of β-lactamase genes, almost 0.9 copy/bacterial genome. In addition of known environmental threats, the particularly intense warming of the Arctic might thus enhance the spread of bacterial antibiotic resistances, today's major challenge in public health. β-lactamases were also observed at high frequency in other types of soils, suggesting their general role in the regulation of bacterial populations.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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