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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (1,671)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (72)
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
  • Physics
  • 1980-1984
  • 1940-1944
  • 1925-1929  (1,743)
  • 1929  (887)
  • 1927  (856)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1980-1984
  • 1940-1944
  • 1925-1929  (1,743)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 43 (1927), S. 521-546 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The literature on the general subject of freezing and survival both in plants and in animals is briefly reviewed and a bibliography given. Insects representing three ecological groups, (1) the oak borers - exposed to temperature extremes normally; (2) stored-products insects representing supposedly a tropical or subtropical group, and, (3) aquatic insects never exposed to temperatures lower than 0°C., were chosen for this study. Determinations of the freezing and undercooling points were made during the yearly cycle.Both the stored-products insects and the aquatic insects studied showed no periodicity in freezing or undercooling. The oak borers showed marked periodicity. The freezing-point varies directly with the moisture content. Cold-hardiness was produced experimentally by, (1) exposure of insects to low temperatures and, (2) by dehydration. Loss of cold-hardiness was produced experimentally by combinations of high temperature, food, and high relative humidity. The freezing-point ordinarily found corresponds with that of the blood. Repeated freezings of the same insect or tissue showed no hysteresis. There exists in certain insects a secondary freezing-point below that ordinarily found. Oak borers in summer condition die at the first freezing-point; in fully hardened condition they die at the secondary freezingpoint.
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  • 2
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 1-20 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ant Formica exsectoides F. builds mounds with some reference to sunlight, and measurements of internal temperatures have shown them higher in upper parts of the mound, but different in different faces of the mound - all higher than the earth outside the mound.Inside temperatures are not constant; they are due to the sunshine. The mound is so fabricated that the internal temperatures are conserved during the night. The ants make use of the differential internal temperatures for rearing broods.Some mounds show bilateral symmetry dependent upon sun exposure.Measurements of rate of running of these ants show a falling off with lower temperatures, and possibly this is one factor in the smaller development of northerly aspects of these mounds.
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  • 3
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 117-125 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the early cleavage stages of Ascaris the homologous chromosomes are of unequal length. Measurements show that these homologues fall into two sharply defined groups suggesting their biparental origin. The shorter are considered to have come from the male.As the age of the embryo increases, these differences between the chromosome mates tend to become less, and it is suggested that at some later period in the history of the animal this difference will entirely disappear in response to the effect of continued existence in a common environment. The length of the chromosomes is very slightly shortened during the early cleavage divisions, while the area of the equatorial cross-section of the cells becomes enormously reduced.
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  • 4
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 313-339 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The rates of oxygen consumption of single pupae of blowflies (Phormia terraenovae, Phormia regina, Lucilia sericata), of the flesh fly (Sarcophaga sarracenioides Aldrich), of the Mediterranean flour moth (Ephestia kuehniella), and of the bee moth (Galleria mellonella) during metamorphosis, until emergence, have been determined. The record for each pupa, with the exception of those of blowflies, is practically continuous day and night during the period of pupal development which lasted from 140 to 300 hours, according to the species, at the temperatures used. During pupal development there is first a period of decrease in rate, which is later followed by a steady increase until a short time before emergence, when a sudden decrease occurs.The ‘oxygen curves’ of the blowfly pupae (Diptera) are quite different from those of the flour-moth and bee-moth pupae (Lepidoptera), although all are of the same general U-shaped type. There are strong indications of a specific difference in the curves of the blow-fly pupae. The flour-moth pupae curves differ slightly from those of the bee-moth pupae. During the major part of development the rates of O2 consumption of pupae of both sexes of bee moth and flour moth are about the same, but near the end of metamorphosis the females have higher rates than the males. No such sex difference appears among the dipterous pupae used.
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  • 5
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 363-372 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The history of investigations on the contractile vacuole is reviewed briefly and brought up to date.The study of the contractile vacuole in Amoeba proteus is considered from standpoints of origin, structure, behavior, and function. The results are obtained from a prolonged study of normal organisms and from their reactions when introduced into conductivity water.The origin of vacuoles is studied by means of dark-field illumination which reveals the vacuole to be formed from a fusion and coalescence of extremely minute droplets.The retaining ‘wall’ of the contractile vacuole is not a permanent structure, but is in the nature of a condensation membrane, totally disappearing with each contraction.The loci of the contractile vacuoles are not permanent, but vacuoles are formed more or less at random. It is unlikely that they are supported in gelated areas, for amoebae with a dozen vacuoles are quite active and there is no interference with amoeboid movement.Conductivity water increases the size, number, and rate of contraction of contractile vacuoles, which suggests that they may function in maintaining an osmotic gradient as well as in the elimination of metabolic waste.
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  • 6
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 467-514 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The eggs of Corella develop in the atrial chamber of the parent at a pH below that of normal sea-water (pH 7.4 ±). When removed to normal sea-water in early stages and under certain other experimental conditions, larval development is more or less inhibited, the tail being most inhibited, the dorsal region somewhat less. The free larval stage may be eliminated and later development and metamorphosis may proceed normally to an advanced stage in the chorion and give rise to normal ascidians. The region most inhibited are, in general, those which possess the highest reducing power, as indicated by KMnO4. Experiments made in the attempt to control development all agree in indicating that the early stages are adjusted to a certain CO2 concentration approximately that of the atrial chamber and presumably near that of the body. Solutions of the same pH may or may not inhibit development according to their CO2 content.The tail, the region of highest reducing power in the embryo during its development, is most inhibited; the dorsal region, the next most rapidly reducing region, is next in degree of inhibition. All differences in reducing power disappear when, or soon after, the animals are killed by other agents before treatment with KMnO4.
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  • 7
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 89-115 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The investigation is based upon hemal nodes of dog, man, and sheep. The material can be arranged in a regressive series leading from a typical lymph node, except for the occurrence of blood in parenchyma and sinuses, to a lymphoid structure at a late stage of involution. These structures uniformly lack lymphatics. There is no evidence of direct luminal connection between the blood-vascular supply and the sinuses. The observation that certain cervical and subcutaneous lymph nodes of the rabbit undergo a myeloid metaplasia following atrophy and disjunction of their lymphatics is used as an explanatory key of hemal nodes. According to our view, hemal nodes represent stages in the involution of transient lymph nodes. Disjunction of the lymphatics leaves the sinuses filled with entrapped lymphocytes. These differentiate into erythrocytes. These red blood cells may disintegrate and pass into solution or be removed either by giant cells or mononuclear phagocytes. Late stages in this process are represented by small irregular masses of lymphocytes, with wide sinuses practically free of blood.
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  • 8
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 217-264 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A description is given of the cytoplasmic alterations in the ovarian egg of Limulus polyphemus leading to the formation of yolk. The nucleolus is found to arise by the confluence of substance which passes from the cytosome into the nucleus, and it is suggested that the chondriosomes, and possibly also the dictyosomes, are derived from an excess of this substance which accumulates in the cytosome. Chondriosomes and dictyosomes are not present in the oogonia, but appear first in oocytes after the formation of the nucleolus is completed.During oogenesis the nucleolus is very active and the greater part of its substance is passed back to the cytosome. By the application of the method of Bell and Doisy for the determination of phosphate in body fluids, the nucleolus is found to be richer in phosphorus than are the other constituents of the cell. The nucleolar emissions effect the transport of phosphorus from the nucleus to the cytosome, where it is used in the synthesis of yolk. The definitive yolk arises by the interaction of nucleolar emissions, chondriosomes, dictyosomes, and ground cytoplasm.
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  • 9
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 341-361 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Conjugating individuals of Metopus sigmoides fuse at the anterior end, the pair presenting the appearance of an inverted letter U. The micronucleus of each conjugant by two successive divisions forms four micronuclei. Three of each four degenerate and the fourth by division forms the pronuclei. Cytoplasm and pronuclei from one conjugant pass over into the other, leaving the old macronucleus and a minimum of cytoplasm behind in the shrunken pellicle of the smaller conjugant, which then separates from the larger one. In the larger exconjugant two pronuclei fuse, forming the functional synkaryon; the two residual pronuclei degenerate and disappear. The synkaryon divides. One of the daughter nuclei condenses into the new micronucleus, the other grows into the new macronucleus. The old macronucleus liquefies and is absorbed. The larger exconjugant, after losing its cilia, secretes a cyst wall about itself and becomes dormant. The whole process requires at least six days for its consummation.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In conjugation fusion occurs along the entire oral surfaces of the proboscides of Dileptus gigas. Two size-reducing divisions occur in rapid succession immediately preceding conjugation. Only one of the many micronuclei takes part in the process of nuclear reorganization. All other chromatic material is massed at this time in the posterior portions of the conjugants. The pronuclei are derived from the single active micronucleus, and interchange occurs immediately preceding the separation of the mating individuals. The fertilization nucleus divides to form two nuclei of diverse size. The smaller one produces thirty-two or sixty-four micronuclei, while the larger one divides to produce a like number of macronuclei, each of which finally breaks up into many chromatic granules which form the numerous densely staining nuclear derivatives which are characteristic of the vegetative stage of Dileptus gigas.In the early stages of this reorganization process specimens are frequently found with from two to eight distinct nuclei often arranged in a series as in a beaded nucleus. This condition probably explains the frequent references in literature regarding such a nuclear condition in Dileptus.Dileptus gigas has, accordingly, in the vegetative stage, a multinucleate condition with reference to the micronucleus and a fragmented or distributed condition with reference to the macronucleus.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: By the use of a satisfactory technique, excellently preserved spermatogenetic tissue was had both for Rattus rattus and Rattus norvegicus. The careful examination of twelve spermatogonial cells of the former species and of twenty in the latter species shows that R. rattus has forty diploid chromosomes and R. norvegicus, forty-two. A careful examination of the haploid cells of both species, both in the first and in the second spermatocyte divisions, confirms the diploid determinations.Both species have an unequal pair in the spermatogonial divisions and the finding of a similar unequal pair in the first spermatocyte division constitutes the evidence for an X-Y mechanism in each. A comparison of the morphology of the first spermatocyte tetrads in the two species reveals the presence of a large K-shaped chromosome in R. norvegicus which is not present in R. rattus. Furthermore, a comparison of the X-Y complex in both the spermatogonial and first spermatocyte divisions shows that these are morphologically different in the two species, the Y in particular being markedly dissimilar in size. A short discussion as to the bearing of these findings on the questions of the origins of the two species and their known intersterility is presented. The marked similarity of the tetrads of the black rat to those described for the mouse is noted.
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  • 12
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 13
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 29-87 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The anlage of the abducens musculature appears first at 24-25 somites as a condensation situated dorsal to the mandibular arch.The anlage of the superior oblique grows forward from a mesodermal condensation situated in the maxillomandibular region, termed for convenience the maxillomandibular condensation. This last consists of three parts: (1) the anlage of the superior oblique: (2) the anlage of the abducens musculature, and, (3) an intermediate region.The intermediate portion of the maxillomandibular mass forms a condensation with which the anlage of the abducens musculature fuses. Its fate is, therefore, similar to that of the so-called ‘muscle E’ of elasmobranchs, which has been described as fusing with the lateral rectus. How much muscle is formed from the intermediate condensation in the chick has not been determined.The development of the pyramidalis and quadratus nictitans muscles, derivatives of the abducens complex, is described.The premandibular head cavities are replaced by solid mesodermal condensations, on the surface of which the anlagen of the oculomotor muscles appear. The premandibular mass expands laterally and anteriorly over the bulbus, carrying the oculomotor muscles to their respective positions on the bulbus.Portions of the premandibular and maxillomandibular condensations not involved in eye-muscle formation take part in the formation of choroid and sclera.The growth shiftings of the eye muscles are analyzed. The order of their appearance is commented upon.
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  • 14
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    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 127-216 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study represents the first critical investigation on the development of the embryonic skull of the porcupine. A complete series of stages makes it possible to trace the developing chondrocranium from its first formation in precartilage to its later transformation into cartilage bone. Concurrent with this growth is the investment of the cartilaginous cranium by membrane bone.The very primitive nature of the chondrocranium offers an excellent opportunity to discuss the existing problems of the embryonic skull from a new angle. Evidence is presented in support of the assumption that the ala temporalis is the homologue of the cynodont epipterygoid. The lamina parietalis develops from a single chondrifying center, thus producing a different arrangement of parietal elements from that found in most mammals. New evidence as to the relationship of the dens epistrophei and basal plate is presented. The position of the internal carotid artery on entering the cranium is different from the condition found in most mammals and throws new light on the interpretation of surrounding structures. The presence of a structure comparable with the crista longitudinalis of Lacerta shows close affinity to the solum nasi of more primitive forms.The great specialization of the face is seen in the early and rapid growth of the membrane bones. The chondrocranium is long persistent and cartilage bone appears late in embryonic life.
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  • 15
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    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 16
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    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 417-465 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Observations indicate that this Balantidium from the guinea-pig is Balantidium coli, the form found in the pig and man. The lengths and breadths of this Balantidium and the ratios of length to breadth are very close to the measurements and ratios given by McDonald for B. coli. When plotted, the body lengths of the guinea-pig parasites appear in two groups, the smaller individuals being the exconjugants. Many of these exconjugants resemble Neiva's B. caviae. The structure of the Balantidium from the guinea-pig is essentially identical with that of B. coli as given by McDonald.Fission and conjugation of this ciliate follow the general course found in a number of other ciliates. During fission the micronucleus divides and the daughter micronuclei migrate to each end of the macronucleus before the latter divides. In conjugation there are two divisions of the micronucleus, one of these nuclei dividing to form the pronuclei. Pronuclear exchange and fusion are followed by a heteropolar division of the synkaryon, resulting in the formation of the new macronuclear and micronuclear anlagen.The parasite was found in the intestinal tissue of the host. No reproductive stages were found in the cysts. New hosts are invaded through contamination of the food and drink with the cysts.
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  • 17
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    Journal of Morphology 43 (1927), S. 347-385 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The development of the thigh musculature in a series of chick embryos is described and figured. In the earliest the muscular tissue is in the form of two distinct masses lying on opposite surfaces of the limb. Later, both divide into proximal and distal portions at the knee. The proximal portions, by a series of divisions, gradually attain the condition found in the adult thigh.The embryological findings tend to support the theory of the derivation of tetrapod limb musculature from the two opposed (dorsal and ventral) muscle masses of the paired fins of bony fish.The reptilian homologies of the ilio-trochanterici cannot be definitely ascertained from embryological evidence.The ischio-femoralis (= ischio-trochantericus), Previously regarded as dorsal, and the coccygeo-femorales, previously classed as incertae sedis, are in reality members of the ventral group.The distinction between ‘intrinsic’ and ‘extrinsic’ muscles inserting on the free limb appears to have no embryological or phylogenetic basis in fact.Double innervation (motor) is a primitive condition in tetrapods.Rotation of the avian pubis is correlated with an improved functioning of the obturator in the rotated position coupled with a lack of interference with the other musculature concerned.
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  • 18
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    Journal of Morphology 43 (1927), S. 547-555 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The diploid number of chromosomes obtained from counts of anaphases of the first somatic mitosis is found to be forty-four. Of these, seven have terminal, thirty-seven non-terminal attachment, giving a distribution of seven rods, thirteen V's, and twenty-four J's. The number is constant in all the fertilized eggs counted, indicating an XX-XY arrangement of the sex chromosomes.
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  • 19
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 253-279 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Technique. This work is based not only on the fixed preparations, but also on fresh cover-slip preparations treated with neutral red or 2 per cent osmic acid for a short time.Golgi elements and fatty yolk. The Golgi elements are hollow vesicular bodies with a distinct osmiophilic rim and a central osmiophobic substance. In the youngest oocyte they form a circumnuclear ring. Gradually the vesicles spread out, grow in size, store up fat in their interior, and give rise to the fatty yolk. On account of their higher refractive index, due to the presence of fat, the Golgi vesicles can be occasionally seen even in the young oocytes without any treatment.Mitochondria. The mitochondrial granules also form a circumnuclear ring and are later distributed uniformly.Albuminous yolk. The albuminous yolk is nucleolar in origin. Early in oogenesis, the nucleous buds off small, homogeneous, and highly chromatic particles in the cytoplasm, which sooner or later disappear. Subsequently, the nucleolus becomes less chromatic and develops vacuolar bodies in its interior, which, becoming vacuolated exactly like the parent nucleolus, migrate into the the cytoplasm. These bodies become more and more chromatic and travel toward the periphery of the egg, where they grow in size. Ultimately they break down into small, homogeneous, and highly chromatic bodies which are the definitive albuminous yolk spheres and which subsequently grow enormously in size.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Maturation of the male germ cells in the rat shows some slight modifications of the typical procedure in sex cells, a distinct and rather prolonged synapsis occurring before synizesis and a confused stage immediately after it. The clumping in synizesis is not extreme. In the mixed strain of rats both twenty-one and thirty-one tetrads appear in the late diakinesis. This procedure in the male resembles the maturation of the oocytes in only two points, the beginning of the process, the deutobroch nuclei, and the end of it when the haploid number of chromosomes take their places on the spindle.
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  • 21
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 493-541 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cells of the blastoderm which are to form the serosa are two- to four-nucleate; the smaller cells of the embryonic rudiment, uninucleate. The band-like embryonic rudiment encircles the yolk at the equator of the egg. The amnion does not begin to form until after the serosa completely covers embryo and yolk. The epithelium of the midgut arises from cells situated at the tips of stomodaeum and proctodaeum. These cells, though not differentiated from adjacent ectoderm at the time of the invagination, are nevertheless interpreted as part of the preprimordium of the endoderm. In the eighty-four-hour stage a fold of amnion grows over the dorsal side of the embryo, entirely covering it in the course of the next few hours. A portion of the amnion thus forms the dorsal wall of the embryo. At the completion of the amnion the embryo rotates so that its ventral side is directed toward the egg center. The amnion raptures just before the larva begins to feed on the yolk which still remains around it. The serosa is consumed before hatching, which takes place about five and one-half days after deposition.
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  • 22
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 585-609 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The caeca of fourteen bantam fowls have been studied. These fowls ranged in age from six days' incubation to three years after hatching. Between the fifth and sixth days of incubation rectal caeca arise as evaginations from the intestine at the junction of the ileum with the colon. The develoing caeca closely resemble histologically the intestine to which they are attached.The caeca are essentially devoid of content until about the nineteenth day of incubation, but during the remaining days of incubation are gorged with a bluish-gray material similar to that found in the colon. Thus, an early defecatory function is indicated.In general, the proximal third of the caeca remains histologically similar to the intestine, but the distal two-thirds undergoes regression. The latter involves the atrophy of the epithelium and glands, accompanied by the appearance of lymphoid tissue. Much of the lymphoid tissue eventually disappears, to a large extent by atrophy and dissolution of the leukocytes. However, to some extent, lymphocytes develop into granulocytes which escape with other leukocytes into the lumina of the caeca and there disintegrate.Lymph nodules begin to appear in the caeca about one week after the chick hatches. The leukocytes, at least in part, arise in situ from the reticular stroma. Eosinophils arise in certain areas of the tunica propria, and in the earlier stages of their development resemble large lymphocytes, in the cytoplasm of which basophilic, amphophilic, and acidophilic granules are intermingled.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the ovary of the rat the ova arise by proliferations from the germinal epithelium, all cells of which are potential ova. This proliferation begins with the differentiation of the gonad, and may last as long as 369 days postpartum. The embryonic ovary is filled with ova which pass through the typical maturation phases. This continues until five days after parturition. These ova degenerate, none being found in the ovary of the twenty-day rat. After the fifth day postpartum, nuclear development in the ova changes until, by the twentieth day, no typical maturation phases are present. With the degeneration of the embryonic ova the ovary takes on the adult structure.The ovary of the adult female rat shows a modified type of meiosis in the germ cells, while that of the embryo shows the typical phases, indicating that this is the primitive type, with the modified form an acquired characteristic.Ova in a single rat may show both twenty-one and thirty-one chromosomes.Follicle cells are formed from the cells of the germinal epithelium and, like the sex cells, may have both forty-two and sixty-two chromosomes in a single follicle. The lutein cells also show both forty-two and sixty-two chromosomes in a single corpus luteum. The chromosomes of the lutein cells enlarge with the expansion of the cell to a size greatly in excess of the chromosomes of the somatic cells. The theca interna is derived from the tunica albuginea.
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    Journal of Morphology 43 (1927) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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  • 25
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    Journal of Morphology 43 (1927), S. 299-345 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The chondriosomes are first recognizable as two clusters in contact with the nuclear wall. Beneath each cluster lies a chromosome. This relationship is constant and indicates that these two chromosomes play a part in the growth and development of the chondriosomes. The two masses fuse and the single mass grows considerably during the early growth period. Later it breaks up into a number of threads which become rings in the late growth period. The rings fuse into the large nebenkern which plays the usual rôle in the formation of the tail.The Golgi material is first seen outside of the chondriosomal cap. Early in the growth period, it breaks up into Golgi bodies which remain distributed in the cytoplasm during the growth period and spermatocyte divisions. About the midgrowth period a large number of spheres suddenly arise. Since they later fuse to form the idiosome, they are called the proidiosomal spheres. These spheres, which may originate in the Golgi bodies, remain scattered in the cytoplasm during the growth period and spermatocyte divisions. In the spermatid the Golgi bodies collect about the idiosome to form the acroblast. The Golgi remnants pass into the cytoplasm of the tail, while the acrosome elongates into a tail-like structure at the anterior end.The centriole was followed with unbroken continuity from the midgrowth period into the middle-piece of the sperm.
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  • 26
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This paper contains a description of the appearance and behavior of the chromatin and chief cytoplasmic inclusions in the male germ cells of three species of Belostomatidae.There are eight spermatogonial chromosomes in Lethocerus americanus, twenty-four in Belostoma flumineum, twenty-eight in Benacus griseus. An XY-pair of sex chromosomes occurs in each species. These are identifiable at every step in maturation in Lethocerus, but not in the others. A clear case of heteropycnosis occurs in Benacus. Parasynapsis is believed to be the mode of pairing of chromosomes in all three species. The genesis of three large atelomitic ring tetrads is described in Lethocerus.Chondriosomes are traced from spermatogonia to spermatids without a break in continuity. Spermatogonial chondriosomes are always granular. During the growth period filaments are formed, probably by fusion of granules, and these are sorted out in approximately equal numbers to spermatids. Benacus is especially favorable for studies on chondriosomes. Likewise, Golgi bodies have been traced throughout the process of maturation. They are minute granules in spermatogonia. During the growth period each becomes a flattened plate-like body clearly differentiated into two materials. Dictyosomes are formed by fragmentation in the first prophase, and these are distributed to spermatids where they fuse to form an acroblast in each. Some minor cytoplasmic inclusions are briefly described.
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  • 27
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    Journal of Morphology 47 (1929), S. 89-133 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: During the telophases each chromosome becomes inclosed in an individual sac or vesicle which, together with its contents, is called a chromosomal vesicle. The vesicular membrane is of cytoplasmic origin, but is formed under the influence of the chromosome and a droplet of karyolymph. A precise numerical correspondence between chromosomes and chromosomal vesicles has not been established, but it is evidence that most, if not all, of the chromosomal vesicles retain their individuality during the resting stage and until after the new chromosomes have been fully formed.The transformation of the telophase chromosome into the reticulum of the resting stage and the manner in which a new chromosome is formed from a portion of this reticulum are described in detail. In the early prophases each developing chromosome is embedded in a sheath or matrix of less deeply basophilic material, which disappears before the middle prophase is reached.The formation of chromosomal vesicles is interpreted as a device for doing more rapidly and effectively, under stress of special circumstances, the work that the nucleus must accomplish during the so-called resting stage.
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  • 28
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    Journal of Morphology 47 (1929) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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  • 29
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    Journal of Morphology 47 (1929), S. 283-333 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The significance of the ultimobranchial body has been the object of a comparative study of the structure in twenty-four species of urodeles. In nineteen of these it has not hitherto been described.Caudal to the last branchial arch, it develops as a thickening and later as an outpushing from the ventral wall of the pharynx. Due to the growth mechanics of the region, it comes to lie obliquely to the pharynx, ventral to it, and dorsal or dorsolateral to the pericardial cavity in its anterior region. It persists throughout life as an epithelioid or epithelial structure, usually of irregular shape, frequently containing vesicles; in some cases it exhibits a considerable amount of secretory activity of variable quality. Except in Amphiuma and Necturus, where it is regularly paired, and in occasional instances in individuals of other species, where it occurs on both sides, it is usually present on the left side only. Its occurrence is constant in all of the species of urodeles for which it has been examined.It is variable in size, form, and position. This, together with the quite inconstant indication of secretory activity, marks it as a structure of little or no physiological significance. ‘Colloid’ is, however, present in some instances, and hence a comparison with the thyroid was considered.
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    Journal of Morphology 47 (1929), S. 435-478 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The perivisceral fluid of Pheretima indica (Horst) contains five types of leucocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, lamprocytes, and linocytes. The granulocytes differentiate either from free lymphocytes, from peritoneal epithelial cells lining the leucocytopoietic organs, or from lymphocytes (hemocytoblasts) embedded in these organs. The lymphocyte is a hemocytoblast. The eosinophilic granulocyte is the most numerous of the several types of granulocytes. Morphologically and tinctorially, it resembles the eosinophil of fishes. The eosinophil granule is thought to arise either by a ripening of a basophil granule and to pass through a metachromatic phase during this process, or by being formed immediately without such a ripening process in small hemocytoblasts. The stimulus for the excessive production of eosinophils is thought to be the degree of infection of the leucocytopoietic organs by a species of the gregarine, Monocystis.A series of segmentally arranged leucocytopoietic organs is described for the first time in the oligochaetes. These organs are essentially foldings of the septa and offer sacculations in which leucocytopoiesis may take place.A discussion of the possible phylogeny of the hemocytopoietic organs of the invertebrates and vertebrates is given.
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    Journal of Morphology 47 (1929), S. 555-587 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The germ cells of Lebistes are found in cysts; the younger cysts are toward the cortex. Mitochondria and Golgi apparatus are present. During maturation leptotene, bouquet, pachytene, and diakinesis figures are seen. The spermatocyte chromosomes number twenty-three; an X-Y pair is probably present, though the evidence is not conclusive. In spermatid formation the centriole divides to form a rodlet and an axial filament; the nucleus segregates into two materials, one of which is extruded; the remainder first contracts to a cup, comes in contact with the rodlet, then again forms a sphere. The mitochondria are arranged along the proximal part of the axial filament; the sphere flattens and elongates; the rodlet sinks into the head substance and is enfolded by it. The Golgi remnant is sloughed off with the residual cytoplasm, which disappears at the same time the Sertoli cells show an increase in size, suggesting their ingestion of the spermatid remnants. The mature sperm form spermatozeugmen, which are stored in the testicular canal; they are transferred to the female by aid of the modified anal fin.
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  • 32
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 81-103 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A comparative study of the embryology of the rabbit in races of large and small adult size shows a consistently more rapid rate of cell multiplication and of increase in mass in large-race embryos than in those of small race.This more rapid rate of growth is transm tted by and influenced equally by sperm and egg cell, as is shown by the results of reciprocal crosses.Rate of differentiation is independent of rate of growth and unaffected by it. Consequently, embryos of the large race have attained greater size than those of the small race at corresponding stage of differentiation.The fundamental difference in rate of growth is already in evidence in forty-eight-hour embryos and becomes increasingly clear at later stages. Embryos produced by the large race have undergone about one more cell division at forty-eight hours after mating and so are approximately in the thirty-two-cell stage when embryos of the small race are in the sixteen-cell stage.
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    Journal of Morphology 47 (1929), S. 135-199 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Definite information concerning the time of development and location of the different imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster was needed in order to interpret especially the gynandromorphs, mosaics, and intersexes that have been extensively reported in cultures of this fly. This information was also desirable for many of the mutant types. It was not known, for example, when an organ was reduced or absent, whether its imaginal disc showed a corresponding reduction, or whether it was full size in the larvae and pupae, and failed to carry through to the later stages.Three mutant types with eyes smaller than those of the wild type, namely, lozenge, bar, and eyeless, were examined. It was found that there is a corresponding difference in size as far back as the imaginal disc could be detected. Similarly for the two mutants, vestigial and no-wing. Conversely for the mutant, bithorax, in which the metathorax is larger than the normal and has assumed many of the characters of the normal mesothorax, the imaginal disc was correspondingly enlarged.It follows that the effects of the mutant genes for these characters can be observed in the very earliest condition of the imaginal disc.
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  • 34
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 45-79 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: It was found that thyroid deficiency in the albino rat (Mus norvegicus albinus) is followed by a trend to increased concentration of epinephrin in the suprarenals. The basis of this lies in the relatively greater retrogression of the cortex as contrasted with the medulla which becomes a relatively greater proportion of the organ as a whole. Confirmatory evidence is found in cell counts per unit area and the part of the disappearance of lipoid from the cortical cells of the suprarenals of thyroidless animals.
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  • 35
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 123-151 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: From a study of over 1000 mothers, the female chromosome number appears to be 2N = 22; N = 11. The male number has not been exactly determined, but is presumably not haploid. Only one maturation division occurs in the parthenogenetic egg, and the authors have seen only one in the sexual egg. During the growth stages of the eggs, the chromatin is totally obscured by a large amount of deeply staining nucleolar material which exhibits several phases. Ultimately, this material is apparently absorbed into the ooplasm. Just before the egg is laid, the ovoid chromosomes, in late prophase or in metaphase, are seen in a germinal vesicle situated always at one side of the egg. The maturation division occurs immediately after egg laying. A degenerate body, hitherto undescribed, is noted in the ripe parthenogenetic egg, situated at the pole opposite the germinal vesicle. It is believed to arise by reorganization of nucleolar substance. The body in the sexual egg desribed by Weismann and Ishikawa ('91) as the Paracopulationzelle is noted and its interpretation by these authors questioned, but, for lack of sufficient evidence, no counter-explanation is offered. The possible relation between experimental sex control and the time of maturation division in the parathenogenetic egg is discussed.
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  • 36
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    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 21-28 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Experiments designed to ascertain the effect of hydrogen-ion concentration on encystment in Didinium were carried out by depriving didinia of food in mixtures of spring water and buffer solutions whose hydrogen-ion concentrations varied from pH 5.0 to pH 9.6, and by counting the number of didinia which encysted and the number which remained active and ultimately died of starvation.The maximum percentage of encystment was attained between pH 6.4 and 8.4, the range in hydrogen-ion concentration which is also most favorable for the growth of didinia; within this range the encystment rate was practically constant and was about 52 per cent. The solutions having hydrogen-ion concentrations between pH 6.4 and 5.0, the acid death limit of the race of Didinium used in the experiments, and between pH 8.4 and 9.6, the alkaline death limit, inhibited encystment, the more injurious solutions producing the greater decrease in encystment rate.The results indicate that the limits of hydrogen-ion concentration within which Didinium can live are practically the same as those found by Crane for Paramecium (approximately pH 5.0 to pH 9.6). They indicate further that concentrations of hydrogen ions which are unfavorable for the growth of didinia do not facilitate encystment and, in general, that changes in hydrogen-ion concentration are of little importance in inducing encystment in Didinium.
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  • 37
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    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927) 
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  • 38
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Each step forward in the evolution of new organs or new abilities has made possible further evolution, but at the same time has set up mechanical and physiological conditions that place definite limits on the future possibilities of evolution. The exoskeleton has made possible very definite advances in the evolution of insects, but at the same time has limited their evolution in fully as many other ways.Opportunities in evolution opened up by an exoskeleton are its use as armor, as a skeleton, in the development of wings, as protection against desiccation. It has conditioned small size opening up numerous limited environments, increasing mutability due to short life. It conditions a tracheal system which speeds metabolism, and a variety of specialized mouth parts as well as locating the sense of smell on the surface where it is more effective. Metamorphosis evolved from ecdysis.Limitations imposed by an exoskeleton are small size, simple nervous system due to small size, short life preventing education, inflexible societies due to simple nervous system, cold-bloodedness, clumsy appendages, loss of closed blood system, excretory system reduced to malpighian tubules, poor development of touch and hearing and mosaic vision.
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  • 39
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    Journal of Morphology 47 (1929), S. 37-87 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The vesicular nucleus of this amoeboflagellate is similar in structure in both phases of its life-cycle. It has a fairly large caryosome surrounded by a pericaryosomal area in which there are small oxyphilic pericaryosomal granules on a fine reticulum. On the inner surface of the definite caryotheca is a layer of epithecal chromatic granules.Nuclear division is similar in both amoeba and flagellate phases. During the prophase the nucleus enlarges, and the expanded caryosome becomes resolved into basophilic and oxyphilic components and assumes either an oblong, dumb-bell, or spindle shape. The pericaryosomal granules enlarge, shift about, and eventually become arranged in an equatorial band around the elongated caryosome. In the metaphase the equatorial plate of chromosomes appears after the inward migration of the pericaryosomal granules, accompanied by the formation of a definite intranuclear spindle, usually with polar masses, polar granules, and a centrodesmose. After the poleward migration of the daughter plates of chromosomes in the anaphase, the telophase constriction of the nuclear membrane produces two daughter nuclei with a portion of the spindle remaining outside. The epithecal layer of granules remains in place on the nuclear membrane during the entire process of mitosis. Plasmotomy normally follows mitosis, but may be delayed, giving rise to multinucleate individuals. In the flagellate the blepharoplast usually divides simultaneously with, but independently of, the nucleus. There are many divergences in the details of mitosis, but these are thought to be variations of one type of division rather than examples of different processes.
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  • 40
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In sections the protoplasm of the spinning gland of Platyphylax designatus Walker appears to be a syncytium with large, branching nuclei, which contain both nucleoli and chromatin granules embedded in a delicate linin reticulum.In the normal gland the nucleus is sharply marked off by a nuclear membrane from the granular, homogeneous cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus appears as rings, loops, or comma-like structures, evenly distributed and without orientation to the nucleus or lumen of the gland.The nucleoli first increase both in number and size within the nucleus, then migrate out into the cytoplasm, where they undergo further growth, and finally are dissolved and passed out into the lumen of the gland as liquid secretion.Small vacuoles appear near the periphery of the gland in early periods of activity.In glands active for forty-eight hours all stages of the secretory process may be seen.In glands active for longer periods only vacuoles are present which we interpret as the remains of the secretory inclusions. There is a progressive decrease in the nuclear content of the nucleus.Throughout the activity of the gland the Golgi apparatus changes little from the normal condition, both in form and distribution. As activity progresses, the bodies become smaller and slightly more dispersed. No relation of Golgi apparatus to the secretory phenomenon is apparent.
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  • 41
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    Journal of Morphology 47 (1929), S. 415-433 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The diploid number of twenty-six chromosomes was found in the mature parthenogenetic female-producing eggs and also in the somatic cells of the female embryos developing from such eggs. In the maturation stages of a few of these eggs the chromosomes were markedly larger than in the corresponding stages of the majority of the eggs. Whether this size difference of the chromosomes is correlated with male- and female-producing individuals has not been determined. The mature parthenogenetic male-producing eggs contain the haploid number of thirteen chromosomes, and this number was found also in the somatic cells of the young male embryos. The mature sexual eggs contain thirteen chromosomes.In spermatogenesis the secondary spermatocyte divisions are usually omitted and the secondary spermatocytes develop directly into the motile spermatozoa containing thirteen chromosomes. A few, however, of the secondary spermatocytes divide, forming spermatids containing fewer than thirteen chromosomes. These cells develop into the non-motile and rudimentary spermatozoa.The motile spermatozoa containing thirteen chromosomes unite with the parthenogenetic male-producing eggs containing thirteen chromosomes, thus producing the fertilized eggs with the diploid number of twenty-six chromosomes. These fertilized eggs develop into female-producing females which reproduce parthenogenetically.
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  • 42
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    Journal of Morphology 47 (1929), S. 519-529 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The liver has a rhythmic function with alternating assimilatory and secretory stages. The height of the assimilatory stage in rabbit's liver is characterized by the following qualities: All the cells are usually expanded and contain much glycogen and few bile components. The bile capillaries are narrow and generally empty. The glycogen content is high (about 13 per cent); the total glycogen weight is also high (about 17 grams). The liver has a relatively heavy weight (about 140 grams), a large volume, notably firm consistency, and a light brown color.The secretory stage at its height has the following characteristics: All cells are shrunken and are rich in bile components, but contain little glycogen. The bile capillaries are expanded and filled with secretion (fixation with barium chloride). The glycogen content is low (about 1 per cent), and the total glycogen weight is also low (about 1/2 gram). Weight of liver low (about 50 grams). Volume small and consistency fairly flaccid. Color dark reddish brown.Between these two extremes are various intermediary stages. Such variations as these probably occur during the normal functioning of the liver in man and also in other animals.
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  • 43
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 1-43 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The parenchymal cells in the parathyroids of Rana catesbeiana (Shaw) are found to undergo a very curious cyclic change. The cytoplasm is broken down by a process of cytolysis. The nuclei are decomposed by chromatolysis and pycnosis. The entire parenchyma is finally liquefied, except for a layer of cells lining the capsule.The parathyroid body is reconstructed by young cells which are produced from rather definite growth centers. The process of regeneration begins some time before cytolysis is completed and continues until the entire organ is restored.The cytolytic and regenerative processes transpire in such sequence that the amount of apparently healthy tissue present at any one time is a rather large portion of the total mass normally present.The relationship between the parenchymal tissue and the stroma of the parathyroid is described.
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  • 44
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 153-171 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A description of the gross embryology of the sex apparatus of a common diplopod, the corn millipede. The life-cycle of this animal involves eleven instars extending over a period of three years.In the male the true first legs are shed at the ninth ecdysis and the large clasping appendages are substituted through the last three instars. In the region of the second body somite the fused coxal plate and the penes are developed at the final molt; the second appendages are reduced at this time. The greatest changes occur in the region of the seventh somite, where the legs are shed about the eighth ecdysis and the gonopods developed through the remaining instars. It is evident that these gonopods arise as a modification of the sternites of the seventh somite.In the female the second legs are reduced to vestiges at the final molt. The structures at the mouth of the oviducts are developed from the surrounding tissues and the modified sternites of the reduced second legs. These changes are in progress as early as the seventh instar, but the greatest changes occur at the final ecdysis.
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  • 45
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 281-316 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The arterial system of Uromastix hardwickii retains many primitive features and shows great resemblance and relationship to that of Sphenodon. The heart is typically reptilian. Two systemics and a pulmonary arch arise from the ventricle. The conus arteriosus is absent. The carotids arise together from the right systemic by means of a small common carotis primaria. A very well-developed ductus caroticus connects each carotid with the systemic arch of its side. The ductus arteriosus (ductus Botalli) is absent.The dorsal aorta is formed by the union of both the systemic arches. The left systemic joins entire while the right one, which is termed systemicocarotid trunk, gives off the carotids, the vertebral, a single subclavian, and two pairs of parietal arteries, before the union. Anterior epigastric arteries are altogether absent. The dorsal aorta gives off fifteen pairs of parietal arteries which are segmentally arranged. All the main branches supplying the alimentary canal and other viscerala organs arise independently of one another, there being no such combination as is found in Varanus.
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The rate of locomotion in Amoeba proteus is dependent upon the nature of the substratum, the nature of the different divalent and monovalent cations present, and the ratio of the amount of the monovalent cations to the amount of calcium or strontium. Calcium is more efficient than strontium in antagonizing potassium. Magnesium and barium do not antagonize potassium. The four monovalent cations studied in antagonizing calcium are efficient in the following order: Na〉K〉Li〉Rb. Calcium and potassium are more effective against antagonistic cations when combined with chlorine than when combined with phosphate.
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 543-561 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The parietal fossa or pit is situated in the middorsal line between the ear capsules. From its floor four (sometimes only two) apertures lead into the ear capsules. The anterior apertures are the foramina of the endolymphatic ducts; the posterior ones are the fenestrae. Through the fossa each endolymphatic duct passes from its formen to its external aperture in the dorsal integument, describing in its course a loop with the convexity directed anteriorly. The part of the duct involving the loop is enlarged into an endolymphatic pouch. Into the angle of this loop a small muscle is inserted which is a continuation of the anterior trunk muscles, or one taking a more lateral origin from the edge of the fossa. The fenestra may or may not be closed by a definite fenestral membrane. The posterior semicircular canal (posterior utriculus) bears a peculiar relation to the fenestra. The endolymphatic pouch, like the sacculus, contains otoconia, and sometimes siliceous sand grains. Various functions have been assigned to the endolymphatic organ. There is no convincing experimental evidence as to its significance.
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 611-625 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: By the use of a new technique it was possible to demonstrate the Golgi granules about the idiosome of spermatids and in the so-called Golgi bead of the mature spermatozoon. Other osmiophile granules in the cytoplasm, assumed to be Golgi granules, aggregate during metamorphosis into groups which formed neutral fat spheres, giving stains with both sudan III and scharlach R. Evidence is adduced supporting the view that the Golgi apparatus is a lipin and probably a phospholipin. The fat spheres produced are probably a result of fatty degeneration in the residual body of the spermatid. They may also serve as the source of lipin in Popa's ‘Lipo-gel’ phenomenon.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 159 (1927), S. 231-240 
    ISSN: 0863-1786
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 159 (1927), S. 269-270 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 161 (1927), S. 160-160 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 161 (1927), S. 143-151 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1. Bei der Untersuchung der Arsenpentoxydhydrate können auf Grund von Kristallisations- und Abbauversuchen nur die Hydrate \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm As}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}_{\rm 5} \cdot 7\;{\rm H}_{\rm 2} {\rm O,}\quad\quad{\rm As}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}_{\rm 5} \cdot 4\;{\rm H}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}\quad\quad{\rm und}\quad\quad3\;{\rm As}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}_{\rm 5} \cdot 5\;{\rm H}_{\rm 2} {\rm O} $$\end{document} erhalten werden.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 161 (1927), S. 161-179 
    ISSN: 0863-1786
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Verwendbarkeit der elektrometrischen Titration in der Alkalimetrie bzw. Acidimetrie wurde für das Gebiet stark verdünnter Lösungen nachgewiesen und die Fehlergrenzen fü die Titrationen von n/1000-Lösungen zu 0,3 - 0,5.10-3 Grammäquivalenten ermittelt.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 160 (1927), S. 377-386 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 160 (1927), S. 387-394 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 160 (1927), S. 395-403 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 160 (1927), S. 404-408 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wurde gezeigt, daß unter geeigneten Bedingungen Wismutamalgam Stannichlorid bzw. Cuprisulfat in Stanno- bzw. Cuprosalz reduziert; und unter Benutzung dieser Wirkung wurde eine neue Bestimmungsmethode beider Elemente ausgearbeitet.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 161 (1927) 
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 161 (1927), S. 1-20 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 161 (1927), S. 46-50 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 161 (1927), S. 21-45 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Neutrale Alkalijodidlösungen sind bei Abwesenheit von Luft lichtbeständig. Dagegen erfahren sie bei der Belichtung unter kohlensäurehaltiger Luft zwei voneinander unabhängige Zersetzungen. Der erste als Hauptreaktion zu bezeichnende Vorgang beruht auf der durch die Kohlensäure hervorgerufenen Bildung von Jodwasserstoff und auf dessen Oxydation zu Wasser und Jod.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 161 (1927), S. 51-75 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wurde mitgeteilt, auf welche Weise das früher schon verwendete Resultat, daß die HAGENBACH'sche Korrektur mit dem Faktor 1 zu berechnen sei, durch direkte Beobachtung des zeitlichen Verlaufs des Durchflusses durch den Capillarapparat gewonnen wurde.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 162 (1927), S. 193-202 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Definitionen: Eine Phasenumwandlung ist thermodynamisch durch eine unstetige Änderung sämtlicher physikalischen Eigenschaften im Umwandlungspunkt gekennzeichnet; dem experimentellen Nachweis einer Phasenumwandlung steht die grundsätzliche Unmöglichkeit entgegen, Unstetigkeiten im mathematischen Sinne zu beobachten.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 161 (1927), S. 316-320 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wurde für die Kohlenstoffbestimmung in Legierungen mit hohem Cr— und C-Gehalt fein verteiltes Kupfer als Zuschlag empfohlen.Es wurde zur Untersuchung von Mehrstoffsystemen die Anwendung einer Untersuchungsmethode, die man ah „physikalische Rückstandsanalyse“ bezeichnen kann, vorgeschlagen und in einem Fall als brauchbar erwiesen.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 161 (1927), S. 374-384 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 161 (1927), S. 337-352 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: I. a) Wenn man zu einer Lösung von KCNS (bzw. NH4 CNS), von der Konzentration 1:2, tropfenweise 80-90%ige H2SO4 zu-gibt, so wird nach 1-2 Minuten die Lösung gelb; das so erhaltene Reagens unterscheidet sich nach seinen Eigenschaften wesentlich vom neutralen KCNS.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 163 (1927), S. 137-140 
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 165 (1927), S. 195-220 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1. Mit Hilfe der von uns früher angegebenen Methode wird der Charakter der Elektrizitätsleitung im reinen Kupferjodür in seinen drei Modifikationen festgestellt:α- und β-Kupferjodür sind rein elektrolytische Leiter, von den beiden Ionenarten sind ausschließlich die Kationen beweglich.In dem λ-Kupferjodür wird zum ersten Male ein Leiter aufgefunden, in dem sich in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur ein vollständiger, völlig kontinuierlicher Übergang von reiner Elektronen- zu reiner Ionenleitung und umgekehrt vollzieht. Der Übergang erfolgt in dem Temperaturgebiet von etwa 240-390°; unterhalb dieses Gebietes besteht reine Elektronen-, oberhalb reine Ionenleitung. Das im Gebiete der gemischten Leitung jeder gegebenen Temperatur zugehörige Verhältnis von Elektronen- und Ionenleitung ist durch Überführungsmessungen exakt bestimmbar. Der Transport des elektrolytisch geleiteten Stromanteils erfolgt ausschließlich durch die Cu-Ionen.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 165 (1927), S. 325-363 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Notes: § 24. Die Kossel'sche Darstellung der anorganischen amphoteren Hydroxylionenverbindungen wird zu Orientierungszwecken für das ganze periodische System erweitert. Eine Folgerung dieser allgemeinen Betrachtungen wird experimentell verfolgt: die Frage, ob AgOH amphoter ist.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 166 (1927), S. 31-52 
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 166 (1927), S. 225-230 
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 166 (1927), S. 237-243 
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 167 (1927), S. 67-74 
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 167 (1927), S. 190-192 
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 167 (1927), S. 237-240 
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 166 (1927), S. 190-212 
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    Notes: 1. Mit Hilfe eines für Überdrucke bis zu drei Atmosphären geeigneten Tensimeters wurden die Chloride des Siliciums, Titans, Zinns, Eisens, Chroms und Aluminiums auf ihre Fähigkeit zur Anlagerung von Chlorwasserstoffsäure untersucht und so auf die Existenz freier Chlorosäuren der genannten Elemente geprüft.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 167 (1927), S. 315-328 
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 167 (1927), S. 364-368 
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    Notes: Übersieht man das Verhalten von Eisen zu einer Reihe anderer Elemente, so ergibt sich, daß S, Se, Te, Sb, Zn und Al mit einer merklichen Geschwindigkeit auf Fe einwirken, nachdem sie flüssig geworden sind. Die Einwirkung des roten Phosphors und Arsens beginnt, nachdem ihre Dampfdrucke beträchtliche Werte erhalten haben.
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    Notes: 1. Das zu den früher beschriebenen Wertigkeitsbestimmungen durch Titration mit Natriumamalgam benutzte „wasserlösliche Ruthentrichlorid“ läßt sich, ohne daß es Chlor abgibt, in Kaliumpentachlororutheniat überführen.
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    Notes: 1. Die Zustandsänderung des auf Glas niedergelegten Silberspiegels beim Erhitzen wurde studiert.
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    Notes: 1. Es wird gezeigt, daß zur Beurteilung der Wirksamkeit von Adsorbentien, speziell von Kieselsäuregelen, gegenüber Dämpfen die zumeist übliche Bestimmung des sogenannten Sorptionsmaximums als nicht ausreichend angesehen werden muß, sondern daß vielmehr die Aufnahme einer vollständigen Sorptions- und Desorptionskurve erforderlich ist, wenn man über die Eignung der einzelnen Adsorbentien, beispielsweise zu bestimmten technischen Zwecken, ein vollgültiges Urteil gewinnen will.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 168 (1927), S. 56-60 
    ISSN: 0863-1786
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Das Wismutatverfahren von Metzger für Cerbestimmung wurde der potentiometrischen Methode angepaßt. Die Cerosulfatlösung wurde in einer schwefelsauren Lösung durch Sieden mit Natriumwismutat oxydiert und die resultierende Lösung nach Erkalten und Verdünnen mit Wasser mit Ferrosulfat titriert. Es wurde gefunden, daß unter Verwendung van Schwefelsäure von geeignetem Säuregrad bei Wismutatoxydation das erhaltene Resultat gut ist.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 168 (1927), S. 86-88 
    ISSN: 0863-1786
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 168 (1927), S. 89-92 
    ISSN: 0863-1786
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 168 (1927), S. 96-96 
    ISSN: 0863-1786
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 168 (1927), S. 73-85 
    ISSN: 0863-1786
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 168 (1927), S. 97-106 
    ISSN: 0863-1786
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 168 (1927), S. 93-95 
    ISSN: 0863-1786
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 168 (1927), S. 107-112 
    ISSN: 0863-1786
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1. Thoroxyd in Wolframdrähten wird oberhalb 2700° absolut zu metallischem Thorium reduziert.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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