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  • Articles  (2,642)
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  • 1980-1984
  • 1965-1969  (2,013)
  • 1925-1929  (629)
  • 1969  (2,013)
  • 1928  (303)
  • 1926  (326)
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (2,642)
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  • Articles  (2,642)
  • Maps
Years
  • 1980-1984
  • 1965-1969  (2,013)
  • 1925-1929  (629)
Year
Journal
  • 1
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 21-23 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A 10-stage digital light beam deflector is described using Kerr cell polarisation switches and calcite birefringent prisms. Optimum design criteria are derived with respect to resolution and drive voltage. The final device had an overall transmission of 91% and could be switched from one direction to another in 0.2μsec.
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  • 2
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 9-12 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The low-frequency unclamped electro-optic coefficients of proustite have been measured at an optical wavelength of 0.6328μm. The results show thatr 22 is comparable to that of lithium niobate,r 13 andr 33 are considerably lower. The maximum theoretical value is calculated at 10.8×10−12 m/V about three times the largest measured coefficient value.
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  • 3
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 69-74 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A simple dye-laser system is described in which Rhodamine dyes are pumped by a co-axial linear air flashlamp in a cylindrical elliptical pumping reflector. Output pulses lasting up to 1.5μsec and containing up to 250 mJ energy, have been successfully mode-locked to produce 100% modulated pulse trains. Employing a diffraction grating as cavity reflector to tune the laser frequency, in each case, for maximum absorption by the same Q-switching dye, successful mode-locking has been achieved with both Rhodamine B and Rhodamine 6G. Time resolved emission spectra have been recorded with an image tube streak camera and the effect of resonant reflectors has been studied.
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  • 4
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 128-133 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A theory of spatial frequency domain filters is presented from the standpoint of leastsquare linear estimation. The general expression of this filter is obtained with few assumptions, thus allowing considerable flexibility in its application. Noise common to pictorial information usually can be described as a mutually exclusive process, whereas much of the available signal processing theory assumes additive noise. Types of pictorial noise discussed in this paper include the background of signal patterns, pattern obscurity, and image modulation due to the recording process. It is shown that the additive noise assumption is valid under certain conditions. The general filter is described in terms of spatial frequency estimates which are conveniently expanded for particular applications. A detection filter for determinative patterns is obtained and compared to the matched filter. A filter is derived to restore patterns degraded by noise and a linear distortion filter.
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  • 5
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 134-137 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A method is described for producing two controllable pulses from a Q-switched solid state laser, the time separation of the pulses being variable from about 30 nsec to a few microseconds. The technique involves Q-switching the system with a time variant loss which has two steps, the application of the first step only partially depleting the population inversion. The method has been demonstrated with an electro-optically Q-switched Nd:CaWO4 laser.
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  • 6
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 152-154 
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  • 7
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 155-159 
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  • 8
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 151-152 
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  • 9
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. i 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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  • 10
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 25-28 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An equation of quadratic form is derived relating the phase mismatchΔk=¦k sum −k pump −k slgnl ¦ in an optical sum-frequency generation process to the angle ψ between the pump and signal wave vectors. For a special value ofk pump a solution ofΔk=0 exists having degenerate roots and consequently a single value of ψ. Because of this it is possible to choose a non-collinear phasematching situation for an optical up-converter which tolerates a much larger signal beam divergence than if a collinear-beam interaction were chosen. The case of up-conversion of 10.6μm radiation to the visible, using ruby-laser pumped proustite was chosen as an example for experimental study. Under tangential phase-matching conditions an angular acceptance angle of the infra-red beam of 300 mrad was achieved for a crystal 0.45 cm long.
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  • 11
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 13-19 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The role of the solvent in the passive Q-switching of lasers by solutions of organic dyes has been examined in detail. It was found that several pure organic solvents could themselves partially Q-switch the laser, in the absence of the dye. This behaviour was observed for both ruby and neodymium: glass lasers. Pulse-widths as short as 20 nsec were occasionally recorded. Peak powers up to 2 MW have been observed using 1-chloronaphthalene to switch a ruby laser. It is proposed that Q-switching arises from an enhancement of reflectivity of the liquid, during the evolution of the laser pulse, through the formation of a periodic refractive index modulation in the liquid by the action of standing waves.
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  • 12
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 33-35 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a method for determining some important laser parameters from the fluorescence changes of an excited media induced by a resonant laser pulse. The parameters measured include stimulated emission cross-section, metastable level population and spectral relaxation rate. Results are reported for Nd3+ in silicate and phosphite glasses and in solution in POCl3 and SeOCl2.
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  • 13
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 49-59 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We first describe the basic linear and non-linear mathematical operations underlying most image enhancement techniques, and compare the hardware available for carrying out these operations which includes digital computers, optical set-ups and special electro-optical devices. Then we give a brief account of the commonly used image enhancement techniques, such as contrast enhancement, crispening, noise elimination, and inverse filtering. Finally, we mention some examples of image enhancement in the biomedical area.
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  • 14
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 45-48 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract By means of a simple grating and lens arrangement, the detour phase effect makes it possible to add and subtract any number of one-dimensional functions. This process may also be used for certain logic applications.
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  • 15
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 37-44 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Huygens' principle is derived for short wavelengths in inhomogeneous, isotropic media from considerations of Green's second theorem and the solution to the time-independent wave-equation for a point-source in an inhomogeneous, isotropic medium. This principle leads to an integral equation for the field distribution on optical resonator mirrors, whose parameters depend only upon the geometrical-optics ABCD-matrices. The resonator parametersF, G 1,G 2, the resonance and stability conditions as well as the spot size of the fundamental mode at the mirrors are given as functions of A, B, C, D, for the special case of a rotationally symmetric optical system between square mirrors. The resonator parameters,F, G 1,G 2, are calculated by this new method for a case familiar from the literature.
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  • 16
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 119-120 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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  • 17
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 121-121 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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  • 18
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 165-171 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract It is shown how the theory of non-linear interaction between the modes of the open resonator, developed previously [1] and used to study resonant second harmonic generation [2], can be applied to second harmonic generation in the absence of a resonator. The conditions under which the second harmonic output, in the small conversion approximation, can be approximated by a Gaussian beam are derived. The optimum value of the focusing parameter I/z0 (hereI is the length of the crystal, andz 0 is one-half the confocal parameter of the fundamental beam) for the total output is shown to be 5.68 agreeing precisely with the value given by Boyd and Kleinman [3].
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  • 19
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 189-192 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Experiments are reported on 1.06μm scattering from a laser produced plasma. Generally in such experiments scattering is observed on the shock wave front at 90° from the incident beam. In our set-up the plasma is expanding in a Fabry-Perot resonator and we note a strong emission at 1.06μm.
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  • 20
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 174-178 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The absorption of light and subsequent thermalisation of the absorbed energy can be significantly affected by the presence of non-equilibrium population distributions in gases. The phenomenon of thermal blooming in gases is discussed from this standpoint. It is shown that a transient phenomenon of “absorption cooling” can occur, leading to a focusing rather than defocusing of an incident laser beam. Flux densities causing saturation in air and pure CO2 are calculated. For vibrational saturation in air, I 〉 3.66 kw/cm2, for pure CO2, I 〉 4.58 kw/cm2. For rotational saturation, in either gas, I 〉 840 kw/cm2.
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  • 21
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 196-204 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract It is known [1–3] that the statistical properties of the electrons emitted by a detector, which registers a light beam, contain information about light radiation statistics. This method has recently been widely used to measure the statistical properties of laser radiation [4]. In analysing non-linearly-transformed laser or thermal radiation, this method can give information about the non-linear process and also additional data on the statistics of the transformed radiation.
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  • 22
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 219-219 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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  • 23
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 213-217 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have determined the two independent “fast” non-linear refractive indices for liquid mixtures of CS2 and CCI4 to within 5% relatively and 8% absolutely over their range of more than a decade. These indices describe non-linear propagation of optical pulses of arbitrary polarisation, which are of a too short duration to be affected by electrostriction. We report measurements, having relative accuracy better than 1 %, of the static Kerr constants of these mixtures. We combine these results with recent data on Rayleigh wing depolarisation ratios for the same mixtures to deduce the desired non-linear indices with the aid of molecular theory. The non-linear refractive index for linearly polarised light is shown to be two-thirds (±5%) of the index difference measured by the Kerr effect, at least for molar concentrations of CS2 greater than 10%. Our measured relative values of the mixture Kerr constants are predicted to within experimental error if one simply replaces the Lorentz local field factors in the classical theory by their 0.6 powers.
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  • 24
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The optical and electrical problems in the design of a beam-sampling detector for laser power, energy and pulse duration measurements are discussed with a view to achieving an accuracy of 2% relative to a fundamental detector for pulses down to 3 nsec duration. Experiments show that a beam sampler using an ITT F4000 biplanar vacuum cell mounted in a coaxial taper is capable of this accuracy, but that the silicon diodes (EG + G SD100, Mullard BPY13A) trap some of the photoelectric charge and then release it with a time constant of up to a few microseconds giving a pulse length-dependent sensitivity: they can be used for energy measurements, however. The Mullard 90CV vacuum photo-cell holds back about 6% of the photo-electric charge for about 1μsec and can also give erratic currents up to ten times the computed saturation current: effects probably due to residual gas in the cell. The limits set on performance by the rise time and maximum linear current of the various detectors are discussed. The design of a holder for the ITT F4000 photo-cell giving a rise time constant of 0.25 nsec is given.
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  • 25
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 29-31 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Notes: Abstract There is at present great interest in crystals which are suitable for efficient mixing at optical frequencies. Such a crystal should be acentric, have a wide transmission band, have a large non-linear coefficient and permit phase matching. Proustite possesses such properties [1], and this paper summarises the information that has been obtained to date at R R E on these properties and their use in “up-converting” 10μm radiation to the visible, on the available optical quality, on the electro-optic effect, and on electrical conduction in the crystal; some general observations on the type of damage caused to proustite by laser beams are given.
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  • 26
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 62-64 
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  • 27
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 64-66 
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  • 28
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 67-67 
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  • 29
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 75-87 
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    Notes: Abstract A general equation is proposed for the dynamical electric permittivity tensor, taking into account, besides frequency dispersion, spatial dispersion describing the linear and non-linear optical activities of the medium. It permits one to determine the symmetry relations and value of the optical Kerr effect, a generalised Havelock relation, and the non-linear change in optical rotation angle for arbitrary conditions of observation. Simple examples are adduced to give a microscopic interpretation of the results derived, rendering apparent the basic mechanisms (fluctuations of density, non-linear changes in the optical polarisability tensor and gyration tensor, molecular reorientation, and various radial and angular correlations) leading to induced optical non-linearities. Measurements of non-linear changes in optical rotation angle are shown to be promising in solutions of polymers or colloids, and will permit,inter alia, direct determinations of the anisotropy of gyration properties of molecules macromolecules and colloid particles.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 103-118 
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    Notes: Abstract The propagation of light near the axis of astigmatic optical systems may be described by the geometrical-optics approximation with the aid of ray-matrices. The application of the theory of diffraction to the propagation of light in such systems leads to integrals containing essentially the elements of the ray-matrices as parameters. The ABCD-law is derived by evaluating these integrals for gaussian beams. Integral equations applicable to astigmatic optical resonators, having nearly vanishing diffraction losses, are set up. They are only valid under certain conditions, which are comprehensively discussed. The eigensolutions and the eigenvalues of these integral equations are given. The spot-sizes at the resonator mirrors are derived from the eigensolutions, and the eigenvalues lead to the resonance condition. Spot-sizes and resonance condition appear as functions of the elements of the characteristic resonator matrices. The methods described here are applied to the propagation of gaussian beams through gas-lenses and to a resonator containing an internal gas-lens.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 89-101 
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    Notes: Abstract An analysis of the propagation process in fog has been performed by means of the Monte Carlo method. The effect of multiple scattering on image quality and on visibility range has been studied, together with the detailed time dependence of the light at the receiving system. The improvement in visibility achievable with range gating techniques has been evaluated.
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  • 32
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 120-120 
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  • 33
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. ii 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 123-127 
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    Notes: Abstract Pulse stretching of a passively Q-switched ruby laser is accomplished by the introduction of a non-linear absorber into the laser cavity. Single pulses of length 150 to 400 nsec are observed. The non-linear absorption is obtained by using a Rayleigh-wing scatterer as the solvent for a bleachable dye. This approach is unique in that stretched Q-switched pulses may be obtained by the introduction of a single liquid into the laser resonator with no electronics necessary. Since the Rayleigh Frequency is within the gain lineshape of the active medium, threshold for the stimulated Rayleigh scattering is exceeded at relatively low power densities.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 121-121 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 138-142 
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown that the image upconverter can operate with point source pump-beams as well as the commonly used planar pump source. The major effect of the pump beam divergence is not to degrade the resolution but is to change the transverse and longitudinal magnification of the image. We demonstrate by a paraxial ray-tracing analysis that these changes in image dimensions and location obey relations quite similar to thin-lens formulae.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 143-150 
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    Notes: Abstract The development of techniques for the deposition of semiconductor layers has led, over the last decade, to intensive studies of heterojunction systems. In this paper an outline is given of those properties relevant to the production of photodetectors, illustrated by a summary of the classes of device so far prepared with notes on the way in which their performances differ from classical detectors.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 159-159 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. II 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 61-62 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 160-160 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 172-173 
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    Notes: Abstract Polaritons associated with the 1072 cm−1 optical mode of quartz have been stimulated by a two-beam method and we have directly observed the far-infrared radiation corresponding to the electromagnetic part of the excitation with a HgTe-CdTe detector.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 161-164 
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    Notes: Abstract Wavelength and frequency data for far-infrared c.w. gas laser lines have been scanned using a computer for chains of harmonic coincidences suitable for transferring frequency measurements from the submillimetre to the 10μm wavelength region. A table of selected possibilities using up to three lasers in sequence is presented showing the calculated beat frequencies.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 179-181 
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    Notes: Abstract Temperature tunable, 90° phase matchable, parametric fluorescence has been observed in ADP and KDP crystals. The fluorescence was pumped by 2573 Å CW radiation obtained from a second harmonic argon-ion laser. Fluorescence was observed in ADP over the complete visible spectrum by temperature tuning through the range —12 to+40° C. The measurements demonstrate the usefulness of these materials for visible parametric oscillators. The values of d(n 2v e −n v o )/dT deduced from these and other measurements are found to disagree with values in the literature.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 182-188 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Notes: Abstract The insertion of a multi-photon absorber within a laser cavity has practical importance in providing stabilised laser amplitude and variable pulse duration. We report the relative non-linear absorption coefficients of semiconductors Si, CdSe, CdTe, and GaAs at 1.064μm using a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The measurements on Si were carried out from 77 to 450° K, and the results confirm a stepwise process giving rise to induced absorption. The effects of the spatial and temporal distributions of the laser emission on the absolute non-linear coefficient values are briefly discussed. Preliminary observation of stepwise multi-photon absorption in aqueous PrCl3 and NdCl3 measured with a pulsed Nd:glass laser is also reported. The possibility of using a combination of inducible and saturable absorbers, placed within the laser cavity, as a means of providing laser intensities confined to a narrow range centred about a pre-set intensity, is raised.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 193-195 
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    Notes: Abstract In this experiment, the transmission of the saturable absorber of a mode-locked laser is modulated optically by a train of ultra-short pulses emitted by another laser, with some power reflected inside the cavity to initiate the emission. The laser threshold is only attained during the opening time of the modulator, and stimulated emission is prevented at any other time. Once pulses are formed, the photon density is sufficiently high for auto-modulating the dye. Q-switching of the laser is only realised if the difference between the time of a round-trip in the cavity and the period of modulation is less than ±17 psec. The emission is a series of pulses of 5.2 nsec period lasting for 60 nsec. The total energy in all pulses is 60 mJ for a neodymium doped glass rod of 8 mm diameter. We describe a method for measuring the noise of the series of pulses using a saturated photo-cell. We find a ratio of 100 between the energy of one pulse and the energy emitted between two pulses.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 218-218 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 209-212 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with the investigation of a longitudinal electric field (1 V/cm) arising in a homogeneous piezo-electric crystal at a high level of optical excitation. The sign of the effect corresponds to free carrier drag (electrons — in the case of CdS) in the direction of light propagation. The magnitude of the effect and its kinetics have been related to the light intensity, temperature, crystal orientation and the distance between the fest points. The effect is assumed to be a result of generation of a phonon packet, referred to by the authors as an acousto-optical domain, and carrier drag by this domain. Calculations based on the Boltzmann kinetic equation for the electron distribution function give a reasonable phonon density inside the domain, necessary for generating the electric field observed. Estimates based on the calculated phonon density show considerable mechanical stresses to exist in the domain area. These can result in the destruction of the crystal when there is an increase in light intensity; so the effect observed can be directly related to the problem of optical strength.
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    Electrical engineering 17 (1926), S. 510-519 
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    Electrical engineering 17 (1926), S. 481-500 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden verschiedene Qualitäten von Kunstharzen hinsichtlich des Verhaltens ihres spezifischen Widerstandes in der Erwärmung untersucht. Zunächst ergibt sich die generelle Übereinstimmung aller untersuchten Qualitäten bei den angestellten Messungen. Nach den Beobachtungen steigt in der Erwärmung die Leitfähigkeit des Materials von einer gewissen Temperaturschwelle, der kritischen Temperatur, an plötzlich sehr stark mit der Erwärmung an: leicht auf mehr als das Zehntausendfache Bleibt das Harz mehrere Stunden der Einwirkung einer gesteigerten Temperatur ausgesetzt, so kehrt die Leitfähigkeit wieder zu kleinen Werten zurück. Die Unterschiede in den Leitwerten, welche die Harze nach ausreichend langer Formierungszeit annehmen, sind praktisch geringfügig. Bei jeder Höhe der Formierungstemperatur bildet sich ein bestimmter Endleitwert heraus. Die kritische Temperatur der Harze erweist sich als durchaus veränderungs fähig und folgt in ihrer Höhe der angewandten. Formierungstemperatur. Sie stellt nach den Ergebnissen der Versuche den Grenzwert der Erwärmung dar, bis zu dem das Harz als wärmebeständiger Isolator zu bezeichnen ist. Bei Überschreitung dieser Grenze setzt ein erneuter Wandel des Materials ein (Polymerisation?). Je höher die Formierungstemperatur, um so geringer wird die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Harze, welche weit unter den entsprechenden Wert für Glas heruntersinkt. Bei den vergleichsweise untersuchten Rohpapieren als Ausgangsprodukt für die Hartpapierfabrikation ließ sich die Trocknung an der Änderung des Widerstandes sehr deutlich verfolgen. Die Hartpapiere folgten bei den Versuchen ganz den Harzen sowohl bezüglich ihres Verhaltens unterhalb und oberhalb einer kritischen Temperatur, als auch hinsichtlich der Wiederverfestigung ihres Isolationswertes bei andauernder Einwirkung einer höheren Temperatur.
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    Electrical engineering 19 (1928), S. 257-274 
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    Electrical engineering 19 (1928), S. 301-312 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, daß als „Normalform“ des Zweiphasengleichrichters der Gleichrichter mit Transformator, Primärdrossel und Kathodendrossel anzusprechen ist. Anschließend wird nachgewiesen, daß außer dem Fall des Gleichrichters mit unendlich großer Kathodendrossel und endlicher Primärdrossel auch noch der Fall des Gleichrichters mit Primärdrossel allein der Rechnung zugänglich ist. In Abhängigkeit von der Größe der Induktivitäten und der Gegenspannung wird der arithmetische Mittelwert des Gleichstromes berechnet und für beide Fälle verglichen.
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    Electrical engineering 20 (1928), S. 107-114 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es ist günstiger, zur Herabsetzung der Funkenverzögerung eine Funkenstrecke mit einer Quecksilberlampe als mit etwa 7 mg Radium zu bestrahlen, wenn beide in Entfernungen von etwa 10 cm von den Elektroden gebracht werden. Begrenzt man den Strom im Funken auf mehrere Ampere, so bleibt nach dem Spannungszusammenbruch die Spannung am Funken dauernd niedrig. Begrenzt man den Strom auf mehrere Milliampere, so beträgt die Funkenrestspannung etwa 350 Volt. In dem dazwischenliegenden Strombereich springt die Spannung in sägeartigem Linienzug zwischen kleinen Werten und etwa 350 Volt.
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    Electrical engineering 20 (1928), S. 158-161 
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    Electrical engineering 20 (1928), S. 188-210 
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    Electrical engineering 15 (1926), S. 385-407 
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    Electrical engineering 15 (1926), S. 466-469 
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    Electrical engineering 16 (1926), S. 58-72 
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    Electrical engineering 15 (1926), S. 573-602 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt: 1. Daß der Einfluß der Stromdämpfung auf die Zählerangaben im wesentlichen durch die Abmessungen der Triebfelder und der Scheibe, sowie durch die Anordnung der Triebfelder zueinander und zum Scheibenrand bedingt ist. 2. Daß der durch die Stromdämpfung hervorgerufene Proportionalitätsfehler zwischen Soll- und Istwert der Zählerangaben dem Lage- und Maßfaktor der Stromdämpfung und gleichzeitig dem reziproken Wert vom Quadrate des Lage- und Maßfaktors für das Triebmoment proportional ist. 3. Daß das Triebmoment bei nach Lage und Stärke beliebigen Triebfeldanordnungen für unendliche oder kreisförmig begrenzte Scheiben zeitlich konstant ist. 4. Daß Triebmoment, Bremsmoment und Einfluß der Stromdämpfung bei gleichgehaltenen Feldinduktionen, gleichgehaltener Scheibendicke und gleichgehaltenen Maßverhältnissen der vierten Potenz des Scheibendurchmessers proportional sind. Mit den Annahmen: 1. Gleiche Leitfähigkeit in jedem Punkt der Scheibe, 2. Gleichphasigkeit aller vom selben Fluß hervorgerufenen Scheibenstromfäden, 3. kreisförmige Scheibe, 4. zeitlich sinusförmiger Verlauf von Strömen und Feldern werden für eine nach Lage und Stärke beliebige Triebfeldanordnung die allgemeinen Integrale für Triebmoment und Bremsmoment angeschrieben. Die Integrationen über ein homogenes rechteckiges Feld werden durchgeführt und damit Ausdrücke gewonnen für die Lage- und Maßfaktoren von Trieb- und Bremsmoment zu jedem einzelnen Punkt der Scheibenfläche, die von diesem Feld durchdrungen wird. Durch zweimalige graphische Integration kann daraus dann der Lage- und Maßfaktor der ganzen Anordnung gefunden werden. Die Nachrechnung experimentell aufgenommener Werte zeigt, daß bei richtiger Annahme der durch die Streuung bewirkten Feldvergrößerungen die Genauigkeit der Rechnung zufriedenstellend ist.
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    Electrical engineering 16 (1926), S. 113-124 
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    Electrical engineering 16 (1926), S. 157-167 
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    Electrical engineering 16 (1926), S. 481-495 
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    Electrical engineering 17 (1926), S. 465-466 
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    Electrical engineering 17 (1926), S. 433-454 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Es wird bewiesen, daß bei den hohen Temperaturen für Steinsalz und Glas dem Durchschlag der Wärmemechanismus zugrunde liegt, wobei die meisten theoretischen Forderungen der Wärmetheorie gut erfüllt werden. 2. Es wird gezeigt, daß bei dem Übergang zu niedrigeren Temperaturen, von einer bestimmten Temperatur an der Wärmemechanismus durch den Ionisationsmechanismus ersetzt wird. 3. Es wird auf den Einfluß hingewiesen, den die im Dielektrikum bei niedrigen Temperaturen auftretenden Polarisationserscheihungen auf den Gang der Durchschlagspannung ausüben, und versucht, den Mechanismus des Durchschlages bei Gleichstrom und Spannungsstößen theoretisch zu klären.
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    Electrical engineering 19 (1928), S. 485-513 
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    Electrical engineering 19 (1928), S. 527-566 
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    Electrical engineering 19 (1928), S. 575-579 
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    Electrical engineering 20 (1928), S. 1-24 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von dem Unterschiede in den Schaltungen des Heyland-Motors sowie des kompensierten AEG- und S. W.-Motors wird zunächst das genaue Stromdiagramm des Heyland-Motors aufgezeichnet. Das angenäherte Diagramm wird sodann mit dem Kreisdiagramm des kompensierten AEG- und S. W.-Motors an Hand der bisher darüber erschienenen Arbeiten verglichen. Ferner werden die Kompensationsbedingungen der kompensierten Motoren miteinander in Vergleich gesetzt. Darauf werden die Geraden besonderer Eigenschaft angegeben. Im Anhang sind für Vergleichsmotoren Kurven, die den Leistungsfaktor und die Kupferverluste darstellen, in Abhängigkeit der abgegebenen Leistung aufgetragen. Zum Schlusse wird für den als Beispiel gewählten Heyland-Motor das Gebiet der Bürstenstellung ermittelt, für die Dauerbetrieb der Maschine möglich ist.
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    Electrical engineering 20 (1928), S. 115-122 
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    Electrical engineering 20 (1928), S. 129-139 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Maschine wird zuerst als selbständiger Generator auf beliebigen Widerstand (Ohmsch und induktiv) belastet untersucht. Dann werden bei Arbeiten als Erregermaschine für eine Asynchronmaschine die Bedingungen für Selbsterregung bei Leerlauf der Asynchronmaschine angegeben. Außerdem wird gezeigt, wie bei Belastung das Primärstrom-Diagramm der Asynchronmaschine gefunden werden kann. Der Einfluß der verschiedenen Maschinenkonstanten wird eingehend untersucht. Es wird dargelegt, wie nach einfachen Formeln die Konstanten bei Vorausberechnung festgelegt werden können. Zum Schluß wird auf den Generatorbetrieb der Asynchronmaschine noch kurz eingegangen.
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    Electrical engineering 20 (1928), S. 224-227 
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    Electrical engineering 20 (1928), S. 503-506 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Ableitung der Durchschlagsfunktion für planparallele Elektroden wird weiter ausgedehnt. Es ergeben sich drei Bereiche mit bestimmten Gültigkeitsgrenzen. Es wird gezeigt, daß die abgeleiteten Durchschlagsfunktionen geeignet sind, die an verschiedenen Isolierstoffen gewonnenen Messungsergebnisse theoretisch zu beschreiben.
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    Electrical engineering 20 (1928), S. 619-624 
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    Electrical engineering 52 (1969), S. 205-210 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Contents In the transient state an asynchronous machine has additional torques besides the well known torque which depends on the rotor slip. The maximum values of these additional torques are functions of different factors, primarily of the acceleration constant and the critical slip. In this paper the limiting values of these torques are calculated. It is shown that the theoretically interesting asynchronous machine with super-conductive secundary winding can operate like a synchronons machine. The maximum value of its torque is equal to the double critical torque of a normal asynchronous machine.
    Notes: Übersicht Bei der Asynchronmaschine treten bei Ausgleichsvorgängen außer dem stationären, schlupfabhängigen noch zusätzliche Momente auf. Die Maximalwerte dieser Zusatzmomente hängen von verschiedenen Faktoren, wie vor allem der Anlaufzeitkonstante und dem Kippschlupf ab. Über diese Zusammenhänge liegen schon verschiedene Arbeiten vor [1, 2, 3, 6, 8]. In der vorliegenden Arbeit soll untersucht werden, welche Grenzwerte diese Momente annehmen können. Dabei wird von der theoretisch interessanten Maschine mit Supraleitung im Sekundärkreis ausgegangen, die, wie gezeigt wird, zur Synchronmaschine wird und bei der ein Maximalmoment gleich dem doppelten Kippmoment der normalen Asynchronmaschine auftritt.
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    Electrical engineering 52 (1969), S. 211-231 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Contents In the present paper the synchronous machine is considered as a technical three-winding transformer in the direct-axis respectively as a technical two-winding transformer in the quadrature-axis. For the most usual construction of the damping system the coefficients of leakage and the time-constants will be calculated by general geometrical factors, independent of special quantities. With the parameters of the damping system the transient and the subtransient reactances and time-constants can be calculated by the two-axis-theory.
    Notes: Übersicht Die Synchronmaschine wird als technischer Dreiwicklungstransformator in derd-Achse, bzw. als technischer Zweiwicklungstransformator in der Querachse aufgefaßt. Für die häufigste Ausführungsform des Dämpferkäfigs werden dessen Streuungskoeffizienten und Zeitkonstanten über allgemeine, von der speziellen Maschinenauslegung unabhängige geometrische Faktoren berechnet. Mit den Parametern der Dämpferwicklung lassen sich die transienten und subtransienten Reaktanzen und Zeitkonstanten nach der Zweiachsentheorie bestimmen.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Contents Referring to earlier papers equations are given to calculate fields of excentricity and unbalanced magnetic pull. These equations are functions of the magneticaly efficient excentricity of the rotor which is established as a fictive mathematical protion. In this paper mainly relations are established between this fictive excentricity of the rotor and the mechanical one. By this way fields of excentricity and unbalanced magnetic pull can be represented in a relatively simple and clear way in dependence of the mechanical excentricity too. Furtheron a correcting factor is found out to consider the influence of the magnetic tension in the yoke approximately. Results of experimental tests are given.
    Notes: Übersicht Bezugnehmend auf frühere Arbeiten sind Gleichungen zur Berechnung der Exzentrizitätsfelder und des einseitigen magnetischen Zuges als Funktionen der magnetisch wirksamen Läuferexzentrizität angegeben, die aber nur eine fiktive Rechengröße ist. Im wesentlichen werden in vorliegender Arbeit Beziehungen abgeleitet, nach denen der Zusammenhang zwischen dieser fiktiven und der mechanischen Läuferexzentrizität berechnet werden kann. Damit lassen sich dann die Exzentrizitätsfelder und der einseitige magnetische Zug in relativ leichter und übersichtlicher Weise auch in Abhängigkeit von der mechanischen Exzentrizität darstellen. Außerdem ist ein Korrekturfaktor ermittelt, mit dem näherungsweise der Einfluß der magnetischen Jochspannung berücksichtigt werden kann. Die Ergebnisse experimenteller Überprüfungen der Theorie sind angegeben.
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    Electrical engineering 52 (1969), S. 240-261 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Contents The paper presents for the case of horizontal overhead H. V. lines a simplified method for the calculation of modal components, which are known to be the most adequate for studying wave propagation on three-phase transmission lines, as they propagate independently and distorsionless. As a first step of transformation,Clarke (α, β, o)-components were used, the ultimate transformation and the propagation constants resulting as a correction to the former. Computed results were compared with published data.
    Notes: Übersicht Es wird ein einfaches Verfahren zum Bestimmen von verzerrungsfreien, sogenannten Modalkomponenten für Wellenausbreitung auf horizontalen Hochspannungsfreileitungen angegeben. Durch Anwenden einer Vortransformation in α, β, o-Komponenten kann die Transformation in Modalkomponenten anhand leicht berechenbarer Hilfsgrößen ermittelt werden. Die Berechnungen sind auch für den Fall einer Leitung mit Erdseilen durchgeführt. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse sind mit bekannten veröffentlichten Angaben verglichen.
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    Electrical engineering 52 (1969), S. 301-305 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Contents The propagation of travelling waves is considered in case of one-phase and three-phase wires. By means of the harmonic analysis the distortion by the influence of the earth resistance is calculated.
    Notes: Übersicht Die Wanderwellenausbreitung bei Ein- und Dreiphasenleitungen wird untersucht. Auf Grund des Spektralverfahrens wird der Einfluß des Erdwiderstandes auf die Verzerrung berechnet.
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    Electrical engineering 52 (1969), S. 306-317 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Contents Magnetic fields can now-a-days be calculated on large digital computers using difference equations. These equations are derivated for cartesian and polar grid-systems. Three methods of relaxation are specified to achieve an acceleration of convergence. To show the efficiency the magnetic forces at the pole of a d-c-machine are calculated.
    Notes: Übersicht Die Berechnung magnetischer Felder kann heute mit Hilfe der Differenzenrechnung auf großen Digitalrechnern erfolgen. Die hierfür notwendigen Differenzengleichungen werden für kartesische und polare Gitternetzwerke hergeleitet. Zur Konvergenzbeschleunigung werden drei Methoden der Blockrelaxation angegeben. Als Beispiel werden die magnetischen Kräfte auf den Pol einer Gleichstrommaschine berechnet.
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    Electrical engineering 52 (1969), S. 327-340 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents For the sake of direct calculation of switching-surge phenomena produced by energizing an overhead line, some formulas which permit the consideration of earth-influence were derived using a Fourier-transform. A method of computing phase voltages when energisation is not simultaneous is indicated, and the calculated values for some examples are compared with published data.
    Notes: Übersicht Zur Berechnung der Ausgleichsvorgänge beim Schalten einer Drehstromleitung werden mit Hilfe der Fourier-Transformationen Ausdrücke ermittelt, die es ermöglichen, auch den Erdeinfluß zu berücksichtigen. Es wird ein Verfahren zum Verfolgen der Spannungen beim nichtgleichzeitigen Schalten der Phasen angegeben. Mit den erhaltenen Beziehungen sind Beispiele berechnet und mit veröffentlichten Angaben verglichen.
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    Electrical engineering 52 (1969), S. 398-408 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents The analog computing of dipole chain transient response may be sensibly simplified and the drift inaccuracy reduced by a suitable computer setup. The principe is explained in the particular case of resistive high voltage dividers, afterwards the general solution is derived. In addition, two diagrams for instantaneous value determination relative to quickly variable voltages are presented. Experimental results prove the good computer setup performance and accuracy of the measuring diagrams.
    Notes: Übersicht Die analoge Nachbildung von Zweipolketten kann durch eine eigenartige Programmierung wesentlich vereinfacht und der Driftfehler verringert werden. Den Grundgedanken erläutert man am Beispiel des abgeschirmten ohmschen Teilers, worauf die allgemeine Lösung hergeleitet wird. Anschließend gibt man zwei Anordnungen zur Augenblickswertbestimmung von verhältnismäßig schnell veränderlichen Spannungen. Versuchsergebnisse bestätigen die vorteilhaften Eigenschaften der neuen Programmierungsart sowie die zufriedenstellende Genauigkeit der vorgetragenen meßtechnischen Verfahren.
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    Electrical engineering 53 (1969), S. 13-30 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents In this paper a theory is presented, dealing with transient operational behavior of AC—squirrelcage-motors. Using a method developed byKovacs andStepina the voltages and currents are represented by “Raumzeiger”. This theory is based on the squirrel cage havingZ2-rotor circuits. The time-dependence of the voltages and currents is arbitrary. As a result of this not only the basic magnetic arrow but also the arrow due to the triple numbers of pairs of poles is taken into consideration in the calculation.
    Notes: Übersicht In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Theorie des transienten Betriebsverhaltens von Drehstromkäfigankermotoren behandelt. Die Spannungen und Ströme wurden nachKovacs-Stepina mit Hilfe von Raumzeigern dargestellt. Die Theorie geht vom Käfiganker mit neuenZ2-Läufermaschinen aus und läßt einen beliebigen zeitlichen Verlauf der Spannungen und Ströme zu. Aus diesem Grunde werden neben den magnetischen Grundfehlern auch die Felder dreifacher Polpaarzahl in den Rechnungsgang einbezogen.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Contents Equivalent thermal circuit for a cross section—Network for a stator winding with direct cooling —Network for an axial and radial heat flow in an electrical machine—Solution of the set of equations — Example.
    Notes: Übersicht Wärmequellennetzwerk für einen Maschinenquerschnitt — Netzwerk für einen direkt gekühlten Leiter—Netzwerk für achsiale und radiale Wärmeströmung in einer elektrischen Maschine—Lösung des Gleichungssystems—Beispiel.
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    Electrical engineering 53 (1969), S. 121-132 
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    Electrical engineering 53 (1969), S. 184-196 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents The semi-controlled back and boost connection of two three-phase bridges is obtained by the series connection of a fully controlled and an uncontrolled three-phase bridge. The calculating process for the determination of the characteristic data of the circuit for supplying consumers is dealt with in a service quadrant. Based on the curve shape of the direct voltage, the exact non-continuity and ripple factors of the direct current are determined. The connection between ripple content and current fluctuation is also treated. Finally, the reactive power characteristics are discussed.
    Notes: Übersicht Bei der halbgesteuerten Zu- und Gegenschaltung zweier Dreiphasenbrücken handelt es sich um die Reihenschaltung einer vollgesteuerten und einer ungesteuerten Dreiphasenbrücke. Es wird der Rechengang zur Ermittlung der Kenndaten der Schaltung zur Speisung von Verbrauchern in einem Betriebsquadranten behandelt. Ausgehend von der Kurvenform der Gleichspannung werden die exakten Lück- und Welligkeitsfaktoren des Gleichstromes ermittelt. Ferner wird auf den Zusammenhang von Welligkeit und Stromschwankung eingegangen. Abschließend wird das Blindleistungsverhalten diskutiert.
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    Electrical engineering 15 (1926), S. 443-465 
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    Electrical engineering 15 (1926), S. 491-508 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Feldverhältnisse an der Stirn von Wanderwellen lassen sich nicht streng berechnen. Die Ableitung der Differentialgleichung der schwingenden Saite aus den Maxwellschen Grundgleichungen lehrt, daß für die Ausbildung der Wellenstirn vor allem die Frequenzabhängigkeit des Widerstandes in Betracht kommt. Bei kurzen Leitungen ist nur der Funkenwiderstand zu berücksichtigen, bei langen Leitungen hingegen auch der Leitungswiderstand. Eine genaue Berechnung der Stirn von Wanderwellen scheitert an der Unkenntnis der Frequenzabhängigkeit des Funkenwiderstandes. Das Wesentliche über Form und Verlauf der Stirn von Wanderwellen ist in den Punkten 1 bis 9, S. 482, zum Ausdruck gebracht. Die experimentellen Messungen haben für die spezifische Steilheit einen Wert vonα=I/U(du/dt)max=(1÷2)107/sec ergeben. Da die Eigenkonstante des Glimmschutzesβ=I/RC von gleicher Größenordnung ist (vgl. I. Teil, S. 452), ist die Resonanzbedingungα=β im allgemeinen immer annähernd erfüllt. Der II. Teil hat uns also Aufschluß über die maximal mögliche Steilheit von Wanderwellen gebracht. Im III. Teil soll nun gezeigt werden, in welcher Weise und um wieviel der maximale Anstieg durch den Glimmschutz verringert werden kann.
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    Electrical engineering 16 (1926), S. 1-12 
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    Electrical engineering 15 (1926), S. 547-573 
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    Electrical engineering 16 (1926), S. 13-27 
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    Electrical engineering 16 (1926), S. 76-96 
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    Electrical engineering 16 (1926), S. 155-156 
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    Electrical engineering 16 (1926), S. 168-173 
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    Electrical engineering 16 (1926), S. 177-185 
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    Electrical engineering 16 (1926), S. 496-508 
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    Electrical engineering 17 (1926), S. 61-70 
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    Electrical engineering 16 (1926), S. 370-376 
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    Electrical engineering 17 (1926), S. 163-173 
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    Electrical engineering 17 (1926), S. 201-207 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine neue Wechselstrombrücke zur Messung von Kapazitäten, Induktivitäten und kleinen Phasenwinkeln behandelt, bei welcher die Phasenabgleichung mittels eines Meßdrahtes erfolgt, der teilweise durch einen festen Kondensator überbrückt wird, und zwar derart, daß der überbrückte Teil des Meßdrahtes mit Hilfe eines Schleifkontaktes stetig verändert werden kann. Eine für technische Untersuchungen geeignete Ausführungsform der Brücke wird an Hand von Abbildungen beschrieben, und es werden verschiedenartige Messungen als Beispiele mitgeteilt.
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