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  • Rat  (66)
  • Springer  (66)
  • Cell Press
  • Nature Publishing Group
  • Oxford University Press
  • 2005-2009
  • 1980-1984  (66)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1982  (27)
  • 1980  (39)
  • 1925
Collection
Publisher
  • Springer  (66)
  • Cell Press
  • Nature Publishing Group
  • Oxford University Press
Years
  • 2005-2009
  • 1980-1984  (66)
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rat ; Calvarium ; Electron microscopy ; Preosteoclasts ; Osteoclasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary This is a study of the fine structure of cells of the 20-day fetal rat calvarium. Special attention is given to identifying and characterizing preosteoclasts. These cells are relatively common and located largely, but not exclusively, at the endocranial bone surface. The preosteoclasts are characterized by abundant mitochondria, an incomplete perinuclear Golgi apparatus, and variable-shaped dense granules. The dense granules are unique in appearance in that they contain an internal dense matrix surrounded by a clear halo. Most granules are circular in shape but some are elongate or tubular in form. Granules with identical appearance are observed in osteoclasts. The preosteoclasts are mononucleate, or occasionally binucleate. It is suggested that because preosteoclasts are morphologically distinctive and relatively abundant, it should be feasible to separate these cells from a heterogeneous cell isolate.
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  • 2
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    Calcified tissue international 34 (1982), S. 211-213 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rat ; incisor ; ameloblasts ; enamel ; 45Ca autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Rats were injected with45Ca and horseradish peroxidase to determine the patterns of45Ca incorporation into incisor enamel and the morphological types of the overlying maturation ameloblasts.45Ca autoradiography showed no differences in the patterns of incorporation into enamel between routinely embedded and freeze-dried specimens. Enamel overlaid by ruffle-ended ameloblasts was much more heavily labeled while that overlaid by smooth-ended ameloblasts showed only moderate labeling. The observations lend further support to the hypothesis that the ruffle-ended cells are very active in mineralizing enamel and that the smooth-ended cells are in a passive, restorative phase.
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  • 3
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    Calcified tissue international 32 (1980), S. 63-68 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rat ; Bone formation ; Fluorochrome ; Microphotometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary A method for quantitative studies of the formation rate of bone has been developed. After vital staining with calcein, the fluorescence of a bone section was measured with a microphotometer controlled by a mini computer. After staining the bone structure with alizarin red S in a second step, the section was measured in transmitted light. The two data sets were combined and the shortest distances between the bone surface and the fluorescence lines were computed. With this information the distance distribution and the bone area between the label and the surface could be calculated in two different ways: with the single labeling and the continuous labeling techniques. The advantages and disadvantages of the two methods are discussed and compared with those of other techniques.
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  • 4
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    Calcified tissue international 32 (1980), S. 113-122 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rat ; Bone ; Metaphysis ; Quantitative ; Aging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this work was to analyze the proximal tibial metaphysis of the 170 g rat in a quantitative histologic fashion which would allow some relation to tissue age to be established. Stained 3 µm thick tissue sections were analyzed with the aid of a Merz grid on an eyepiece reticule and a light microscope. Tissue mass and cell distribution were studied in all areas. The rate of change in tissue mass during aging of the metaphysis was calculated. Two regions of the metaphysis were identified. One, corresponding to the primary spongiosa, less than 4.45 days of age, is a region of high turnover of hard tissue and high numbers of osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells. The other, corresponding to the secondary spongiosa, is a region of relatively low net tissue turnover and low numbers of osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells. Osteoclasts were found relatively more uniformly distributed through the metaphysis than were osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells. The rate of bone formation in the primary spongiosa is 50 times that found in the Haversian bone of the rib of 5-year-old humans and about 500 times that found at the cortical-endosteal surface of ribs of 5-year-old humans. It is argued that both cell distribution and tissue distribution in the metaphysis support the concept that osteoblasts and osteoclasts, rather than osteocytes, are responsible for the maturation of the metaphysis. The inhomogeneous distribution of both cells and tissue in the metaphysis has definite meaning for the interpretation of findings concerning the incorporation of radionuclides into the skeleton.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rat ; Hypophysectomy ; Dietary phosphorus deprivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The demands of growth are known to exacerbate the effect of phosphorus deprivation (PD). We examined whether changes associated with PD could be prevented in young rats in which growth and growth hormone (GH) were eliminated by hypophysectomy (HPX) and whether PD in normal intact rats (INT) was associated with increased secretion of GH. INT or thyroxine- and ACTH-replaced HPX rats were fed one of the three diets: 0.31% P (NP); 0.027% P (LP), and 0.31% P, pair-fed with LP-mates (NP-PF). The results indicate that HPX did not qualitatively alter several physiologic responses to PD: (a) serum and urinary phosphorus (P) decreased and urinary calcium (Ca) increased; (b) net intestinal Ca retention fell and duodenal sac uptake of45Ca rose; and (c) external P balance was restored and duodenal sac uptake of32P-phosphate increased. Only the hypercalcemia seen in INT, LP rats was prevented by HPX. In INT rats serum immunoassayable GH levels, measured in single samples, were not different between different dietary groups while pituitary bioassayable GH was reduced in both LP and NP-PF rats when compared to the NP rats. Thus, except for hypercalcemia, the physiologic responses associated with PD are not prevented by the elimination of growth and GH, and the development of these responses in INT rats was not associated with a consistent or specific alteration in GH secretion.
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  • 6
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    Calcified tissue international 34 (1982), S. 376-381 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Matrix vesicles ; Bone ; Actin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Preliminary indications of the occurrence of actin and myosin in crude matrix vesicle preparations have been reported previously. In the present study extracellular matrix vesicles from rat alveolar bone were isolated. They were further purified by a sucrose density gradient. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified vesicles revealed the presence of a polypeptide with a molecular weight of 43 K daltons and with electrophoretic mobility identical to that of blood platelet actin. The limited proteolysis of both 43 K dalton vesicular polypeptide and actin byStaphylococcus aureus-V8-protease revealed three fragments with identical electrophoretic mobility. In addition, the vesicular preparations inhibited the activity of DNase I, a property typical of actin monomers. Filamentous material extracted from matrix vesicles showed ultrastructural features of F-actin. Reaction of this material with heavy meromyosin resulted in arrowhead formation, which is characteristic of acto-heavy meromyosin. The occurrence of actin in extracellular matrix vesicles may account for their budding from the osteoblastic plasma membrane, their possible motility in the matrix, and maintenance of the spherical shape.
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  • 7
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    Cell & tissue research 205 (1980), S. 11-17 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Subcommissural organ ; Vasopressin ; Oxytocin ; Vasotocin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Vasopressin and oxytocin were specifically demonstrated in the rat brain using the unlabelled antibody-enzyme method and purification of the first antiserum. Vasopressin and oxytocin fibres extend via the subcommissural organ or habenular commissure into the pineal stalk and terminate in the anterior part of the pineal organ. In addition, immediately adjacent to the subsommissural organ many vasopressin-containing fibres run caudally toward the central grey. These results are discussed in relation to the proposed presence of vasotocin in the pineal gland.
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  • 8
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    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 167-170 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptides ; VIP-immunoreactive neurons ; Retina ; Amacrine cells ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was detected in a population of amacrine cells in the retina of the rat. Processes of these cells reach both the inner and outer half of the inner plexiform layer where they form sublayers. The VIP neurons are different from previously known amacrine cell types.
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  • 9
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    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 181-189 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Catecholamines ; Neurophysin ; Simultaneous demonstration ; Functional interaction ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A method was developed that allows the analysis of neuropeptides and monoamines in a single tissue section by the application of the unlabeled antibody method for peptide staining to tissue sections freeze-dried for formaldehyde-induced monoamine histofluorescence. The hypothalamic magnocellular system of male albino rats served as a model for this study; neurons were stained with anti-neurophysin sera, which mark the vasopressin- and oxytocin-associated proteins. Neurophysin-containing perikarya appeared to be surrounded by catecholamine-containing varicosities. This phenomenon was seen to varying degrees within the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. The juxtaposition of varicosities and peptidergic neurons suggests an afferent fiber-target neuron relationship that might favor a functional interaction between monoamines and neuropeptides.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rat ; Preovulatory follicle ; Ultrastructure ; Degeneration ; Atresia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To identify and describe ovarian follicles committed to undergo follicular degeneration (atresia), immature rats were primed with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG). After PMSG treatment, preovulatory follicles develop but subsequently degenerate. Prior to the appearance of pyknotic nuclei (Stage I of atresia), degenerative changes were observed in focal areas of the granulosa cell layer. These changes include “blebbing” of the cytoplasm and alterations in the shape of the granulosa cells. The appearance of these degenerative changes coincides with a decrease in ovarian concentrations of estradiol and testosterone. Since estrogens and androgens maintain the follicle, the decline in estradiol and testosterone could be responsible for the further degenerative alterations that lead to complete deterioration of the preovulatory follicle. In Stage I atretic follicles, lysosome-derived autophagic vacuoles develop and macrophages invade both the thecal and granulosa cell layers. The combined actions of the autophagic vacuoles and macrophages could destroy both the granulosa-cell and thecal layers and thereby transform the preovulatory follicle into an ovarian cyst.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lymph node ; Macrophages ; Postcapillary high endothelial venules ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The afferent lymphatic vessels of rat popliteal lymph nodes were interrupted, and the histological alterations in the lymph nodes occurring 1 to 14 weeks after operation were studied. One week after operation the number of macrophages was considerably reduced and continued to decrease during the subsequent time periods studied. A 6 weeks most macrophages had disappeared. Simultaneously the immunological activity diminished and had completely disappeared 8 weeks after operation. Three weeks after operation the endothelial cells of the postcapillary high endothelial venules had flattened, and the number of immigrating lymphocytes was greatly reduced. Subsequently the lymph nodes became depleted of both macrophages and lymphocytes, leaving only the reticuloendothelial framework.
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  • 12
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    Cell & tissue research 209 (1980), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Myoepithelial cell ; Exocrine gland ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By removing connective tissue components with enzymatic digestion followed by HCl-hydrolysis, myoepithelial cells (MECs) of the terminal portion in a variety of exocrine glands of the rat were examined with the scanning electron microscope. The profile of MECs varied considerably from gland to gland; MECs in the lactating mammary gland have a few long cytoplasmic processes in close contact with those of adjacent cells forming a continuous network around the terminal portion. Those of the exorbital lacrimal gland are stellate with many thin radiating processes with tapered ends that terminate freely. MECs in the sublingual gland are characterized by a number of broad and extensive cellular processes. MECs in the submandibular gland are similar in appearance to those of the exorbital lacrimal gland, but with more extensive cellular processes that form a more or less continuous network with those of the adjacent cells. No MECs were observed on the terminal portion of the parotid gland where the cells appear to be lodged on the intercalated duct. The relative surface area covered by MECs per terminal portion was also found to vary significantly, being 24% in the lactating mammary, 17% in the exorbital lacrimal, 48% in the sublingual, and 25% in the submandibular glands. The findings are discussed in relation to the physical properties of secretions in different glands.
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  • 13
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    Cell & tissue research 207 (1980), S. 89-107 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rehydration ; Nongranular vasopressin ; Intercellular clefts ; Axoplasmic reticulum ; Ultrastructural immunocytochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The vasopressin system of the rat was examined in the course of the first 12 h of rehydration after prolonged thirst at light and electron microscopic levels and by use of the peroxidase anti-peroxidase (PAP) method. Light microscopically, the median eminence was the only part of the system that not only displayed distinct differences between animals of different rehydration times but also showed a characteristic pattern of immunohistochemical reactivity in its rostro-caudal distribution. Ultrastructurally, in the perikarya a maximal labeling of the rough endoplasmic reticulum was observed after 2 h of rehydration, whereas an extensive labeling of the enlarged Golgi zones was attained after 4 h of resupplying water. A labeling of the intercellular clefts in the basal glial labyrinth of the supraoptic nucleus (and to a lesser degree in the subependymal neuropil adjacent to the paraventricular nucleus) was increased 30 min after the onset of drinking, as compared with water-deprived animals; it decreased slightly after 12 h of rehydration. The filling of the swollen fibers by increasing amounts of labeled axoplasmic reticulum, evident in the nuclear areas already after 30 min of water supply, begins in the median eminence after 2 h of rehydration and is fully developed after 4 and 8 h. Corresponding results hold true for the neural lobe but are somewhat delayed in comparison to the findings in the median eminence. The discussion considers (i) synthesis and transport of nongranular vasopressin within the axoplasmic reticulum, and (ii) release not only from the neural lobe but also from the nuclear areas and from the fibers of the median eminence.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuronal grafting ; Dopamine ; Nigrostriatal system ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Dissociated cell suspensions were prepared from the substantia nigra of 15–17 day-old rat embryos and grafted via an intraparenchymal injection into the depth of the neostriatum of adult recipient rats. The survival and fibre outgrowth of the dopamine-containing neurones in the implants were studied by fluorescence histochemistry, and the functional capacity of the grafts was monitored by repeated testing of the amphetamine-induced turning behaviour of the implanted rats. Before transplantation the target neostriatum of the recipient rats was denervated of its normal dopaminergic innervation by an injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the ipsilateral nigrostriatal dopamine pathway. The completeness of the denervation was ascertained by measurement of the intensity of the amphetamine-induced turning response. After injection of the dissociated cells large numbers of dopamine-containing neurones were found in clusters at the site of injection as well as scattered in the apparently intact neostriatal tissue up to a distance of about 0.5 mm from the site of injection. Extensive dopamine-containing fibre networks had developed around the implant. These newly formed fibres, which were most abundant around the cell clusters at the injection site, extended in a loose network into large areas of the initially denervated caudate-putamen. In all animals with surviving dopamine neurones the amphetamine-induced turning response was reduced, and in the most extensively reinnervated cases even reversed, within 3–5 weeks after transplantation. This strongly suggests that the implanted dopamine neurones are capable of restoring dopaminergic neurotransmission in the denervated neostriatum, probably via reinnervation of the denervated neostriatal tissue. The use of dissociated brain tissue preparations thus permits reliable intraparenchymal grafting of neurones to plausibly any desired site within the central nervous system, and should open entirely new possibilities for investigation of neuronal growth dynamics and functional reconstruction of damaged brain circuits, perhaps even in brains of larger mammals.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cardiac muscle cells ; Trabeculae carneae ; Fibrillar pattern ; Mouse ; Rat ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cardiac muscle fibers in the trabeculae carneae of mice, rats, and rabbits show a special arrangement of densely interwoven myofibrils. They cross at various angles; however, a preferred orientation of the fibrils cannot be discerned. It is suggested that due to this arrangement the myocytes of trabeculae are not able to contract to the same extent as ventricular myocytes, but thereby gain a high rigidity during contraction. Hence, they may play a principal role as “guiding ridges” for the flow of blood, thereby improving hemodynamics.
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  • 16
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    Cell & tissue research 209 (1980), S. 201-216 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: High pressure (2,100 bars) freezing ; Freeze-etching ; Nerve tissue ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Vitrification of biological specimens in liquid nitrogen can be achieved under high pressure (2,100 bars). This procedure obviates the use of aldehyde fixation and cryoprotection (glycerol). The present work demonstrates its applicability to the freeze-etching of mammalian brain tissue. Freeze-fracture replicas from rat cerebellar cortex and subfornical organ prepared by this method are compared to conventionally processed material using aldehyde fixation, glycerination and freezing with Freon. The formation of large ice crystals is prevented in tissue blocks up to 0.5 mm thick; deep etching is markedly enhanced. Cytoplasmic microstructures such as mitochondrial cristae, microtubules and microfilaments, are readily observable against a finely granulated cytosol matrix. An additional advantage is the combined application with freeze-substitution.
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  • 17
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    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 477-486 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapse ; Synaptic cleft ; Aldehyde ; PTA technique ; Densitometry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Synaptic clefts of rat cerebral and cerebellar axodendritic spine synapses were studied after aldehyde-perfusion and subsequent immersion into osmic acid or after processing by the aldehyde-PTA technique. The threedimensional examination of aldehyde-perfused, osmic acid postfixed synapses revealed a double-layered intracleft lamina comparable in dimensions and position to the cleft density of non-osmicated, PTA-stained synapses. The relationship of this lamina to perisynaptic astroglial processes was pointed out. Densitometric analysis of the cleft area suggested the identity of the intracleft lamina of osmicated synapses with the cleft density of non-osmicated, PTA-stained synapses.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Juxtaglomerular apparatus ; Sympathetic innervation ; Renin-angiotensin system ; Electron microscopy ; Fluorescence microscopy ; Tupaia belangeri ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary It has previously been reported that the primitive primate Tupaia belangeri develops a renal failure when exposed to psychosocial stress. In order to learn if this high susceptibility to stress of the Tupaia kidney can be correlated with morphological and functional parameters of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) and the renin-angiotensin system, comparative experiments were performed on Tupaia and rat. Our results reveal an outstandingly high potency of the JGA and the renin-angiotensin system in Tupaia as evident from the following findings: The Tupaia JGA contains a great number of epithelioid cells abounding in renin granules (electron microscopy). The renin content of the Tupaia kidney is considerably higher than in the rat (radio-immunoassay). The sympathetic innervation of the kidney and especially of the JGA is abundant in Tupaia (fluorescence and electron microscopy). Catecholamine contents of the kidney and other organs are significantly higher in Tupaia than in rats (spectrophotofluorometry). Our results support the previously developed concept of a potent intrarenal neuroendocrine interaction at the JGA level favouring, under certain conditions of social stress, the development of acute renal failure in Tupaia belangeri.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Purkinje axon ; Ultrastructure ; Axotomy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Transection of Purkinje cell axons in adult male rats made 1.5 mm or further from the cell body does not lead to the death of the neuron and results in compensatory structural alterations of the surviving axonal portions of the nerve cell. Near to, and at the emergence of recurrent collaterals of Purkinje cell axons, huge varicosities filled with filaments, granular material, lysosomes and mitochondria develop. Terminals of recurrent axon collaterals also exhibit different degrees of structural changes. Most striking of the morphological alterations is the regular presence of nematosomes in the hypertrophic axonal branches, especially in synaptic terminals. Since nematosomes were shown to contain RNA in other types of neurons, their presence in recurrent collaterals may indicate an enhanced synthetic activity in Purkinje axonal processes and endings after axotomy.
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  • 20
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    Cell & tissue research 213 (1980), S. 81-94 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Interlamellar tight junctions ; Central myelin ; Myelogenesis ; Optic nerve ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The process of myelination in the central nervous system (CNS) of the rat (optic nerve) was studied with the freeze-fracturing technique and ultrathin sectioning to obtain information on the developmental mechanisms of interlamellar tight junctions. Using a tilting cartridge for analysis of thin sections, it could be demonstrated that during the initial phase of wrapping a tight junction formation develops between the joining tips of the oligodendrocytic process. In tannic acid-stained samples these junctions appear as typical quintuple-layered membrane fusions, while in potassium permanganate-stained material membrane thickenings between the apposing glial tips are prevalent. The latter configuration represents the characteristic feature of the so-called radial component of central myelin. Using the freeze-fracturing technique, a biphasic mode of the myelinic tight junction assembly was detected. It is suggested that tight junctions represent a prerequisite of the myelination process.
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  • 21
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    Cell & tissue research 225 (1982), S. 229-234 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Preovulatory follicle ; Cell division ; Age ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pattern of follicular development during the estrous cycles of aged rats was examined and compared with that of mature rats. In both, preovulatory follicles are derived from a select group of small pre-Graafian follicles which begin to develop at estrus and reach the preovulatory size by the morning of proestrus, but the rate of growth, as judged by an increase in the percentage of granulosa cells incorporating 3H-thymidine, is accelerated in the follicles of aged rats. A second mechanism, which accounts for preovulatory follicles in aged rats, involves the rescue from atresia of pre-Graafian and preovulatory follicles. The existence of this mechanism is supported by the observation that at metestrus in aged rats virtually all follicles, regardless of their state of atresia, possess a high percentage of granulosa cells incorporating 3H-thymidine, indicating that the follicles are growing rapidly. However, some of these rapidly growing follicles show signs of atresia such as pyknotic nuclei within their granulosa cell layers. Since follicles in the initial stage of atresia contain defective oocytes (Peluso et al. 1979b), their rescue and development into preovulatory follicles would result in the ovulation of defective oocytes, a fact which accounts in part of the lower fertility in these older animals.
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  • 22
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    Cell & tissue research 225 (1982), S. 469-485 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Microglial cells ; Postnatal development ; Enzyme histochemistry ; NDPase, TPPase ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The postnatal development of microglial cells was investigated in the neonatal rat brain by use of light- and electron microscopy, including enzyme-histochemical techniques. Microglial cells were selectively stained by demonstration of their nucleoside diphosphatase (NDPase) activity and classified into three types: 1) In the early postnatal period, “primitive microglial cells” showing scantily ramified processes were found in the cerebral cortex, the hippocampal formation, and the hypothalamus. During the course of the first postnatal week the processes of this cell type developed gradually and the cells were transformed into typical ramified microglial cells, called “resting microglial cells”. 2) “Amoeboid microglial cells” showing typical features of macrophages were characteristic of the cerebral white matter. 3) “Round microglial cells” possessing a round soma and few pseudopodia but no characteristic processes occurred in large numbers in the sub ventricular zone of the lateral ventricle and as single elements in the vicinity of blood vessels. Histochemically, thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPPase) was demonstrated only in the fully developed, ramified microglial cells (“resting microglial cells”), which could be readily observed in the central nervous tissue from the age of 14 day. “Round and amoeboid microglial cells” did not show TPPase activity and disappeared after 14 days of postnatal life. By use of electron microscopy, in neonatal rats NDPase activity was apparent in the plasma membrane of the three types of microglial cells (“primitive, round, and amoeboid” types). They showed basically similar submicroscopic characteristics, i.e., well-developed Golgi apparatus, long strands of roughsurfaced endoplasmic reticulum, single dense bodies and vacuoles, and numerous ribosomes. “Amoeboid microglial cells” were characterized by their well-developed cytoplasmic vacuoles and phagocytic inclusion bodies. The present study strongly suggests a mesodermal origin for these microglial elements.
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  • 23
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    Cell & tissue research 205 (1980), S. 327-331 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin ; Cortical cells and fibers ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using light microscopic immunohistochemistry, somatostatinpositive structures were observed in the cortex of the rat. These structures, including cells and fibers, are widely distributed in all cortical laminae and are also found in the basal ganglia. The positive results were obtained exclusively in two groups of animals sacrificed during two different months of two subsequent years. The reason for this variability in the immunocytochemical stainability of cortical structures remains enigmatic.
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  • 24
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    Cell & tissue research 205 (1980), S. 445-451 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Exocrine pancreas ; Rat ; Architecture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The architecture of the pancreas was revealed by retrograde injection of the pancreatic ductal system of normal rats with a silicone rubber compound, and subsequent study of the preparation by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The injected material became associated with both ducts and “acinar” areas. Examination of these specimens suggests that the arrangement of the exocrine pancreas is that of a complexly curving and branching system of tubules which anastomose and end blindly. This architecture, which is not that of a true acinar gland, provides a rational basis for the understanding of the simple dedifferentiative changes that accompany pancreatic carcinogenesis, and which have been generally interpreted as representing ductular proliferation.
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  • 25
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    Cell & tissue research 205 (1980), S. 453-471 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vasopressin system ; Postnatal development ; Ultrastructural immunocytochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present ultrastructural results indicate that, in the rat, the vasopressin-synthesizing perikarya of the supraoptic nucleus (NSO) attain a certain degree of maturity earlier than those of the paraventricular nucleus (NPV). In the neonate rat, the stainability of the nuclear areas is very weak; in the perikarya of the NSO a few labeled granules can be found, whereas the perikarya of the NPV often display only a labeled Golgi area, the cytoplasm being devoid of granules. At the end of the first (NSO) and the second (NPV) postnatal weeks, the filling of the neurosecretory granules with vasopressin is inhomogeneous with irregular spots of reaction product distributed on the granules. This feature is less obvious during the following week and has nearly disappeared after the third and fourth postnatal weeks. Already in the neonate two types of vasopressin-positive fibers are observed in the median eminence, characterized by the different diameters of their granules and by their typical location in the internal and the external pericapillary contact zone. Especially in one and two week-old animals, in the internal zone of the median eminence and, to a lesser degree in the neural lobe, the immunocytochemical reaction product is deposited on an axonal tubular network. Judging from the presence of very few vasopressin-negative fibers in the neural lobe of the neonate, the development of the oxytocin system appears to be delayed. A characteristic relationship between pituicytes and the neurosecretory fibers can be observed during the first two postnatal weeks. After the third postnatal week the immunocytochemical features of the vasopressin system correspond approximately to that in adult rats.
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  • 26
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    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 139-143 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary cleft ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Cell surface changes ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Scanning electron microscopy of the lining of the pituitary cleft was carried out in normal, lactating, castrated, adrenalectomized, and cyproterone-treated adult rats. Four cell types could be differentiated in the posterior wall in control and experimental animals: (1) cells with a smooth surface, (2) cells with microvilli located at the cellular borders, (3) ciliated cells, and (4) cells with evenly distributed microvilli. The anterior wall showed mainly cells with few microvilli located at their margins, and clusters of ciliated cells. In normal, and more frequently in experimental animals, the anterior wall showed shriveled cells, and variously sized cavities. Colloid appeared either as a network of finely granular material or as compact bodies adhering to the epithelial surface. These observations suggest that a compact component of the colloid is derived at least in part from degraded cells.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: AVT ; LHRH ; α-MSH ; Somatostatin ; Pineal Gland ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumé En utilisant des anticorps contre l'AVT, l'α-MSH, le LHRH et la somatostatine, des cellules épiphysaires du Rat ont été immunocytochimiquement colorées. Tous ces anticorps colorent les mêmes cellules. Ces cellules réagissent également quand un anticorps est utilisé contre la fraction épiphysaire UMO5R, fraction qui est douée de propriétés antigonadotropiques in vivo. Il a également été montré que le nombre des cellules immunoréactives était plus important dans la pinéale du jeune rat que dans celle de l'adulte. La comparaison des résultats obtenus avec différents anticorps et l'étude des propriétés de ces anticorps aprés absorption sur différents peptides ou sur différentes fractions épiphysaires, a permis de conclure que les réactions obtenues dans la pinéale du rat n'étaient que la conséquence d'une réaction croisée de ces anticorps avec une/des substance(s) inconnue(s) synthétisée(s) par la pinéale elle-même. La nature endocrine possible de cette substance qui serait chimiquement apparenté aux fractions épiphysaires Mouton UMO5R et Prot. 4, est discutée. Drs. B.L. Baker (Ann Arbor, Mich., USA), M.P. Dubois (Nouzilly, France), J. De Mey (Beerse, Belgium), J.D. Fernstrom (Cambridge, Mass., USA.), H. Goos (Utrecht, The Netherlands), B. Kerdelhué (Gif-sur-Yvette, France) and A.G.E. Pearse (London, U.K.) are also acknowledged for their gifts of various antibodies
    Notes: Summary Using antibodies against AVT, α-MSH, LHRH and somatostatin, immunoreactive cells were detected in the rat pineal gland. All of these antibodies stain the same cells, which also react immunocytochemically when an antibody against the UMO5R sheep pineal fraction, a fraction that presents antigonadotropic properties in vivo, is used. Relatively more immunoreactive cells are present in the pineals of young rats than in the pineals of adult animals. Comparison of the results obtained with different potent antibodies against each of the peptides, and a study of the staining properties of the antibodies in the pineal after solid phase adsorption to different peptides or to different sheep pineal fractions, led to the proposal that the immunoreactivity found in the rat pineal is not due to the presence of AVT, α-MSH, LHRH or somatostatin, but to a cross-reaction of each of these antibodies with (an) unidentified compound(s). This compound is synthetized in the pineal gland, as was demonstrated using cultured pineals. The UMO5R and the Prot. 4 fractions of the sheep pineal seem to be chemically related to this unknown compound, the possible endocrine nature of which is discussed.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sympathetic nerves ; Synaptic vesicles ; Noradrenaline ; Serotonin ; Pineal gland ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pineal gland of the rat receives a rich nervous supply originating from the superior cervical ganglia. These fibers contain serotonin in addition to their neurotransmitter, noradrenaline. Cytochemical studies at the ultrastructural level have shown that both amines are present in the cores of the granular vesicles that are characteristic of these nerves. It is presently shown that the bilateral electrical stimulation of the preganglionic fibers innervating the ganglia markedly reduces the number of small sites reacting cytochemically for both noradrenaline and serotonin, these sites corresponding to the cores of small granular vesicles, while the larger reactive sites (cores of large vesicles) remain unaltered. The vesicles are retained in nerve terminals after stimulation, as observed in conventionally processed tissues, although with altered sizes and shapes. Apart from these cytochemical and structural changes, nerve stimulation also reduces the endogenous noradrenaline content of the pineal gland. Thus, both noradrenaline and serotonin are released from their storage sites in pineal sympathetic nerves after electrical stimulation in vivo. This suggests the possibility that several substances with presumed transmitter or modulatory functions might be simultaneously released by nerve impulses from a given nerve terminal.
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  • 29
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    Keywords: Islet of Langerhans ; Aging ; Insulin-secreting cells ; Organ culture ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
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    Notes: Summary The B-cells of the endocrine pancreas constitute an adequate model for in vitro study of the aging process in highly differentiated cells. In the present study, collagenase-isolated islets of Langerhans from young and senescent rats were cultured up to 28 days. The response of the B-cells to the stimulatory conditions of the culture medium involved the nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and secretory granules. Correlated data from light microscopy, electron microscopy, and insulin radioimmunoassay show that the differentiation and function of senescent B-cells are maintained in culture, as it has been proven for the B-cells of younger animals. On the other hand, signs of cytological deficiency not directly concerned with the specific function of B-cells were observed: abnormal mitochondria and lysosomes are more numerous in the senescent B-cells. The proliferative capacity of the B-cells of aged rats is reduced.
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  • 30
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    Cell & tissue research 207 (1980), S. 479-489 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Horseradish peroxidase ; Primary afferent neurons ; Axonal transport ; Rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The dynamics of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) transport in primary sensory neurons were studied in rats by demonstration of the reaction product in spinal nerves, spinal ganglia, dorsal roots and in the spinal cord at different survival times after application of the enzyme to the transected sciatic nerve and to the spinal cord. Using tetramethylbenzidine as the chromogen according to Mesulam (1978), transganglionic transport of HRP was shown in both the disto-proximal direction after peripheral application, and proximo-distal direction after central application. Significant differences in staining intensity between the central and peripheral processes of primary sensory neurons were found after all survival times used in this study. After peripheral application the number of labeled axons and the staining intensity were higher in spinal nerves than in dorsal roots; an inverse situation occurred after central application. These differences as well as the time sequences in staining of different parts of primary sensory neurons suggest that HRP applied to a peripheral nerve and to the spinal cord, respectively, enters the perikarya of spinal ganglion cells in any case before continuing its movement in a cellulifugal direction. Lysosomal degradation of the major portion of the applied HRP is supposed. However, in the post-perikaryal portion of a considerable number of neurons HRP-transport still occurs to a varying extent, thus resulting in labeling of nerve endings. In some neurons a post-perikaryal transport could not be detected light microscopically. The transport rates differ: the calculated transport rate of disto-proximal, cellulipetal movement in the fastest transporting neurons was 7.5 mm/h, that of the disto-proximal cellulifugal movement 2.5 to 3 mm/h.
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  • 31
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    Cell & tissue research 208 (1980), S. 253-259 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Villus ; Caecum ; Postnatal development ; Rat ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The villi of the caecal mucosa in postnatal rats were studied using both scanning electron and light microscopy. On the day of birth, numerous villi of various sizes and shapes were present on the caecal mucosa. After the 5th day, the villi decreased very rapidly in length and in number. A strong constriction was observed at the basal region of the caecal villi. During postnatal days 5 ∼ 9 the villi probably separated and disappeared from the caecal mucosa. No villi were observed in rats that were over 10 days of age.
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  • 32
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    Cell & tissue research 209 (1980), S. 225-238 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tanycytes ; Median eminence ; Electron microscopy ; Rat ; Serum LH
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The transport of hormones from the cerebrospinal fluid to the adenohypophysis by the tanycytes of the median eminence was examined in male rats. Electron microscopy revealed that all ependymal cells including the tanycytes disappear or degenerate in rats subjected to electric cauterization of the ependymal layer lining the third ventricle. However, the granular axons in the palisade layer of the median eminence remain intact. In rats subjected to electric lesion, no significant change was found in either the serum-LH level or in the weight of the adenohypophysis, testes, adrenal and thyroid glands. It is concluded that the tanycytes do not participate in the hypothalamic regulation of hypophysial function.
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  • 33
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    Cell & tissue research 209 (1980), S. 499-503 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: LHRH perikarya ; Aging ; Rat
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    Notes: Summary The LHRH-synthesizing neuron system was studied in young proestrous and old female rats, and in aged ovariectomized or reserpine-treated females. The medial preoptic area and septal region of old animals contains more LHRH positive perikarya compared to that of young proestrous rats. Reserpine treatment moderately increases the number of immunostainable LHRH cells, while ovariectomy is ineffective in this respect.
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  • 34
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    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 33-45 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Luliberin (LRF)-terminals ; Somatostatin-terminals ; Subfornical organ ; Neurohemal regions ; Rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary With the aid of light- and electron- microscopic immunocytochemistry, somatostatin- and luliberin (LRF)-positive fibers can be demonstrated in the rat subfornical organ (SFO). Each of the neurohormones has a specific location: LRF in the lateral parts of the organ, and somatostatin in the center of the posterior zone. Common to both neurohormone-containing fibers is the pattern in which they reach the organ as well as the fact that their terminals are located in the perivascular spaces of fenestrated vessels, i.e., within the limited neurohemal regions of the organ. Since injection of India ink of different colors demonstrates that the capillary bed of the SFO is connected with the central capillaries of the choroid plexus, the question arises as to whether the neurohormones released in the area of the SFO influence the choroid plexus.
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  • 35
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    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 283-294 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Deep pineal ; Pineal complex ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The results presented here reveal that in adult Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats the pineal gland represents a complex rather than a single organ. Regularly one can distinguish (i) pineal tissue in the intercommissural region as a deep pineal, (ii) a superficial pineal, which represents the major part of the pineal complex, and (iii) nearly always a parenchymal stalk of variable length. The volume of the deep pineal with the adjacent parenchymal stalk exhibits great interindividual variation. It amounts to 127±39×105 μm3 (mean ±standard deviation). The histological appearance of the deep and superficial pineal tissue is fairly similar. The intrinsic cells of the deep and superficial pineal differ in nuances only. Karyometry reveals that the nuclear volumes of the intrinsic cells of the deep pineal are very variable ranging from 90–450 μm3, with a mean value of 207 μm3. The changes over a period of 24 h reach statistical significance.
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  • 36
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    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 333-337 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Zona glomerulosa ; Angiotensin II ; Mitochondria ; Stereology ; Rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of a chronic treatment with angiotensin II (up to 15 consecutive days) on the mitochondria of the rat zona glomerulosa cells were investigated by electron microscopic and stereological methods. Angiotensin induced a significant increase in the volume of the mitochondrial compartment. Up to the 3rd day of treatment this was due only to the hypertrophy of the organelles, and from the 3rd to the 15th day exclusively to mitochondrial proliferation. The hypothesis that angiotensin controls the growth and proliferation of rat zona glomerulosa mitochondria is discussed.
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  • 37
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    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 175-177 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Parietal cell ; Stomach ; Circadian rhythm ; Morphometry ; Rat
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    Notes: Summary Gastric parietal cells of rats maintained under standardized conditions and fed ad libitum were examined by electron microscopy at 6 time points of the 24-h day. Morphometric determinations were made on 4 cell characteristics. The volume density of secretory canaliculi was maximal at the mid-dark sampling point and decreased during the light phase; a secondary peak was seen 1 h before the onset of darkness. The surface density of microvesicles and RER fluctuated inversely with the pattern displayed by secretory canaliculi. The number of multivesicular bodies per cytoplasmic area exhibited a single peak, 1 h after the onset of darkness. It was further noted that parietal cells in the necks and bases of glands differed morphologically and that their organelle populations varied at individual circadian rates.
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  • 38
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    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 251-268 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin ; Luliberin (LRF) ; Intercellular clefts (brain) ; Immunoreactive glia-like cells ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary With the aid of electron microscopic immunocytochemistry following the application of antisera against somatostatin and luliberin (LRF), a labeling of the intercellular clefts in different areas of the brain was observed. This labeling is especially conspicuous near the basal pole of the cuboidal ependymal cells, but is also generally present in all regions containing neurohormone-producing perikarya or their processes (for example, the preoptic area, the basal ganglia and the cortex). Furthermore, in all these regions displaying labeled intercellular clefts, glialike cells and sparsely ciliated ependymal cells are found, the secondary lysosomes of which exhibit an immunoreactivity resembling that observed in the intercellular clefts. As sources of the immunoreactive material the following possibilities are discussed: (i) perikarya producing somatostatin or LRF, situated in the wall of the third ventricle and sending fibers between the cuboidal ependymal cells, (ii) hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic projections of both peptidergic systems, and (iii) in the case of somatostatin, immunoreactive perikarya in the cortex.
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  • 39
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    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 493-501 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamo-hypophysial system ; Rat ; Tanycytes ; Transport ; Ontogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Transport of ferritin and horseradish peroxidase from the 3rd ventricle to the median eminence was examined in rats during the perinatal life, the time when functional interrelations between hypothalamus and hypophysis are established. Protein tracers injected into the lateral ventricle are adsorbed on the apical surface of the tanycyte, mainly on its protrusions or in indentations. On the 18th day of prenatal life a few small bleblike protrusions are observed. After birth microvilli appear. In time their concentration increases to result in an increase of adsorbed substances. They are taken up by smooth and coated pinocytotic vesicles and transported to the basal portion of the cell or to the intercellular space bypassing junctional complexes. In addition to pinocytotic vesicles protein tracers fill channels of smooth ER or Golgi complex and multivesicular bodies illustrating a process probably involved in metabolic or secretory processes.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Motoneurones ; Triceps surae muscle ; Retrograde labelling (Evans blue) ; Excitability ; Rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Evans blue was injected into either the medial and lateral gastrocnemius or the soleus muscle of adult albino rats to mark retrogradely the corresponding motoneurones in the spinal cord. The labelled motoneurones were identified by the red fluorescence of their perikarya in the ventral horn of segments L4–L6. In addition, a monosynaptic reflex action potential was recorded only in the ventral roots L4–L6 after stimulation of the nerves to the medial and lateral gastrocnemius and the soleus muscle. Excitability and reflex latencies of labelled and unlabelled motoneurones of segments L4–L6 as well as the conduction velocities of their axons were measured. Apart from a small but statistically nonsignificant increase in excitability, no functional differences were found between labelled and control neurones. Thus, retrograde labelling of motoneurones with Evans blue prior to performing electrophysiological experiments has the advantage that the marked motoneurones can be identified under the fluorescence microscope without the need of additional staining or fixation.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: CRF ; Vasopressin ; Adrenalectomy ; Rat ; Histology
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    Notes: Summary In female Wistar rats the influence of adrenalectomy and NaCl administration on the amount of “classical” neurosecretory material (cNSM) in the supraoptico-hypophysial system and on vasopressin-like substance-containing granules (vlG) in the outer layer of the median eminence has been studied. In conjunction with appropriate sodium replacement, adrenalectomy induces an increase in the amount of vlG but does not alter the amount of cNSM. Administration of hypertonic saline diminishes cNSM but has no or only little influence on the amount of vlG. From the findings it is concluded that cNSM and vlG, in spite of their identical histochemical and immunohistochemical properties, have different functions. The functional significance of the vlG is discussed.
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  • 42
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    Cell & tissue research 212 (1980), S. 443-455 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: LRF-immunoreactive perikarya ; Preoptic area ; Light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry ; Rat
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    Notes: Summary At the light microscopic level, following immunostaining with a single antiserum against luliberin (LRF), two types of hormone-producing perikarya in the preoptic area are demonstrated. The two cell types differ in their morphological features: a bipolar, smooth-contoured cell type can be differentiated from an irregularly contoured unipolar type. Intermediate forms between both cell types occurring in the same area are not observed. Electron microscopically, both cell types contain labeled granules of similar size and immunoreactivity. It is dicussed whether the uneven surface of the one cell type is due to areas of synaptic contacts, and whether both cell types are integrated in different neuronal and functional circuits. Moreover, at the ultrastructural level, from the irregularly contoured LRF-producing perikarya a further positively stained cell type, probably a glial cell, can be differentiated. The specific labeling of the latter is caused by its content of immunoreactive lysosomal bodies. Differentiation between the labeled glial cells and the irregularly contoured LRF-producing perikarya is not possible at the light microscopic level.
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  • 43
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    Cell & tissue research 212 (1980), S. 457-464 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin immunoreactivity ; Cortex ; Hypothalamus ; Light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry ; Rat
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    Notes: Summary Using an antibody against somatostatin (antiserum “F”), two somatostatin-immunoreactive systems, (i) a hypothalamic and (ii) an extrahypothalamic cortical system, are demonstrated in the rat. Another antiserum raised against somatostatin (antiserum “BS 102”) stains only the axons but not the perikarya of the hypothalamic system; the cortical somatostatin system does not react with this antiserum. The electron microscopic findings do not allow decision whether the above-mentioned hypothalamic and cortical neurons possess a common prohormonal form of somatostatin, immunoreactive only with antiserum “F”. They show, however, that the granules in both neuronal systems differ considerably; in the cortical neurons they measure approximately 65 nm in diameter, in the hypothalamic neurons 90–120 nm in diameter. Thus, both somatostatin systems are different and independent from one another.
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  • 44
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    Cell & tissue research 222 (1982), S. 359-378 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Axon terminals ; Substantia gelatinosa ; Spinal cord ; Noradrenaline ; Ultrastructure ; Rat
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    Notes: Summary The noradrenergic terminals in the substantia gelatinosa of the dorsal horn of the cervical spinal cord of the rat were investigated by means of the histofluorescence technique and electron-microscopic cytochemistry using the glyoxylic acid-KMnO4 fixation technique. In accordance with the topographical distribution of fluorescent catecholaminergic fibers, noradrenergic terminals containing small granular vesicles were frequently observed electron microscopically in the outer layer of the substantia gelatinosa. These terminals were most frequently found to appose without showing typical synaptic features, small-caliber dendrites, spine apparatus, and rarely, large caliber dendrites. Only in a few cases, the noradrenergic terminals exhibited typical synaptic contacts with dendritic elements of small size. In addition, noradrenergic terminals apposed non-noradrenergic terminals containing small agranular vesicles. In rats bearing surgical lesions of the dorsal roots, no noradrenergic terminal were found in contact with the degenerated axon terminals in the substantia gelatinosa. These findings suggest that the noradrenergic afferents to the substantia gelatinosa may exert their influence on sensory transmission via dorsal horn cells.
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    Cell & tissue research 222 (1982), S. 629-634 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calcitonin cells ; Anomaly ; Thymus ; Rat
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    Notes: Summary In a study of the effect of pinealectomy on thyroid C-cell number, 8 animals out of 66 were found to have thymic tissue in close association with the thyroid. Cells containing immunoreactive calcitonin were found in all of the thyroids but in only one of the 8 pieces of thymus. These cells found in a piece of thymic tissue associated with the right thyroid lobe were located immediately under the capsule and did not form or associate with follicles. Unlike the other animals the rat with thymic calcitonin cells had an unequal distribution of C-cells between the left and right thyroid lobes, but the total number of thyroidal C-cells was the same as that of the other rats. Since the thymus proper was not examined in these 66 animals, ten additional rats were taken for such a study. Thyroid-associated thymic tissue was found in three of these, but none of these thymi showed any immunoreactive cells.
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  • 46
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    Cell & tissue research 222 (1982), S. 691-693 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Jugular vein ; Histochemistry ; Adrenergic innervation ; Cholinergic innervation ; Rat
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    Notes: Summary The autonomic innervation of rat jugular vein was studied using glyoxylic acid fluorescence and acetylcholinesterase histochemical methods. The rat jugular vein is provided with both adrenergic and cholinergic nerve fibers organized in plexuses located at the adventitial-medial border. The existence of these nerve plexuses does not seem to support biochemical findings that suggest a lack of innervation in the rat jugular vein and which propose this blood vessel as a model for the analysis of drug-smooth muscle cell interaction without the interference of neuronal uptake mechanisms.
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  • 47
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    Cell & tissue research 223 (1982), S. 493-506 
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    Keywords: Microglial cells ; TPPase ; NDPase ; Synapse ; Rat
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    Notes: Summary Electron-microscopic survey of selectively stained microglial cells in the cerebral cortex of the rat reveals that the processes of this cell type often encircle axo-dendritic synapses. Enzyme-histochemical methods for thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPPase) or nucleoside diphosphatase (NDPase) were used for the selective marking of the microglial cells; TPPase and NDPase activities were observed in the plasma membrane of microglial cells. The synapses encircled by microglial processes displayed presynaptic structures containing round clear vesicles (50 nm in diameter) and a prominent thickening of the postsynaptic membrane. In vitro, the above-mentioned enzymatic activities were completely suppressed by neuroactive agents such as catecholamines and phenothiazine derivatives. Examination using enzyme-histochemical techniques suggests that a single enzyme may be responsible for both above-mentioned enzymatic reactions. The functional significance of microglial cells in the normal central nervous tissue is discussed.
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  • 48
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    Cell & tissue research 223 (1982), S. 603-614 
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    Keywords: Kidney ; Medullary collecting duct ; Rat ; Rabbit ; Tight junctions ; Freeze ; fracture electron microscopy ; Urinary concentration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The tight junctions along the medullary collecting duct in the kidneys of the rat and the rabbit were studied with freeze-fracture electron microscopy and quantitated according to the number of strands and the apico-basal depth (nm) of the junctions. The most elaborate tight junctions were found in the inner stripe of the outer medulla; rat: 10.6±0.8 strands and 205±24nm; rabbit: 11.6±2.4 strands and 291±55 nm. The elaboration of the tight junctions decreased continuously towards the papillary tip. Inner zone I; rat: 9.3±2.6 strands and 186±38nm, rabbit: 9.5±2.3 strands and 247±59nm. Inner zone II; rat: 7.1±2.2 strands and 129±32nm, rabbit: 8.5±1.4 strands and 199±26nm. Inner zone III; rat: 6.0±1.6 strands and 111 + 19 nm, rabbit: 7.0±1.5 strands and 183±43 nm. In the inner zone III comprising the papillary tip tight junctions with only 1–3 strands were not infrequently seen. Preliminary findings in the kidney of the golden hamster indicate a similar decline of junctional tightness along the collecting duct. These morphological observations suggest that the permeability of the paracellular pathway of the medullary collecting duct increases towards the tip of the papilla, especially in the rat. The functional implications for the medullary recycling of urea and electrolytes, and for the urinary concentrating mechanism are discussed. In addition, the tight junctions of the papillary epithelium are described.
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  • 49
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    Cell & tissue research 223 (1982), S. 695-698 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunoreactive luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)-like material has been demonstrated in the pineal gland of the adult rat. The objective of the present study was to examine the ontogenetic development of this LHRH-like substance in the rat pineal with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method of Sternberger. LHRH-like immunoreactive material was not observed in pineal glands of newborn rats. The amount of material increased progressively from the 6th–12th day of postnatal development. On day 12, the amount of LHRH-like immunoreactivity was consistent and comparable in all pineal glands of male and female animals examined.
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  • 50
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    Cell & tissue research 224 (1982), S. 195-206 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pinealocytes ; Nucleolus ; Rat ; Ultrastructure ; Twenty-four-hour changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An ultrastructural and morphometric analysis was made of the nucleolar components in pinealocytes of 40 male Fischer rats sampled at eight times in an LD 12∶12 photoperiod cycle. Comparisons of results from the eight times showed variation in estimated mean volume of the granular component of ±29%, and of the fibrillar component ±11%, in relation to daily means. Peaks in mean volume of total nucleolus and its granular component occurred at 1 h of light. Near maximal and minimal mean volumes of the fibrillar component both occurred during both light and dark. Fibrillar centers (nucleolar organizer regions) of different sizes were found at all sampling times. It is concluded that temporal patterns in 24-h changes in the nucleolar components are most prominent in the granular component, and are more complex than suggested by changes in total nucleolar size or mean dimensions, and than represented by a simple biphasic circadian rhythm. Examples of different stages in the migration of the granular component, and of possible sites of nucleo-cytoplasmic transfer of nucleolar material, are described.
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  • 51
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    Cell & tissue research 224 (1982), S. 647-653 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: hCG binding sites ; Endocytosis ; Ovary ; Ultrastructural immunocytochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Localization of hCG binding sites and the process of endocytosis in pseudopregnant rat ovaries were investigated by indirect electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry. Immature female rats were treated with pregnant-mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to induce ovarian luteinization. Eight days after priming with PMSG-hCG and 1–6 h before sacrifice the animals were given another injection of hCG to bind the receptors. Receptor sites to hCG localized by reaction product were present in most luteal cells, but not in primary follicular cells. The receptor sites were distributed on luteal cell surfaces facing interstitial spaces. Endocytotic pits containing hCG binding sites were rarely seen 1 h after hCG injection. At 2 h, hCG and presumably its receptor were taken up within endocytotic vesicles with the evidence of reaction product coated on the vesicle wall. With time, fusion of endocytotic vesicles with lysosome occurred and the reaction product appeared in phagolysosomes. The reaction product was localized on phagolysosomal inner surface or in free granular form. These findings suggest that hCG and its receptors were internalized through endocytotic pits and endocytotic vesicles and delivered to lysosomes probably for degradation. An additional experiment for localization of acid phosphatase was also performed to delineate the lysosomes and phagolysosomes.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pudendal nerve ; Sensory neurones ; Spinal ganglion ; Transganglionic labelling (HRP) ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology and distribution of the sensory neurones of the pudendal nerve within the spinal ganglia of rats were investigated by use of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The labelling was visualized in diaminobenzidine (DAB) or tetramethyl-benzidine (TMB)-stained sections. Injection of HRP directly into the pudendal nerve labelled perikarya predominantly in the sixth lumbar DRG (L6). Following injection of HRP into the scrotal skin, however, additional cells were labelled in L5 and SI. Labelling was invariably unilateral. Approximately equal numbers of small (〈30 μm) and large neurones (〉40 μm) were labelled following subcutaneous injections although injections into the nerve marked twice as many small cells as large cells. This suggests that, in the rat, most of the small-diameter fibres within the pudendal nerve ascend through L6. Although a cluster of neurones was observed in one experiment, the remaining 25 experiments did not reveal any somatotopic arrangement since the labelled perikarya were distributed evenly throughout the ganglion. Similar numbers of retrogradely labelled neurones (somatopetal transport of the tracer) were observed in both DAB- and TMB-stained sections, although TMB allowed the demonstration of anterograde (somatofugal) HRP transport by terminal labelling in the superficial laminae of the lumbar spinal cord, extending into laminae II–IV.
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  • 53
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    Cell & tissue research 227 (1982), S. 93-112 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurophysins ; Immunocytochemistry ; Age-dependent changes ; Hypophysectomy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The hypothalamo-extrahypophyseal neurophysin pathways (HEH) and the three hypothalamic nuclei secreting neurophysins, the supraoptic (SON), paraventricular (PVN) and suprachiasmatic (SCN) nuclei, of normal and hypophysectomized rats were studied by application of the immunoperoxidase procedure. Eight well-defined HEH pathways were recognized. Their main sites of projection were: lateral septum and subfornical organ (1 and 2); tractus diagonalis (3); medial nucleus of the amygdala and lateral ventricle (4); nucleus periventricularis thalami, nucleus habenulae lateralis and periaqueductal gray (5); periaqueductal gray, pineal organ, collicular recess and subependymal region of the fourth ventricle (6); dorsomedial nucleus and premammillary area (7); perimammillary region, corpus trapezoideum, ventral surface of medulla oblongata, nucleus tractus solitarii, nucleus commissuralis, substantia gelatinosa and formatio reticularis lateralis of the medulla oblongata and spinal cord (8). Neurophysin fibers of unknown origin were found in the frontal cerebral cortex. It was noted that in pathway 5 the amount of immunostainable material undergoes changes with age. The three neurophysin-secreting nuclei reacted differently following hypophysectomy. Among the HEH pathways the only one that seemed to be affected by hypophysectomy was that innervating the lateral septum. It is suggested that the neurons that survive hypophysectomy either do not project to the neural lobe or, alternatively, display axon collaterals projecting outside the neural lobe. Such a neuronal population could be the origin of the HEH pathways.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Luteinizing hormone ; releasing hormone ; Immunocytochemistry ; Distribution ; Forebrain ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)-immunoreactive perikarya and processes was examined, in the untreated rat, with the unlabeled antibody enzyme method of immunocytochemistry on thick 50 μm vibratome sections. LHRH neurons were primarily observed in the preoptico-anterior hypothalamic and septal areas. Projections from these cell bodies to the median eminence form three distinct pathways, one laterally along the course of the optic tracts, one medially through the periventricular stratum of the third ventricle, and one through the tractus infundibularis. In addition, some of these cell bodies project to the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) and the subfornical organ (SFO). LHRH immunoreactive neurons were also noted in the anterior olfactory regions; they project along the medial olfactory tract to the olfactory bulb.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Splenic implants ; Non-lymphoid cells ; Trapping ; Enzyme histochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Regeneration of splenic tissue after autologous subcutaneous implantation provides a useful model for studying the development of splenic tissue. The development of the various non-lymphoid cells of the white pulp in the rat is described. It appears that regeneration of the implants is initiated by ingrowing vessels and a newly formed reticulum, which forms the microenvironment for the homing lymphocytes. Marginal metallophils are found at their characteristic location at the inner border of the marginal sinus five weeks after implantation. Trapping of antigen-antibody complexes reappears when the first primary follicles can be recognized.
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  • 56
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    Cell & tissue research 222 (1982), S. 223-226 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kainic acid ; Reactive microglia ; Autoradiography ; Hippocampus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Autoradiographic studies showed that in the rat hippocampus “microglia-like reactive cells” (MRC) and astrocytes are capable of proliferation in response to kainic acid (KA)-induced lesions. A marked increase in the number of labeled MRC was observed during the first four days after the induction of the KA-lesion. A proliferative response of astrocytes occurred at two days after the KA-lesion. After the induction of a KA-lesion brain macrophages and oligodendrocytes were only slightly labeled with 3H-thymidine. It appears likely that MRC is the main cellular element responding to this type of lesion.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Uterus ; Epithelial cells ; Tight junctions ; Pregnancy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of tight junctions between uterine luminal epithelial cells of the pregnant rat was studied by the freeze-fracture technique. On day 5 of pregnancy, the day of implantation, the region of tight junctions extended three times as far down the lateral cell membrane as on day 1 of pregnancy, and the strands of the complex interlinked more frequently. These observations suggest that tight junctions on day 5 may be more efficient in preserving the contents of the uterine lumen from dilution or escape than at earlier times of pregnancy.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cholecystokinin ; Spinal cord ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat ; Neuropeptides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity has been demonstrated by radioimmunoassay and immunocytochemistry in the spinal cord of various mammals, in particular in nerve fibers of the superficial layers of the posterior column, but had not been detected in neuronal cell bodies. We report immunohistochemical evidence for the presence of a group of cholecystokinincontaining neuronal cell bodies in the lumbar spinal cord of the rat. This group of cells is only visualized after direct injection of colchicine into the spinal cord and is located near the central canal in the intermedio-medial nucleus of area X of Rexed.
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  • 59
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    Cell & tissue research 224 (1982), S. 25-31 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spleen ; Ig-containing cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; Germinal center ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology and localisation of IgM- and IgG-containing cells in the spleen of rats immunized with sheep red-blood cells (SRBC) were studied by combining immunohistochemical reactions with routine histological and histochemical methods. It was shown that IgM cells occur only in the outer periarteriolar lymphocyte sheath (PALS), whereas IgG cells are present throughout the whole PALS. It has been concluded that these cell types have different routes of migration. Both IgM- and IgG-containing cells were found in the germinal center in close relation with the extracellular immune complexes. The significance of this localisation is discussed.
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  • 60
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    Cell & tissue research 224 (1982), S. 247-267 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin ; Brainstem ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphological characteristics and distribution of the somata of serotonin-containing neurons in the brainstem of rats and cats were studied by use of the peroxidase-anti peroxidase (PAP) immunohistochemical method employing highly specific antibodies to serotonin. Antibodies were raised in rabbits against an antigen prepared by coupling serotonin to bovine thyroglobulin and using formaldehyde as the coupling reagent. The distribution pattern of serotonin neurons observed in the present material is essentially in agreement with that described by other investigators who used the Falck-Hillarp method. In addition, this immunohistochemical technique revealed serotonin-containing perikarya in the following regions: 1) the periaqueductal gray, especially lateral to the nucleus raphe dorsalis, 2) the nucleus interpeduncularis, 3) the nucleus parabrachialis ventralis and dorsalis, 4) the field of the lemniscus lateralis, and 5) the reticular formation of the pons and medulla oblongata. The described immunohistochemical procedure makes it possible to study central serotonin neurons in detail without pharmacological pretreatment. The wide distribution of serotonin neurons demonstrated in this study should be considered when interpreting experiments dealing with the serotonin system.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: ACTH/β-endorphin neurons ; Synapse ; Hypothalamus ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the preinfundibular portion of male rat hypothalamus, the arcuate-median eminence region was examined after staining with anti-porcine ACTH 1-39 serum. In several cases, anti-β-endorphin serum was also employed. Both sera stain the same cell bodies. The cell bodies of the immunoreactive neurons are scattered in the subependymal layer, arcuate nucleus and lateral tuberal region. Fibers originating from these cell bodies are distributed extensively throughout these regions. They make synaptic contacts on immunonegative fibers in the arcuate nuclei, or terminate directly in the perivascular space in the internal layer of the median eminence. The fibers, however, are very scarce in the external layer of the median eminence, and do not directly terminate on the neurovascular contact surface. These findings suggest that the ACTH/β-endorphin neuronal system may serve neuronally and humorally as an intrahypothalamic constituent of the hypothalamic pituitary regulation system.
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  • 62
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    Cell & tissue research 224 (1982), S. 455-458 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Intravagal paraganglia ; Paraganglion supracardiale vagi ; Recurrent nerve ; Vagus nerve ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the Ham-Wistar rat, a paraganglion was found within the vagus nerve at the site of branching of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Due to its location the name “paraganglion supracardiale vagi” is suggested. Fluorescence microscopy of the paraganglionic cells displays an intense yellow-green fluorescence indicating the presence of biogenic amines. Ultrastructurally, chief cells containing dense-core vesicles form three kinds of synaptic contacts (afferent, efferent and reciprocal) with enlarged, mitochondria-rich nerve endings.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rat ; Cold adaptation ; Skeletal muscle ; Mitochondria ; Fat ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Growing rats (4 weeks old) were kept for 3 weeks at 11° C and 24° C respectively. The cold-adapted animals showed a significantly higher oxygen consumption (64%). Volume density of subsarcolemmal and interfibrillar mitochondria as well as volume density of fat droplets were estimated in M. soleus and the diaphragm of both groups. In cold-adapted animals, the total volume of mitochondria was significantly increased by 24% in diaphragm and 37% in M. soleus. The volume of subsarcolemmal mitochondria was almost doubled in each muscle, but the volume of interfibrillar mitochondria did not change significantly. The surface of the inner mitochondrial membranes per unit volume of mitochondrion in M. soleus was significantly increased both in interfibrillar and subsarcolemmal mitochondria, whereas the surface of the outer mitochondrial membranes per unit volume of mitochondrion was increased only in the subsarcolemmal mitochondria. The volume of fat droplets in the diaphragm and M. soleus of cold adapted animals increased significantly by 62% and 150% respectively.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Monoadrenalectomy ; Compensatory adrenal growth ; Zona fasciculata ; Rat ; Stereology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural changes associated with the compensatory hypertrophy of the zona fasciculata cells on monoadrenalectomized rats were investigated by stereological techniques. It was found that these subcellular changes display a different pattern from those underlying the ACTH-induced adrenocortical cell growth in the intact rats. This result supports the view that compensatory adrenal hypertrophy does not involve activation of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenal axis.
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  • 65
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    Cell & tissue research 226 (1982), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin-immunoreactive nerve fibers ; Cerebellum ; Cat ; Rat ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The localization of serotonin (5-HT)-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the cerebellum of the rat and cat was investigated by means of the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) method using highly specific antibodies to 5-HT. Serotonin-containing nerve fibers were distributed throughout the entire cerebellum including the deep cerebellar nuclei, while 5-HT-positive neuronal somata were not detected in the cerebellum of either species. A different pattern of 5-HT innervation was found among the three layers of the cerebellar cortex. There were also interspecific differences in the pattern of distribution of 5-HT. In the rat, the pool of 5-HT nerve fibers mainly consisted of tangential elements, which were predominant in the molecular layer, while in the cat only a few 5-HT fibers were found in the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex; dense networks of 5-HT nerve fibers were present in the granular layer. Some differences are evident in the pattern of distribution of 5-HT fibers in cerebellar regions classified on an anatomical and functional basis.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Carotid body ; Glomus cells ; Endocytosis ; Cationized ferritin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Glomus cells from carotid bodies of adult rats dissociated by means of collagenase or collagenase + trypsin were used to study by electron microscopy the endocytotic uptake of cationized ferritin (CF) tracer into subcellular compartments. The glomus cells were incubated with the tracer (1) in a basic salt medium (BM), or (2) in the BM into which calcium ionophore A23187 had been added, or (3) in a potassium-rich medium. Incubation of the cells in BM containing CF for 30 min resulted in attachment of the tracer to the cell membrane and uptake of a few solitary tracer particles into small vesicles and multivesicular bodies. No uptake into the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus was observed. Further incubation in BM containing CF for another 30 min resulted in increased uptake of the tracer into small vesicles and multivesicular bodies. A similar pattern of uptake was observed when the dissociated glomus cells were first preincubated in BM with CF for 30 min and then incubated for 1 min or 30 min in the BM solution containing both the ionophore and CF. Upon such incubation, CF particles were seen to penetrate into coated pits and sites of exocytosis at the cell surface. When the 30-min preincubation in BM was followed by incubation in a CF-containing potassium-rich medium for 15–30 min, uptake into vesicles, small lysosomes and occasionally also into profiles of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum was seen. Endocytotic mechanisms of the glomus cells are outlined.
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