ALBERT

Notes: The theory of pth-order singular differential equations is adaptable to the study of the system of recurrence relations occurring in the problem of a one-dimensional chain with pth-neighbor interactions. By using Green's formula, a mapping is defined between the space Vn of eigenvectors to the dynamical matrix and the symplectic space V2p of boundary conditions for the recurrence equations. The properties of the resolvent are obtained from an analysis of the solutions of a system of inhomogeneous equations and Green's matrix is constructed for the case of standard Sturm-Liouvilletype boundary conditions. The Weyl surface is discussed and its properties used for the construction of square summable sequences which in turn can be employed in expansion formulas. The generalization of Weyl's m-function in the second-order case (p = 1) becomes for p ≥ 2 a p × p matrix M(λ), where λ is a complex parameter. The imaginary part Im {M(λ)} is related to the spectral properties and serves as basis for the discussion of different concepts of spectral density for the normal modes of lattice dynamical problems. An important practical result is the equation M = -Ψa-1Φa valid in the limit point case, generalizing the corresponding second-order formula.

Notes: An electrostatic correction to the energy of the EH method is deduced from the Hartree energy. A recent correction, due to Anderson and Hoffmann, is easily deduced as a particular case. Some calculations show how the correction can improve the description of stretching problems by EH calculations but poor results are obtained in bending and torsion problems.

Notes: The basis set dependency of the core ionization potential of water was investigated for atomic optimized Cartesian Gaussian basis sets. Basis set parameters optimized for oxygen yielded better IP's than basis set parameters optimized for fluorine. Not much was gained by using different parameters for the ground state and for the 1s hole state.

Notes: A recursive numerical integration scheme based on the method of Clenshaw and Curtis is proposed for the efficient implementation of the variation-iteration procedure for the computation of approximate energies and wave functions for atomic systems. Extensive numerical tests are carried out to assess the accuracy and efficiency of the method and inaccuracies in some earlier calculations are pointed out.

Notes: The formalism described in the first paper of this series is applied to the chain SU(2) ⊃ D′∞ ⊃ D′4 ⊃ D′2, the covering of SO(3) ⊃ D∞ ⊃ D4 ⊃ D2. The state vectors (|αJaΓγ) adapted to each link of the chain under consideration and the corresponding coupling coefficients \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ f\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}c} {J_1 } & {J_2 } & J \\ {a_1 \Gamma _1 \gamma _1 } & {a_2 \Gamma _2 \gamma _2 } & {a\Gamma \gamma } \\ \end{array}} \right) $\end{document} are given in analytical form. The material reported here is very convenient for a quantum-mechanical description of molecular and nuclear systems with linear, tetragonal, or orthorhombic symmetry. In this respect, we present an outline for its applications to the electronic and vibrational-rotational spectroscopy of molecular aggregates and to the rotational spectroscopy of molecules or nuclei. In addition, we briefly show how the material may simplify the second-order non-Lie subgroup type approach to the representation theory of SU(2).

Notes: The transferability of bonds in a set of small molecules has been explored. The molecular wave-functions have been calculated from the group (or loge) function method, via a construction based on Gaussian functions. The transferability is very good and the effect of lone pairs on adjacent bonds has been analysed. Furthermore, a very simple procedure has been proposed to estimate the frontiers of the bonds.

Notes: A series of LCAO-MO-SCF calculations, using various basis sets of Gaussian-type functions, has been made in order to study the effects of p, d, and f polarization functions for a 10-electron isoelectronic series of oxygen hydrides and for an 18-electron isoelectronic series of sulfur hydrides. Conclusions from these results suggest that meaningful proton affinities cannot be calculated without the inclusion of a d function on the heavy atom and a p function on the hydrogen atoms.

Notes: A two-parameter ω-technique for MO calculations is proposed. The parameters ω and ω′ are chosen empirically to obtain a good agreement between calculated and observed bond lengths. The method amounts to an inclusion of the effect of nearest-neighbour electronic repulsion integrals into the conventional ω-technique.

Notes: Floating spherical Gaussian orbital (FSGO) open-shell calculations have been made to determine the potential energy surface of planar square and rectangular arrangements of the four-electron system H4. This surface is discussed in relation to the bimolecular isotope exchange reaction H2+D2-→ 2HD. The changes in energy and geometry accompanying the coplanar approach of two hydrogen molecules interacting chemically have also been investigated. Calculations on the electronic energies of planar T-shaped and kite arrangements of H4 of various sizes show that it is unlikely that these configurations can serve as transition states for the exchange reaction. However, the energy curve for linear configurations of H4 (H—H—H … H), calculated as a function of the H3 … H distance with the symmetric linear H3 (H-H-H) unit fixed at the internuclear distance of 1.9080 a.u., is found to have a deep minimum (-1.9176 a.u.) at an r(H3 … H) distance of 1.5846 a.u. The overall results suggest that the following mechanism for the exchange reaction, H2+H2→H2+H+H→H3+H→H+H2+ H→H2+H2 could be advantageous as it requires a barrier height of 0.1604 a.u. which is significantly lower than that calculated from the saddle point energy (0.1950 a.u.). However, the problem of reconciling this with the experimental activation energy of 0.0685 a.u. still remains.

Notes: Excitation energies and transition moments have been determined from a second order polarization propagator and the effect of including energy shifted denominators has been investigated. Results for Be and CH+ show a change of 2-5% for the transition moments and of 0-20% for the singlet excitation energies in a second order approach compared to a first order (time-dependent Hartree-Fock) approximation. Both Be and CH+ are triplet unstable in the time-dependent Hartree-Fock approximation. The triplet instability is removed for Be but not for CH+ in a second order polarization propagator approach.

Notes: The spherical limit of a single particle in the field of three nuclei is shown to exhibit a variety of phenomena associated with the stability of the various extrema involved. Some consequences with respect to the general problem of detecting broken symmetry solutions of variational problems are pointed out.

Notes: One of the variants of Löwdin's partitioning technique that makes use of a Brillouin-type perturbation expansion for the study of lower bounds to the eigenvalues of a Hamiltonian has not been applied to any practical quantum mechanical problem so far. To illustrate how powerful this method can be, an application is made to the rigid rotator in an electric field, which has already been studied by Choi and Smith using the bracketing function of an intermediate Hamiltonian. It turns out that for a given order of the basis set of the Bazley space the Brillouin-Löwdin perturbation expansion gives closer bounds than the method of Choi and Smith, except for the case l = m, where the procedures can be shown to be mathematically equivalent. Especially for high l - m the number of basis functions needed to attain the same accuracy is by far larger for the method of Choi and Smith than for the Brillouin-Löwdin method.

Notes: The solution of the quantum-mechanical one-particle problem involving a Coulomb potential with a cut-off contains Whittaker functions, difficult to evaluate individually. However, the energy expression involves a ratio of two contiguous Whittaker functions, and the entire ratio is easily expressed as a convergent continued fraction. Representative energy eigenvalues are calculated, correcting the errors due to an earlier Bessel function approximation by Wannier.

Notes: A model consisting of a harmonic oscillator well and a repulsive inverse square potential, coupled by a delta function, is solved. We find the S-function for this case and study its poles as a function of the coupling strength. These poles show how the harmonic levels shift and broaden as the two potential curves couple and predissociation occurs. A “new state” is found when the energy threshold is just below the first excited state of the harmonic oscillator.

Notes: The thermodynamics of the DNA helix-coil transition is studied, starting from the thermodynamical potential difference between the states helix and coil; this potential difference is understood as the difference in free energies. With only three parameters obtained from experimental data different quantities of the T2 phage DNA molecule are calculated. It is observed that the phase transition is of second order.

Notes: A very efficient and exact method for calculating the long-range effects in polymers is reported. The method is based on the multipole expansion within the Fock operator, and exact summation up to infinity is carried out. Only a small number of one-electron integrals have to be considered, while in the traditional approach one has to compute a large number of two-electron integrals. Results on LiH model polymer have been obtained with a remarkable accuracy within a negligible computing time.

Notes: Let E(R) be a potential-energy function for a neutral or ionic diatom in the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. Then the approximation of E(R) for 0 〈 R 〈 ∞ starting from finite and typically small sets of given information is considered. The approach is based on the fact that the scaled potential curves F(R) = R2E(R) derive from an eigenvalue problem which depends linearly on R. The nature of the curves F(R) is examined in detail. The results include the discovery of various approximants, some of which display rigorous bounding properties and others, closely related, whose behavior with respect to the approximated function appears to be predictable.

Notes: In an attempt to rationalize and improve an approximate exchange perturbation scheme related to the model of Murrell et al., more accurate approximations are introduced eliminating the use of empirical parameters. The total interaction energy has been evaluated as the sum of additive electrostatic, exchange, charge transfer, and dispersion contributions. It is proven that the assumption of intramolecular ZDO approximation is equivalent to the use of the Mulliken formula for intermolecular intergrals in the region of small overlap. It is also shown that the use of exact two-center resonance integrals and atomic multipole expansion leads to a substantial improvement of results. The method has been applied to calculation of interaction energies of some model hydrogen-bonded complexes of water, hydrogen fluoride, adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine using approximate all-valence wave functions.

Notes: The problem considered is that of selecting the finite orbital basis which will minimize the energy in a given size CI calculation. (1) A one-body operator is defined which has as eigenfunctions the desired optimal basis. The operator is defined in terms of the basis which leads to a self-consistency problem of Hartree-Fock type. (2) A method of successive orbital rotations is defined which is shown to have desirable convergence properties.

Notes: It is shown that application of the orthonormality-constrained variation method to the absolute squares of three kinds of overlap integrals leads to eigenvalue equations and of which the eigenvectors belonging to maximum (minimum) eigenvalues are the maximum (minimum) overlap, localized, and hybrid orbitals. In the eigenvalue equations, coupling operators similar to those used in SCF theory are found to occur. Connection of the maximum orbitals to a many-shell model, a simple MO theory, and Löwdin's orthonormalization is also discussed.

Notes: Electric polarizabilities are calculated by solving the first- and second-order perturbation equations through a variational procedure. Satisfactory numerical results are obtained for a number of molecules using the CNDO approximation with an extended basis set.

Notes: The mathematical basis for the Ruedenberg's and Mulliken's approximations is given in a general framework.

Notes: The ab initio Hartree-Fock crystal orbital method is used for the calculation of the energy band structure of a one-dimensional model of (SN)x. Two energy band structures are described corresponding to the self-consistent spin density wave (SDW) and the self-consistent charge density wave (CDW) solution, respectively.

Notes: The multiple scattering molecular orbital method, with different choices of sphere radii and local exchange, is applied to the cluster CrF63-. The orbital energies are almost always in the same order but uniformly moved up or down the energy scale depending on which parameters are used. Charge densities are only slightly dependent on the parameters. A method to avoid interaction with Rydberg-like states is suggested.

Notes: A general quantum-mechanical description of molecular transport across biological membranes has been developed. The one-dimensional Schrödinger equation for the motion of ions and molecules across the biological membrane has been solved using reasonable potential barriers. Two types of potential profiles for such transports have been considered: a flat barrier proposed by Hall et al. for lipids and an oscillatory potential proposed by Lauger for lipids and by us in this paper for intrinsic proteins. The general behavior of the transmission coefficient as a function of energy and the variation of the permeability as a function of structural changes in the membrane have been discussed. Finally, the importance and areas of applicability of such a theory have been pointed out.

Notes: Le découpage de la densité électronique totale dans une molécule, en contributions provenant des diverses orbitales, permet de définir des régions orbitalaires de caractère conventionnel dont la charge totale est égale à la somme des populations de Mulliken des orbitales constituant les diverses régions. La fluctuation relative de la charge de ces régions s'exprime simplement en fonction des populations de Mulliken et des indices de liaisons. Cette analyse de la densité dans des molécules variées (saturées ou conjuguées) permet de retrouver les liaisons chimiques de la graphie classique comme correspondant à des régions orbitalaires de charge voisine de 2 et présentant une fluctuation relative fiable (≤0, 10). Compte tenu du caractère dynamique que contient la notion de liaison, les résultats obtenus trouveraient une interprétation simple dans l'espace des phases. L'impuissance de la Mécanique quantique de donner une description dans cet espace expliquerait l'impossibilité de déduire de calculs quantiques la notion měme de liaison chimique.

Notes: The dependence of the molecular electrostatic potential V on the method of calculating the wave function and on the basis set has been examined for three electronic states of H2CO. The calculations analyzed here refer to two different basis sets: a minimal set and a split-valence shell set, both supplemented with diffuse p orbitals. The methods of calculation include the SCF procedure (for the ground state), CI procedures of increasing complexity, which practically reach their asymptotic limits, and, for the excited states, simpler methods (rigid orbital excitation, complete CI of single excitations, electron-hole potential methods). It appears that in the ground state the two bases give equivalent descriptions of V when the CI process reaches the asymptotic limit and that the SCF descriptions approximate fairly well the more accurate ones. For the 3A1(π → π*) state the conclusions on the two basis sets are similar and, in addition, it is shown that a simple method (EHP) gives an approximation of V that reproduces the essential features of the complete CI calculations. The inadequacy of both basis sets for the representation of the 1A1(π → π*) state turns out to be evident. A discussion is presented concerning the possibility of adopting the calculation of V as an auxiliary tool to compare the accuracy of different descriptions of the same electronic state.

Notes: A multiple scattering method is used for determining the total cross section of elastic electron scattering for the SF6 molecule in the energy range 10-60 eV.

Notes: The approximate way of calculating the supermolecular density applied in the Gordon and Kim method is examined. If the supermolecular density is approximated by a sum of the subsystem densities, the results for the individual contributions to the interaction energy (kinetic, potential) appear to be incorrect as compared with those obtained in the SCF approach and in first-order perturbation theory. However, a considerable improvement of the statistical results is obtained if a more suitably calculated supermolecular density is used. All calculations have been carried out for the He2 system.

Notes: A survey of our recent work on algebraic structures and reduced-density-matrix theory is presented. Our approach leads to a method of classifying reduced density matrices and generalizes the notion of open and closed shells in many-body theory.

Notes: Optimal orbital exponents are approximated by minimization of the reduced Hamiltonian orbital ground state energy. They appear to be as good as and are obtained at much less expense than the values derived by the usual SCF exponent optimization scheme. Partitioning of energy into 0-energy, 1-energy, and 2-energy (Absar and Coleman, Int. J. Quant. Chem. 10, 319 (1976); Chem. Phys. Lett. 39, 60 (1976)) is used to study the variation in the electronic energy surface upon variation of orbital exponents. The 1-energy operator, the natural orbitals of which are the reduced Hamiltonian orbitals, is compared with the SCF operator.

Notes: Representable reference density matrices are applied to the graphical description of the Coulomb hole in a CI wave function for the first excited 1S state of the four-electron boron ion B+. It is found that a satisfactory picture of the Coulomb hole emerges only when the symmetry of the correlated wave function is recognized in the construction of the reference full-density matrix.

Notes: Ab initio LCAO SCF MO calculations are carried out on planar Co-porphine with a basis set of roughly double zeta quality for Co and N and of single zeta quality for C and H. The net charge on Co and N and the overlap population between them are 1.78, -0.57, and 0.06, respectively, in the 2A1g, state, which is known to be the ground state by experiment. The bonding in this complex is thus largely ionic. The first and second calculated ionization potentials are 6.51 and 6.77 eV, respectively, and are in reasonable agreement with the observed ionization potentials of 6.44 and 6.62 eV for Ni-tetraphenylporphine. CI calculations within the framework of the ligand field theory are also performed. The calculated order of the five lowest states is 4B2g ≈ 4Eg, 4A2g, 2A1g, 4Eg from below and is not in agreement with the semiempirical order of 2A1g ≈ 4B2G, 4A2g, 2Eg, 4Eg determined by Lin.

Notes: We have explored two areas of approximately rigorous calculations for computing nonempirical wave functions for heavy and/or large molecules orders of magnitude faster than with conventional ab-initio methods but with the same chemical accuracy.First, we have developed and used a series of programs (starting from our new fast sets of ab-initio Gaussian SCF and SCF-CI programs) incorporating ab-initio effective core model potentials (MOD-POT) which allow one to treat only the valence electrons explicitly, plus a charge conserving integral prescreening, which cuts down significantly on the number of integrals that have to be calculated, stored, or processed for a large molecule. We have named this latter procedure VRDDO (variable retention of diatomic differential overlap). With these MODPOT and MODPOT/VRDDO methods we have explored a variety of small, medium, and large systems ranging from electron affinities of atoms through to molecules of biological interest and large boron hydrides. The results compared to ab-initio SCF or SCF/CI calcuations are very good, usually within 0.001 to 0.002 a.u. for orbital energies and gross atomic populations (GAPS) and even better along potential energy curves.Secondly, we have explored the use of the MS-Xα method for less conventional molecules and properties than those for which it is customarily employed.

Notes: The AMO function of the hydrogen molecule ψ = ψc + η ψi, where ψc is the covalent part and ψi the ionic part, is investigated for small internuclear distances R. We found η → -1 as R →,-1 as R → 0, contrary to the intuitively expected limit η → 1. However, near R = 0 an analytical expression of ψ is derived, showing that ψ reduces to the helium ground state as R → 0. We have proved that the empirical concept „covalent and ionic character“ should be replaced by the symmetry argument in the case of small R.

Notes: The properties of biorthonormal sets and their use in quantum chemistry are discussed. A theoretical description of the interaction between one-electron atoms is presented. The description is based on a single orbital per electron but is otherwise complete. Structurally simple relations are derived for the energy of interaction, and theoretical justifications for the London equation and the diatomics-in-molecules method are presented. Some comments on the stability of spin-coupling-optimized methods are made.

Notes: A SCF method using localized molecular orbitals which are built up on hybrid atomic orbitals is proposed to obtain the charges in infinite crystals. Hybrid orbitals are built up on a minimal STO basis set. The formalism has been adapted in order to take into account the periodicity of the system and its infinite size by introducing the Madelung constant. The total energy is given by an infinite sum of terms each corresponding to the energy of a bond in the crystal field. Minimizing this bond energy with respect to eigenvectors it is straightforward to obtain the electronic charges, whence the polarity, i.e., the ionicity, of bonds. In this first paper, we study and discuss the polarity of bonds in zincblende and wurtzite-type compounds built up on first and second row elements. Our values are coherent between themselves and in agreement with other authors' results. The connection with electronegativity and polarizability is discussed.

Notes: A procedure to improve trial wave functions is given in terms of the off-diagonal hypervirial theorem. This procedure is closely related to the optimum scaling method which is valid for the diagonal hypervirial theorem. The second excited state of the one-dimensional oscillator model is employed as an example, and improved wave functions and expectation values are calculated. The results are compared with previous values based on the diagonal hypervirial theorem.

Notes: In this paper, MC-SCF and CI methods have been explored for the calculation of ground- and excited-state energies of some aromatic heterocycles in the PPP framework. A new algorithm for solving the orbital equations in MC-SCF theory has been suggested and its performance has been compared with the conventional gradient optimization technique. Energies of first few transitions have been calculated and compared with rather extensive CI results.

Notes: An analytical potential function for the pairwise interaction of methane and water is reported. The function is representative of 225 ab initio quantum-mechanical calculations of the intermolecular interaction using 6-31G self-consistent-field molecular-orbital theory. The statistical parameters of the curve fitting are given and isoenergy contour maps of the interaction energy are presented and discussed.

Notes: We review the methods and some applications of complex scaling transformation as well as some goals that now seem accessible using this technique in atomic and molecular physics.

Notes: The theories of the dilatation, r → r eiθ, and translation, x → x + iq, transformations as related to the Stark problem are reviewed, and new results obtained. Results for the hydrogen atom n = 1 and n = 2 levels and the 1P0, 2s2p H- shape resonance in dc fields are presented, and the extension to the ac Stark effect made. Spectral estimates are made using the technique of the numerical range and via discussion of several model problems, using both coordinate rotation and coordinate translation.

Notes: The theory of this paper deals with certain aspects of the formal properties of atomic and molecular highly excited nonstationary states and the problem of calculating their wave functions, energies, and widths. The conceptual framework is a decay theory based on the consistent definition and calculation of the t = 0 localized state, |Ψ. Given this framework, the following topics are treated: (a) The variational calculation of Ψ0 and E0 using a previously published theory that generalized the projection operator approach to many-electron systems. (b) The exact definition of the resonance energy. (c) The possibility of bound states in the continuum. (d) The relation of Ψ0 to the resonance (Gamow) function Ψ and of the Hamiltonian to the rotated Hamiltonian H(θ) based on the notion of perturbation of boundary conditions in the asymptotic region. (e) The variational calculation of real and complex energies employing matrix elements of H and H2 with square-integrable and resonance functions. (f) The mathematical structure of the time evolution of |Ψ0〉 and the possibility of observing nonexponential decays in certain autoionizing states that are very close to the ionization threshold. (g) A many-body theory of atomic and molecular resonances that employs the coordinate rotation method.

Notes: The theoretical justification of the model potential method is studied in some detail. The correct equations within the framework of Roothaan's open-shell scheme are derived and the approximations necessary to get a workable method are discussed. Analysis of the local part of the model potential suggests a new analytical form for it. The new expression is theoretically more consistent than the original one, and it can be determined in a more straightforward way. A basis set approximation, which is particularly suitable for approximate evaluation of two-electron integrals when only valence orbitals are involved, is discussed and tested with encouraging results. The ideas are tested on the Fe and I atoms.

Notes: The polarization model, originally developed to describe deformable and ionizable water molecules, has been extended to hydrogen fluoride. Since electronic polarization is explicitly included, the interaction energy in aggregates of molecules (with or without ions) is nonadditive. The model properly describes the structure of (HF)2, including off-axis bending of the proton acceptor molecule. Calculations are presented to illustrate elementary gas-phase reactions involving proton transfer between HF and F-, and H2F+ and F-.

Notes: The concept of a universal basis set for electronic structure calculation is illustrated by presenting results obtained when basis sets are transferred from one atom to another. A single Slater-orbital basis set, consisting of nine 1s and six 2p functions, produces Hartree-Fock total energies and orbital energies in good agreement with the most accurate calculations of these energies obtained using different basis sets individually optimized for each atom. Transferability of integrals is a natural consequence of the use of the same basis set for each atom in a molecule.

Notes: The possible uses of the half-projected Hartree-Fock (HPHF) scheme for computing potential-energy surfaces for both singlet and triplet states are investigated. For that purpose, a new procedure based on the simultaneous solution of two eigenvalue equations is presented for calculating the HPHF function. Applications are given in the cases of the singlet ground state and lowest triplet state of the lithium molecule. In both cases, the HPHF scheme is found to yield the correct general shape of the curves. The features of these curves are discussed. Finally, it is concluded that the HPHF model seems to be useful as a tool for determining potential-energy surfaces, especially in the cases of large molecules where more sophisticated methods are unmanageable.

Notes: The molecular spectra of formamide (HCONH2) are interpreted by the use of the new semiempirical method HAM/3. Very good agreement with experiments can be obtained for the calculation of all valence ionization energies as well as for the (negative) electron affinity. In addition, the calculated excitation energies allow an unambiguous interpretation of the UV spectrum, for which previously different ordering of the triplet 3ππ* and 3nπ* transitions have been suggested.

Notes: A method has been developed to analyzed the bond and current correlation structures of a molecular many-electron wave function. It is shown that the second order density matrix contains information about the bond and current correlations in its off-diagonal components with respect to the indices of orbital basis functions. We break down the off-diagonal correlation functions into five kinds: charge, spin scalar, spin quadrupole, charge spin, and spin polar correlation functions. For a real wave function, the four correlation functions, except for the spin polar one, have only symmetric-symmetric and antisymmetric-antisymmetric components. The former components give site-bond and bond-bond correlations of charges and spins, while the latter components give current-current correlations of charges and spins. The spin polar correlation function has only symmetric-antisymmetric components that give site-current and bond-current correlations of spins. The five off-diagonal correlation functions are expressed in terms of the off-diagonal components of the second order density matrix. The linked off-diagonal correlation functions are defined in that they give dynamical bond and current correlations. The method is applied to the analyses of the bond and current correlations in the low lying exact eigenstates of the PPP Hamiltonian of benzene.

Notes: This work amalgamates some basic elements defined in the first paper of this series and in related papers with the theory of coupling coefficients for an arbitrary group with the view of generating the Clebsch-Gordan coefficients and V symbols for point symmetry groups. The connection between Clebsch-Gordan coefficients and V symbols is established for an arbitrary group in a form that reduces to the one known for the chain SU(2) ⊃ U(1). The Clebsch-Gordan coefficients and V symbols of any point symmetry group G are shown to be obtainable from Clebsch-Gordan coefficients and \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\bar f} $\end{document} symbols of the chain SU(2) ⊃ G through the resolving of a system of nonlinear equations.

Notes: The nature of the correlation function G(1,2) appearing in the definition of the reduced first order density operator γ′(1,2) = ρ(1)1/2ρ(2)1/2G(1,2) is analyzed. It is shown that when G(1,2) is expanded in terms of plane waves in the context of a single-determinant approximation to the wave function, the correction to the Weizsacker term in the kinetic energy density expression is the Thomas-Fermi term.

Notes: In the framework of our theoretical approach of the structure and reactivity of chemical intermediates we have been led to reexamine the concept of stability which is widely used by the experimentalists often without specifying its true meaning. In this work we propose a more general definition of the concept of stabilization energy, namely, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ SE = \Delta H_a - \Sigma N_{AB} E_{AB} $$\end{document} where ΔHa is the heat of atomization of the species under consideration and the EAB's are standard bond energy terms derived from the heats of atomization of reference compounds. Using experimental heats of formation or semiempirical ones deduced from theoretical heats of reaction of appropriate isodesmic processes, we have calculated the stabilization energies of various types of chemical species: saturated, unsaturated and conjugated molecules, free radicals, carbocations, and carbanions. The results obtained can be rationalized in terms of steric hindrance, angular strain, polar interactions, electron delocalization, and substituent effects. Moreover, we have shown that heats of hydrogenation and bond dissociation energies do not provide accurate information on the thermodynamic stabilization of unsaturated compounds and free radicals, respectively. Among other applications the concept of stabilization energy allowed us to propose a detailed classification of free radicals and to rationalize their reactivity. Considering the particular case of radical recombination reactions we have been able to deduce interesting equations showing the relations between the concept of stabilization energy and other quantities commonly used in chemical physics, namely, the bond cleavage enthalpy [BDE(C—C) if one considers alkane thermolysis], the thermodynamic stability measured by the free enthalpy change of a given reaction, and the kinetic stabilization related to the activation energy of a chosen chemical process \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} {{\rm BDE}(R - R) = E(R - R) - 2{\rm SE(R}^ \cdot {\rm)} + {\rm SE(R} - R{\rm),}} \\ {\Delta G^0_r 2{\rm SE(}R^ \cdot {\rm)} - {\rm SE(R} - R{\rm)} - E(R - R) - T\Delta S^0,} \\ {E_a (r) = \alpha [ - {\rm BDE(}R - R{\rm)}] + \beta ({\hbox{Evans - Polanyi relation}}),}\\ {E_a (r) = a[2{\rm SE(R}^ \cdot )} - {\rm SE(}R - R{\rm)] + }b{\rm .} \end{array} $$\end{document} This analysis allowed us to give a new interpretation of the adjectives transient, persistent, and stable introduced by Griller and Ingold and to show that the persistence of a radical may be due to other factors than steric ones. In conclusion, the concept of stabilization energy appears to be a good tool for rationalizing the static and dynamic properties of chemical species.

Notes: Two-dimensional fully numerical solutions of the Hartree-Fock problem are reported for the singlet ground states of H-, He, H2, and HeH+. The H2 energy at R = 1.4 a.u. is -1.13362957 a.u.

Notes: In this paper, some operator endomorphisms which give rise to conditions for N representability of pth order density matrices are presented.

Notes: A simple analysis of the bonding between the d orbitals in binuclear complexes of chromium indicate that the usual multiple bond picture used to describe these systems is incomplete. This analysis is fairly general and depends only on the symmetry of these complexes and the rather weak coupling between the 3d orbitals on the two metal centers. A series of INDO calculations on Cr2Cl8-4 and Cr2(CH3)8-4 are reported, and suggest that the dominant description of the bonding is one of two Cr atoms antiferromagnetically coupled. Although this description properly accounts for the eclipsed versus staggered conformations found for these systems, the calculated bond length is too long. An analysis of the components of the wave function suggests that the role of multiple bonded structures (configurations) may be small but is important in its influence in shifting the very flat potential energy surfaces to shorter Cr—Cr distances.

Notes: The interaction energies of proton with ethylene and substituted ethylenes in a positive bridged ion have been calculated by ab initio MO method with STO-3G basis set, and the energies were further decomposed according to decomposition scheme proposed by Kitaura and Morokuma [Int. J. Quantum Chem. 10, 325 (1976)].

Notes: Correlation corrections to coupled Hartree-Fock (CHF) static dipole polarizabilities and dipole moment of the HF molecule are calculated using third-order Rayleigh-Schrödinger perturbation theory with Møller-Plesset partitioning (RSMP) in a finite-field procedure. Computations are also made for the dipole moment and polarizability derivatives at the equilibrium internuclear separation. Three different basis sets using contracted Gaussian orbitals augmented by field-induced diffuse polarization functions have been employed to investigate the nature of variation of the properties under study, and the importance of field-induced diffuse polarization functions is discussed. [2/1] Padé approximants are used to accelerate the convergence of the properties. The correlated dipole moment and polarizability values are in excellent agreement with the existing theoretical and experimental values. The dipole moment derivative is in perfect agreement with the existing correlated value. However, the polarizability derivatives at SCF and correlated levels differ appreciably from the existing SCF values and represent as improvement.

Notes: The observed proton hyperfine coupling constants of radicals from resorcinol and 2-carboxylic, 5-carboxylic, and 5-methyl resorcinols in acidic and alkaline solution were reproduced by means of the INDO (intermediate neglect of differential overlap) with molecular geometry adjusting method. The bond lengths of C—O were longer in acidic solution than in alkaline solution and the total energies were lower in acidic solution than in alkaline solution. The assignments of the coupling constants of the radicals from resorcinols were |A2| 〉 |A5| in alkaline oxidation and |A2| 〈 |A5| in acidic oxidation.

Notes: In the present work, the problem of the determination of the potential energy surface for nonrigid molecules is examined in the case of the double rotation of the methyl groups in acetone. From the symmetry adapted functional form for the potential, the minimum number of configurations to be calculated is deduced in order to have a reliable surface. With this consideration in mind, the potential energy surface of acetone is determined in some Hartree-Fock semiempirical (CNDO/2) and ab initio procedures with different standard basis sets. In addition, ab initio calculations are performed using different sets of floating Gaussian functions in order to introduce some polarization effects in the wave function. Finally, the influence of the electronic correlation effects in the barrier height, and the role of the possible relaxation of the structure during the rotation is discussed.

Notes: Cross sections for energy transfer into many-body systems can be expressed in terms of time-correlation functions (TCFS) of transition operators. A semiclassical version is presented by treating internal motions as quantized and relative motions as classical. The time evolution of internal motions can be calculated in the Heisenberg picture and avoids expansions in target states. The decoupling of fast and slow internal motions is treated and applied to vibrational-rotational decoupling in polyatomic molecules. Results are presented for Li+-CO2 collisions.

Notes: Water chain intervention in the hydrolysis of methyl fluoride and in some tautomeric 1,3 proton transfer reactions has been studied. The results show that in solution the process are neither unimolecular nor bimolecular as in the gas phase, but are multimolecular, where the geometric parameters of the solvent intervene in the reaction coordinate.

Notes: The computational considerations involved in calculating ordinary and rotatory intensities and electronic excitation energies in the random phase approximation (RPA) are examined. We employ a localized orbital formulation in order to analyze the results in terms of local and charge-transfer excitations. Occupied orbitals are localized by the Foster-Boys procedure. The virtual space is transformed into a localized “valence” set that maximizes dipole strengths with the occupied counterparts, and a delocalized remainder. The two-electron integral transformation is performed with an efficient algorithm, based on Diercksen's, that generates only the particle-hole-type integrals required in the RPA. The lowest solutions of the RPA equations are obtained iteratively using a modification of the Davidson-Liu simultaneous vector expansion method. This allows the inclusion of the entire set of particle-hole states supported by a basis set of up to 102 orbitals. Calculations at this level give better excitation energies and intensities than SDCI methods, at substantial savings in computational effort. Comparative timings, computed results and analysis in terms of localized orbitals are given for planar and distorted ethylene using extended atomic orbital bases including diffuse functions. The results for planar ethylene are in excellent agreement with experiment.

Notes: Nonlinear equations are important for the description of dissipative processes and soliton-related phenomena. One of the principal aims of the theory of symmetry breaking in quantum mechanics is to provide a systematic method for introducing interactions which reduce the symmetry of a system. Such a method is applied here to compute the general form of the symmetry-breaking interaction F(x,t, Ψ, Ψ*) for the time-dependent Schrödinger equation in one spatial dimension \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \left[{\partial _{xx} + 2i\partial_t - 2g_2(t)x^2 - 2g_1(t)x - 2g_0 (t)} \right]\psi (x,t) = F(x,t,\psi,\psi *). $$\end{document} For F = 0, it has been shown that the Lie algebra of space-time invariances of this equation is S1 = s1 (2,IR)□w1, the Schrödinger algebra. Following the method of Boyer, Sharp, and Winternitz, all conjugacy classes of subalgebras of S1 are given. For each subalgebra, the most general form of the interaction term F(x,t, Ψ, ψ*) is constructed. The potential F then reduces the symmetry from S1 to the considered subalgebra. Furthermore, the one-dimensional subalgebras of S1 obtained above partition S1 into orbits of operators. To each orbit there corresponds a coordinate system in which the above equation separates variables. A partial resolution of the solutions of the above equation has been obtained by exploiting this relation. The algebraic approach to symmetry breaking yields a rich variety of interaction terms F, which appear to generalize the nonlinear Schrödinger-Langevin-Kostin equation for nonconservative systems and the so-called nonlinear Schrödinger equation. A criterion in terms of the existence or nonexistence of Bäcklund transformations is conjectured in order to distinguish between dissipative and soliton equations.

Notes: Calculating the electrostatic potential around the Ser-His-Asp catalytic triad in serine proteinases the very important substituent effect of the buried aspartate is revealed. It is found that the strong Coulomb field of this distant but charged side chain considerably enhances the nucleophilicity of the active serine hydroxyl group. The interpretation of the vital importance of aspartate may replace the “charge-relay” hypothesis which seems to be disproved in the light of recent experiments.

Notes: Effective solutions for two difficulties which may be present in MCSCF calculation are discussed: (i) We show how the large configuration state function state expansion case may be handled simply and effectively without the introduction of extraneous projection operators or Lagrange multipliers; (ii) we present a simplified two-electron integral transformation procedure which significantly reduces the operation count (and hence computational efficiency is increased) for second order and particularly for third order MCSCF procedures. The procedures we introduce use some freedom available in the orthogonal complement Cl space and the virtual orbital space to simplify MCSCF calculations.

Notes: A modified scheme for SCF interaction energy decomposition has been proposed where the nonphysical basis set superposition error (BSSE) has been corrected by means of the counterpoise method. A new procedure to separate the exchange and induction energy terms free of nonphysical BSSE has been tested in the case of the H2O dimer. The first order BSSE appears to be non-negligible for strong hydrogen bonded complexes. In addition the scheme allows separation of the long-controversial charge-transfer contribution within the induction term, which has been considerably overestimated in previous studies.

Notes: The carbene reaction 1CH2 + C2H6 was studied with the semiempirical method SINDO 1. The pertinent transition states and products were obtained by geometry optimization on a CI surface. We find the insertion reaction forming C3H8 greatly favored compared to the double insertion leading to CH4 + C2H4. The result is qualitatively the same for the reaction of the two possible intermediate radicals CH3 and C2H5. The geometries and energies of all transition states are presented.

Notes: Exact computer-generated formulas can be produced for each term of an infinite series that gives the value of three-center Coulomb integrals over Slater-type orbitals of the s-type with equal screening constants. As a specific example, the Coulomb energy of an equilateral triangular arrangement of all 1s orbitals is calculated using seven terms of an infinite expansion to obtain an answer comparable to earlier work in elliptic coordinates. Generalization to all three-center cases of this implementation of the Löwdin α-function method is straightforward.

Notes: Hartree-Bogoliubov-Valatin (HBV) theory may be implemented with Lipkin Hamiltonians to obtain self-consistent BCS wave functions which describe bond formation and dissociation. These wave functions are in turn vacuua for Nambu's representation of Feynman-Dyson-Goldstone diagrammatic perturbation theory, and hence provide suitable references for the many-body treatment of correlation. Exact SCF solutions of the HBV equations are equivalent to special even-replacement MC-SCF solutions. The latter are similar to generalized valence bond theory, and require one Fock operator for each one-particle shell. The commutative coupling case of HBV theory is realized when the number-conserving renormalized one-body and number-nonconserving pairing operators commute. In this case, a set of orbital equations which involves a single Fock operator may be solved. Since this could prove to be a significant simplification for large systems, the commutative coupling and exact solutions are compared here for the fragmentation of H2 and F2. Results suggest that commutative coupling orbitals will be useful for the aforementioned many-body theory.

Notes: A MNDO study of molecular geometries, enthalpies, formation, atomization, bond separation, and hydrogenation of a series of unsaturated boron-nitrogen compounds, linear with two and three members and cyclic with three, four, five, and six members are presented. For all these molecules, MNDO calculations are in excellent agreement with available ab initio calculations or experimental data. The high rotational barrier in aminoborane H2BNH2, 30.6 kcal/mol, and the length of bond in iminoborane HBNH, 1.183 Å, imply strong double and triple BN bond character in these two molecules. In the odd membered heterocycles, examination of the molecular geometries and energies of equilibrium states shows that in all cases, the stability of the compounds grows with the number of boron atoms and decreases with that of the nitrogen atoms. Moreover, compared study of the two BN-fulvenes with their homologous hydrocarbon shows that only BN (BB)-fulvene has a polyenic structure similar to that of fulvene.

Notes: The linear, quadratic, and cubic response of a multiconfigurational Hartree-Fock state to a time independent one-electron perturbation has been derived. A comparison between the exact response functions as obtained from Rayleigh-Schrödinger perturbation theory and the multiconfigurational Hartree-Fock response functions allows a identification of matrix elements of the perturbation operator between the ground and excited states and between excited states. We discuss some ambiguities which result from such an identification.

Notes: Monte Carlo simulations in the isothermal-isobaric ensemble for the α phase of solid N2 have been carried out with two different pair potentials obtained from ab initio quantum chemical calculations. Comparison is made with data obtained from empirical potentials as well as with experimental data, and in general, the agreement with experiment is found to be good. It is also found that the differences between experiment and theory can largely be attributed to correlation effects, not considered in the quantum mechanical calculations of the pair potential.

Notes: The AGP wave function is used to describe the ground state potential energy curves of Li2 and CH+. Moderate size basis sets are used. The computational aspects of the AGP optimization are discussed and the nature of the AGP wave function versus internuclear separation is examined.

Notes: Doped semiconductors with shallow impurities provide an ideal situation to study a collection of hydrogenlike atoms under controllable experimental conditions. We present the results of recent cluster calculation on the electronic properties of such systems.

Notes: Experimental base stacking and hydrogen bonding enthalpies, as determined from double stranded DNA melting studies, are compared with theoretical calculations of interactions between the respective DNA interconstituent components. Comparisons are made in relation to the differences in magnitudes, sequence dependent spreads, and trends. It is shown that the use of an effective dielectric constant reconciles the differences between the experimental and theoretical values. Suggestions are made for calibration of potential functions suitable for nucleic acid conformational analysis.

Notes: An overview is given here of band structure calculations on the fourth and fifth group transition metal monocarbides, mononitrides, and monoxides, published since the review article by Calais [J.-L. Calais, Adv. Phys. 26, 847 (1977)]. Furthermore, the relations of three categories of experimental properties, which allow insight into the electronic structure of the above mentioned compounds, and the results of band structure calculations are discussed. Theoretical predictions are compared with experimental findings. The considered experimental properties are valence band photoemission spectra, valence band x-ray emission spectra, and optical properties.

Notes: Conformational energy calculations at the PCILO level of approximation were performed on β(1 → 3) linked disaccharide consisting of N-acetylgalactosamine and galactose of the Forssman antigen to examine the side group conformations and their influence on the mutual orientations of the two pyranosyl rings. Two low energy regions for the glycosidic bond conformation have been located in the grid search using classical potential functions. The PCILO energy minimizations were then carried out in each of these regions. The preferred orientations of the nonreducing pyranosyl ring relative to the reducing ring were found to be in agreement with the available x-ray results. Moreover, the orientations of groups attached to the anomeric carbons were in good accordance with the requirements of the exo-anomeric effect.

Notes: The molecular electrostatic potential of the triple helix poly(dT)·tpoly(dA)·poly(dT) is calculated, and the results are examined in relation to those obtained for its component double and single helical parts. For the double helix presenting the standard Watson-Crick hydrogen bonds, the deepest potentials are formed on the side of the major groove, a situation similar to that observed in the A-DNA duplex. For the double helix presenting Hoogsteen-type hydrogen bonds the deepest potentials lie in the major groove, on the side of the pyrimidine strand. In the triple helix the deepest potentials are located in the major groove in a narrow zone over the thymine bases of the Watson-Crick pair.

Notes: Interacting stereo-irregular chains of hydrogen atoms, which simulate the topological structure of many conducting polymers, are generated by a computer and solved numerically with the unrestricted Hartree-Fock method with a modified spin polarized potential. The electron localization is investigated, and a mechanism for the interchain tunneling is discovered. Local antiferromagnetic ordering is derived which may explain the AF behavior observed in some conducting polymers.

Notes: The glycan moiety of the bacterial peptidoglycan consists of alternatingly β(1 → 4) linked disaccharides of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and its 3-O-D lactic derivative, N-acetyl β-D-muramic acid (NAM). PCILO conformational energy calculations have been carried out for NAG-NAM and NAM-NAG disaccharides to see whether or not the glycan strands possess a chitinlike structure as suggested by earlier workers. In agrement with recent experimental findings, the present results also suggest that the chitinlike structure is energetically disallowed. Furthermore, the bulky N-acetyl substituents at C2 positions of the two sugar molecules are found to be relatively less important in stabilizing mutual orientations of the two pyranosyl rings.

Notes: The MO theory of structural polyhedrons is one of the basic subjects closely related to the bonding theory of complex compounds and clusters. A series of valuable papers on this subject have been contributed by Hoffman, Wade, King, and Lauher et al. A method called “group overlap method” for constructing the symmetry orbitals and for calculating the group overlap integrals is proposed. It is hoped that the group overlap method may be used for the qualitative and quantitative MO study of structural polyhedrons.

Notes: Quantum chemical ab initio MODPOT/VRDDO calculations have been carried out on the following aminonitrobenzenes for which crystal structures had been determined experimentally: 4-nitroaniline; N,N-dimethyl-p-nitroaniline; 2,4,6-trinitroaniline; 1,3-diamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (DATB - Form I); 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB); 2,3,4,6-tetranitroaniline; N-methyl-N,2,4,6-tetranitroaniline (Tetryl); and N-(β,β,β-trifluoroethyl)-N,2,4,6-tetranitroaniline. These quantum chemical calculations were performed on the molecules in their conformations as found in their crystal structures. The calculations were carried out with our own ab initio programs which also incorporate as options several desirable features for calculations on large molecules: ab initio effective core model potentials (MODPOT) which enable calculations of valence electrons only explicitly, yet accurately, and a charge conserving integral prescreening evaluation (which we named VRDDO-variable retention of diatomic differential overlap) especially effective for spatially extended molecules. Aminonitrobenzenes are especially interesting since there are inherent intramolecular ring distortions and deviations from planarity and intramolecular hydrogen bonds as well as intermolecular hydrogen bonds causing further deviations from planarity. The theoretical indices resulting from the quantum chemical calculations are relevant to a number of properties and behavioral characteristics of these molecules, both intramolecular and intermolecular. The charges on the atoms [from the gross atomic populations (GAP's)] are needed for calculation of the atomic multipole-atomic multipole electrostatic contributions (a dominant factor) to the intermolecular interaction energies. These electrostatic interaction energies are part of the input necessary for calculations on the crystal packing and densities of these molecules. These GAP's are also of value in interpreting the experimental photoelectron and ESCA spectra of these molecules. The total overlap populations (TOP's) between atoms are related to the inherent bond strengths and can serve as a quantitative replacement for the old empirical bond length-bond order-bond energy relationship still used by explosives chemists to identify the “target bonds” (the weakest bonds). The TOP's are of considerable value in predicting and tracing initiation and subsequent steps of explosive phenomena. The molecular orbital energies of the lowest unoccupied orbitals are of interest since nitroexplosives have been implicated in testicular toxicity and the initial metabolic activation appears to proceed through a one-electron reduction of the nitroexplosive.

Notes: An analysis of the leading effects of a propagator approach to the calculation of resonance energies is presented. By comparison with ΔSCF results, a simple approximation formula has been developed which contains the main features of the VN-1 potential option and the diagonal Tamm-Dancoff approximation. This result is expected to be a useful guide for further refinements of the many-body aspects of the theory.

Notes: The electron density and the molecular electrostatic potential of the β-carbolines are studied using ab initio STO-3G wave functions. The analysis was done from the point of view of a previous model built with monoamine oxidase substrates and irreversible inhibitors. The results confirm the usefulness of the model and make it possible to propose new precision to the molecular electrostatic potential patterns needed to have monoamine oxidase inhibitory activity.