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  • Scanning electron microscopy
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  • Medicine  (14)
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  • Articles  (14)
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  • Springer  (14)
  • Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
  • Oxford University Press
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  • 2005-2009
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 409-417 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mitosis ; Cytokinesis ; Microvilli ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Cell surface
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary PtK2 cells were studied with scanning electron microscopy to record changes on the cell surface during mitosis and cytokinesis. During prophase, prometaphase and metaphase, the cells remain very flat with few microvilli on their surfaces. In anaphase cells, there is a marked increase in the number of microvilli, most of which are clumped over the separating chromosomes and polar regions of the mitotic spindle leaving the surface of the interzonal spindle region relatively smooth. Microvilli appear over the interzonal spindle region in telophase and the cells also increase in height. At the beginning of cleavage, the distribution of microvilli is roughly uniform over the surface but it becomes asymmetric at the completion of cleav-age when the daughter cells begin to spread. At this time most microvilli are over the daughter nuclei and the surfaces that border the former cleavage furrow. The regions of the daughter cells distal to the furrow are the first to spread and their surfaces have very few microvilli. When chromosome movement is inhibited by either Nocodazole or Taxol, microvilli formation is inhibited on the arrested cells. Nevertheless cell rounding still takes place in the normal time period. It is concluded from these observations that the signal for the onset of chromosome movement in anaphase is accompanied by a signal for the formation of microvilli. It is suggested that there is also a separate signal for the cell-rounding event in mitosis and that microvilli do not play a role in this contractile process.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 647-655 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Classification of chorionic villi ; Fixed stromal cells ; Macrophages ; Placenta (human) ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Morphological changes in fixed stromal cells and Hofbauer cells were studied throughout pregnancy in different types of placental chorionic villi by scanning electron microscopy. In the mesenchymal villus the fixed stromal cells were characterized by thin cytoplasmic processes. Hofbauer cells exhibited blebs on their surface. Large sail-like processes with a crescent profile which surrounded well developed stromal channels and a small cell body typified the small reticulum cells of the immature intermediate villus. The Hofbauer cells here displayed blebs, microplicae and large lamellipodia. Short cytoplasmic expansions and a large cell body characterized the fibroblasts present inside the stem villus. Hofbauer cells were rare, having blebs or a few short lamellipodia. The mature intermediate villus contained small and large reticulum cells. The latter had a much larger cell body than the small ones and displayed a few short cytoplasmic processes partly delimiting narrow incomplete stromal channels. Occasional Hofbauer cells with small microplicae and/or blebs were present. The small reticulum cells and fibroblasts present in the terminal villus showed similar morphological features as above. However, the former exhibited less developed cytoplasmic extensions and therefore no stromal channels were observed. In the terminal villus, the morphology of the rare Hofbauer cells was similar to that found in the mature intermediate villus.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 585-591 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Urinary bladder, toad ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Hypertonicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Coincident with an increase in the water permeability of toad urinary bladder induced by serosal hypertonicity, a transformation of the ridge-like surface structures of the granular cells into individual microvillous structures occurs. This study was initiated to establish whether the transformation is mediated by the cytoskeletal network and, thus, can be prevented by disruption of microtubulemicrofilament function with colchicine or cytochalasin B (CB). Scanning electron microscopy revealed the characteristic branching ridges on granular cells of control bladder incubated with colchicine or CB. In contrast, transformation of ridges to discrete microvilli was observed in experimental bladders exposed to serosal hypertonicity alone or in combination with either colchicine or CB. These results suggest that the mechanism underlying hypertonicity-induced surface changes which are associated with increased water permeability does not involve either microtubules or microfilaments.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 181-183 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Reissner's fiber ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Spinal cord ; Cat ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The caudal portion of Reissner's fiber was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in the spinal cord of the cat and rabbit. In some preparations of both species the fiber displayed in the sinus terminalis of the central canal either stump-like terminations or structural modifications such as knot-like swellings and convolutions. In the same area homogeneous material could also be found, which obviously originated from the disintegrating fiber.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; Heart ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Thin sections ; Freeze-fracturing ; Macaca fuscata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of mitochondria in monkey myocardial cells was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, thin sections and freeze-fracturing. Mitochondria with well-developed cristae were distributed around the nucleus, between the myofibrils and beneath the sarcolemma. Those clustered near the the poles of the nucleus were generally spherical in shape. Interfibrillar mitochondia were arranged in longitudinal rows between the myofibrils, were elongated and usually about the same length as a sarcomere. Subsarcolemmal mitochondria varied in size and shape, being rod-like, spherical, polygonal or horseshoe-like. There were usually two profiles of subsarcolemmal mitochondria in each section of sarcomere, although sometimes one or three occurred, and they were typically oriented perpendicularly to the myofibrils. These morphological differences among mitochondria could reflect functional and/or mechanical properties in the various cellular locations.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 216 (1981), S. 647-654 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mast cells ; Regeneration ; Exocytosis ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cell-surface morphology of regenerating mast cells was followed over a period of 48 h after histamine release. Control cells (not stimulated to secrete) were characterized by anastomosing folds of membrane of equal depth and width. During exocytosis these folds disappeared and were replaced by deep cup-shaped flaps of membrane evident in cells incubated for 10 min. During the first hours of regeneration these flaps fused mutually or with the plasma membrane. This activity suggests membrane retrieval, maybe specifically recycling the granule-type patches of membrane. Membrane-fusion activity was observed to some degree also after extended incubation. After 48 h of incubation the regeneration process was still not completed, as indicated by the fact that holes leading to intracellular cavities could still be found.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Ovary ; Vascularization ; Vascular corrosion casts ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Countercurrent mechanism ; Rabbit (New Zealand white)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Ovarian angioarchitecture was studied by scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts in estrous, pseudopregnant (stimulated with human chorionic gonadotropin) and pregnant rabbits. In all samples, the proper ovarian branch of the ovarian artery (ramus ovaricus) entered the ovarian hilus near the caudal pole of the organ and ran parallel to the major axis of the hilus. The extraovarian venous drainage was formed by several vessels emptying into a distal large vein. The ramus ovaricus exhibited various degrees of coiling and branched in the medulla. The coiling of the ramus ovaricus and its ramifications were maintained in all samples. A venous meshwork and/or flat vein branches closely enveloped the arterial coils found in the hilus and outer medulla. At this level numerous arteriovenous contacts were demonstrated in all samples. The coiled arteries, prior to entering the ovarian cortex, supplied several small peripheral follicles which were drained by the hilar veins. In the cortex the coiled arteries branched in numerous thin, straight or slightly undulated arterioles which supplied developing estrous follicles and pseudopregnant corpora lutea. The arterioles supplying the pregnant corpora lutea were long, large and tightly spiraled. The venous drainage followed the modifications of the arterial supply. These data demonstrate that ovarian cycle and pregnancy induced significant changes in the cortical vessels, which adapted their structure to the temporary functional needs of the recruited follicles or corpora lutea. Hilar and medullary vessels have permanent structures that may represent morphological devices for (a) a continuous control of the blood flow (spiral arteries) and (b) a local recirculation of endocrine products (arteriovenous contacts) comparable to the ”countercurrent mechanism” previously shown to operate in ovaries of other species, but not yet found in rabbits.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 215 (1981), S. 171-179 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Polychaeta, Serpulidae ; Gamete ; Larva ; Development ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Gametes and developing larvae of the polychaete Galeolaria caespitosa were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The sperm display a primitive morphology. When treated with 0.33 M CaCl2, they release a branched acrosomal process. At spawning, the polygonal oocytes have a granular surface made up of spherules and the tips of microvilli. The oocyte coat develops a ridged appearance as the oocyte rounds up. At fertilization, the microvilli are withdrawn from the coat surface. Microvilli again appear on the coat surface during the trochophore stage, but the egg coat appears to be retained as the larval cuticle until the demersal stage. The surface of the larva now shows many microvilli. Details of the organization of several ciliary structures are clarified. Moreover, the present study shows rapid, sequential development of paired setal sacs, with the most anterior pair appearing first.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 215 (1981), S. 193-205 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Scanning electron microscopy ; Monkey liver ; Sinusoids ; Kupffer cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An der Affenleber wurden die verschiedenen Gefäßabschnitte des Leberläppchens mit dem Raster- und Transmissionselektronenmikroskop untersucht. Die Gefäßwände der portalen und terminalen (Zentral-) Venen werden durch ein geschlossenes Endothel, eine kontinuierliche Basalmembran und eine Bindegewebsschicht gebildet. Dagegen haben Sinusoide ein Endothel mit typischen Fenestrationen, wobei eine Basalmembran fehlt und nur ein schütteres Netz von Bindegewebsfasern im Disse'schen Raum vorkommt. Kupffer-Zellen findet man in den Sinusoiden, den terminalen Lebervenen und den Sublobularvenen; in Portalvenen kommen sie nicht vor. Ihre bezeichnenden Strukturen sind eine Oberflächenfältelung und besondere Zellfortsätze, Filopodien und Lamellipodien, mit denen sie am Endothel anhaften oder mit denen sie untereinander in Verbindung stehen. Im Disseschen Raum kommen flache Zellfortsätze von Fettspeicherzellen vor, die das Endothel umgeben. Es wird angenommen, daß sie eine perizytenähnliche Funktion haben.
    Notes: Summary The vasculature of the hepatic lobule of the monkey was investigated by scanning and transmision electron microscopy. The vessel walls of the portal and terminal hepatic (central) veins consist of a closed endothelium, a continuous basement membrane and a connective tissue layer. Sinusoids, however, show endothelia with typical fenestrations, and connective tissue fibres are only sparsely distributed in the space of Disse. Kupffer cells are present in the sinusoids, and occasionally in the terminal hepatic and sublobular veins, but are never present in the portal veins. They are characterized by a ruffled surface and special processes — filopodia and lamellipodia — which anchor them to the endothelial cells and also connect them with adjacent Kupffer cells. Flat branches of perisinusoidal cells, which encircle the endothelia, occur in the space of Disse, and are presumed to have a pericyte-like function.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 218 (1981), S. 403-420 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Brush cells ; Common bile duct ; Thin section ; Freeze-fracture ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two different fixative procedures (immersion and perfusion) and four different fixative solutions were used in order to obtain the best preservation of the brush cells of the common bile duct of the rat. The results indicate that only perfusion fixation through the common bile duct is suitable, independent of the fixative solutions and their osmolarity. Numerous brush cells were seen in the proximal and distal regions of the common bile duct. In these locations, they could be implicated in a registration and/or regulation of intraluminal pressure variations.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 219 (1981), S. 297-311 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Choroid plexus (chick) ; Third ventricle ; Ependyma ; Development ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface morphology of the diencephalic choroid plexus (Pl. ch. v. III) was investigated by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy in chicks from the 7th embryonic day (ED) to the 8th week after hatching. Pl. ch. v. III develops on the anterior ventricular roof from a sagittally oriented fold and a few posteriorly located transverse folds. On the 7th ED no significant differences in the cell surface morphology between Pl. ch. v. III and the surrounding ependyma are observed: both are covered with cilia. During the next four days, long cell prolongations (one per cell) covered with microvilli develop first on the surface of the posterior ventricular roof and then on the posterior part of Pl. ch. v. III. These structures are transitory. On the 11th ED, round cell prolongations (one per cell) appear progressively on the entire plexus, also replacing the long ones. Now the plexus surface is distinct from the surface of the surrounding ependyma. During the last week before hatching and also after hatching, the round cell prolongations become less prominent. Simultaneously, the number of cilia per unit surface area diminishes. With consideration of earlier reports, this study suggests that the following factors are involved in the increase of the surface area of Pl. ch. v. III: (I) The pseudostratified epithelium changes into columnar epithelium. (2) Ependymal elements of the posterior roof of the 3rd ventricle contribute to the anlage of Pl. ch. v. III. In later stages, however, Pl. ch. v. III grows only by mitoses.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 215 (1981), S. 515-529 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Rathke's cleft ; Ultrastructure ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary SEM reveals that the inner surface of the pituitary cleft is lined by a continuous layer of marginal cells possessing microvillous and ciliated apical surfaces. The ciliated cells are more numerous on the posterior side (toward the pars intermedia) than on the anterior side of the cleft (toward the pars distalis). In contrast small infoldings (crypts) were occasionally noted only on the marginal layer covering the distal part of the hypophysis. In some areas of the cleft the surface features of the marginal cells are rather similar to the epithelial cells populating the upper parts of the respiratory tract in their topography and distribution. In other regions they also show striking similarities with the ependymal cells (tanycytes) lining the lateral recesses of the 3rd ventricle and the infundibular process with which the pituitary cleft has a very close topographical relationship. The parenchymal cells of the pars distalis are closely related to the flattened marginal cells of the cleft. The intercellular spaces of the pars distalis form a three-dimensional labyrinthic series of cavities continuous with the submarginal spaces of the cleft. Further SEM and TEM results demonstrate that the majority of the microvillous marginal cells lining both sides of the cleft possess surface features such as bulbous protrusions, laminar evaginations and large cytoplasmatic vacuoles, which are very likely the expression of an active transport of fluids. On the basis of these results it is concluded that the fluid-like material (colloid) present in the pituitary cleft is mainly derived from the fluids contained in the lacunar spaces of the pars distalis. Thus, marginal cells by absorbing fluids from the cleft by active endocytosis, may transport to the pars intermedia material (or hormones) produced in the distal part of the gland and vice versa. The cilia present on many marginal cells, based on their 9+2 tubular pattern, possess a kynetic role. This is very similar to that shown by the ciliated cells of the ependyma lining the brain ventricles. The occurrence of ciliated cells within the pituitary parenchyma (mainly in the follicles) suggests that they probably arise from the ciliated cells populating the marginal layer of the cleft and with which the parenchyma cells are closely related.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 217 (1981), S. 599-610 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ciliated peritoneal funnels ; Toad ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Scanning electron microscopy revealed 600–800 ciliated peritoneal funnels opening onto the ventral surface of each kidney in Bufo marinus. The size and configuration of funnel apertures vary greatly, but individual funnels do not appear to change their dimensions. The peritoneal funnels course beneath the kidney surface before opening into peritubular blood vessels. Injections of India ink into the peritoneal cavity demonstrate that cilia lining the peritoneal funnels create a current carrying peritoneal fluid into the renal vasculature. Clearance of fluid by the funnels was dependent on pressure in the peritubular vessels, and was increased by arginine vasotocin. Ciliated peritoneal funnels may provide an important route for return of lymphatic fluid from the peritoneal cavity to the vasculature.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 219 (1981), S. 659-663 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gossypol ; Spermatozoa ; Contraception ; Cytoplasmic droplet ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Spermatozoa from the cauda epididymidis of gossypol-treated rats exhibit distinctive departures from the morphology of spermatozoa from control rats: wrinkled and disorganized cell membrane in the head and tail regions, cell membrane missing from segments of the tail midpiece and principal piece regions, malformed heads, decapitate spermatozoa, retention of a cytoplasmic droplet at variable loci along tail midpieces, and looped tails. The observations suggest that gossypol exerts its contraceptive effect during spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis, including the posttesticular development and maturation of spermatozoa in the epididymis.
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