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  • 1
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 10 (1978), S. 50-66 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
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    Topics: Economics
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  • 2
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 10 (1978), S. 44-49 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Conclusion For all these reasons, the rediscovery of the equivalence theorem, first stated by David Ricardo in 1817, must be rejected as an adequate basis for policy, just as Ricardo had denied its applicability to the real world. Correspondingly, the concern with the adverse consequences of unfunded social insurance wealth for the supply of national saving, capital intensity, and living standards remains well founded. p ]If, as a practical matter, public pension and social security programs will never be funded actuarially in the United States and most other postindustrial countries, then government-supervised substitution of private for public retirement plans is the only way to achieve at least partial funding. If such substitution follows the British model of allowing employers to contract out of the earnings-related part of the state scheme if equivalent pensions are provided by the company plan, payroll taxes and social security wealth decline so as to reduce their adverse impact on capital formation.
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  • 3
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 10 (1978), S. 73-84 
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  • 4
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 10 (1978), S. 85-95 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 10 (1978), S. 96-98 
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  • 6
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 11 (1979), S. 5-13 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 10 (1978), S. 67-72 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Summary: Social Policy in the Italian Economy Favourable social and economic conditions constitute the essential framework for a stable development of savings. Saving in the form of insurance becomes advantageous for the individual, and private insurance can thus extend its activity, when social attitudes and the economic situation favour the propensity to save. If conditions change, the State can take over the coverage of risks through social insurance. By means of this institutions, an anti-cyclical policy can be pursued: the amount of social security contributions, for instance, can be increased during the expansion of the cycle and the amounts thus accumulated can be used to grant benefits during the recession period, when contributions can be fixed at a lower percentage of wages. Another type of policy can be pursued by government authorities: that of adjusting social security contributions to industrial profits, thereby directing the subsequent effects on economic growth. Inflation cab cause instability in decisional policies taken by private insurance companies. A solution to the unbalanced increase of costs can be found in index-linking. Life policies of this kind, for instance, cab be closely related to investments in houses, to be bought by the insured themselves in price-linked instalments. After a reference to present developments regarding risk instability and to possibilities of new forms of insurance, this paper considers the competition resulting from the opening of the EEC insurance markets as an opportunity for the Italian market to strengthen its structures.
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  • 8
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 10 (1978), S. 3-43 
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  • 9
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 11 (1979), S. 40-46 
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  • 10
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 11 (1979), S. 34-39 
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  • 11
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 11 (1979), S. 52-62 
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  • 12
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 12 (1979), S. 3-4 
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  • 13
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 12 (1979), S. 5-22 
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  • 14
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 12 (1979), S. 23-25 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 12 (1979), S. 26-26 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 11 (1979), S. 63-67 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Summary and concluding remarks The traditional analysis of the performance of large international reinsurers typically concentrates on the effect of exchange rates on profitability of the firm (NRG [9]). The multi-index model enables us to capture and analyze two additional effects: According to the Interest Rates Parity Theorem, the expected rates of return on foreign investments already reflect the expected change in the exchange rate. Therefore, a firm operating in a perfect market would be indifferent to the currency denomination of its financial assets. The firm should consider only the unexpected element in the exchange rate movements, i.e., the exchange risk. The uncertainty in the exchange rate contributes to the variability of the return on each investment and underwriting project. The firm must consider this new element of risk while constructing its investment and insurance portfolios. p ]The model can be used to examine and analyze alternative policies of the firm operating in international markets. For example, the model can be used to examine the “full hedge” policy, in which the insurer has a zero net position in any non-reference currency, or the policy of isolating national insurance markets.
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 13 (1979), S. 3-5 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 13 (1979), S. 6-55 
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  • 19
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 13 (1979), S. 56-84 
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  • 20
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 13 (1979), S. 85-101 
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  • 21
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 14 (1979), S. 3-19 
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  • 22
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 14 (1979), S. 20-43 
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  • 23
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 14 (1979), S. 44-62 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 14 (1979), S. 63-72 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 11 (1979), S. 14-33 
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  • 26
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 11 (1979), S. 47-51 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 14 (1979), S. 73-79 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Conclusions The emergence of economists in the insurance industry is only a symptom of a profound change in the market reality which the industry, especially in the U.K. with its worldwide ramifications of business interests, is facing now. This change, brought about by a sudden appearance of purely economic aspects of insurance activities, links up firmly the insurance proper with solely financial operations of the industry. It also widens very considerably both the range of factors relevant to underwriting and overall policy decisions and extends the time dimension of business analysis. It is this complexity of the background to the decision-making process that is responsible for a growing trend towards corporate planning within which economists have a vital role to play.
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  • 28
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 22 (1997), S. 5-19 
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    Keywords: infinite dimensional problem ; angular norm ; coinsurance ; deductible ; increasing costs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article deals with the optimal design of insurance contracts when the insurer faces administrative costs. If the literature provides many analyses of risk sharing with such costs, it is often assumed that these costs are linear. Furthermore, mathematical tools or initial conditions differ from one paper to another. We propose here a unified framework in which the problem is presented and solved as an infinite dimensional optimization program on a functional vector space equipped with an original norm. This general approach leads to the optimality of contracts lying on the frontier of the indemnity functions set. This frontier includes, in particular, contracts with a deductible, with total insurance and the null vector. Hence, we unify the existing results and point out some extensions.
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 22 (1997), S. 21-42 
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    Keywords: prudence ; risk aversion ; dual theory ; nonexpected utility ; background risk ; monopoly ; piecewise linear payoff function ; profits tax
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We identify two motives, prudence and risk aversion, which give rise to precautionary behavior for a quantity- or price-setting monopolist facing demand uncertainty who has dual theoretic preferences. We also analyze a piecewise linear profit function due to a tax on profits that varies with the profit level. We show that the comparative statics of greater risk (mean-preserving spread and mean-utility preserving spread) can be totally or partially determined by the Diamond-Stiglitz and Kihlstrom-Mirman single-crossing property. For example, for a prudent risk-averse quantity-setting dual theoretic monopolist, a mean-preserving spread will have the same impact on output under uncertainty as a fall in the state of demand under certainty. Finally, we find that, in contrast to expected utility, a stochastically larger state of demand (first-order stochastic dominance) will raise output even if background risk is present.
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 22 (1997), S. 71-71 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 22 (1997), S. 59-65 
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    Keywords: principal-agent contracts ; first-order approach ; wage-action interactions ; action-risk interactions ; nonseparable utility
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The first-order approach (FOA) to principal agent problems is very convenient and mathematically tractable. However, existing results show that the FOA is valid only for additively separable utility functions. This is somewhat limiting. In this article sufficient conditions are identified that extend the validity of the FOA to nonseparable cases. The additional conditions involve restrictions on the agent's preferences, particularly interactions between action and the wage contract. These conditions imply that leisure is normal and the agent's absolute risk aversion increases with action. Comparative static results regarding the wage contract and its gradient are also discussed.
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 22 (1997), S. 43-58 
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    Keywords: trade financing costs ; export credit insurance ; credit risk ; insurance premia ; option pricing ; non-parametric regressions
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article investigates the relationship between a debtor country's external financial indicators and the costs associated with the insurance of export credits to that country. For this purpose a stylized model of export credit insurance (ECI) is developed, the central idea being that ECI is similar to a contingent claim such as a European put option. Thus, tools from option pricing theory were used to calculate the price of ECI, implying that not only the current financial position but also the volatility of the changes in that position determine such costs. The empirical results of a statistical analysis of the premium rates for ECI, applied by a private export credit insurer to seventy-seven developing countries during 1993, provide some support for these hypotheses. In particular, the reserves-over-imports ratio of a debtor country and the volatility of the rates of change of this ratio appear to contribute significantly to the premium rates that apply to that country. Thus, the article provides evidence that option pricing parameters do play role in practical insurance pricing, even if this pricing is not explicitly based on these parameters. Premium rates are set as if an underlying option market operated. Thus, the trade of countries with volatile external financial positions is saddled with higher costs than that of countries with more stable positions.
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 22 (1997), S. 81-101 
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    Keywords: insurance ; adverse selection ; multidimensional screening ; multiple risks ; bundling
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article extends the standard adverse-selection model for competitive insurance markets, which assumes a single source of risk, to the case where individuals are subject to multiple risks. We compare the following market situations—the case where insurers can offer comprehensive policies against all sources or risks (complete contracts) and the case where different risks are covered by separate policies (incomplete contracts). In the latter case, we consider whether the insurer of a particular risk has perfect information regarding an individual's coverage against other sources of risks. The analysis emphasizes the informational role of bundling in multidimensional screening. When the market situation allows bundling, it is shown that in equilibrium the low-risk type with respect to a particular source of risk does not necessarily obtain partial coverage against that particular risk.
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 22 (1997), S. 73-79 
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    Keywords: insurance ; adverse selection ; competitive outcomes
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We are honored to address the European Group of Risk and Insurance Economists and will take the opportunity to make some reflections on the rather uneasy relationship between insurance and competition. Economists generally prescribe competition as a solution for markets that do not work well. Competition allocates resources efficiently and encourages innovation and attention to what customers want. Insurance markets differ from most other markets because in insurance markets competition can destroy the market rather than make it work better. One of the dimensions along which insurance companies compete is underwriting—trying to ensure that the risks covered are “good” risks or that if a high risk is insured, the premium charged is at least commensurate with the potential cost. The resulting partitioning of risk limits the amount of insurance that potential insurance customers can buy. In the extreme case, such competitive behavior will destroy the insurance market altogether. A simple model illustrates.
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 22 (1997), S. 121-134 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this article, we show that common insurance policy provisions—namely, deductibles, coinsurance, and maximum limits–can arise as a result of adverse selection in a competitive insurance market. Research on adverse selection typically builds on the assumption that different risk types suffer the same size loss and differ only in their probability of loss. In this study, we allow the severity of the insurance loss to be random and, thus, generalize the results of Rothschild and Stiglitz [1976] and Wilson [1977]. We characterize the separating equilibrium contracts in a Rothschild-Stiglitz competitive market. By further assuming a Wilson competitive market, we show that an anticipatory equilibrium might be achieved by pooling, and we characterize the optimal pooling contract.
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 22 (1997), S. 103-120 
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    Keywords: adverse selection ; insurance markets ; marketing costs ; pooling equilibria ; separating equilibria
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In the Rothschild-Stiglitz [1976] model of a competitive insurance market with adverse selection, pooling equilibria cannot exist. However in practice, pooling contracts are frequent, notably in health insurance and life insurance. This is due to the fact that distribution costs are nonnegligible and increase rapidly when more contracts are offered. We modify accordingly the Rothschild-Stiglitz model by introducing such distribution costs. We find that, however small these costs may be, they entail possible existence of pooling equilibria. Moreover, in these pooling equilibria, it is the high-risk individuals who are rationed, in the sense that they would be willing to buy more insurance at the current premium/insurance ratio.
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 22 (1997), S. 135-150 
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    Keywords: insurance ; adverse-selection ; Bayesian learning
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In the classic Rothschild-Stiglitz model of adverse selection in a competitive environment, we analyse a “no-claims bonus” type contract (bonus-malus). We show that, under full insurance coverage, if the insurance company applies Bayes's rule to learn about client probability types over time and uses this information in premium calculations for contract renewals, then there exist conditions under which all client types strictly prefer the Bayesian updating contract to the classic Rothschild-Stiglitz separating equilibrium.
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 22 (1997), S. 151-168 
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    Keywords: regulation ; health care ; principal-agent ; hospital ; agency
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article addresses the combined problem of imperfect agency and asymmetric information in the regulation of hospitals by modeling the physician as a utility maximizer with both the utility of patients and profit of the hospital as arguments in his or her utility function. The article concludes that optimal regulation of hospitals is based on three important factors: the doctor's marginal rate of substitution between profit of the hospital and utility of the patients, moral hazard in the relationship between the regulator and the hospital, and adverse selection in the same relation.
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 4 (1977), S. 3-3 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 4 (1977), S. 16-40 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 4 (1977), S. 5-15 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 4 (1977), S. 41-55 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 4 (1977), S. 56-57 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 4 (1977), S. 58-63 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 4 (1977), S. 64-64 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 5 (1977), S. 3-8 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 5 (1977), S. 22-34 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 5 (1977), S. 9-21 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Insgesamt liegen für eine güterliche Theorie des Wirtschaftens im Versicherungsunternehmen bereits heute viele Ansätze vor, insbesondere soweit es den Risikoausgleichsprozeß betrifft. Dagegen stecken die produktionstheoretischen Ansätze für die übrigen Input-Output-Beziehungen noch in den Kinderschuhen. Dies entpricht dem allgemein zu beobachtenden Rückstand in der betriebswirtschaftlichen Erforschung von Dienstleistungsunternehmen.
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 5 (1977), S. 35-42 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 6 (1977), S. 3-16 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 6 (1977), S. 17-35 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 6 (1977), S. 36-52 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 6 (1977), S. 76-89 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 7 (1978), S. 3-15 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 6 (1977), S. 53-75 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Concluding remarks In order to learn from the relations between business cycle and single branches of insurance, we should not only analyse the kind of their cyclical dependences but also regard the quantitative effects. But already, the submitted investigation allows the conclusion, that the oscillations of the claims not always are random but to a large degree cyclical. p ]Whether it will be possible to use leading business indicators for the forecast of premium income can not yet be proofed for sure. Nevertheless, the present, study suggests the assumption that further investigations in this direction may lead to success.
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 7 (1978), S. 16-25 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 7 (1978), S. 26-34 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 7 (1978), S. 35-41 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 8 (1978), S. 3-3 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 7 (1978), S. 42-55 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 8 (1978), S. 5-19 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 9 (1978), S. 3-17 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 9 (1978), S. 18-44 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 9 (1978), S. 45-65 
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    Journal of superconductivity and novel magnetism 10 (1997), S. 645-647 
    ISSN: 1557-1947
    Keywords: EuBaSrCu3O7−δ superconductor ; Ca doping ; orthorhombicity
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of Ca doping in EuBaSrCu3O7−δ has been investigated by X-ray diffraction, ac susceptibility, and electrical resistivity measurements. X-Ray diffraction analyses of the samples showed that up to 30 at.% Ca can be substituted for Sr in EuBaSrCu3O7−δ, which has orthorhombic symmetry. The orthorhombicity decreases with increase inx, in EuBaSr1−xCax Cu3O7−δ, the material becoming tetragonal atx=0.2. Ac susceptibility and dc electrical resistivity measurements as function of temperature from 10 to 300 K showed that the superconducting transition temperatureT c decreases monotonically from 84 to 75K as the Ca concentrationx increases from 0.0 to 0.3 The decrease inT c can be attributed to the structural change taking place in EuBaSrCu3O7 as a consequence of replacement of Sr by Ca.
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    ISSN: 1557-1947
    Keywords: Superconductivity ; research opportunities ; state of the art
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This report surveys the considerable progress made over the last five years—such as the marketing of superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs), cellular wireless filter systems, and high current leads—and assesses needs and opportunities in the areas of fundamental science, materials development, thin film and device applications, and wire and bulk applications. It examines the challenges facing high-temperature superconductivity: from the need to understand the mechanism of high-temperature superconductivity and the unusual “normal” state to the need for new instrumentation for material characterization. Advances in thin film and bulk materials are reviewed, and obstacles impeding the commercialization of HTS materials are examined.
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    Journal of superconductivity and novel magnetism 10 (1997), S. 649-655 
    ISSN: 1557-1947
    Keywords: Single crystal of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 ; high-resolution electron microscopy ; low-temperature electron diffraction ; lattice anomaly
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract High-resolution electron microscopy of a Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 (Bi2212) single crystal prepared by the floating zone method shows that the single crystal is of high quality; there is no intergrowth faulting in the layered structure along thec-axis. Low-temperature selected area diffraction and convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) studies of this high-quality single crystal show that there is no detectable change for both the point group symmetry of the basic structure and the modulated structure from room temperature to about 15 K. However, a lattice anomaly around 215 K was suggested by measuring the temperature dependence of the ratio between the cross-point distances of the HOLZ lines in high-index CBED patterns. The presence of the lattice anomaly was further confirmed by low-temperature X-ray diffraction.
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    Journal of superconductivity and novel magnetism 10 (1997), S. 623-643 
    ISSN: 1557-1947
    Keywords: Superconductivity ; crystal field ; rare earth ; relaxation ; gap symmetry
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Neutron spectroscopy is a powerful tool to determine unambiguously the crystal-field (CF) potential in rare-earth (R) based high-T c superconducting materials. This technique provides detailed information on the electronic ground state of the R ions which is important to understand the thermodynamic magnetic properties as well as the observed coexistence between superconductivity and long-range magnetic ordering of the R ion sublattice at low temperatures. Moreover, the decay of the antiferromagnetic state of the parent compound as well as the evolution of the superconducting state upon doping can be directly and quantitatively monitored. It is found that the observed CF spectra separate into different local components whose spectral weights distinctly depend on the doping level, i.e., there is clear experimental evidence for cluster formation. The onset of superconductivity can be shown to result from percolation which means that the superconductivity is an inhomogeneous materials property. Since the linewidths of CF transitions directly probe the static electronic susceptibility, we discuss temperature-dependent experiments of the relaxation rate of CF excitations in both optimally doped and underdoped regimes. It is shown that there is clear evidence for the opening of an electronic gap in the normal state of underdoped superconductors. Furthermore, the relaxation behavior appears to be extremely dependent upon the energy at which the static susceptibility is being probed. The main observed features can be reproduced by considering a strongly anisotropic gap function.
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    Journal of superconductivity and novel magnetism 10 (1997), S. 663-668 
    ISSN: 1557-1947
    Keywords: Thermal diffusivity ; acoustic plasmons ; cobalt substitution
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The thermal diffusivity κ(T) of the cobalt-substituted sintered YBCO system, YBa2Cu3−x Co x O7∮δ (x=0.0, 0.1), has been measured to, investigate, effects of atomic substitution and charge carrier concentration on the thermal diffusion processes. The thermal diffusivity was measured in the temperature range 35–300 K, using the transient-plane-source technique. The results show that, belowT c , the κ(T) values of the doped (x=0.1), samples are lower than the corresponding values for the undoped (x=0.0) samples. This may be due to the difference in the free-charge carrier concentrations of the two samples. A decoupling between the conducting Cu−O planes as a result, of Co-doping in the chain sites may contribute to additional decrease in the thermal diffusivity of the doped sample. An attempt was made to explain the rise in the thermal diffusivity belowT c by adopting a recent theoretical model based on the existence of weakly damped collective electron excitations of Bose type, with acoustic dispersion relation, (acoustic plasmons) inside the superconducting gap.
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    ISSN: 1557-1947
    Keywords: High-T c superconductors ; order parameter ; Josephson junctions ; Josephson critical current ; pair symmetry
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An intrinsic gap depression at the superconductor-insulator interface due to the very short value of the coherence length in high-T c superconductors [HTS] is considered in the framework of a mixed (s+id)-wave pair symmetry for the order parameter ranging from pures to pured-wave. This gap depression acts as the main physical agent causing the relevant reduction ofI c (T)R n (T) values with respect to BCS expectations in HTS SIS Josephson junctions. Good agreement with various experimental data is obtained with both pures-wave and pured-wave symmetries of the order parameter, but with amounts of gap depression depending on the pair symmetry adopted. Regardless of the apir symmetry considered, these results prove the importance of the surface order-parameter depression in the correct interpretation of theI c (T)R n (T) data in HTS SIS junctions. In the case of a planar YBCO-based junction the use of the de Gennes condition allowed us to tentatively obtain an upper limit for the amount ofd-wave present in the gap of YBCO.
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    Journal of superconductivity and novel magnetism 10 (1997), S. 669-672 
    ISSN: 1557-1947
    Keywords: Equation of state ; bulk modulus ; cohesive energy
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In the present paper the expression of cohesive energy and the bulk modulus as a function of volume are formulated for high-T c copper oxide superconductors. The model employed consists of long-range electrostatic Coulomb interaction and short-range overlap repulsion. The short-range overlap potential is considered in the Born-Landé inverse power form. The model, parameters of the Born-Landé model are calculated from the equilibrium condition and data of bulk modulus at room temperature. The computed values of pressure derivatives of bulk modulus atP=0 and the values of bulk modulus are found to be in very close agreement with experimental values for high-T c copper oxide and their nonsuperconducting parent compounds. It is also found that the quantity ΔU/U(V o) of these compounds increases with increasing hydrostistic pressure.
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    Journal of superconductivity and novel magnetism 10 (1997), S. 673-675 
    ISSN: 1557-1947
    Keywords: Cuprates ; van Hove singularity ; pseudo-gap
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Several experimental features in the normal state of cuprates have been interpreted using a “pseudogap”. We show that these results may be explained by the band structure of the CuO2 planes in the metallic region, which exhibits, saddle points (van Hove singularities).
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 57-70 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Auf der landwirtschaftlichen Universität von Norwegen (59δ 40′N, 10δ 46′E) wurde mit vier verschiedenen Lysimetern die potentielle Evapotranspiration (PET) von Gerste und von kurzgeschnittenem Gras gemessen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß in der aktiven Wachstumsperiode die PET von Gerste der PET von Gras gleich ist in Bestätigung der Tatsache, daß die Evapotranspiration von kurzer Vegetation in erster Linie durch meteorologische Faktoren beeinflußt wird, wenn die Wasserzufuhr nicht beschränkt ist. Mit der Formel von Priestley und Taylor PET =α Δ/Δ + γ R n, wo Δ den Abfall des Sättigungsdruckes mit der Temperatur,γ die Psychrometerkonstante undR n die Strahlungs. bilanz bedeuten, kann mit a gleich 1.25 die PET für zehntägige Perioden mit einer Genauigkeit von 10% geschätzt werden. Eine bessere Schätzung wird mit der Formel PET (mm pro 10 Tage) = −5,4 + 6,18 · 10−7 Δ/Δ + γ Rn (J/m2) erhalten.
    Notes: Summary Potential evapotranspiration (PET) from barley and short cut grass have been measured using four different lysimeters at the Agricultural University of Norway (59δ 40′N, 10δ 46′E). In the active growing season the results show that PET for barley is equal to PET for grass, confirming the fact that evapotranspiration is primarily controlled by meteorological factors for short vegetation when water supply is non-limiting. Using the Priestley-Taylor formula PET =α Δ/Δ + γ n, where Δ is the slope of the saturation pressure versus temperature curve,γ is the psychrometric constant andR n net radiation, PET can be estimated to an accuracy of 10% (67% level) for ten-day periods withα equal to 1.25. Even better estimates is obtained by using the formula PET (mm per 10 days) = − 5.4 + 6.18 · 10−7 Δ/Δ +γ R n (J/m2).
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 89-97 
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein Sonnenscheingeber und seine Eichung wird beschrieben. Er ist gekennzeichnet durch folgende Merkmale: Sein elektrischer Spannungsausgang liegt hoch (〉 4,5 V) für den Fall „Sonnenschein” und tief (〈 0,4 V) für den Fall „kein Sonnenschein” Seine Eichung auf eine Schwellwertintensität von 200 W/m2 folgt der Sonnenscheindefinition durch die World Meteorological Organization. Er erfordert keine nennenswerte Wartung und er enthält keine beweglichen Teile.
    Notes: Summary A sunshine monitor and its calibration is described. Its important characteristics are: it has an electrical DC level output which is high (〉 4.5 V) for “sunshine” and low (〈 0.4 V) for “no sunshine”; it is calibrated for a threshold sensitivity of 200 W/m2, which meets the sunshine definition of the World Meteorological Organization; it requires very little service and contains no moving parts.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 99-109 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, daß auf Grund von Angaben in der Literatur die Konstanten für die statistische Beziehung zwischen der Globalstrahlung und der Sonnenscheindauer für Ostafrika nun hinreichend gesichert angegeben werden können. Werden die Unterschiede der Fehler bei der Datenerfassung mit anderen einfachen Meßmethoden der solaren Einstrahlung berücksichtigt, kann gezeigt werden, daß Campbell-Stokes Meßwerte gut geeignet sind zur Überprüfung, Kalibrierung oder zum zeitweisen Ersatz sonstiger Meßmethoden, wo in den Tropen keine geeichten Pyranometer verfügbar sind. Ein Beispiel wird gegeben für Gunn-Bellanis.
    Notes: Summary It is shown from literature research that constants in the statistical relationship between total global solar radiation and sunshine duration are now well established for East Africa. Taking into account the differences in data collection errors with other simple methods of solar radiation determination, we show Campbell-Stokes data to be suitable for checking, calibrating or temporarily replacing these other methods where no calibrated pyranometers are available in the tropics. An example is given for Gunn-Bellanis.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 129-135 
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Globalstrahlung in GeU und GeMCap analysiert, womit es im Zusammenhang mit den thermo-pluviometrischen Angaben ermöglicht wurde, die klimatischen Charakteristiken eines am Meere gelegten Ortes (GeU) und eines auf den Appenninen gelegenen Ortes (GeMCap) zu beschreiben. Auf GeMCap weisen diese klimatischen Faktoren im Winter-Herbst einen kontinental-maritimen Charakter und im Frühling-Sommer einen streng kontinentalen Charakter auf.
    Notes: Summary It has been analysed the global solar radiation at GeU and GeMCap, that in connection with the thermo-pluviometric data has also allowed to outline the climatic characteristics of a coastal site (GeU) and of a site on Apennin ridge (GeMCap). At GeMCap these climatic parameters show a continental-maritime behaviour in winter-autumn and strictly continental feature in the remaining half year.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 111-128 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Zusammenhang zwischen Globalstrahlung und Sonnenscheindauer wird für 132 Stationen in Ostasien untersucht. Es zeigt sich, daß die Regressionskoeffizienten in der modifizierten ÅngströmgleichungQ/Qa = a + b n/N systematisch über das Gebiet verteilt sind, so daß sich niedrige Werte vona und hohe Werte vonb im Wintermaximum/Sommerminimum-Regime vonQ/Qa undn/N ergeben, hohe Werte vona und niedrige Werte vonb dagegen im Winterminimum/Sommermaximum-Regime vonQ/Qa undn/N anfallen. (Die Symbole werden in der Einleitung definiert.) Es ergibt sich daraus, daß Verteilungen der Regressionskoeffizienten eher an Terraingegebenheiten und an das lokale und jahreszeitliche Strahlungsklima geknüpft sind, das durch den vorherrschenden Wintermonsun, Baiu, kontrolliert wird, als an die geographische Breite und an Mittelwerte vonn/N.
    Notes: Summary The relationship between solar radiation and sunshine duration is studied for 132 stations in East Asia. Regression coefficientsa andb in the modified Ångström formulaQ/Qa = a + b n/N are found to be systematically distributed in the area with low values ofa and high values ofb in the winter maximum/summer minimum regime ofQ/Qa andn/N, and high values ofa and low values ofb in the winter minimum/summer maximum regime ofQ/Qa andn/N. This shows that the distribution of regression coefficients is more closely related to the local seasonal radiation climate controlled by the prevailing winter monsoon, Bain, and the terrain features rather than to latitude or meann/N.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 137-155 
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Arbeit bringt eine Zusammenfassung der mit einem zweiteiligen Modell des täglichen Niederschlags zum Vergleich des Regenklimas von 11 Orten in einem Nord-Süd-Schnitt durch Westafrika erhaltenen Ergebnisse. Die Zahl der Regentage wurde gesondert von den Regenmengen analysiert. Es wurden Kurven der Wahrscheinlichkeit von Regen angepaßt; diese Kurven sind geographisch vereinbar. Die mittlere Länge der Trockenperioden und der Feuchteperioden variiert systematisch im Jahresgang. In der Regenzeit besteht ein nahezu konstantes mittleres Intervall von 4 Tagen zwischen dem Beginn aufeinanderfolgender Regenperioden. Regenmengen werden durch Gamma-Verteilungen beschrieben. Die mittlere Regenmenge pro Regentag ist verhältnismäßig konstant und die Änderung der Regenwahrscheinlichkeit ist daher die bedeutendste Komponente der jahreszeitlichen Änderung und der Differenzen zwischen den Orten.
    Notes: Summary This paper uses the concise summary obtained from a two part model of daily rainfall to compare the rainfall climate of eleven places on a north-south transect in West Africa. The number of rainy days is analysed separately from the amounts of rain. Curves are fitted to the probability of rain and these curves are geographically consistent. The mean length of dry spells and of wet spells vary systematically during the year. In the rainy season there is a nearly constant mean interval of about 4 days between the start of successive rainy spells. The amounts of rain are described by gamma distributions. The mean rainfall per rainy day is relatively constant and variation in the probability of rain is therefore the most important component of seasonal variation and of differences between places.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 167-179 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Abhängigkeit von feuchten und trockenen Tagen vom Zustand an vorhergehenden Tagen für sechs Stationen in Ost- und West-Afrika und in Südost-Asien untersucht. Während eine Anzahl von Untersuchungen in höheren Breiten darauf hinweisen, daß häufig nur der Zustand am vorhergehenden Tag in Betracht zu ziehen ist, zeigt das Ergebnis dieser Studie an, daß in den Tropen mindestens die zwei vorhergehenden Tage von Bedeutung sind. Für manche Stationen mag es angezeigt sein, in bestimmten Zeiten des Jahres die drei vorhergehenden Tage in Betracht zu ziehen.
    Notes: Summary Dependence of the occurrence of wet and dry days on the situation on previous days was tested for six stations in East and West Africa and South East Asia. Although a number of studies in higher latitudes suggest that often only the situation on the previous day needs to be taken into account, evidence from this pilot study indicates that in the tropics, at least the previous two days are important. For some stations at certain times of the year, it may be wise to consider the previous three days.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 157-166 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This study, inspired by previous works, tries to establish a synthesis on a limited aspect: that is the variability of average precipitations over the Aegean Sea. Moreover, we consider variability parameters mostly used, as well as the most satisfactory technics for plotting this variability on the map.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit wird die Veränderlichkeit des Niederschlages im Ägäischen Meer zur Darstellung gebracht. Ferner werden die gebräuchlichsten Variabilitätsparameter und die am meisten befriedigenden Techniken der Kartendarstellung dieser Veränderlichkeit in Betracht gezogen.
    Notes: Résumé Cette étude qui s'inspire de travaux antérieurs tente d'établir une synthèse sur un aspect limité: selui de la variabilite des precipitations moyennes tombées dans la mer Egée. En outre, nous considérons les parameters de variabilite les plus utilisables, ainsi que les techniques les plus satisfaisantes pour la représentation cartographique de la variabilite.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 181-190 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Windgustiness at the top of a tree which is relevant to tree vibrations within forests is described for a spruce forest (Ebersberger Forst near Munich) applying simple characteristic values of turbulence and gustiness.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei der Untersuchung von Baumschwingungen innerhalb von Wäldern ist die Windböigkeit an der Baumoberhöhe von großer Bedeutung. Für einen Fichtenwald, den Ebersberger Forst bei München, wird sie mit einfachen Turbulenz- und Böigkeitskenngrößen beschrieben.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 215-228 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über die Anwendung der Hauptkomponentenanalyse zur Abgrenzung von Gebieten mit ähnlichen säkularen Tendenzen im Niederschlag berichtet. Eine Alternativmethode der Regionalisierung wird vorgeschlagen und auf eine Reihe von Beobachtungsdaten angewendet, die bereits früher mit der Hauptkomponentenanalyse analysiert worden ist.
    Notes: Summary The use of principal components analysis to delimit regions with similar secular trends in rainfall totals is reviewed. An alternative method of regionalization is proposed and is applied to a data set previously analysed using principal components analysis.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 229-237 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Sichtbeobachtungsdaten der Periode 1968 bis 1972 in Phönix, Arizona, wurden analysiert, um zu zeigen, wie Änderungen im Laufe der Woche und im Tagesgang durch charakteristische Verunreinigungsquellenstärke und durch meteorologische Erscheinungen beeinflußt werden. Die Ergebnisse bilden eine Grundlage für künftige Untersuchungen zur Klärung von Nachwirkungen einer technologischen Modifikation von Verunreinigungscharakteristiken.
    Notes: Summary Visibility data for the period 1968–1972 at Phoenix, Arizona were analyzed to show how variations among days of the week and hours of the day may be influenced by both pollutant source strength characteristics and meteorological phenomena. The results form the basis for future studies designed to decipher subsequent effects of technological modification of pollutant characteristics.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. Telechelically bis(hydrodimethylsilyl)-functionalized oligo(dimethylsiloxane)s or aromatics were found to give polymers constituting of alternating disilylene and oligodimethylsiloxane or 4,4′-diylaromatics as repeating units by dehydrogenative coupling reaction in the presence of palladium dibenzylideneacetone complex. The same catalyst gave polysilylenes with trisiloxane pendant from 1,1-dihydro-1,3,3,5,5,7,7,7-octamethyltetrasiloxane.
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  • 86
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    Polymer bulletin 38 (1997), S. 23-25 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. Hybrid particles have been synthesized from methyltriethoxysilane (MTEOS) by the sol-gel process. The particle size, size distribution, particle surface morphology conductivity and pH of the reaction solution at different reaction times were determined. Compared with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and p-(chloromethyl)phenyl-trimethoxysilane (CMPTOS), MTEOS has a slower hydrolysis rate.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. Polymerization of 4-n-alkylstyrenes (alkyl side group; methyl, ethyl, propyl and buthyl) was carried out with the η-C5(CH3)5TiCl3-methylaluminoxane (MAO) and TiCl3-triethylaluminum (TEA) catalyst systems. When the η-C5(CH3)5TiCl3-MAO catalyst was used, the stereoregularity of resulting polymers markedly depended on the length of substituted alkyl groups, i.e., the catalyst gave highly syndiotactic poly(4-methylstyrene), but produced atactic polymers for the monomers with ethyl, propyl and buthyl substituents. On the other hand, all the poly(4-n-alkylstyrene)s obtained with the TiCl3-TEA catalyst were highly isotactic. As a result, a large difference was observed in the thermal properties of polymers obtained between the two catalyst systems.
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  • 88
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    Polymer bulletin 38 (1997), S. 49-53 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. Peptide synthesis in the aqueous polymer two-phase system was examined. Water soluble polymers adopted were dextran and polyethyleneglycol (PEG). By the modification of a proteolytic enzyme, trypsin, with dextran carrying a very small number of carboxyl groups, a separation of the enzyme from its peptide product, N-benzoyl-L-arginine glycinamide, which is relatively more soluble in a PEG phase could be realized. This separation drastically reduced a so-called "mass-law" effect, and increased the yield of the reaction product. The aqueous polymer two-phase system would be useful to enhance the usefulness of biocatalysts in organic syntheses.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Keywords: Key words: Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) – 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) – 1,1,1-trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TPT) – hydrogel – controlled release – diffusion coefficient
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. The aim of this study is to examine the influence of crosslinking density on 5-Fluorouracil release from poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) hydrogels crosslinked with 1,1,1-trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TPT). PHEMA hydrogels were synthesized by bulk polymerization with different proportions of TPT (1 – 10 wt%) as crosslinker agent and ammonium persulphate as initiator, enabling polymerization in the feed mixture in the presence of water. As a result, 5-FU could be trapped by including it as a sodium salt in the feed mixture of polymerization. Discs with 5-FU loads between 1 – 16 mg/disc were obtained. Swelling and 5-FU release kinetics studies were carried out in saline solution at 310 K. The diffusion studies were in accordance with Fick's second law during the initial stages, enabling the diffusion coefficients of the process to be determined. The time required for discs to reach total 5-FU release was between 35 h and 160 h and was a function of crosslinking density of the gels and 5-FU load of the discs.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. Oscillatory shear, shear relaxation and viscosity experiments have been carried out on semidilute solutions of chitosan and on a hydrophobically modified analogue (HM-chitosan) in 1% acetic acid. This was done in the presence of various amounts of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and at different pH values. All the rheological measurements on the HM-chitosan solutions revealed significant polymer-surfactant interaction and pH effects. The observed rheological effects were least pronounced at pH ≈ 4, while a strong viscoelastic response was found at pH values of 1 and 5 in HM-chitosan solutions of low surfactant concentration. At these conditions, significant shear-thinning effects were observed. In semidilute solutions of unmodified chitosan, the influence of pH, surfactant concentration and shear rate on the rheological properties was moderate or insignificant.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. The electrical resistivity and mechanical properties of carbon black (CB)-filled polystyrene (PS)/styrene-butadiene block copolymer (SB) blends have been studied. Good electrical performance was achieved with pure SB and PS/SB blends indicating an inhomogeneity of these materials and the heterogeneous micro-dispersion of the CB particles. The percolation threshold of the filler inside SB or PS/SB blends is around 3.6 wt%, which is lower than that expected for incompatible PS/PBD blend. The addition of small amount CB decreases the elongation at break of PS/SB blends indicating some disturbance at the interface of these compatible material.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. Homo- and copolymerizations of 1,5-hexadiene with ethene and styrene using halfsandwich metallocene catalyst Me2Si(Me4Cp)(N-tert.-butyl)TiCl2/MAO (Cp = cyclopentadienyl, Me = methyl, MAO = methylalumoxane) were investigated. According to 13C-NMR spectroscopic microstructure analysis, cyclopolymerization of 1,5-hexadiene afforded randomly distributed cis- and trans-cyclopentane rings in the homo- and copolymer backbone. 1,5-hexadiene incorporation reached 52 mol-%. The ratio of vinyl side chains to cyclopentane rings was controlled by 1,5-hexadiene concentration, where low 1,5-hexadiene concentration promoted cyclopolymerization. Copolymer glass transition temperatures increased with increasing content of cyclic units in the backbone. Styrene was used successfully as termonomer in ethene/1,5-hexadiene polymerization, resulting in a semicrystalline terpolymer with cyclic and styrenic units in the polymer backbone.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. New phospholipid polyurethanes containing phosphatidylcholine analogues in the main chains and octyl or oleyl groups in the side chains were synthesized by the addition polymerization of diols, bis[2-(2-hydroxyethyldimethylammonio)ethyl]2-octyl-1,3-propanediphosphate or bis[2-(2-hydroxyethyldimethylammonio)ethyl]2-oleyl-1,3-propanediphosphate, with diisocyanates such as 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), and 2,4-tolylene diisocyanate (TDI). The new phospholipid diols and polyurethanes were characterized by their IR and 1H-NMR spectral data and elemental analysis. The new phospholipid polyurethanes exhibit common polyelectrolyte viscosity behaviours revealed by viscosity measurements. Moreover, π-A isotherms for these polyurethanes were also prepared.
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  • 94
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    Polymer bulletin 38 (1997), S. 165-168 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane was found to undergo photoinitiated cationic ring-opening polymerization in solution and bulk, upon exposure to UV radiation, in the presence of either sulfonium or iodonium salts or an iminosulfonate derivative. Glass transition temperatures were below − 100 °C. Molecular weights, determined by size exclusion chromatography relative to polystyrene standards, increased with photolysis lamp intensity. Use of an iodonium photoinitiator afforded poly(dimethylsiloxane) with Mn = 172,000. Polymerization of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane was accompanied by a small increase in volume (3 – 4%).
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  • 95
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    Polymer bulletin 38 (1997), S. 169-176 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. An alternating copolymer composed of 9,9′-dihexylfluorene and N-2-ethylhexyl carbazole was synthesized to use as an emissive polymer in a light-emitting diode (LED). The copolymer is soluble in organic solvents and spin-cast to make a fine film. An LED fabricated by sandwiching the alternating copolymer between indium-tin oxide and aluminum emits a white color with the full width at half maximum of 150 nm. The electroluminescence spectrum becomes simplified to have an emission peak at 460 nm for fine blue color when the copolymer is blended with poly(vinylcarbazole) with a ratio of 1 to 4 before the use as an emissive layer. The forward bias turn-on voltage for the LED is 13, and quantum efficiency is 0.002%.
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  • 96
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    Polymer bulletin 38 (1997), S. 439-445 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. The hydrogen bonding of LCE/DGEBA blend was studied using FT-IR. IR spectra of hydroxyl region and carbonyl region were investigated according to the content of LCE. IR spectra of LCE/DGEBA blend before and after curing were compared. Most hydroxyl group in DGEBA rich blends formed intermolecular or intramolecular hydrogen bonding after curing, while free hydroxyl group was present in LCE rich blends. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding was popular in DGEBA rich blends due to the conformational reason. Most carbonyl group was hydrogen bonded with hydroxyl or amine group after curing and the fraction of hydrogen bonded carbonyl was high in DGEBA rich blends.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. Hydrosilylation of N-allylimidazole hydrochloride by methyldichlorosilane (MeCl2SiH) under mild conditions leads to a high yield of N-[γ-(methyldichlorosilyl)propyl]imidazole hydrochloride – highly reactive monomer for synthesis of imidazole modified polysiloxanes. This compound was used as the substrate for the generation of new cyclooligosiloxanes with the imidazole group attached through the trimethylene bridge to a siloxane ring. The anionic ring-opening polymerization of these cyclics permits the controlled synthesis of polysiloxanes with imidazole groups pendant to the polymer chain.
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  • 98
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    Polymer bulletin 38 (1997), S. 379-386 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. Aliphatic polysulfoxides having sulfoxide groups in the main chain were prepared by the selective oxidation of aliphatic polysulfides using aqueous hydrogen peroxide in chloroform. Degree of oxidation to sulfoxides was calculated from the integral ratios of methylene protons adjacent to sulfur atoms in 1H-NMR spectra. Poly(hexamethylene sulfoxide) was subjected to Swern oxidation of primary or secondary alcohols, in which 1-octanol and 6-undecanol were oxidized to give octanal and 6-undecanone, respectively, in quantitative yields.
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  • 99
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    Polymer bulletin 38 (1997), S. 573-577 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. Polyanilinefurfural (PAF) has been prepared. Its chain contains aromatic and furan rings, but the backbone is nonconjugated. However, when treatment with iodine, the color of PAF turns metallic black, and PAF becomes electrically conductive. The electrical conductivity of I2-doped PAF can reach 10−3 S ⋅ cm−1 which is more than 10 orders of magnitude higher than what was observed at the pristine state. The effects of iodine content on the conductivity of PAF and the conductivity stability were investigated. FTIR spectra, U.v./vis absorption spectra, E.s.r. measurement and X.p.s. measurement of the undoped and doped PAF were studied. This paper will demonstrate that: if given appropriate substituents and dopants, significant charge transfer may be expected even for nonconjugated polymers and it may display electronic conductivity to a certain level.
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  • 100
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    Polymer bulletin 38 (1997), S. 555-562 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. Factor analysis has been found to be suitable for the analysis NMR data of polymers which contain multiple components. Two series of ethylene/propylene copolymers have been studied by this technique. In general, the number of components that can be resolved from NMR data depends on both the quality and the quantity of available experimental data.
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