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  • Springer  (71)
  • Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
  • Oxford University Press
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  • 2005-2009
  • 1995-1999  (1)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth of embryonic chick tibiae in ovo and in vitro: A scanning electron microscope study (1979)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 33-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Chick embryo ; Bone ; Organ culture ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The study describes the ultrastructure of the mineralized portion of chick tibiae from 10 days in ovo to 2 days post-hatch. At 10 days a single mineralized cylinder surrounds the diaphysis. On its outer surface columnar trabeculae join to form ridges parallel to the long axis of the bone. These ridges are covered by another cylinder and form the haversian canals. At 11 days vascular invasion of the marrow cavity occurs and resorption of the endosteal surface begins. This type of periosteal deposition and endosteal resorption is repeated during and subsequent to embryonic development. The mineralized portion of 10-day chick tibiae cultured for 2 days in modified BGJ medium was compared with 10-, 11-, and 12-day tibiae in ovo. Cultured tibiae were similar in length and calcium content to 11-day tibiae in ovo. The form of mineral deposited in ovo and in culture was the same, namely, aggregates of spherical mineral clusters. Differences in culture included the following: (a) few concentric cylinders were deposited as compared with tibiae in ovo; (b) trabeculae were not arranged in rows and ridges in culture; (c) osteocytic lacunae were restricted to bases of trabeculae rather than uniformly distributed as in ovo; and (d) the endosteal surface of tibiae in culture appeared etched.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441158
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction studies of human bone oxalosis (1980)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 30 (1980), S. 109-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Oxalosis ; Human bone ; Scanning electron microscopy ; X-ray diffraction ; Oxalate titration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Postmortem scanning electron microscopy of human phalanges in a chronic uremic hemodialysis patient with hyperparathyroidism showed the presence of confluent abnormal rounded formations with a radial rosette-like crystalline pattern in the diaphysis as well as in the epiphyseal part of the bones. These fan-shaped configurations were found either as individual formations within bone trabeculae or as numerous aggregated crystalline deposits replacing large parts of the bone structure. The microdissected content of such large areas submitted to X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the predominant presence of calcium oxalate monohydrate or whewellite with some traces of hydroxyapatite. Oxalate titration analysis indicated the presence of 25% of oxalate, corresponding to 45% in weight of whewellite.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02408615
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation of freeze-fracture and scanning electron microscopy of epiphyseal chondrocytes (1978)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 26 (1978), S. 237-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Epiphyseal chondrocytes ; Freezefracture ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Cell processes ; Membrane particles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Chondrocytes in epiphyseal cartilage were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using freeze-fracture techniques. Freeze-fracture replicas showed large numbers of fingerlike, 0.11–0.15 μm diameter, projections from the chondrocyte surface, with numerous 95–180 Å diameter intramembranous particles associated with both the cell membrane surface and these projections. With SEM, these cytoplasmic projections were also obvious, but appeared collapsed into clusters of globular-shaped projections on the surface of the chondrocytes. With freeze-fracture techniques, in which shrinkage artifacts were essentially eliminated, the cytoplasmic projections were often seen in intimate contact with the extracapsular matrix. However, with chondrocytes prepared by both SEM and conventional TEM, there was evidence of shrinkage, the cytoplasmic projections having little contact with the extracapsular matrix. These findings show that the cytoplasmic processes are not artifacts of tissue processing and provide morphological evidence in support of the hypothesis that matrix vesicles are of cellular origin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02013264
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scanning electron microscopical study on the fluorosis of enamel in rats (1978)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 25 (1978), S. 75-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rat ; Fluorosis ; Enamel ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Low temperature incineration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Sixteen 58-day-old male rats of Wistar strain, with a mean body weight of 179 g, were divided into two equal groups. Each group of eight animals was maintained for 70 days on drinking water, ad lib., containing no fluorine (control group) and 100 ppm of fluorine (experimental group). All specimens examined were obtained from the incisal portions of the incisors. The following types of enamel specimens were prepared for scanning electron microscopy: (1) acid-etched specimens; (2) acid-etched specimens followed by low temperature microincineration; and (3) fractured specimens. The enamel formed during high fluoride exposure showed marked hypocalcification, that is, the crystallite density in the prism core and interprismatic region was lower than that of control animals. The organic substances appeared to increase in these regions. These changes were prominent in the outer and middle enamel layers. Such changes following fluoride administration appear to indicate an inhibition of enamel maturation, that is, an inhibition of the mineral deposition and/or an inhibition of organic matrix withdrawal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02010754
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scanning electron microscopy of dissociated pancreatic acinar cell surfaces (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 176 (1977), S. 493-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreas ; Acinar cells ; Cell surface ; Dissociation ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pancreatic acinar cell surfaces have been studied by SEM with a dissection technique and correlated with results obtained by TEM. The SEM results demonstrate characteristic arrangement of microplicae which in some areas are densely packed. In many areas, the microplicae are distributed in such a manner that they create zones with typical geometrical shapes and show a relatively smooth surface. These smooth areas may coincide, as indicated by correlated TEM results, with the limits of intimate contact between adjacent acinar cells which, in turn, represent part of the junctional complex. Another aspect revealed by these SEM preparations concerns the presence of groups of densely packed microplicae, arranged in regular rows and distributed along some grooves and/or infoldings of the cellular surface. On the basis of SEM and TEM information, it is likely that these structures correspond to intercellular (and possibly, in some cases, intracellular) canaliculi which topographically form a kind of extensive microlabyrinthine arrangement running along all the cell sides. One final point revealed by fractured samples concerns the finding of spherical zymogen droplets within the vesicles of the Golgi complex. Because in many scanning images these vesicles appear connected by small openings, it is suggested that they may represent a system of intercommunicating chambers (vacuoles) through which the zymogen droplets can be continuously accumulated and discharged into the acinar lumen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00231404
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The third ventricle of monkeys (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 177 (1977), S. 307-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Third ventricle ; Mature monkeys ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Ependyma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Surface features of the ependymal lining of the third ventricle in mature male and female monkeys have been investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Broad aspects of third ventricular morphology from three species of monkey are similar regardless of sex. The lateral walls are heavily ciliated whereas the ventral floor and most ventral parts of the lateral walls are not. Clumps of cilia on the lateral walls are so dense that underlying surface details are usually obscured. There is a transition zone between the ciliated lateral wall and nonciliated ventral floor. The floor and lower part of the lateral walls of the third ventricle exhibit a characteristic polygonal pattern upon which surface specializations such as microvilli, blebs and polymorphous membrane protrusions are superimposed. Ependyma of the choroid plexus of the third ventricle also display membrane specializations. Supraependymal cells are more visible in nonciliated regions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220306
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three-dimensional development of luminal projections and junctional complexes in the developing central nervous system blood vessels of the rat (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 175 (1977), S. 541-549 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Blood vessels ; High voltage electron microscopy ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The luminal surface features and Junctional complexes from developing blood vessels in the rat central nervous system have been studied by high-voltage electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Developing blood vessels exhibit three types of luminal projections; marginal folds or ridges at Junctional complexes, ridges not at Junctional complexes and microvilli. Both types of ridges are associated with troughs or depressions in the luminal surface of the endothelial cell. Those ridges not associated with Junctional complexes take part in the production of enclosed tunnels in the endothelial cell cytoplasm. Fusion of the external leaflets of Junctional complexes between adjacent endothelial cells occurred, initially, near the luminal surface of the blood vessel with other small fusion sites forming in the direction of the basal lamina secondarily. Further fusion activity to produce the zonula occludens type junction appeared to spread outwards from the smaller fusion sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222417
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Classification of human placental villi (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 409-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human placenta ; Classification of villi ; Histology ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The classification of human placental villi was reviewed on the basis of material prepared by means of special methods. The material from in situ normal-term placentae was biopsied by aspiration into glutaraldehyde. The classification was made on the basis of light-microscopic observations of semithin sections, reconstructions from serial sections, and scanning-electron micrographs. The peripheral villous tree is roughly divided into stem (ramuli), intermediate and terminal villi. The intermediate villi may be further subdivided as mature and immature types, which are found between the stem and terminal villi. Some of the terminal villi possess a local specialization described as the neck region. The histological characteristics and the branching pattern of each type are described, and the basis of the proposed classification is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234852
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photoreceptor-like outer segments in the pineal organ of the lovebird, Uroloncha domestica (Aves: Passeriformes) (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 182 (1977), S. 139-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Uroloncha domestica (Aves, Passeriformes) ; Photoreceptor-like cells ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the pineal organ of the lovebird, Uroloncha domestica, bulbous, cup-shaped and elongated outer segments of photoreceptor-like pinealocytes are demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy. These scarce outer segments, 4–11 μm in length, extend into the pineal lumen. The present structural observations speak in favor of photosensitive pinealocytes in the pineal organ of Uroloncha domestica. The relation of the photoreceptor-like pinealocytes to acetylcholinesterase-positive nerve cells and a nervous connection between the pineal and the brain indicate that the pineal organ of this passeriform species may be the site of neuroendocrine and photoreceptive functions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222062
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The salivary glands of the cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea (Olivier) (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 187 (1978), S. 525-534 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Salivary glands ; Insects ; Innervation ; Light microscopy ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The innervation of the salivary gland of the cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea (Olivier) has been investigated with the use of light and scanning electron microscopy. Light microscopy of methylene blue stained glands reveals the presence of a dual innervation arising from the ventral nerve cord and the stomodeal nervous system; the principal innervation is that from the ventral nerve cord which passes to the gland via the reservoir ducts. Branches of these nerves form a plexus on the acinar surface, the axons of which exhibit swelling at irregular intervals. The presence of this surface plexus and the axonal swellings was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy both in normal glands and in those in which the basal lamina had been removed by means of an HCl-collagenase digestion method. No acinar plexus was seen to be formed by branches of the stomatogastric nerve that were associated with the gland. However, other branches of this nerve were clearly connected with a complex network of multipolar neurones on the surfaces of the anterior regions of both salivary reservoirs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229617
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The mature mesonephric nephron of the rabbit embryo (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 209 (1980), S. 95-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mesonephric nephron ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Rabbitembryo ; Wolffian body
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The luminal surface ultrastructure of the mature mesonephric nephron in 18 day rabbit embryos was studied in order to classify the nephron segments and to compare them with their metanephric counterparts. The proximal tubule has two slightly different segments. Its brush-bordered cells, with lateral ridges and basal microvilli (revealed in disjoined cells) exhibit structural principles similar to those of metanephric cells. The short distal tubule, starting with an abrupt border, cannot be subdivided. Its surface differs from one specimen to the next; the various cellular patterns are regarded as different functional states rather than evidence of a true cellular heterogeneity. Cells with leaf-like meandering borders correspond to similar metanephric cells favoring a paracellular transport mechanism. The collecting tubule shares common features with the metanephric collecting duct in spite of its different origin. Among principal cells, clearly demarcated by marginal microvillous rows and studded with sparse apical microvilli, non-ciliated and strongly bulging intercalated cells occur in small numbers. The latter have exaggerated, sometimes branched microvilli, and occasional microplicae. In the Wolffian duct, which has no metanephric counterpart, the single cilia dominate the picture of a homogeneous cell population. Apical globular protrusions of the tubular epithelia, which have been depicted in almost every paper on the mesonephros, are all fixation artefacts that can only be avoided by properly perfusing the living embryo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219926
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The human rete testis (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 189 (1978), S. 409-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rete testis ; Human ; Histophysiology ; Chordae retis ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Transmission electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The human rete testis was examined with regard to 1) the number and distribution of entrances of seminiferous tubules, 2) the light microscopic topography and 3) details of the passages as revealed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. In a newborn 1474 entrances were counted, approximately 50 % entering from the right and 50 % from the left of the central long axis. Three major subdivisions of the rete were distinguished and described: a septal (or interlobular) part represented by tubuli recti, a tunical (or mediastinal) part which is a true network of channels, and an extratesticular part characterized by dilatations (up to 3 mm wide) which we have called bullae retis. In SEM, cylindrical strands running from wall to wall in the tunical and extratesticular rete spaces are a prominent feature. We have called these chordae retis. They are covered by epithelium and are 5–40 μm wide and 15 to more than 100 μm long. They contain a peculiar tissue consisting of central myoid cells in a fibroelastic matrix. The smaller chordae are avascular. In the light of these findings the rete is interpreted as a highly complex myoelastic sponge. Its function is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00209130
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Model of skin vascularization in Rana esculenta L.: Scanning electron microscopy of microcorrosion casts (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 191 (1978), S. 539-548 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Frog skin ; Respiratory capillaries ; Capillary networks ; Microcorrosion casts ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Microcorrosion casts of blood vessels in the skin of Rana esculenta L. were examined by means of scanning electron microscopy with particular reference to the subepidermal network of respiratory capillaries. Due to the fact that arteries and veins lie in the deeper layers of the stratum spongiosum of the corium, the respiratory vessels form a morphologically homogeneous network. Functionally, however, this network is subdivided into small areas with a centripetal direction of blood flow. The deep capillary net, situated at the base of the stratum compactum of the corium, is not so dense as the respiratory network and does not directly communicate with it. Alveolar glands of the skin have no effect on the distribution of capillaries in the two networks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219816
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scanning electron microscopy of peripheral blood leukocytes of the chicken (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 204 (1979), S. 147-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Granulocytes ; Lymphocytes ; Monocytes ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Chicken
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Polymorphonuclear leukocytes, e.g., neutrophilic granulocytes, were enriched from heparinized blood by a Ficoll-step-gradient centrifugation procedure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a surface morphology of narrow ridge-like profiles and small ruffles with occasional microprocesses. Mononuclear leukocytes were isolated by centrifugation over a Ficoll-Metrizoat gradient. The lymphocytes showed varying numbers of microvilli of different length, size and shape. B lymphocytes, characterized by their capability of “sheep red blood cell (SRBC)-rosette formation”, displayed a similar surface morphology. Completely smooth lymphocytes, described in the literature as T lymphocytes, could not be detected, although many lymphocytes with few microprocesses were observed. Thus, SEM is not a useful tool for distinguishing between B and T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of chickens. Monocytes were characterized by prominent membrane-like ruffles, but in some cases they closely resembled granulocytes. An influence of the various separation media on the surface morphology of the isolated cells could not be detected when compared with cells isolated by the buffy-coat method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235171
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cell surface changes during mitosis and cytokinesis of epithelial cells (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 409-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mitosis ; Cytokinesis ; Microvilli ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Cell surface
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary PtK2 cells were studied with scanning electron microscopy to record changes on the cell surface during mitosis and cytokinesis. During prophase, prometaphase and metaphase, the cells remain very flat with few microvilli on their surfaces. In anaphase cells, there is a marked increase in the number of microvilli, most of which are clumped over the separating chromosomes and polar regions of the mitotic spindle leaving the surface of the interzonal spindle region relatively smooth. Microvilli appear over the interzonal spindle region in telophase and the cells also increase in height. At the beginning of cleavage, the distribution of microvilli is roughly uniform over the surface but it becomes asymmetric at the completion of cleav-age when the daughter cells begin to spread. At this time most microvilli are over the daughter nuclei and the surfaces that border the former cleavage furrow. The regions of the daughter cells distal to the furrow are the first to spread and their surfaces have very few microvilli. When chromosome movement is inhibited by either Nocodazole or Taxol, microvilli formation is inhibited on the arrested cells. Nevertheless cell rounding still takes place in the normal time period. It is concluded from these observations that the signal for the onset of chromosome movement in anaphase is accompanied by a signal for the formation of microvilli. It is suggested that there is also a separate signal for the cell-rounding event in mitosis and that microvilli do not play a role in this contractile process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228425
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scanning electron microscopy of the renal corpuscle of the mesonephros in the lamprey, entosphenus japonicus martens (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 187 (1978), S. 105-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mesonephros ; Lamprey ; Renal corpuscle ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The renal corpuscle of the lamprey mesonephros was studied under the scanning electron microscope. Bowman's capsules with individual spaces are chockshaped sacs closely packed together along a medial artery. The lateral walls of the capsules are apposed to those of neighbouring capsules. Glomerular capillaries from the medial artery extend radially between the apposed walls of neighbouring Bowman's capsules. Bulgings of capillaries into the capsular space are associated with mesangial folds of the capsular epithelium. The transitional zone of the visceral layer with podocytes and the parietal layer of squamous epithelium is bounded by linearly arranged rod-shaped epithelial cells. Apertures of the urinary tubule are lined by cells equipped with a fascicle of cilia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220622
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytochalasin B and water transport (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 188 (1978), S. 375-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Urinary bladder ; Skin ; Toad, frog ; Water flow ; Na transport ; Vasopressin ; Cytochalasin B ; Microfilaments ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A morpho-functional study of the effects of cytochalasin B (CB) on Na and water transport was made in amphibian epithelia. The functional studies confirmed the dissociation of the natriferic and hydrosmotic effects of vasopressin in toad urinary bladders exposed to CB and showed in addition that the block of the hydrosmotic effect was reversible and could still be induced in epithelia maximally stimulated with the hormone. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that CB, per se, did not alter the apical surface of the bladders. An almost total loss of microvilli of granular cells was seen, however, if CB was associated with vasopressin and an osmotic gradient. The results suggest two points: a) the block of the hydrosmotic flow induced by CB is due to factors beyond the apical membrane; b) microfilaments may be important mechanochemical transducers in the chain of events leading to the hydrosmotic effect of vasopressin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219779
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A scanning electron microscope study of myoepithelial cells in exocrine glands (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 209 (1980), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Myoepithelial cell ; Exocrine gland ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By removing connective tissue components with enzymatic digestion followed by HCl-hydrolysis, myoepithelial cells (MECs) of the terminal portion in a variety of exocrine glands of the rat were examined with the scanning electron microscope. The profile of MECs varied considerably from gland to gland; MECs in the lactating mammary gland have a few long cytoplasmic processes in close contact with those of adjacent cells forming a continuous network around the terminal portion. Those of the exorbital lacrimal gland are stellate with many thin radiating processes with tapered ends that terminate freely. MECs in the sublingual gland are characterized by a number of broad and extensive cellular processes. MECs in the submandibular gland are similar in appearance to those of the exorbital lacrimal gland, but with more extensive cellular processes that form a more or less continuous network with those of the adjacent cells. No MECs were observed on the terminal portion of the parotid gland where the cells appear to be lodged on the intercalated duct. The relative surface area covered by MECs per terminal portion was also found to vary significantly, being 24% in the lactating mammary, 17% in the exorbital lacrimal, 48% in the sublingual, and 25% in the submandibular glands. The findings are discussed in relation to the physical properties of secretions in different glands.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219918
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scanning electron microscopy of stromal cells of human placental villi throughout pregnancy (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 647-655 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Classification of chorionic villi ; Fixed stromal cells ; Macrophages ; Placenta (human) ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Morphological changes in fixed stromal cells and Hofbauer cells were studied throughout pregnancy in different types of placental chorionic villi by scanning electron microscopy. In the mesenchymal villus the fixed stromal cells were characterized by thin cytoplasmic processes. Hofbauer cells exhibited blebs on their surface. Large sail-like processes with a crescent profile which surrounded well developed stromal channels and a small cell body typified the small reticulum cells of the immature intermediate villus. The Hofbauer cells here displayed blebs, microplicae and large lamellipodia. Short cytoplasmic expansions and a large cell body characterized the fibroblasts present inside the stem villus. Hofbauer cells were rare, having blebs or a few short lamellipodia. The mature intermediate villus contained small and large reticulum cells. The latter had a much larger cell body than the small ones and displayed a few short cytoplasmic processes partly delimiting narrow incomplete stromal channels. Occasional Hofbauer cells with small microplicae and/or blebs were present. The small reticulum cells and fibroblasts present in the terminal villus showed similar morphological features as above. However, the former exhibited less developed cytoplasmic extensions and therefore no stromal channels were observed. In the terminal villus, the morphology of the rare Hofbauer cells was similar to that found in the mature intermediate villus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226964
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    On the development of midpiece mitochondria of mouse spermatozoa (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 199 (1979), S. 349-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatozoa ; Mitochondria ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary As seen by scanning electron microscopy, the mitochondrial helix in the developing midpiece of mouse testicular spermatozoa is dextral in direction and consists of spherical mitochondrial units arranged in an orderly array of four units per gyre: three appearing in face view and a fourth hidden from view at the back of the gyre. As the spermatozoa mature, the dextral helix is transformed into a sinistral helix. Its constituent spherical mitochondria either change direction abruptly without changing shape; or having first become semilunar or diamond-shaped, they change direction gradually. Mitochondrial division follows the change in helical pitch producing a double sinistral helix. The spherical (or semilunar/diamond-shaped) mitochondria presumably elongate to form the units of the mature midpiece.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236144
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    Effects of colchicine and cytochalasin B on hypertonicity-induced changes in toad urinary bladder (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 585-591 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Urinary bladder, toad ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Hypertonicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Coincident with an increase in the water permeability of toad urinary bladder induced by serosal hypertonicity, a transformation of the ridge-like surface structures of the granular cells into individual microvillous structures occurs. This study was initiated to establish whether the transformation is mediated by the cytoskeletal network and, thus, can be prevented by disruption of microtubulemicrofilament function with colchicine or cytochalasin B (CB). Scanning electron microscopy revealed the characteristic branching ridges on granular cells of control bladder incubated with colchicine or CB. In contrast, transformation of ridges to discrete microvilli was observed in experimental bladders exposed to serosal hypertonicity alone or in combination with either colchicine or CB. These results suggest that the mechanism underlying hypertonicity-induced surface changes which are associated with increased water permeability does not involve either microtubules or microfilaments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217226
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  • 22
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    Scanning electron-microscopic study of Reissner's fiber in the caudal spinal cord of the cat and rabbit (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 181-183 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Reissner's fiber ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Spinal cord ; Cat ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The caudal portion of Reissner's fiber was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in the spinal cord of the cat and rabbit. In some preparations of both species the fiber displayed in the sinus terminalis of the central canal either stump-like terminations or structural modifications such as knot-like swellings and convolutions. In the same area homogeneous material could also be found, which obviously originated from the disintegrating fiber.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229214
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    Scanning electron microscopic study of the freeze-fractured pineal body of the rat (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 129-135 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal body ; Freeze-fracturing ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Wistar rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The three-dimensional ultrastructure of the pineal body of the rat is described on the basis of freeze-fractured preparations. The pineal capsule consists of irregular cells with very flat and perforated processes. Through these openings, extremely branched canaliculi, extending to almost every pineal cell, communicate with the tissue compartment outside the organ. The pericapillary spaces contain, in juxtaposition with capillaries of the fenestrated type, nerve fibers as well as a flocculent granular and filamentous material of unknown origin and chemical nature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238052
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    Morphological studies of different mitochondrial populations in monkey myocardial cells (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 577-582 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; Heart ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Thin sections ; Freeze-fracturing ; Macaca fuscata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of mitochondria in monkey myocardial cells was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, thin sections and freeze-fracturing. Mitochondria with well-developed cristae were distributed around the nucleus, between the myofibrils and beneath the sarcolemma. Those clustered near the the poles of the nucleus were generally spherical in shape. Interfibrillar mitochondia were arranged in longitudinal rows between the myofibrils, were elongated and usually about the same length as a sarcomere. Subsarcolemmal mitochondria varied in size and shape, being rod-like, spherical, polygonal or horseshoe-like. There were usually two profiles of subsarcolemmal mitochondria in each section of sarcomere, although sometimes one or three occurred, and they were typically oriented perpendicularly to the myofibrils. These morphological differences among mitochondria could reflect functional and/or mechanical properties in the various cellular locations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219874
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    Surface morphology of rat peritoneal mast cells during in vitro regeneration after histamine secretion (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 216 (1981), S. 647-654 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mast cells ; Regeneration ; Exocytosis ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cell-surface morphology of regenerating mast cells was followed over a period of 48 h after histamine release. Control cells (not stimulated to secrete) were characterized by anastomosing folds of membrane of equal depth and width. During exocytosis these folds disappeared and were replaced by deep cup-shaped flaps of membrane evident in cells incubated for 10 min. During the first hours of regeneration these flaps fused mutually or with the plasma membrane. This activity suggests membrane retrieval, maybe specifically recycling the granule-type patches of membrane. Membrane-fusion activity was observed to some degree also after extended incubation. After 48 h of incubation the regeneration process was still not completed, as indicated by the fact that holes leading to intracellular cavities could still be found.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238659
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    The angioarchitecture of estrous, pseudopregnant and pregnant rabbit ovary as seen by scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 288 (1997), S. 353-363 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Ovary ; Vascularization ; Vascular corrosion casts ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Countercurrent mechanism ; Rabbit (New Zealand white)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Ovarian angioarchitecture was studied by scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts in estrous, pseudopregnant (stimulated with human chorionic gonadotropin) and pregnant rabbits. In all samples, the proper ovarian branch of the ovarian artery (ramus ovaricus) entered the ovarian hilus near the caudal pole of the organ and ran parallel to the major axis of the hilus. The extraovarian venous drainage was formed by several vessels emptying into a distal large vein. The ramus ovaricus exhibited various degrees of coiling and branched in the medulla. The coiling of the ramus ovaricus and its ramifications were maintained in all samples. A venous meshwork and/or flat vein branches closely enveloped the arterial coils found in the hilus and outer medulla. At this level numerous arteriovenous contacts were demonstrated in all samples. The coiled arteries, prior to entering the ovarian cortex, supplied several small peripheral follicles which were drained by the hilar veins. In the cortex the coiled arteries branched in numerous thin, straight or slightly undulated arterioles which supplied developing estrous follicles and pseudopregnant corpora lutea. The arterioles supplying the pregnant corpora lutea were long, large and tightly spiraled. The venous drainage followed the modifications of the arterial supply. These data demonstrate that ovarian cycle and pregnancy induced significant changes in the cortical vessels, which adapted their structure to the temporary functional needs of the recruited follicles or corpora lutea. Hilar and medullary vessels have permanent structures that may represent morphological devices for (a) a continuous control of the blood flow (spiral arteries) and (b) a local recirculation of endocrine products (arteriovenous contacts) comparable to the ”countercurrent mechanism” previously shown to operate in ovaries of other species, but not yet found in rabbits.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050821
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    Scanning electron microscopy of the wall of the third ventricle in the brain of Rana temporaria. Part IV. (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 203 (1979), S. 53-64 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Brain ; Third ventricle ; Rana temporaria ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface specializations of the wall of the third cerebral ventricle of Rana temporaria were investigated with the scanning electron microscope. These specializations can be divided into three types: cilia, large bulbous protrusions, and microvillus-like protrusions. Most parts of the ventricular surface are densely ciliated. In contrast, other regions are either scantily ciliated or devoid of cilia. Four areas of the ventricular surface are studded with numerous large bulbous protrusions. These large protrusions can be divided into two types: One type consists of intraventricular end bulbs of dendrites of secretory neurons. The other type is represented by large cytoplasmic extensions of ependymal cells. In the third ventricle of Rana, microvillus-like surface specializations of ependymal cells are ubiquitous structures. Generally, filiform protrusions of varying length are the predominant type. The microvillus-like specializations are transient structures, the number of which varies according to different physiological states of the ependymal cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234328
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    Irido-corneal angle of mammalian eyes: Comparative morphology of encapsulated corpuscles in odontocete cetaceans (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 501-515 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mechanoreceptors ; Eye ; Dolphins ; Whales ; Irido-corned angle ; Light microscopy ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A study of the structure and distribution of encapsulated corpuscles (corpuscles of Rochon-Duvigneaud) in the irido-corneal (anterior chamber) angle in 42 adult eyes from nine species of odontocete cetaceans representing each of the five families in this group indicates a diversity of form and function. The corpuscles occur as single features or multiple groupings with each species having a distinct pattern. No definite phylogenic or environmental patterns were seen although sometimes there were similarities among related genera. The neural structure of the angle suggests that these receptors probably respond to a variety of stimuli including intraocular pressure, vitreous displacements, external muscular force applied to the sclera and cornea, and changes in the volume of the massive iris/choroid vascular system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220206
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    Lack of Fc receptors on osteoclasts (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 212 (1980), S. 509-516 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Osteoclasts ; Macrophages ; Fc receptors ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fc and C3 receptors, which are characteristically present on macrophages, could not be demonstrated on osteoclasts maintained in situ on their normal substrates when assayed for by use of sheep red blood cells coated with immmoglobulin (Shapiro et al. 1979). The present study tested the hypotheses that Fc receptors are present only on the osteoclast surface adjacent to bone and that Fc receptors on osteoclasts can be uncovered by enzymes or stimulated to appear. Freeze-dried, inverted osteoclasts (and osteoblasts) obtained from the endocranium of newborn rats were tested for Fc receptors using the rosette assay and examined by scanning electron microscopy. No rosettes were observed on the surfaces of the osteoclasts that had been approximal to the bone. Bone specimens were cultured for 30 min at 37° C in control medium, or in medium with the addition of 10, 50 or 100 gmg/ml trypsin, 0.5 U/ml parathyroid extract (PTE), or 0.5 or 1U/ml parathyroid hormone 1–34 (PTH). Additionally, two week-old rats were injected intraperitoneally with PTE (1.5 U/g body weight or 1USP/g body weight) or with PTH (1U/g body weight) or with vehicle alone, 6 h before sacrifice. The specimens were assayed for Fc receptors and examined by scanning electron microscopy. Macrophages were always used as controls for the assay. No rosettes were present on osteoclasts subjected to any of these treatments. Accordingly, the hypotheses were not supported.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236514
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    The surface fine structure of the ependymal lining of the lateral ventricle in rats with hereditary hydrocephalus (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 179 (1977), S. 121-129 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lateral ventricle, rat ; Hydrocephalus ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ependyma of the lateral ventricle of rats with hereditary hydrocephalus was studied using scanning electron microscopy. Normal rats from the same litters were used as control animals. The surface morphology of the lateral ventricle of normal rats corresponded to results reported by other authors. The most prominent changes in the surface morphology of the ependyma of the hydrocephalic rats were seen in the cilia. They were shortened, fewer in number and clumped or matted. The surface of the ependymal cells was flattened and contained small, irregular projections. The number of large supraependymal cells, regarded as neurons, appeared to have diminished in the hydrocephalic rats. The number of supraependymal macrophages was greatly increased in these rats, suggesting the existence of an ependymitis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00278467
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    Ciliary function of the frog oro-pharyngeal epithelium (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 178 (1977), S. 267-278 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ciliated epithelium, frog ; Cilia ; Coordination ; Mucous transport ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The palate epithelium of the frog was examined by scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy and high speed cine micrography. The cilia remain stationary for much of the time in the end-of-effective stroke position. Each beat cycle begins with a forwardly-directed recovery stroke lasting about 60 ms, followed by an effective stroke towards the oesophagus lasting about 12 ms. Activity can often be correlated with the presence of mucus, which is carried as strands on the tips of the ciliary effective strokes whilst the recovery strokes move beneath the mucus. Coordination of ciliary activity was very variable; local antiplectic metachrony of the recovery strokes could almost always be seen, and on very active epithelia effective strokes were associated with approximately diaplectic waves (either to left or right), but any particular pattern of coordinated activity was transient and quickly transformed to another pattern. Beating and coordination of these short cilia were compared with those of cilia propelling water.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219053
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    Surface morphology of taste buds in catfish barbels (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 178 (1977), S. 375-384 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Taste buds ; Fishes ; Neuroepithelium ; Microvilli ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary External taste buds abound on barbels of the adult catfish Corydoras arcuatus. When examined by scanning electron microscopy, they are visualized as a series of punctate, conical elevations projecting from the general surface epithelium. All taste buds were found to be of one type. Both their external and internal surface features could be clearly elucidated on intact barbels and in barbels fractured transversely at various positions along their length. An extensive nerve terminal network penetrates the base of each taste bud. Two populations of elongated cells bearing prominent microvilli project through the central pore at the tip of each bud. One set of microvilli is thicker, longer and more club-shaped than its counterpart. While both are randomly distributed within each central pore, the small, short microvilli appear to outnumber the larger ones. A third population of cells, devoid of any apical microvilli, was also seen in some of the taste buds examined internally. These cells do not project to the external surface and are interpreted as “basal” cells described in previous light and transmission electron microscope studies of taste buds in other vertebrate species. The functional significance of some of these morphological findings is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218701
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    Vascularization of the pars distalis of the hypophysis in the toad, Bufo bufo (L.) (Amphibia, Anura) (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 179 (1977), S. 1-10 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypophysis, pars distalis ; Bufo bufo (L.) ; Vascularization ; Corrosion casts ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The vascularization of the pars distalis of the hypophysis of the toad, Bufo bufo (L.), was studied by the traditional method of injecting a mixture of India-ink and gelatine into the circulatory system of the head via the arteria carotis communis. Further, methyl-methacrylate corrosion casts of the brains were made; the hypothalamo-adenohypophysial region of these corrosion casts was studied with the scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the portal vessels which arise from the median eminence do not supply distinct areas in the pars distalis as is supposed by the point-to-point-hypothesis. The portal vessels enter the ventro-median region of the pars distalis and branch off into a three-dimensional network of the secondary capillary plexus of the pars distalis. The plexus is made up mostly by four- to six-sided meshes. This angioarchitecture guarantees an optimal supply of the glandular cells of the pars distalis with nutritional factors and releasing hormones, on the one hand, and facilitates the removal of the hormones which are released by these cells, on the other hand. The venous drainage of the pars distalis is exerted mainly by two large veins, which bilaterally leave the dorso-lateral region (venous pole) of the pars distalis and by a few small veins, which drain into the wide, sinus-like vessel, which curves around the dorso-caudal region of the pars distalis and joins bilaterally the vena hypophysea transversa.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00278459
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    A scanning electron microscopic survey of the brain ventricular system of the female armadillo (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 183 (1977), S. 531-539 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Brain ventricles ; Armadillo ; Ependyma ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The scanning electron microscope was used to survey the brain ventricular system of the female armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) with emphasis on the third ventricle. The walls of the lateral ventricles, aqueduct, and fourth ventricle are covered by long cilia. In the lateral ventricle, the cilia are arranged in groups; but in the aqueduct and fourth ventricle, they are evenly placed over the cellular surfaces. The ependymal cells of the third ventricle are densely ciliated except for the organum vasculosum and infundibular recess. The non-ciliated luminal surface of these areas has a pebblestone appearance punctuated by numerous microvilli and two types of supraependymal cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225665
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    Discocilia—A new type of kinocilia in the larvae of Lanice conchilega (Polychaeta, Terebellomorpha) (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 187 (1978), S. 271-280 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kinocilia ; Discocilia ; Lanice conchilega ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein modifizierter Typ von Kinocilien wurde bei der Aulophoralarve des sedentären Polychäten Lanice conchilega gefunden. Für ihn wird die Bezeichnung „Discocilium” vorgeschlagen. Der einzige strukturelle Unterschied zu konventionellen Kinocilien besteht in der Ausbildung eines Köpfchens. Dieses Köpfchen wird vom distalen Ende des Cilienschaftes gebildet, der zu einer Öse gebogen ist, die von der Cilienmembran überzogen wird. Drei Haupttypen von Discocilien können unterschieden werden: a, Cilien mit geradem Axonem, deren Köpfchen durch eine Anschwellung der Membran entstehen, b, Cilien mit Köpfchen mit seitlichem gebogenem Axonem, c, Cilien, in denen das Axonem eine geschlossene Öse bildet. Die Discocilien sind nach dem verbreiteten 9+2 Filamentmuster aufgebaut. Ihr Köpfchen enthält keine Sekrete, es erscheint elektronenoptisch leer. Aufgrund ihrer Anordnung können zwei Typen von Discocilien unterschieden werden, nämlich isolierte Büschel, besonders am Vorderende, und segmentai angeordnete Cilienreihen. Ein möglicher Bildungsmodus der Discocilien wird beschrieben.
    Notes: Summary A modified type of kinocilia has been found in the Aulophora-larva of the sedentarian polychaete Lanice conchilega. For this newly described cilium type the term “discocilium” is proposed. The only structural difference from usual locomotory cilia is the tip, which possesses a discoidal head. The head is formed from the terminal part of the cilium shaft, which is bent to give rise to a loop-like ring covered by the ciliary membrane. Three types of discocilia can be distinguished: a) discocilia having swollen, bulblike heads with a central straight axoneme; b) discocilia having heads with a curved lateral axoneme and c) discocilia in which the axoneme forms a loop. The internal structure shows the usual 9+2 arrangement of the filaments. The head shows no signs of secretion; it appears structureless in electron microscopical examination. There are two kinds of discocilia arrangements: 1) isolated bunches of cilia especially at the tentacles and in the frontal region, and 2) segmental dorsal rows of cilia. The possible formation of discocilia is described.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224370
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    Scanning electron microscopic analysis of the linings of the fourth ventricle in the domestic fowl (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 197 (1979), S. 169-173 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fourth ventricle ; Ependyma ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Domestic fowl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Surface features of the ependymal linings of the fourth ventricle in the fowl were analyzed employing the scanning electron microscope (SEM). On the floor of the median sulcus, each ependymal cell has a solitary cilium, whereas on both sides of the sulcus, cilia are so densely distributed that the details of the underlying cell surface are usually obscured. On the roof of the fourth ventricle, except for the surface of the ciliated groove where numerous cilia are present, the ependymal cells are polygonal in shape, and the center of each cell possesses an aggregate of ten to twenty cilia. Cell surfaces of the choroid tela are entirely covered with delicate microvilli and possess clumped cilia. The ependymal cell surfaces of the area postrema are dome-like in shape. Each ependymal cell has a solitary cilium and shows a smooth surface free of microvilli.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233562
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    Electron microscopic studies on radular tooth formation in the snails Helix pomatia L. and Limax flavus L. (Pulmonata, Stylommatophora) (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 203 (1979), S. 283-289 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Radula ; Tooth formation ; Pulmonates ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The radular teeth are secreted at the posterior end of the radular gland and move slowly towards the buccal cavity where they start to function. Helix pomatia and Limax flavus were examined to determine whether the newly formed teeth already show their definite species specific shape, or whether they are gradually finished and moulded in the radular gland. Scanning electron micrographs of Helix pomatia show that teeth are secreted in the odontoblast region in their final form. Their surface is still uneven at the outset; the same is true for the newest teeth of Limax flavus. Older teeth ready for use have a smooth surface. This change seems to be brought about by secretory activity of the superior epithelium of the radular sac. Air-dried radulae, previously isolated by KOH maceration, show considerable artefacts at their posterior end. Maceration leads to shrinking of the newest teeth, but does not change their contours. The newly secreted but as yet unhardened teeth become greatly deformed during the drying process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237242
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    The surface connected canalicular system of carp (Cyprinus carpio) thrombocytes: Its fine structure and three-dimensional architecture (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 203 (1979), S. 355-365 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fish thrombocyte ; Open canalicular system ; Three-dimensional architecture ; High voltage electron microscopy ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The presence and the three dimensional distribution of the surface connected canalicular system (SCCS) in thrombocytes of a teleost, Cyprinus carpio, were studied using a transmission electron microscope, a high voltage electron microscope and a scanning electron microscope. When the specimens were fixed routinely in glutaraldehyde followed by osmium tetroxide, numerous electron lucent vesicles and canaliculi were distributed throughout the cytoplasm. As ruthenium red-positive reaction product was observed on the inner surface of the vesicles and canaliculi, these are defined as the SCCS of carp thrombocytes. In the stereo-pair of the photographs of thick sectioned specimens and the plastic reconstruction of serially sectioned thrombocytes, we succeeded in finding the whole structure of the SCCS which is composed of numerous anastomosing canaliculi. Scanning electron micrographs revealed many crater-like depressions throughout the cell surface which seem to be the openings of the SCCS.
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    Scanning electron microscopy of the cleft of the rat pituitary (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 139-143 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary cleft ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Cell surface changes ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Scanning electron microscopy of the lining of the pituitary cleft was carried out in normal, lactating, castrated, adrenalectomized, and cyproterone-treated adult rats. Four cell types could be differentiated in the posterior wall in control and experimental animals: (1) cells with a smooth surface, (2) cells with microvilli located at the cellular borders, (3) ciliated cells, and (4) cells with evenly distributed microvilli. The anterior wall showed mainly cells with few microvilli located at their margins, and clusters of ciliated cells. In normal, and more frequently in experimental animals, the anterior wall showed shriveled cells, and variously sized cavities. Colloid appeared either as a network of finely granular material or as compact bodies adhering to the epithelial surface. These observations suggest that a compact component of the colloid is derived at least in part from degraded cells.
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    Formation and morphology of Reissner's fibre in primates (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 207 (1980), S. 43-53 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Reissner's fibre ; Subcommissural organ ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Primates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The subcommissural ependyma of the third ventricle, the rhomboid fossa, and the central canal of the spinal cord were examined in Tupaia, Saimiri, and Cebus by scanning electron microscopy. In all three species studied, fine filaments, granules, and amorphous masses were found at the surface of the subcommissural ependyma representing the original structures of the Reissner's fibre (RF). Bundles of filaments or net-like structures ultimately forming a compact secretory plate develop in the caudal part of the secretory zone. In Tupaia and Saimiri, the secretion collects in a groove-like depression in the centre of the dorsal ventricular wall. In Cebus two secretory pathways occur in the lateral sulci, which eventually merge together in the aqueduct. In the rhomboid fossa and the spinal cord, the RF is in close contact with the ependyma, and its surface is longitudinally grooved and covered with granular material and cells. The present scanning electron microscopic findings speak in favour of a merocrine type of secretion in the apical region of the ependymal cells. Ciliary movement and flow of cerebrospinal fluid are assumed to be the most important factors regulating the formation of the RF.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239328
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    Changes of the caecal villi during postnatal development in rats (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 208 (1980), S. 253-259 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Villus ; Caecum ; Postnatal development ; Rat ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The villi of the caecal mucosa in postnatal rats were studied using both scanning electron and light microscopy. On the day of birth, numerous villi of various sizes and shapes were present on the caecal mucosa. After the 5th day, the villi decreased very rapidly in length and in number. A strong constriction was observed at the basal region of the caecal villi. During postnatal days 5 ∼ 9 the villi probably separated and disappeared from the caecal mucosa. No villi were observed in rats that were over 10 days of age.
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    Scanning electron microscopic observations of early stages of phagocytosis of E. coli by human neutrophils (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 209 (1980), S. 65-70 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Phagocytosis ; Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes ; Neutrophils ; E. coli ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Changes in surface morphology, as observed by scanning electron microscopy, appear rapidly when human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are challenged with bacteria. Monolayers of PMN adhering to glass were incubated with opsonized E. coli from 5 sec to 10 min, and then fixed and prepared for SEM. As early as 5 sec after phagocytic challenge, E. coli are found in contact with PMN and in the process of engulfment into open cavities formed by lamellipodia. The shape of the mouth of the forming phagocytic vacuole is related to the orientation of bacteria during entry. Bacteria engulfed into early forming phagosomes are surrounded by a large open space between the bacteria and the phagosome wall. As phagocytosis proceeds, the space is reduced and the loose fit around the entering bacteria becomes tight. By 30 sec, bacteria may be completely internalized and by 1 min phagocytized E. coli are packed into bulging PMN. The observations reveal the variability and rapidity of the phagocytic response and confirm the presence of sensitive mechanisms for host defense by PMN.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219923
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    A three-dimensional study of the normal human placental villous core (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 235-247 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chorionic villi ; Macrophages ; Placenta (human) ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to study the three-dimensional ultrastructure of the Hofbauer cells, human placentae from the 6th to the 21 st week of gestation and also from the end of pregnancy were cryofractured and observed by scanning electron microscopy. Hofbauer cells were found in the villous core at all the gestation stages examined. Their surface morphology was characterized by lamellipodia, funnel-like structures, blebs and microplicae. This pleomorphic aspect was probably related to functional or environmental conditions. In addition, thin cytoplasmic processes connected the Hofbauer cells with each other and with the components of the villous stroma. Fractured Hofbauer cells revealed large vacuoles in the cytoplasm; the vacuoles were smaller in size both at the beginning and at the end of pregnancy. This study further attests to the macrophagic nature of these cells.
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    Scanning electron microscopy of fused mouse placentas and associated uterine bed (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 349-351 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fused placentas ; Uterine bed ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The decidual surface of two fused placentas and the associated uterine bed were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The compact decidua basalis fits into a uterine depression filled with coarse fibers which is surrounded by a smooth area that gradually becomes folded. Placental fusion due to twinning or crowding is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237622
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    The morphology of cultured melanophores from tadpoles of Xenopus laevis: Scanning electron microscopical observations (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 179-189 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Melanophores ; Pigment migration ; Xenopus laevis ; Cell culture ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tail-fin melanophores of tadpoles of Xenopus laevis (Daudin) in primary culture were examined scanning electron microscopically in the aggregated and in the dispersed state. After isolation, the melanophores are spherical, but within 24 h they develop thin filopodia for attachment to the substratum. Subsequently, cylinder-like as well as flat sheet-like processes are formed, which adhere to the substratum with terminal pseudopodia and filopodia. The processes of adjacent melanophores contact each other, thus forming an interconnecting network between the melanophores. In the aggregated state the central part of the melanophore is spherical and voluminous. Both the central part and the processes bear microvilli. In melanophores with dispersed melanosomes the central part is much flatter; the distal parts have a thickness that equals a monolayer of melanosomes. The surface of the cell bears only scarce microvilli. These features indicate that melanophores do not have a fixed shape and that pigment migration is accompanied by reciprocal volume transformation between the cell body and its processes.
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    Scanning electron microscopy of human cerebellar cortex (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 212 (1980), S. 363-374 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Scanning electron microscopy ; Cerebellum ; Neuronal connections
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Scanning electron microscopy and cryofracture technique were applied to study neuronal architecture and synaptic connections of the human cerebellum. Samples were processed according to the technique of Humphreys et al. (1975) with minor modifications. The granule cells exhibit unbranched filiform axons and coniform dendritic processes. The latter show typical claw-like endings making “gearing type” synaptic contacts with mossy fiber rosettes. The unattached mossy rosettes appear as solid club-like structures. Some fractographs show individual granule cells, Golgi neurons and glomerular islands. The climbing fibers and their Scheibel's collaterals were also characterized. In the Purkinje layer the surface fracture was produced at the level of the Bergmann glial cells, which are selectively removed, allowing us to visualize the rough surface of Purkinje cells and the supra- and infraganglionic plexuses of basket cell axons which appeared as entangled threads. In the molecular layer the three-dimensional configuration of the Purkinje secondary and tertiary dendritic branches was obtained. The filiform parallel fibers make cruciform synaptic contacts with the Purkinje dendritic spines. The appearance of stellate neuronal somata closely resembled that of the granule cells. The subpial terminals of Bergmann fibers appeared attached to the exterior of the folia forming the rough surfaced external glial limiting membrane.
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    The ependyma of the saccular pineal gland in the non-eutherian mammal Trichosurus vulpecula (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 213 (1980), S. 417-432 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal recess ; Ependyma ; Circumventricular organ ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Marsupial
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pineal gland in the possum is represented by a thickening in the wall of the pineal recess. A superficial pineal body and a pineal stalk are characteristically lacking. The ependyma related to the gland is specialized but differs markedly from the lining in other circumventricular organs in form and in surface morphology. Two distinct topographic zones have been recognized. In the middle is a mass of cells which form a prominent knobby-surfaced central zone. These cells are characterized by the absence of cilia, the paucity of microvilli and blebs and the presence of processes which overlap adjacent cells. A surface pattern formed of cell outlines was lacking. It is suggested that the central zone is lined by pinealocytes, supporting cells and the processes of both cell types. Most of the central zone is surrounded by an intermediate zone of variable width. The latter region has been observed to possess a circumventricular organ-type surface morphology. It is sparsely ciliated, almost totally covered by a carpet of microvilli and it exhibits a variety of surface specializations. Supraependymal cells and various transitory supraependymal cell processes are also present. Outside the specialized ependyma is the peripheral zone which like the regular ventricular lining is densely ciliated. Supraependymal processes are found among the clusters of cilia, or rarely, on the surface of the ciliary bed. Season and sex related differences in surface ultrastructure were not observed.
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    A scanning electron microscopic study of larval development in the marine polychaete, Galeolaria caespitosa Lamarck (Serpulidae) (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 215 (1981), S. 171-179 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Polychaeta, Serpulidae ; Gamete ; Larva ; Development ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Gametes and developing larvae of the polychaete Galeolaria caespitosa were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The sperm display a primitive morphology. When treated with 0.33 M CaCl2, they release a branched acrosomal process. At spawning, the polygonal oocytes have a granular surface made up of spherules and the tips of microvilli. The oocyte coat develops a ridged appearance as the oocyte rounds up. At fertilization, the microvilli are withdrawn from the coat surface. Microvilli again appear on the coat surface during the trochophore stage, but the egg coat appears to be retained as the larval cuticle until the demersal stage. The surface of the larva now shows many microvilli. Details of the organization of several ciliary structures are clarified. Moreover, the present study shows rapid, sequential development of paired setal sacs, with the most anterior pair appearing first.
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    A scanning electron microscopic study of the liver of the monkey Macaca speciosa (1981)
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    Cell & tissue research 215 (1981), S. 193-205 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Scanning electron microscopy ; Monkey liver ; Sinusoids ; Kupffer cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An der Affenleber wurden die verschiedenen Gefäßabschnitte des Leberläppchens mit dem Raster- und Transmissionselektronenmikroskop untersucht. Die Gefäßwände der portalen und terminalen (Zentral-) Venen werden durch ein geschlossenes Endothel, eine kontinuierliche Basalmembran und eine Bindegewebsschicht gebildet. Dagegen haben Sinusoide ein Endothel mit typischen Fenestrationen, wobei eine Basalmembran fehlt und nur ein schütteres Netz von Bindegewebsfasern im Disse'schen Raum vorkommt. Kupffer-Zellen findet man in den Sinusoiden, den terminalen Lebervenen und den Sublobularvenen; in Portalvenen kommen sie nicht vor. Ihre bezeichnenden Strukturen sind eine Oberflächenfältelung und besondere Zellfortsätze, Filopodien und Lamellipodien, mit denen sie am Endothel anhaften oder mit denen sie untereinander in Verbindung stehen. Im Disseschen Raum kommen flache Zellfortsätze von Fettspeicherzellen vor, die das Endothel umgeben. Es wird angenommen, daß sie eine perizytenähnliche Funktion haben.
    Notes: Summary The vasculature of the hepatic lobule of the monkey was investigated by scanning and transmision electron microscopy. The vessel walls of the portal and terminal hepatic (central) veins consist of a closed endothelium, a continuous basement membrane and a connective tissue layer. Sinusoids, however, show endothelia with typical fenestrations, and connective tissue fibres are only sparsely distributed in the space of Disse. Kupffer cells are present in the sinusoids, and occasionally in the terminal hepatic and sublobular veins, but are never present in the portal veins. They are characterized by a ruffled surface and special processes — filopodia and lamellipodia — which anchor them to the endothelial cells and also connect them with adjacent Kupffer cells. Flat branches of perisinusoidal cells, which encircle the endothelia, occur in the space of Disse, and are presumed to have a pericyte-like function.
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    Surface changes during development and involution of the cement gland of Xenopus laevis (1978)
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    Cell & tissue research 194 (1978), S. 303-313 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cement gland ; Xenopus laevis ; Secretion ; Mucus ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cement gland was studied from stage 17, when the anlage is established, to stage 49, shortly before its disappearance. At early stages, the apical membrane is covered by small microvilli that are more abundant than in the surrounding epiblast cells. Vesicular protrusions along the cell boundaries are also more numerous in the gland cells. When the gland reaches maturity, the apical membranes of gland cells differentiate into two regions. In the cranial, kidney-shaped region, the membranes are very narrow and protrude above the level of cell boundaries. Long and slender villi raise from the surface adjacent to cell boundaries. Apical surfaces in the caudal portion are larger and flattened. Cell boundaries are lined with shorter and thicker surface projections. At these stages, the bordering cells are covered with secretion vesicles. During involution the number of cells is progressively reduced. The area of the caudal portion increases relative to the area of the cranial portion. Apical surfaces become more flattened. Surface projections become much shorter and invade the whole of the apical surface. Bordering cells lose their secretion vesicles and their apical surface becomes ruffled with numerous short wrinkles. The significance of the apical structures and their evolution is discussed.
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    Scanning electron microscopy of the respiratory surfaces of Saccobranchus (=Heteropneustes) fossilis (Bloch) (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 195 (1978), S. 99-109 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gills ; Air-breathing organs ; Catfish, Saccobranchus fossilis ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The gill secondary lamellae are generally covered with epithelial cells whose outer surfaces form numerous microvilli. The surface of the primary lamellae is characterised by microridges. A particular type of surface sculpturing seems to be associated with given cell boundaries. Further evidence for the derivation of the air tube and fans which guard its entrance by modification of the basic gill structure has been obtained from both the gross surface architecture and microstructure of the individual cell surfaces. Secondary lamellae are represented by stubby projections which generally have a biserial arrangement. The outer surfaces of the epithelia overlying the capillaries of these respiratory islets are coated with microvilli as in the secondary lamellae. On the other hand, the relatively smooth-surfaced ‘lanes’ between groups of respiratory islets have a microridged surface similar to that of the primary gill lamellae. It is suggested that previous estimates of surface area, and consequently diffusing capacities of the air-breathing organ, have been low in view of the increased surface, due to both their gross and microstructure. Estimates for gill surface area may need very little correction as the spaces between the microvilli and microridges are probably filled with mucus under normal conditions.
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    Scanning electron microscopy of microcorrosion casts of the vascular bed in the skin of the spotted salamander, Salamandra salamandra L. (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 196 (1979), S. 153-162 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Salamander skin ; Skin capillaries ; Poison gland capillaries ; Microcorrosion casts ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Microcorrosion casts of blood vessels in the skin of the spotted salamander, Salamandra salamandra L., were studied using scanning electron microscopy. The investigated vessels include a subepidermal network of respiratory capillaries and the vessels of poison glands. A hypothesis is proposed, according to which both types of vascular beds possess a common origin. Probable factors involved in the differentiation of the primary netword of the subepidermal vessels in larvae are indicated and speculation concerning the supposed mosaic type of circulation in the capillaries of the subepidermal respiratory bed is presented.
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    The brush cells of the common bile duct of the rat (1981)
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    Cell & tissue research 218 (1981), S. 403-420 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Brush cells ; Common bile duct ; Thin section ; Freeze-fracture ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two different fixative procedures (immersion and perfusion) and four different fixative solutions were used in order to obtain the best preservation of the brush cells of the common bile duct of the rat. The results indicate that only perfusion fixation through the common bile duct is suitable, independent of the fixative solutions and their osmolarity. Numerous brush cells were seen in the proximal and distal regions of the common bile duct. In these locations, they could be implicated in a registration and/or regulation of intraluminal pressure variations.
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    The development of the diencephalic choroid plexus in the chick (1981)
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    Cell & tissue research 219 (1981), S. 297-311 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Choroid plexus (chick) ; Third ventricle ; Ependyma ; Development ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface morphology of the diencephalic choroid plexus (Pl. ch. v. III) was investigated by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy in chicks from the 7th embryonic day (ED) to the 8th week after hatching. Pl. ch. v. III develops on the anterior ventricular roof from a sagittally oriented fold and a few posteriorly located transverse folds. On the 7th ED no significant differences in the cell surface morphology between Pl. ch. v. III and the surrounding ependyma are observed: both are covered with cilia. During the next four days, long cell prolongations (one per cell) covered with microvilli develop first on the surface of the posterior ventricular roof and then on the posterior part of Pl. ch. v. III. These structures are transitory. On the 11th ED, round cell prolongations (one per cell) appear progressively on the entire plexus, also replacing the long ones. Now the plexus surface is distinct from the surface of the surrounding ependyma. During the last week before hatching and also after hatching, the round cell prolongations become less prominent. Simultaneously, the number of cilia per unit surface area diminishes. With consideration of earlier reports, this study suggests that the following factors are involved in the increase of the surface area of Pl. ch. v. III: (I) The pseudostratified epithelium changes into columnar epithelium. (2) Ependymal elements of the posterior roof of the 3rd ventricle contribute to the anlage of Pl. ch. v. III. In later stages, however, Pl. ch. v. III grows only by mitoses.
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    Observations on the marginal ruffles of an established fibroblast-like cell line (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 179 (1977), S. 225-234 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Marginal ruffles ; Fibroblast-like cells ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Transmission electron microscopy ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary LW13K2 cells, a clone of a spontaneously in vitro transformed derivative of embryonic Lewis rat fibroblastic cells, were studied by phase contrast cine-light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The ruffles found at the advancing edge of cells grown on glass substrates in vitro form and recede in a period of less than one min if they do not make an attachment of the substrate. If they fail to make an attachment they may form pinocytotic channels near the leading edge as described by Price (1972) and/or collapse, generally backwards, towards the cell body. The ‘spines’ which appear to reinforce the membranous ruffles are the last structures to disappear, and accumulate in an irregular array behind the ruffling edge; this area is behind that in which pinocytosis occurs. In comparison with the sparse numbers of ribosomes found in the trailing edge, they are present in notable concentrations near the leading, ruffling edge of the cell. No membrane vesicles have been found in or near the ruffling edges at the ruffle-spine concentration zone.
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    The outer segments of photoreceptive pinealocytes in the pineal organ of the funa, Carassius gibelio langsdorfi (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 186 (1978), S. 259-268 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Carassius gibelio langsdorfi (Teleostei) ; Photoreceptive cell ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The form and size of the outer segments of photoreceptive pinealocytes in the pineal organ of the funa, Carassius gibelio langsdorfi, were observed with the scanning electron microscope. The height of the outer segments measures between 1 and 3 μm and the diameter varies widely from 1.5 to 8 μm. Various forms of outer segments, i.e. a slender type, a dome-like type, a cap-like type and a helical type, were demonstrated. The parallel-oriented filamentous processes of the inner segments have the same length as the outer segments and a diameter of approximately 100 nm; they are projections from the apical border of the inner segment and surround the cone-like outer segments. The processes make a right angle with the lamellar disks. The distance between two processes averages 100 nm. The lamellar disks of the outer segments are oriented at right angles to the modified cilium in the basal part, but the angle often changes in the peripheral part, where the lamellar disks are raised and become parallel to the cilium.
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    Fenestration of the epithelium lining the roof of the fourth cerebral ventricle in amphibia (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 198 (1979), S. 129-136 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebral ventricles ; Ependyma ; Pores ; Subarachnoid space ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Amphibia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Scanning electron microscopy of the caudal end of the roof of the fourth cerebral ventricle in four amphibian species shows that numerous pores occur between the ependymal cells. These pores have diameters ranging from 5–100 μm; they permit bulk flow of cerebrospinal fluid out of the ventricular system into the subarachnoid space.
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    Surface fine structure of the subfornical organ in the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 191 (1978), S. 389-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subfornical organ ; Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica ; Ultrastructure ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface ultrastructure of the subfornical organ (SFO) was investigated in the Japanese quail. The SFO consists of a body and a stalk. The body of the SFO can be divided into rostral and caudal parts. On the rostral part, each ependymal cell possesses a short central solitary cilium; clustered cilia are also occasionally seen. Microvilli are abundant. On the caudal part, cells with a solitary cilium are fewer in number, and clustered cilia are rarely found. Microvilli are not as abundant as on the rostral part. In addition, large bulbous protrusions, tufts of small protrusions, deep funnel-shaped hollows, small pinocytotic invaginations and possible cerebrospinal fluid-contacting axons are sporadically observed on the surface of various regions of the body. Each ependymal cell of the stalk has a wide apical surface. A central solitary cilium, microvilli and other structures are observed more rarely on the stalk than on the body, while clustered cilia are not seen on the stalk. These structures are compared with those of the mammalian SFO and further discussed in relation to the possible dipsogenic receptor function for angiotensin II.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219804
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    The epidermis and sensory organs of Dugesia tigrina (Turbellaria: Tricladida) (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 193 (1978), S. 35-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Planarian ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Epidermis ; Sense organs ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The epidermis of D. tigrina was examined using the scanning electron microscope. Both dorsal and ventral surfaces are extremely irregular in contour, as well as being permeated by large numbers of pores. Cilia are restricted to the ventral surface, the auricles and that part of the dorsum adjacent to the auricles. Club-shaped receptors, as well as cilia, were seen in the auricles. The epidermis anteriad to the eyespots is indistinguishable from that covering the remainder of the dorsal surface. Light rays could not enter the eyespot through this rough epidermal surface without becoming diffracted in an irregular fashion. It was therefore concluded that visual image perception is not a function of the planarian eyespot.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221599
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    The rat pituitary cleft: A correlated study by scanning and transmission electron microscopy (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 215 (1981), S. 515-529 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Rathke's cleft ; Ultrastructure ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary SEM reveals that the inner surface of the pituitary cleft is lined by a continuous layer of marginal cells possessing microvillous and ciliated apical surfaces. The ciliated cells are more numerous on the posterior side (toward the pars intermedia) than on the anterior side of the cleft (toward the pars distalis). In contrast small infoldings (crypts) were occasionally noted only on the marginal layer covering the distal part of the hypophysis. In some areas of the cleft the surface features of the marginal cells are rather similar to the epithelial cells populating the upper parts of the respiratory tract in their topography and distribution. In other regions they also show striking similarities with the ependymal cells (tanycytes) lining the lateral recesses of the 3rd ventricle and the infundibular process with which the pituitary cleft has a very close topographical relationship. The parenchymal cells of the pars distalis are closely related to the flattened marginal cells of the cleft. The intercellular spaces of the pars distalis form a three-dimensional labyrinthic series of cavities continuous with the submarginal spaces of the cleft. Further SEM and TEM results demonstrate that the majority of the microvillous marginal cells lining both sides of the cleft possess surface features such as bulbous protrusions, laminar evaginations and large cytoplasmatic vacuoles, which are very likely the expression of an active transport of fluids. On the basis of these results it is concluded that the fluid-like material (colloid) present in the pituitary cleft is mainly derived from the fluids contained in the lacunar spaces of the pars distalis. Thus, marginal cells by absorbing fluids from the cleft by active endocytosis, may transport to the pars intermedia material (or hormones) produced in the distal part of the gland and vice versa. The cilia present on many marginal cells, based on their 9+2 tubular pattern, possess a kynetic role. This is very similar to that shown by the ciliated cells of the ependyma lining the brain ventricles. The occurrence of ciliated cells within the pituitary parenchyma (mainly in the follicles) suggests that they probably arise from the ciliated cells populating the marginal layer of the cleft and with which the parenchyma cells are closely related.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233528
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    Bovine olfactory and nasal respiratory epithelium surfaces (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 193 (1978), S. 503-524 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cryo-ultramicrotomy ; High-voltage electron microscopy ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Olfactory epithelium ; Respiratory epithelium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary High-voltage transmission electron microscopy and cryo-ultramicrotomy together with scanning electron microscopy and some conventional transmission electron microscopy of ultrathin sections have been applied to the mucous surfaces of bovine olfactory and respiratory epithelia. Distal segments of olfactory cilia tend to run in parallel and could be followed over distances up to about 30 μm using high-voltage electron microscopy. This technique and scanning electron microscopy showed that on average 12–13 of such cilia could be observed per nerve ending. After correction for obscured cilia this number becomes about 17. High-voltage micrographs and micrographs made from sections prepared with a cryo-ultramicrotome showed the presence of electron-lucent pockets inside the olfactory mucus. The latter technique also showed that the mucus itself is not fibrous, but rather a continuum varying in electron density. The mucus layer contains various granular structures. Ciliary and microvillar membranes appear thicker with cryo-ultramicrotomy than when the sections are prepared with conventional techniques. The cores of the axonemal microtubules in olfactory as well as in respiratory cilia are darkly stained with this technique. Vesicles present inside the nerve endings are also darkly stained. Dimensions and some other numerical values of interest in olfaction are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225347
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    Structure and function of ciliated peritoneal funnels in the toad kidney (Bufo marinus) (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 217 (1981), S. 599-610 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ciliated peritoneal funnels ; Toad ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Scanning electron microscopy revealed 600–800 ciliated peritoneal funnels opening onto the ventral surface of each kidney in Bufo marinus. The size and configuration of funnel apertures vary greatly, but individual funnels do not appear to change their dimensions. The peritoneal funnels course beneath the kidney surface before opening into peritubular blood vessels. Injections of India ink into the peritoneal cavity demonstrate that cilia lining the peritoneal funnels create a current carrying peritoneal fluid into the renal vasculature. Clearance of fluid by the funnels was dependent on pressure in the peritubular vessels, and was increased by arginine vasotocin. Ciliated peritoneal funnels may provide an important route for return of lymphatic fluid from the peritoneal cavity to the vasculature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219367
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    Three dimensional organization of mammalian adrenal cortex (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 196 (1979), S. 23-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Mammals ; Three-dimensional organization ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The adrenal cortex of different mammals was studied by SEM in order to demonstrate its actual three-dimensional organization. In the rat, as well as in the cat and pig, the adrenal cortex appeared as a “tunnelled continuum” of polyhedral cells arranged in plate-like structures (laminae). This laminar arrangement was more evident in the inner fasciculate and reticular zones where the cortex revealed a striking similarity to liver tissue. The polyhedral cells of all cortical zones possessed regular facets populated by small pits, larger invaginations and numerous microvilli with the exception of very short and smooth areas probably corresponding to attachment zones and/or gap junctions. This cellular architecture produced a labyrinthic system of intercellular channels or lacunae in which the capillaries were suspended. The pericapillary areas of this labyrinth contained microvilli, amorphous material, a delicate net of fibrils and occasional cells. The intercellular compartment of this lacunar system was mainly bordered by numerous microvilli arising from endocrine cells. The luminal surface of the capillary wall showed not only irregularly protruding margins (interpretable as endothelial junctions) but also clearly overlapping and flattened endothelial extensions. In all the animals and areas of the adrenal cortex examined, the endothelial wall was provided with abundant clusters of small fenestrations (about 50 nm in diameter) generally arranged in sieve plates. Larger fenestrations were noted mainly in the fasciculate and reticular zones of the cat and pig and occasionally in the rat. A final point related to the nature and significance of sinusoidal fenestrations was the occurrence of irregularly shaped and intracapillary located cells mainly noted in the deeper zones of the fasciculate and reticular zones of the gland. These elements — possessing the surface characteristics of macrophages — were observed, with their irregular and slender evaginations, in close proximity to the large fenestrations in a manner reminiscent of Kupffer cells within the lumen of liver sinusoids.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236346
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    Scanning electron microscopic study of spermatozoa from gossypol-treated rats (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 219 (1981), S. 659-663 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gossypol ; Spermatozoa ; Contraception ; Cytoplasmic droplet ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Spermatozoa from the cauda epididymidis of gossypol-treated rats exhibit distinctive departures from the morphology of spermatozoa from control rats: wrinkled and disorganized cell membrane in the head and tail regions, cell membrane missing from segments of the tail midpiece and principal piece regions, malformed heads, decapitate spermatozoa, retention of a cytoplasmic droplet at variable loci along tail midpieces, and looped tails. The observations suggest that gossypol exerts its contraceptive effect during spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis, including the posttesticular development and maturation of spermatozoa in the epididymis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00210003
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    Vascularization of the pars intermedia of the hypophysis in the toad, Bufo bufo (L.) (Amphibia, Anura) (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 179 (1977), S. 11-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypophysis, pars intermedia ; Bufo bufo (L.) ; Vascularization ; Corrosion casts ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The vascularization of the pars intermedia of the hypophysis of the toad, Bufo bufo (L.) was studied by injection of a mixture of India-ink and gelatine into the circulatory system of the head via the arteria carotis communis. Further methyl-methacrylate corrosion casts of brains were made and the hypophysial region of the corrosion casts was examined with the scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the vascularization of the pars intermedia of the toad hypophysis consists of a single-layered vascular network, which is located on the ventral surface of the pars intermedia. The network is formed by capillaries, which primarily run caudally in a fan-like manner and which show only a few cross-connections. In the rostral region of the pars intermedia this network lies rather superficially, while in the caudal region it slightly penetrates the parenchyma. The vascular network originates from vessels of the neural stalk and from wide capillaries of the rostro-ventral region of the neurointermediate junction. The venous drainage of the pars intermedia is exerted by veins, which leave the caudal region and drain into the veins leaving the venous pole of the pars distalis. The fiat, wide meshed vascular net on the ventral side of the pars intermedia, demonstrated in this study, fits into the concept that the pars intermedia of the anuran hypophysis is under the control of nerve fibers coming from the hypothalamus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00278460
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    The human vocal cord surface (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 185 (1977), S. 279-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vocal cord epithelium (Human) ; Microridges ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The epithelium of the vocal cord from children and adults is analysed with SEM and TEM. Scanning micrographs show that the apical cell membrane is furnished with microvilli and microridges of various patterns. The function of microridges is discussed in relation to the distribution and retention of mucus on the vocal cord.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220671
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    Some morphological observations on osteoclasts (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 185 (1977), S. 387-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Osteoclasts ; Resorption ; Bone ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Osteoclasts of the peripheral portions of the endocranial aspect of young rat parietal and frontal bones were studied by scanning electron microscopy of glutaraldehyde fixed, critical point dried specimens. These studies show Osteoclasts to have a much more complicated form than has previously been realised. Extensively branching, elongated, smooth-surfaced cells, which are for the most part elevated above the level of the surrounding bone matrix surface and sometimes above portions of osteoblasts or other osteoclasts, were identified as motile non-resorbing cells. Portions of the former and other entire cells may be embowered in Howship's lacunae, have microvilli on their dorsal surface, and are surrounded by a serrated border of microprojections which have an apparently firm attachment to the matrix surface. Osteoclasts in short term culture show additional free surface ruffles which are not encountered in specimens taken fresh from the animal. No evidence of recruitment of osteoblasts or osteocytes into osteoclasts was found. Disinterred osteocytes retained an ability to migrate from their lacunae on to surrounding bone matrix surface.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220298
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    Ultrastructural alterations in ciliary cells exposed to ionizing radiation (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 180 (1977), S. 421-431 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ciliated cells ; Trachea ; Radiation effects ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Transmission electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Early effects of ionizing radiation were investigated in an experimental in vitro system using the ciliary cells of the tracheal mucous membrane of the rabbit, irradiated at 30° C and at more than 90% humidity. The changes in physiological activities of the ciliary cells caused by irradiation were continuously registered during the irradiation. The specimens were examined immediately after irradiation electron microscopically. The morphological changes in irradiated material after 10–70 Gy are compared with normal material. After 40–70 Gy, scanning electron microscopy revealed the formation of vesicles on cilia, and club-like protrusions and adhesion of their tips. After 30–70 Gy, a swelling of mitochondrial membranes and cristae was apparent transmission electron microscopically. The membrane alterations caused by irradiation are assumed to disturb the permeability and flow of ATP from the mitochondria, which in turn leads to the recorded changes in the activity of the ciliated cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220165
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    The vascularization of the neural stalk and the pars nervosa of the hypophysis in the toad, Bufo bufo (L.) (amphibia, anura) (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 180 (1977), S. 433-442 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypophysis, neural stalk, pars nervosa ; Bufo bufo (L.) ; Vascularization ; Corrosion casts ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The angioarchitecture of the neural stalk and the encephalo-posthypophysial portal system of the hypophysis of the toad, Bufo bufo (L.), was studied using three different methods. The neural stalk is mainly supplied by branches of the arteria infundibularis superficialis which form a widemeshed vascular network. Dorsally this network continues into the plexus of the pars nervosa. The vascularization of the pars nervosa is made up of the encephalo-posthypophysial portal system. This portal system consists of a hypothalamic branch (=portion), a mesencephalic and a mesencephalic-bulbar branch (=portion). The hypothalamic branch was found to drain the pars ventralis of the tuber cinereum as well as more dorsal regions of the diencephalon. The mesencephalic-bulbar trunk enters the hypothalamic branch. The resulting common stem of the encephalo-posthypophysial portal vein then curves around the retroinfundibular communicating artery, crosses its ventral side and runs caudally. The secondary capillary plexus of the pars nervosa is characterized by well defined capillary networks which are located at the periphery of the parenchyma of the pars nervosa, thus forming a rostral, dorsal and ventro-caudal net. The central region of the parenchyma of the pars nervosa is supplied only by main branches of the encephalo-posthypophysial portal vein. The venous drainage of the pars nervosa is via the vena hypophysea transversa.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220166
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    Scanning electron microscopy of the ventricular surface of the paraventricular organ in the domestic fowl (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 197 (1979), S. 539-543 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ventricular surface ; Paraventricular organ ; Domestic fowl ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ventricular surface of the paraventricular organ in the domestic fowl is covered with supraependymal fiber elements. These fibers form a dense network having a web-like appearance and a coarse network of fibers running over the ventricular surface. The dense, web-like networks are mainly distributed throughout the caudal region of this organ, whereas the coarse networks are observed in the rostral region. In addition to these structures, spherical bodies with diameters approximately 2.5 to 6 μm are also encountered.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233576
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    Role of carbohydrate-protein complexes in the organization of the microstructure of fibrous connective tissue (1978)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 86 (1978), S. 1663-1665 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: Scanning electron microscopy ; connective tissue ; collagen fiber ; protorysin ; trypsin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Samples of tendon and fascia, treated with enzymes possessing amylolytic and proteolytic activity (protorysin, trypsin) were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Destruction of carbohydrate-protein complexes leads to disappearance of the characteristic morphological features of the collagen fibers. Construction of the collagen fiber was shown to be based on a network of thin anastomosing fibrils, forming a carcass connected with the carbohydrate-protein matrix. It is argued that the reticular structure is a general principle in the structural organization of fibrous connective tissues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00801834
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