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  • 1
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Assignment problem ; computer models ; distribution sampling ; estimation ; integer programming ; large-scale modelling ; Latin hypercube ; optimization ; sampling ; sensitivity analysis ; Stichprobenverfahren ; Permutationsmatrizen ; implizite Funktionen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Lateinische Hyperwürfel Stichprobenverfahren (LHS) dienen dazu, in geeigneter Weise die Verteilungsfunktion (zumindest angenähert) der Funktionswerte einer komplexen (impliziten) Funktion, in Abhängigkeit ihrer Variablen werte, zu schätzen. Anwendungen finden sich in Modellen, in denen erforderliche Variablenumformungen nicht möglich sind und in denen die Zahl der Simulationsläufe aus zeitlichen Gründen gering zu halten oder fixiert ist. Es stellt sich die Frage, welche Werte in jedem Lauf den Variablen zuzuordnen sind. Herkömmliche Vorgehensweisen benutzen ausgefeilte, geschichtete Stichprobenverfahren, die jedoch Fehler bei der Bestimmung von Varianz und Kovarianz, aufgrund der Korrelation der Stichprobenpaare, beinhalten können. In dieser Arbeit wird eine Methode beschrieben, den absoluten Fehler zwischen dem tatsächlichen und dem korrelierenden Stichprobenpaar so klein wie möglich zu halten. Selbst für kleine Stichprobenumfänge können dabei schon optimale Pläne erzielt werden. Permutationsmatrizen haben die Eigenschaft, die Summe der Korrelationen zwischen Spaltenpaaren zu minimieren. Die vorgestellte Heuristik ist in der Lage, in allen getesteten Fällen das Optimum zu finden.
    Notes: Abstract The objective of Latin Hypercube Sampling is to determine an effective procedure for sampling from a (possibly correlated) multivariate population to estimate the distribution function (or at least a significant number of moments) of a complicated function of its variables. The typical application involves a computer-based model in which it is largely impossible to find a way (closed form or numerical) to do the necessary transformation of variables and where it is expensive to run in terms of computing resources and time. Classical approaches to hypercube sampling have used sophisticated stratified sampling techniques; but such sampling may provide incorrect measures of the output parameters' variances or covariances due to correlation between the sampling pairs. In this work, we offer a strategy which provides a sampling specification minimizing the sum of the absolute values of the pairwise differences between the true and sampled correlation pairs. We show that optimal plans can be obtained for even small sample sizes. We consider the characteristics of permutation matrices which minimize the sum of correlations between column pairs and then present an effective heuristic for solution. This heuristic generally finds plans which match the correlation structure exactly. When it does not, we provide a hybrid lagrangian/heuristic method, which empirically has found the optimal solution for all cases tested.
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  • 2
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    Positivity 1 (1997), S. 319-330 
    ISSN: 1572-9281
    Keywords: delay equations ; stability ; positive solutions ; spectral growth condition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We prove stability for a semilinear delay equation, whose nonlinearity is majorized by a linear positive operator. The key ingredients are a spectral condition, positivity of solutions to the linear problem, and lattice properties of the Banach space.
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  • 3
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    Set-valued analysis 5 (1997), S. 73-88 
    ISSN: 1572-932X
    Keywords: differential inclusion ; invariance ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The properties of invariance, stability, asymptotic stability and attainability of a given compact set $$K \subset \mathbb{R}^n $$ with respect to a differential inclusion, have weak and strong versions: the weak version requires existence of a trajectory with the corresponding property, while the strong one requires this property for all trajectories. The following statement is proven in the paper (under slight restrictions) for each of the above-mentioned properties: if K has the weak property with respect to $$\dot x \in F(x) $$ , then there is a (regulation) mapping G such that G(x) ⊂ F(x) ∀ x and G has the strong property with respect to $${\dot x}$$ ε G(x). In addition, certain regularity of the set of solutions of the last inclusion is claimed.
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    Set-valued analysis 5 (1997), S. 365-375 
    ISSN: 1572-932X
    Keywords: set-valued mappings ; vector optimization ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We establish optimization results for set-valued mappings, with the image space given by a topological vector space partially ordered by a cone. Moreover, we obtain stability results relative to parametrized optimization problems. We use a weak semicontinuity concept related to the order structure of the image space and show how compactness assumptions used in previous papers can be lightened.
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  • 5
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    Annals of operations research 58 (1995), S. 379-402 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Optimal control ; stochastic control ; dynamic systems ; economics ; public-sector applications ; optimization ; budgetary policies ; monetary policy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we determine optimal budgetary and monetary policies for Austria using a small macroeconometric model. We use a Keynesian model of the Austrian economy, called FINPOL1, estimated by ordinary least squares, which relates the main objective variables of Austrian economic policies, such as the growth rate of real gross domestic product, the rate of unemployment, the rate of inflation, the balance of payments, and the ratio of the federal budget deficit to GDP, to fiscal and monetary policy instruments, namely expenditures and revenues of the federal budget and money supply. Optimal fiscal and monetary policies are calculated for the model under a quadratic objective function using the algorithm OPTCON for the optimum control of nonlinear stochastic dynamic systems. Several control experiments are performed in order to assess the influence of different kinds of uncertainty on optimal budgetary and monetary policies. Apart from deterministic optimization runs, different assumptions about parameter uncertainties are introduced; the results of these different stochastic optimum control experiments are compared and interpreted.
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    Annals of operations research 56 (1995), S. 79-93 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Multistage stochastic programs ; optimization in Banach spaces ; stability ; approximation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Multistage stochastic programs are regarded as mathematical programs in a Banach spaceX of summable functions. Relying on a result for parametric programs in Banach spaces, the paper presents conditions under which linearly constrained convex multistage problems behave stably when the (input) data process is subjected to (small) perturbations. In particular, we show the persistence of optimal solutions, the local Lipschitz continuity of the optimal value and the upper semicontinuity of optimal sets with respect to the weak topology inX. The linear case with deterministic first-stage decisions is studied in more detail.
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    Annals of operations research 56 (1995), S. 287-311 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Probability functions ; gradient of integral ; sensitivity analysis ; optimization ; discrete event dynamic systems ; shut-down problem ; probabilistic risk analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Probability functions depending upon parameters are represented as integrals over sets given by inequalities. New derivative formulas for the intergrals over a volume are considered. Derivatives are presented as sums of integrals over a volume and over a surface. Two examples are discussed: probability functions with linear constraints (random right-hand sides), and a dynamical shut-down problem with sensors.
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    Journal of heuristics 3 (1997), S. 63-81 
    ISSN: 1572-9397
    Keywords: Large-step Markov chain ; optimization ; simulated annealing ; traveling salesman problem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The large-step Markov chain (LSMC) approach is the most effective known heuristic for large symmetric TSP instances; cf. recent results of [Martin, Otto and Felten, 1991] and [Johnson, 1990]. In this paper, we examine relationships among (i) the underlying local optimization engine within the LSMC approach, (ii) the “kick move” perturbation that is applied between successive local search descents, and (iii) the resulting LSMC solution quality. We find that the traditional “double-bridge” kick move is not necessarily optimum: stronger local optimization engines (e.g., Lin-Kernighan) are best matched with stronger kick moves. We also propose use of an adaptive temperature schedule to allow escape from deep basins of attraction; the resulting hierarchical LSMC variant outperforms traditional LSMC implementations that use uniformly zero temperatures. Finally, a population-based LSMC variant is studied, wherein multiple solution paths can interact to achieve improved solution quality.
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  • 9
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    Journal of dynamics and differential equations 9 (1997), S. 463-505 
    ISSN: 1572-9222
    Keywords: Difference equations ; random perturbation ; averaging ; diffusion approximation ; randomly perturbed iterations ; stability ; 3SR60 ; 60H15 ; 60J99
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Let (X, ℬ) and (Y,C) be two measurable spaces withX being a linear space. A system is determined by two functionsf(X): X→ X andϕ:X×Y→X, a (small) positive parameterε and a homogeneous Markov chain {y n } in (Y,C) which describes random perturbations. States of the system, say {x n ɛ ∈X, n=0, 1,⋯}, are determined by the iteration relations:x n+1 ɛ =f(x n ɛ )+ɛϕ(x n ɛ ,Yn+1) forn≥0, wherex 0 ɛ =x 0 is given. Here we study the asymptotic behavior of the solutionx n ɛ asε → 0 andn → ∞ under various assumptions on the data. General results are applied to some problems in epidemics, genetics and demographics.
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    Set-valued analysis 5 (1997), S. 377-390 
    ISSN: 1572-932X
    Keywords: differential inclusions ; stability ; boundedness of solutions ; Lyapunov functions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract For Lipschitzian differential inclusions, we prove that the existence of suitable Lyapunov functions is necessary for uniform stability and uniform boundedness of solutions.
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  • 11
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    Annals of operations research 57 (1995), S. 217-232 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Scheduling ; robotic cell ; tandem machines ; optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The paper deals with the scheduling of a robotic cell in which jobs are processed on two tandem machines. The job transportation between the machines is done by a transportation robot. The robotic cell has limitations on the intermediate space between the machines for storing the work-in-process. What complicates the scheduling problem is that the loading/unloading operation times are non-negligible. Given the total number of operationsn, an optimalO(n logn)-time algorithm is proposed together with the proof of optimality.
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    Annals of operations research 58 (1995), S. 243-260 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Assignment problem ; computer models ; distribution sampling ; estimation ; integer programming ; large-scale modelling ; latin hypercube ; optimization ; sampling ; sensitivity analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Latin hypercube sampling is often used to estimate the distribution function of a complicated function of many random variables. In so doing, it is typically necessary to choose a permutation matrix which minimizes the correlation among the cells in the hypercube layout. This problem can be formulated as a generalized, multi-dimensional assignment problem. For the two-dimensional case, we provide a polynomial algorithm. For higher dimensions, we offer effective heuristic and bounding procedures.
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    Advances in computational mathematics 7 (1997), S. 235-259 
    ISSN: 1572-9044
    Keywords: numerical analysis ; nonlinear ; elliptic equations ; finite element ; error estimates ; 35K55 ; 65N15 ; 65N30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this article a strategy of adaptive finite element for semi-linear problems, based on minimizing a residual-type estimator, is reported. We get an a posteriori error estimate which is asymptotically exact when the mesh size h tends to zero. By considering a model problem, the quality of this estimator is checked. It is numerically shown that without constraint on the mesh size h, the efficiency of the a posteriori error estimate can fail dramatically. This phenomenon is analysed and an algorithm which equidistributes the local estimators under the constraint h ⩽ h max is proposed. This algorithm allows to improve the computed solution for semi-linear convection–diffusion problems, and can be used for stabilizing the Lagrange finite element method for linear convection–diffusion problems.
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  • 14
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    BIT 17 (1977), S. 321-328 
    ISSN: 1572-9125
    Keywords: 5.15 ; nonlinear equation ; root finding ; multiple root ; secant method ; Steffensen procedure ; order of convergence ; efficiency ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A superlinear procedure for finding a multiple root is presented. In it the secant method is applied to the given function divided by a divided difference whose increment shrinks toward zero as the root is approached. Two function evaluations per step are required, but no derivatives need be calculated.
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    Advances in computational mathematics 4 (1995), S. 1-26 
    ISSN: 1572-9044
    Keywords: Wavelets ; biorthogonal wavelets ; stability ; primary 15A12 ; 65F35 ; secondary 42C15
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract For orthogonal wavelets, the discrete wavelet and wave packet transforms and their inverses are orthogonal operators with perfect numerical stability. For biorthogonal wavelets, numerical instabilities can occur. We derive bounds for the 2-norm and average 2-norm of these transforms, including efficient numerical estimates if the numberL of decomposition levels is small, as well as growth estimates forL → ∞. These estimates allow easy determination of numerical stability directly from the wavelet coefficients. Examples show that many biorthogonal wavelets are in fact numerically well behaved.
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    Annals of global analysis and geometry 13 (1995), S. 141-148 
    ISSN: 1572-9060
    Keywords: Gauss curvature ; stability ; 53
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We prove that a domain on a surface of constant curvature is stable provided the integral of the mean curvature is small enough.
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    Annals of global analysis and geometry 15 (1997), S. 277-297 
    ISSN: 1572-9060
    Keywords: mean curvature ; $$r$$ -mean curvature ; sphere ; stability ; stable
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We deal with compact hypersurfaces immersed in space forms with constant $$r$$ -mean curvature. They are critical points for a variational problem. We show they are stable if and only if they are geodesic spheres, generalizing results on constant curvature hypersurfaces.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1572-9125
    Keywords: finite difference methods ; wave equation ; accuracy ; stability ; Padé approximants ; order stars ; Riemann surface
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We consider three time-level difference schemes, symmetric in time and space, for the solution of the wave equation,u tt =c 2 u xx , given by $$\sum\limits_{j = - S}^S {b_j U_{n + 1,m + j} + } \sum\limits_{j = - S}^S {a_j U_{n,m + j} + } \sum\limits_{j = - S}^S {b_j U_{n - 1,m + j} } = 0.$$ It has already been proved that the maximal order of accuracyp of such schemes is given byp ≤ 2(s + S). In this paper we show that the requirement of stability does not reduce this maximal order for any choice of the pair (s, S). The result is proved by introducing an order star on the Riemann surface of the algebraic function associated with the scheme. Furthermore, Padé schemes, withS = 0,s 〉 0, ands = 0,S 〉 0, are proved to be stable for 0 〈 μ 〈 1, where μ is the Courant number. These schemes can be implemented with high-order absorbing boundary conditions without reducing the range of μ for which stable solutions are obtained.
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    Acta applicandae mathematicae 48 (1997), S. 13-32 
    ISSN: 1572-9036
    Keywords: limit cycles ; vector fields ; oscillation theory ; second-order dynamic systems ; qualitative theory of dynamic systems ; phase portrait ; optimization ; 16th Hilbert Problem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a solution to the problem to find isolated closed trajectories of two-dimensional dynamic systems. In contrast to the method of Bendixson’s ring regions, the new method is constructive. It allows the determination of the location of closed trajectories and therefore gives an upper bound for their number. The method is based on the idea to use inherent geometrical and physical extremal properties of these trajectories to transform the problem into an optimization task (isoperimetric problem of variational calculus) that can be solved by numerical algorithms, e.g., by hillclimbing.
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    Acta applicandae mathematicae 49 (1997), S. 35-54 
    ISSN: 1572-9036
    Keywords: dynamical systems ; stability ; pseudo orbit tracing property ; nonstandard analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract It is known that it is not possible to introduce C0 -structural stability for whole systems in topological dynamics. Using the methods of Nonstandard Analysis, we suggest four different purely topological stability concepts for dynamical systems on compact subsets of Rn. Classically these amount to considering the space of all systems on a given subset of Rn as the fundamental entity when deforming a continuous system (instead of the space of all continuous systems as is normally done in topological dynamics). For two of the introduced stability concepts, we will show that all minimal flows are stable in this sense. Besides this, we will show that one of our stability concepts is related to what is called the pseudo orbit tracing property in a recently published book by Aoki and Hiraide and compare some of our results to the theory of dynamical systems as presented there.
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    Journal of nonlinear science 5 (1995), S. 373-418 
    ISSN: 1432-1467
    Keywords: Hamiltonian system with symmetry ; relative equilibria ; perturbation ; linearization ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A relative equilibrium of a Hamiltonian system with symmetry is a point of phase space giving an evolution which is a one-parameter orbit of the action of the symmetry group of the system. The evolutions of sufficiently small perturbations of a formally stable relative equilibrium are arbitrarily confined to that relative equilibrium's orbit under the isotropy subgroup of its momentum. However, interesting evolution along that orbit, here called drift, does occur. In this article, linearizations of relative equilibria are used to construct a first order perturbation theory explaining drift, and also to determine when the set of relative equilibria near a given relative equilibrium is a smooth symplectic submanifold of phase space.
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    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 14 (1995), S. 127-136 
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: Nondestructive evaluation ; corrosion monitoring ; electrical impedance tomography ; stability ; numerical methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We investigate the problem of detecting and assessing, by means of static electrical measurements, damage due to corrosion in a structure. Corrosion damage, which is assumed to occur in an inaccessible part of a specimen, is modelled as material loss. The detection device consists of electrodes which inject DC current and measure voltage potentials in the accessible part of the specimen. The topography of the damaged surface is estimated from the measured data. This research is meant to evaluate if a method based on static electrical measurements has the potential to be developed into a useful nondestructive evaluation tool. We propose computational methods that take the measured data and estimate the unknown damaged surface. The methods are studied in order to understand their properties. Several example calculations from synthetic data are presented. Our findings indicate that such a device has limited resolution. However, it offers several advantages that make it worthwhile to pursue further research.
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    Acta mathematicae applicatae sinica 13 (1997), S. 176-187 
    ISSN: 1618-3932
    Keywords: Spherical surface ; pseudospectral method ; vorticity equations ; stability ; convergence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The pseudospectral method for solving vorticity equations on spherical surface is discussed. An interpolation procedure, which is different from the usual ones, is proposed. Based on such an interpolation, the pseudospectral scheme is constructed. Its generalized stability and convergence are analyzed rigorously. The theoretical analysis and computational skills can also be applied to other nonlinear partial differential equations defined on spherical surface.
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    Numerical algorithms 10 (1995), S. 225-244 
    ISSN: 1572-9265
    Keywords: Cholesky factorization error analysis ; Hankel matrix ; least squares ; normal equations ; orthogonal factorization ; QR factorization ; semi-normal equations ; stability ; Toeplitz matrix ; weak stability ; Primary 65F25 ; Secondary 47B35 ; 65F05 ; 65F30 ; 65Y05 ; 65Y10
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We show that a fast algorithm for theQR factorization of a Toeplitz or Hankel matrixA is weakly stable in the sense thatR T R is close toA T A. Thus, when the algorithm is used to solve the semi-normal equationsR TRx=AT b, we obtain a weakly stable method for the solution of a nonsingular Toeplitz or Hankel linear systemAx=b. The algorithm also applies to the solution of the full-rank Toeplitz or Hankel least squares problem min ||Ax-b||2.
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    Numerical algorithms 14 (1997), S. 343-359 
    ISSN: 1572-9265
    Keywords: progressive interpolation ; stability ; spline ; shape parameters ; geometric continuity ; 41A05 ; 41A15 ; 65D05 ; 65D07
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we study several interpolating and smoothing methods for data which are known “progressively”. The algorithms proposed are governed by recurrence relations and our principal goal is to study their stability. A recurrence relation will be said stable if the spectral radius of the associated matrix is less than one. The iteration matrices depend on shape parameters which come either from the connection at the knots, or from the nature of the interpolant between two knots. We obtain various stability domains. Moving the parameters inside these domains leads to interesting shape effects.
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    Numerical algorithms 10 (1995), S. 245-260 
    ISSN: 1572-9265
    Keywords: Multistep methods ; differential-algebraic equations ; stability ; existence and uniqueness ; convergence of iterative method ; 65L06 ; 65L20 ; 65N22
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Multistep methods for the differential/algebraic equations (DAEs) in the form of $$F_1 (x) = 0, F_2 (x,x',z) = 0$$ are presented, whereF 1 maps from ℝ n to ℝ ′ ,F 2 from ℝ n x ℝ n x ℝ m to ℝ s andr〈n≤r+s=n+m. By employing the deviations of the available existence theories, a new form of the multistep method for solutions of (1) is developed. Furthermore, it is shown that this method has no typical instabilities such as those that may occur in the application of multistep method to DAEs in the traditional manner. A proof of the solvability of the multistep system is provided, and an iterative method is developed for solving these nonlinear algebraic equations. Moreover, a proof of the convergence of this iterative method is presented.
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    Acta mathematicae applicatae sinica 13 (1997), S. 33-44 
    ISSN: 1618-3932
    Keywords: Inverse problem ; hyperbolic equations ; eigenvalue problem ; spectral function ; integral kernel ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the inverse boundary value problem of the hyperbolic system of first-order differential equations is discussed. The estimate of the solution and the quantitative analysis about its stability are obtained, and some stability criteria are established.
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    Applied mathematics and mechanics 16 (1995), S. 195-202 
    ISSN: 1573-2754
    Keywords: nonlinear ; stability ; Lyapunov function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In the paper Lyapumov function for a fourth order linear system is given and stability of the trivial solutions to a class of fourth order nonlinear systems is studied.
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    Applied mathematics and mechanics 16 (1995), S. 635-642 
    ISSN: 1573-2754
    Keywords: analytic mechanics ; nonholonomic system ; stability
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The stability for the equilibrium states of Chaplygin's systems is considered. The equations of motion of Chaplygin's systems and the existence conditions of their equilibrium states are given. Some criteria of stability for the equilibrium. states of Chaplygin's systems are obtained. Two examples are finally given.
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    Applied mathematics and mechanics 18 (1997), S. 739-748 
    ISSN: 1573-2754
    Keywords: finite element ; hybrid scheme ; shocks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A hybrid monotonous finite element algorithm is developed in the present paper, based on a second-order-accurate finite element scheme and a first-order-accurate monotonous one derived from the former by a unilateral lumping procedure in one dimensional case. The switch functions for the two dimensional Euler equation system are constructed locally, based on the gradient of the flow field, with special consideration on the information from neighboring elements. Examples show that the ew scheme can eliminate oscillations near strong shocks obviously.
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    Discrete event dynamic systems 5 (1995), S. 383-403 
    ISSN: 1573-7594
    Keywords: Discrete event systems ; stability ; boundedness ; Petri nets ; manufacturing systems
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Recently it has been shown that the conventional notions of stability in the sense of Lyapunov and asymptotic stability can be used to characterize the stability properties of a class of “logical” discrete event systems (DES). Moreover, it has been shown that stability analysis via the choice of appropriate Lyapunov functions can be used for DES and can be applied to several DES applications including manufacturing systems and computer networks (Passino et al. 1994, Burgess and Passino 1994). In this paper we extend the conventional notions and analysis of uniform boundedness, uniform ultimate boundedness, practical stability, finite time stability, and Lagrange stability so that they apply to the class of logical DES that can be defined on a metric space. Within this stability-theoretic framework we show that the standard Petri net-theoretic notions of boundedness are special cases of Lagrange stability and uniform boundedness. In addition we show that the Petri ent-theoretic approach to boundedness analysis is actually a Lyapunov approach in that the net-theoretic analysis actually produces an appropriate Lyapunov function. Moreover, via the Lyapunov approach we provide a sufficient condition for the uniform ultimate boundedness of General Petri nets. To illustrate the Petri net results, we study the boundedness properties of a rate synchronization network for manufacturing systems. In addition, we provide a detailed analysis of the Lagrange stability of a single-machine manufacturing system that uses a priority-based part servicing policy.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1573-7594
    Keywords: optimization ; standard clock ; ordinal optimization ; communication network ; voice/data integration ; simulation
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we apply the ideas of ordinal optimization and the technique of Standard Clock (SC) simulation to the voice-call admission-control problem in integrated voice/data multihop radio networks. This is an important problem in networking that is not amenable to exact analysis by means of the usual network modeling techniques. We first describe the use of the SC approach on sequential machines, and quantify the speedup in simulation time that is achieved by its use in a number of queueing examples. We then develop an efficient simulation model for wireless integrated networks based on the use of the SC approach, which permits the parallel simulation of a large number of admission-control policies, thereby reducing computation time significantly. This model is an extension of the basic SC approach in that it incorporates fixed-length data packets, whereas SC simulation is normally limited to systems with exponentially distributed interevent times. Using this model, we demonstrate the effectiveness of ordinal-optimization techniques, which provide a remarkably good ranking of admission-control policies after relatively short simulation runs, thereby facilitating the rapid determination of good policies. Moreover, we demonstrate that the use of crude, inaccurate analytical and simulation models can provide highly accurate policy rankings that can be used in conjunction with ordinal-optimization methods, provided that they incorporate the key aspects of system operation.
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    Discrete event dynamic systems 7 (1997), S. 209-232 
    ISSN: 1573-7594
    Keywords: Stochastic recurrence equations ; performance evaluation ; ergodicity ; stability ; subadditive ergodic theory
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with the asymptotic behavior of the stochastic dynamics of discrete event systems. In this paper we focus on a wide class of models arising in several fields and particularly in computer science. This class of models may be characterized by stochastic recurrence equations in ℝK of the form T(n+1) = φ n+1(T(n)) where φ n is a random operator monotone and 1—linear. We establish that the behaviour of the extremas of the process T(n) are linear. The results are an application of the sub-additive ergodic theorem of Kingman. We also give some stability properties of such sequences and a simple method of estimating the limit points.
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    Journal of mathematical imaging and vision 7 (1997), S. 309-323 
    ISSN: 1573-7683
    Keywords: relaxation labeling processes ; consistency ; growth transformations ; Liapunov functions ; stability
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We present some new results which definitively explain thebehavior of the classical, heuristic nonlinear relaxation labelingalgorithm of Rosenfeld, Hummel, and Zucker in terms of theHummel-Zucker consistency theory and dynamical systems theory. Inparticular, it is shown that, when a certain symmetry condition is met,the algorithm possesses a Liapunov function which turns out to be (thenegative of) a well-known consistency measure. This follows almostimmediately from a powerful result of Baum and Eagon developed in thecontext of Markov chain theory. Moreover, it is seen that most of theessential dynamical properties of the algorithm are retained when thesymmetry restriction is relaxed. These properties are also shown tonaturally generalize to higher-order relaxation schemes. Someapplications and implications of the presented results are finallyoutlined.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1573-7594
    Keywords: Decentralized scheduling ; manufacturing systems ; corridor policies ; stability
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    Notes: Abstract Sharifnia, Caramanis, and Gershwin [1991] introduced a class of policies for manufacturing systems, called by themlinear corridor policies. They proved that their stability can be discussed by the study of a simpler subset of such policies (cone policies). This paper revisits their work presenting a different description of the dynamics of the systems under study and explores it to device a necessary and sufficient condition for stability, obtained by the strengthening of the assumptions in Sharifnia et al. (1991). This condition is shown to be simply tested (M −1≥0) and valid for various realizations.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 26 (1978), S. 253-264 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Geometric programs ; optimization ; generalized reduced gradient method ; nonlinear programming
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    Notes: Abstract This paper describes the performance of a general-purpose GRG code for nonlinear programming in solving geometric programs. The main conclusions drawn from the experiments reported are: (i) GRG competes well with special-purpose geometric programming codes in solving geometric programs; and (ii) standard time, as defined by Colville, is an inadequate means of compensating for different computing environments while comparing optimization algorithms.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 84 (1995), S. 549-574 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Boundary control ; wave and plate equations ; optimization ; nonstandard Riccati equations ; input dynamics
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract An optimization problem for a control system governed by an analytic generator with unbounded control actions is considered. The solution to this problem is synthesized in terms of the Riccati operator, arising from a nonstandard Riccati equation. Solvability and uniqueness of the solutions to this Riccati equation are established. This theory is applied to a boundary control problem governed by damped wave and plate equations.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 84 (1995), S. 415-431 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Kalman filtering ; Karhunen-Loève expansion ; stability ; observability ; controllability
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Several state-space models for estimating a second-order stochastic process are proposed in this paper on the basis of the approximate Karhunen-Loève expansion. Properties of these models are studied and then the Kalman filtering method is applied. The accuracy of the models on the basis of two different situations, deterministic or random inputs, is studied by means of a simulation of a Brownian motion.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 86 (1995), S. 199-222 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Routing ; optimization ; queueing systems ; robustness ; distributed algorithms
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We study the effect of arrival model uncertainties on the optimal routing in a system of parallel queues. For exponential service time distributions and Bernoulli routing, the optimal mean system delay generally depends on the interarrival time distribution. Any error in modeling the arriving process will cause a model-based optimal routing algorithm to produce a mean system delay higher than the true optimum. In this paper, we present an asymptotic analysis of the behavior of this error under heavy traffic conditions for a general renewal arrival process. An asymptotic analysis of the error in optimal mean delay due to uncertainties in the service time distribution for Poisson arrivals was reported in Ref. 6, where it was shown that, when the first moment of the service time distribution is known, this error in performance vanishes asymptotically as the traffic load approaches the system capacity. In contrast, this paper establishes the somewhat surprising result that, when only the first moment of the arrival distribution is known, the error in optimal mean delay due to uncertainties in the arrival model is unbounded as the traffic approaches the system capacity. However, when both first and second moments are known, the error vanishes asymptotically. Numerical examples corroborating the theoretical results are also presented.
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    Applied mathematics and mechanics 16 (1995), S. 1123-1131 
    ISSN: 1573-2754
    Keywords: finite element ; quadrilateral element ; h-convergence ; error estimate
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract To provide a theoretical basis for h-type finite element analysis with quadrilateral elements, in the present paper, the h-convergence of quadrilateral elements is established, whose related lemmas and theorems being presented, and therefore, the error estimate problems are investigated.
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    Applied mathematics and mechanics 16 (1995), S. 1161-1169 
    ISSN: 1573-2754
    Keywords: shell ; stability ; critical load
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper gives the resultant forces and moments, strain energy and work of external forces on the basis of the deformation theory of flexible body. Therefore, in accordance with the principle of virtual displacement, the energy criterion of critical load is obtained and the equilibrium equation and boundary conditions of stability problem are derived.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 23 (1977), S. 101-109 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Operations research ; optimization ; allocation ; location-allocation ; existence ; uniqueness
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Some mathematical aspects are studied for a wide class of problems called continuous allocation problems: Find a mapping, from one given continuous set onto another, to minimize a given function on these sets. Many problems of assortments, catalogs, scheduling, location-allocation, search, etc., fall in this class. Theorems on existence, uniqueness, and continuity of solution are given. A solution technique is given for then-dimensional generalized location-allocation problem, and it is shown to converge on a solution. Finally, an expression is found for the facility density in multiple-facility location-allocation problems when the range of the mapping is continuous (as the number of facilities tends to infinity).
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 23 (1977), S. 277-284 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: n-person games ; stability ; grand coalition ; taxation systems ; nondominated imputation ; multicriteria framework
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In formulating solutions forn-person cooperative games, the concept of stability has played a dominant role. Although the core concept has the strongest stability, the core of a game is often empty. In this paper, the taxation system is incorporated into our framework, so that a modified solution concept, which enjoys the stability of core, can be developed. Various formulations based on principles such astaxation proportional to income andequity after tax are given.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 25 (1978), S. 485-505 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Game theory ; stability ; contraction mappings
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    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with a class of noncooperative games ofn players that are defined byn reward functions which depend continuously on the action variables of the players. This framework provides a realistic model of many interactive situations, including many common models in economics, sociology, engineering, and political science. The concept of Nash equilibrium is a suitable companion to such models. A variety of different sufficient conditions for existence, uniqueness, and stability of a Nash equilibrium point have been previously proposed. By sharpening the noncooperative aspect of the framework (which is really only implicit in the original framework), this paper attempts to isolate one set of “natural” conditions that are sufficient for existence, uniqueness, and stability. It is argued thatl ∞ quasicontraction is such a natural condition. The concept of complete stability is introduced to reflect the full character of noncooperation. It is then shown that, in the linear case, the condition ofl ∞ quasicontraction is both necessary and sufficient for complete stability.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 84 (1995), S. 145-169 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Stackelberg problem ; multifunctions ; Γ-limits ; existence ; stability ; ε-solutions ; strict ε-solutions
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this paper is to study, in a topological framework, existence and stability for the solutions to a parametrized Stackelberg problem. To this end, approximate solutions are used, more precisely, ε-solutions and strict ε-solutions. The results given are of minimal character and the standard types of constraints are considered, that is, constant constraints, constraints defined by a finite number of inequalities, and more generally constraints defined by an arbitrary multifunction.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 84 (1995), S. 339-360 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Approximations ; algorithmic convergence ; optimization
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    Notes: Abstract In an earlier paper, the authors introduced epigraphical nesting of objective functions as a means to characterize the convergence of global optimization algorithms. Epigraphical nesting of objective functions may be looked upon as a relaxation of epigraphical convergence of objective functions, whereby one ensures that epigraphs of the approximations contain asymptotically the epigraph of the objective function of the original optimization problem. In this paper, we show that, for algorithms which seek only a stationary point, convergence can be assured by objective function approximations whose directional derivatives attain an epigraphical nesting property. We demonstrate that epigraphical nesting provides a unifying thread that ties together a number of different algorithms, including those for the solution of variational inequalities and smooth as well as nonsmooth optimization. We show that the Newton method and its variants for unconstrained optimization, successive quadratic programming methods for constrained optimization, and proximal point algorithms (deterministic and stochastic) all construct approximations in which the directional derivatives attain an epigraphical nesting property, even though the approximations themselves fail to attain such a property.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 85 (1995), S. 705-726 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Nonlinear allocation problems ; networks ; optimization
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The problem considered is as follows:m resources are to be allocated ton activities, with resourcei contributing linearly to the potential for activityj according to the coefficientE(i,j). The objective is to minimize some nonlinear function of the potentials. If the objective function is sufficiently well behaved, the problem can be solved in finitely many steps using the method described in this paper.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 93 (1997), S. 635-638 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Polynomial theory ; robustness ; Kharitonov theorem ; stability ; Hurwitz polynomials ; inverse Kharitonov problem ; Rouché theorem
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The problem of the robust stability of a Hurwitz polynomial which is the characteristic polynomial of a discrete-time linear time-invariant system is investigated. A new approach based on the Rouché theorem of classical complex analysis is adopted. An interesting sufficient condition for robust stability is derived. Three examples are included to support the theoretical result.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 93 (1997), S. 597-607 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Optimal control ; gradient flows ; optimization ; decentralized systems ; performance index
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the problem of computing the suboptimal output feedback gains of decentralized control systems is investigated. First, the problem is formulated. Then, the gradient matrices based on the index function are derived and a new algorithm is established based on some nice properties. This algorithm shows that a suboptimal gain can be computed by solving several ordinary differential equations (ODEs). In order to find an initial condition for the ODEs, an algorithm for finding a stabilizing output feedback gain is exploited, and the convergence of this algorithm is discussed. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the proposed algorithm.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 95 (1997), S. 467-499 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Flight mechanics ; astrodynamics ; celestial mechanics ; Earth-to-Mars missions ; departure window ; arrival window ; optimization ; sequential gradient-restoration algorithm
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with the optimal transfer of a spacecraft from a low Earth orbit (LEO) to a low Mars orbit (LMO). The transfer problem is formulated via a restricted four-body model in that the spacecraft is considered subject to the gravitational fields of Earth, Mars, and Sun along the entire trajectory. This is done to achieve increased accuracy with respect to the method of patched conics. The optimal transfer problem is solved via the sequential gradient-restoration algorithm employed in conjunction with a variable-stepsize integration technique to overcome numerical difficulties due to large changes in the gravitational field near Earth and near Mars. The optimization criterion is the total characteristic velocity, namely, the sum of the velocity impulses at LEO and LMO. The major parameters are four: velocity impulse at launch, spacecraft vs. Earth phase angle at launch, planetary Mars/Earth phase angle difference at launch, and transfer time. These parameters must be determined so that ΔV is minimized subject to tangential departure from circular velocity at LEO and tangential arrival to circular velocity at LMO. For given LEO and LMO radii, a departure window can be generated by changing the planetary Mars/Earth phase angle difference at launch, hence changing the departure date, and then reoptimizing the transfer. This results in a one-parameter family of suboptimal transfers, characterized by large variations of the spacecraft vs. Earth phase angle at launch, but relatively small variations in transfer time and total characteristic velocity. For given LEO radius, an arrival window can be generated by changing the LMO radius and then recomputing the optimal transfer. This leads to a one-parameter family of optimal transfers, characterized by small variations of launch conditions, transfer time, and total characteristic velocity, a result which has important guidance implications. Among the members of the above one-parameter family, there is an optimum–optimorum trajectory with the smallest characteristic velocity. This occurs when the radius of the Mars orbit is such that the associated period is slightly less than one-half Mars day.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 85 (1995), S. 649-676 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Subdifferentials ; convex functions ; quasiconvex functions ; optimization ; minima ; maxima ; necessary conditions ; sufficient conditions
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the γ-subdifferential ∂γ is introduced for investigating the global behavior of real-valued functions on a normed spaceX. Iff: D⊂X → ℝ attains its global minimum onD atx *, then 0∈∂γ f(x *). This necessary condition always holds, even iff is not continuous orx * is at the boundary of its domain. Nevertheless, it is useful because, by choosing a suitable γ∈ℝ+, many local minima cannot satisfy this necessary condition. For the sufficient conditions, the so-called γ-convex functions are defined. The class of these functions is rather large. For example, every periodic function on the real line is a γ-convex function. There are γ-convex functions which are not continuous everywhere. Every function of bounded variation can be represented as the difference of two γ-convex functions. For all that, γ-convex functions still have properties similar to those of convex functions. For instance, each γ-local minimizer off is at the same time a global one. Iff attains its global minimum onD, then it does so at least at one point of its γ-boundary.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 87 (1995), S. 403-417 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Lyapunov functions ; uncertain systems ; structured uncertainties ; optimization ; multidimensional systems
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The robust stability problem of a nominally linear system with nonlinear, time-varying structured perturbationsp j ,j=1,...,q, is considered. The system is of the form $$\dot x = A_N x + \sum\limits_{j = 1}^q {p_j A_j x} .$$ When the Lyapunov direct method is utilized to solve the problem, the most frequently chosen Lyapunov function is some quadratic form. The paper presents a procedure of optimization of Lyapunov functions. Under some simple conditions, the weak convergence of the procedure is ensured, making the procedure effective in solving the robust stability problem. The procedure is simple, requiring only numerical routines such as inverting positive-definite symmetric matrices and determining the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of symmetric matrices. It is expected that the optimal Lyapunov function may be used in a robust linear feedback controller design. The examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. As shown when considering a system of dimension 24, the method is effective for large-scale systems.
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    Statistics and computing 5 (1995), S. 175-190 
    ISSN: 1573-1375
    Keywords: Image analysis ; MAP estimation ; optimization ; simulated annealing ; multi-resolution
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We describe an image reconstruction problem and the computational difficulties arising in determining the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate. Two algorithms for tackling the problem, iterated conditional modes (ICM) and simulated annealing, are usually applied pixel by pixel. The performance of this strategy can be poor, particularly for heavily degraded images, and as a potential improvement Jubb and Jennison (1991) suggest the cascade algorithm in which ICM is initially applied to coarser images formed by blocking squares of pixels. In this paper we attempt to resolve certain criticisms of cascade and present a version of the algorithm extended in definition and implementation. As an illustration we apply our new method to a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image. We also carry out a study of simulated annealing, with and without cascade, applied to a more tractable minimization problem from which we gain insight into the properties of cascade algorithms.
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    Nonlinear dynamics 7 (1995), S. 11-35 
    ISSN: 1573-269X
    Keywords: Periodic solutions ; stability ; local bifurcations ; Fourier series
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper explores the application of the method of variable-coefficient harmonic balance to nonautonomous nonlinear equations of the form XsF(X, t:λ), and in particular, a one-degree-of-freedom nonlinear oscillator equation describing escape from a cubic potential well. Each component of the solution, X(t), is expressed as a truncated Fourier series of superharmonics, subharmonics and ultrasubharmonics. Use is then made of symbolic manipulation in order to arrange the oscillator equation as a Fourier series and its coefficient are evaluated in the traditional way. The time-dependent coefficients permit the construction of a set of amplitude evolution equations with corresponding stability criteria. The technique enables detection of local bifurcations, such as saddle-node folds, period doubling flips, and parts of the Feigenbaum cascade. This representation of the periodic solution leads to local bifurcations being associated with a term in the Fourier series and, in particular, the onset of a period doubled solution can be detected by a series of superharmonics only. Its validity is such that control space bifurcation diagrams can be obtained with reasonable accuracy and large reductions in computational expense.
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    Nonlinear dynamics 14 (1997), S. 193-210 
    ISSN: 1573-269X
    Keywords: Perturbation methods ; stability ; bifurcation ; codimension two ; periodic and quasi-periodic solutions
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract It is shown that the logical bases of the static perturbation method, which is currently used in static bifurcation analysis, can also be applied to dynamic bifurcations. A two-time version of the Lindstedt–Poincaré Method and the Multiple Scale Method are employed to analyze a bifurcation problem of codimension two. It is found that the Multiple Scale Method furnishes, in a straightforward way, amplitude modulation equations equal to normal form equations available in literature. With a remarkable computational improvement, the description of the central manifold is avoided. The Lindstedt–Poincaré Method can also be employed if only steady-state solutions have to be determined. An application is illustrated for a mechanical system subjected to aerodynamic excitation.
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    Nonlinear dynamics 7 (1995), S. 285-299 
    ISSN: 1573-269X
    Keywords: Strongly nonlinear oscillators ; nonlinear scales method ; limit cycle ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A non-linear seales method is presented for the analysis of strongly non-linear oseillators of the form % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2D% aebbfv3ySLgzGueE0jxyaibaiGc9yrFr0xXdbba91rFfpec8Eeeu0x% Xdbba9frFj0-OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs% 0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr0-vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqGaaO% qaamXvP5wqonvsaeHbfv3ySLgzaGqbdiqb-Hha4zaadaGaey4kaSIa% am4zaiaacIcacqWF4baEcaGGPaGae8xpa0JaeqyTduMaamOzaiaacI% cacqWF4baEcqWFSaalcuWF4baEgaGaaiaabMcaaaa!4FEC!\[\ddot x + g(x) = \varepsilon f(x,\dot x{\text{)}}\], where g(x) is an arbitrary non-linear function of the displacement x. We assumed that % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2D% aebbfv3ySLgzGueE0jxyaibaiGc9yrFr0xXdbba91rFfpec8Eeeu0x% Xdbba9frFj0-OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs% 0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr0-vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqGaaO% qaamXvP5wqonvsaeHbfv3ySLgzaGqbdiab-Hha4jaacIcacqWF0baD% cqWFSaalcqaH1oqzcaGGPaGaeyypa0Jae8hEaG3aaSbaaSqaaiaaic% daaeqaaOGaaiikaiabe67a4jaacYcacqaH3oaAcaGGPaGaey4kaSYa% aabmaeaacqaH1oqzdaahaaWcbeqaaiaad6gaaaaabaGaamOBaiabg2% da9iaaigdaaeaacaWGTbGaeyOeI0IaaGymaaqdcqGHris5aOGae8hE% aG3aaSbaaSqaaiab-5gaUbqabaGccaGGOaGaeqOVdGNaaiykaiabgU% caRiaad+eacaGGOaGaeqyTdu2aaWbaaSqabeaacaWGTbaaaOGaaiyk% aaaa!67B9!\[x(t,\varepsilon ) = x_0 (\xi ,\eta ) + \sum\nolimits_{n = 1}^{m - 1} {\varepsilon ^n } x_n (\xi ) + O(\varepsilon ^m )\], where % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2D% aebbfv3ySLgzGueE0jxyaibaiGc9yrFr0xXdbba91rFfpec8Eeeu0x% Xdbba9frFj0-OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs% 0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr0-vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqGaaO% qaaiaabsgacqaH+oaEcaGGVaGaaeizaiaadshacqGH9aqpdaaeWaqa% aiabew7aLnaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaaaaaeaacaWGUbGaeyypa0JaaG% ymaaqaaiaad2gaa0GaeyyeIuoakiaadkfadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaaqa% baGccaGGOaGaeqOVdGNaaiykaaaa!4FFC!\[{\text{d}}\xi /{\text{d}}t = \sum\nolimits_{n = 1}^m {\varepsilon ^n } R_n (\xi )\], % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2D% aebbfv3ySLgzGueE0jxyaibaiGc9yrFr0xXdbba91rFfpec8Eeeu0x% Xdbba9frFj0-OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs% 0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr0-vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqGaaO% qaaiaabsgacqaH3oaAcaGGVaGaaeizaiaadshacqGH9aqpdaaeWaqa% aiabew7aLnaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaaaaaeaacaWGUbGaeyypa0JaaG% imaaqaaiaad2gaa0GaeyyeIuoakiaadofadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaaqa% baGccaGGOaGaeqOVdGNaaiilaiabeE7aOjaacMcaaaa!5241!\[{\text{d}}\eta /{\text{d}}t = \sum\nolimits_{n = 0}^m {\varepsilon ^n } S_n (\xi ,\eta )\], and R n,S nare to be determined in the course of the analysis. This method is suitable for the systems with even non-linearities as well as with odd non-linearities. It can be viewed as a generalization of the two-variable expansion procedure. Using the present method we obtained a modified Krylov-Bogoliubov method. Four numerical examples are presented which served to demonstrate the effectiveness of the present method.
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1997), S. 61-71 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: domain decomposition ; finite element ; level structure ; genre structure ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An efficient algorithm is developed for automatic partitioning of unstructured meshes for the parallel solution of problems in the finite element method. The algorithm partitions a domain into subdomains with approximately equal loads and good aspect ratios, while the interface nodes are confined to the smallest possible. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1997), S. 113-126 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: metals ; finite element ; damage ; dynamic ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: To predict damage evolution occurring under dynamic loading, a damage model is implemented inside the explicit finite element framework. The damage model is based on the description of the growth, the nucleation and the coalescence of the microvoids. The microvoid growth is related to the plastic incompressibility relation. The microvoid nucleation is either controlled by the plastic strain or by the stress. The microvoid coalescence is described by a specific function. This damage process leads to the progressive loss of the stress carrying capacity of the structure. The ductile fracture occurs when the stress carrying capacity of the structure vanishes. The sensitivity of damage volution under dynamic loading in the case of porous strain rate sensitive material is analysed using single tensile tests. The dynamic bending test of a cantilever beam with a U-cross-section is performed. The influence of the strain rate on the deformed shape and on the loss of the structure's stress carrying capacity is shown. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 509-522 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Laplace transform ; finite element ; viscoelastic beam ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The quasi-static and dynamic responses of a linear viscoelastic beam are solved numerically by using the hybrid Laplace transform/finite element method. In the analysis, the Timoshenko beam theory, which includes the transverse shear and rotatory inertia effect and conventional beam theory, are used to solve this problem. The temperature field is assumed to be constant and homogeneous and that the relaxation modulus has the form of the Prony series. In the hybrid method, the Laplace transform with respect to time is applied to the coupled equations and the finite element model is developed by applying Hamilton's variational principle without any integral transformation. The numerical results of quasi-static and dynamic responses for the models of Maxwell fluid and three parameter solid types are presented and discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 4123-4155 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Petrov-Galerkin methods ; weighting parameters ; optimization ; spectral averaged phase errors ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A Fourier analysis of the linear and quadratic N + 1 and N + 2 Petrov-Galerkin finite element methods applied to the one-dimensional transient convective-diffusion equation is performed. The results show that a priori optimization of the N + 1 method is not possible because dissipative errors are introduced as dispersive errors are reduced (any optimization is subjective). However, a priori optimization of the N + 2 Petrov-Galerkin method is possible because the reduction of dispersion errors can be accomplished without the addition of artificial dissipation.The Spectrally Weighted Average Phase Error Method (SWAPEM) for the optimization of the N + 2 Petrov-Galerkin method is introduced, in which the N + 2 weighting parameter is chosen at each time step to minimize the integral over wave number of the phase error of Fourier modes, weighted by the frequency content of the global solution at the previous time step (obtained via FFT). The method is dynamic, and general in that the dependence of the weighting parameter on the solution waveform is accounted for. Optimal values predicted by the method are in excellent agreement with those suggested by the numerical experimentation of others. Simulations of the pure convective transport of a Gaussian plume and a triangle wave are discussed to illustrate the effectiveness of the method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 3143-3166 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: moving load ; runway ; boundary element ; finite element ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The transient response of a finite elastic plate, resting on an elastic half-space, and subjected to moving loads is considered here. Both the cases of an elastic foundation alone, as well as a finite sized elastic plate resting on an elastic foundation are considered. The numerical methods employed are: (1) the time-domain boundary element method for the elastic foundation and (2) a combination of the time-domain boundary element method for the soil and the semi-discrete finite element method for the finite sized elastic plate. Both constant as well as linear-time-interpolation schemes are included in the BEM. The integration is carried out analytically in time. The analytical solution for a moving point load on an infinite elastic plate resting on an elastic half-space is derived here. This is used as a benchmark against which the present numerical solution is compared with. The accuracy of the numerical method is also verified by comparing the solutions with some existing numerical results; the comparison with the solutions based on a Winkler foundation model reveals the limitations of the applicability of such a model, especially in the cases of high velocities of the moving load. This is because neither the inertia of the foundation, nor the behaviour of the foundation as a continuum, can be properly accounted for in Winkler's model. A parametric study is conducted, and the influences of velocity of the moving load, load distribution, etc. on the dynamic response of the soil/runway system are investigated. Furthermore, the present computational method is applied to the problem of a transport airplane taxiing on a concrete pavement resting on a typical soil. The responses of pavements are presented for different taxiing velocities.
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1997), S. 815-824 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: rotating machinery ; blade ; composite material ; vibration ; damping ; finite element ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite element technique is used to investigate the free-vibration characteristics of rotating laminated composite blades. The structure is discretized using a multilayered degenerated-solid shell element. Because of the geometry and the loading, a geometrically non-linear analysis is required. The model is applied to an advanced propeller geometry (propfan). Both titanium and composite materials with different stacking sequences are considered and compared. Natural frequencies, mode shapes and structural damping are computed in all cases. The significant potential variation of these quantities emphasizes the interest of using tailoring techniques to control the behaviour of composite blades. Some possible limits of automatic tailoring techniques are highlighted. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1997), S. 875-884 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: space-time ; characteristic ; finite element ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper we present a mesh management strategy for use with discontinuous-Galerkin space-time finite element formulations of flow problems. We propose a refinement technique for simplex-type meshes which requires no interpolation between grids at slab interfaces. The strategy uses an a posteriori spatial error estimator to tag refinement or coarsening. Orientation of element edges along flow characteristics is accomplished by nodal displacement, and by a new diagonal-swapping technique to correct for the effects of misalignment due to h-refinement. The swapping procedure realigns the mesh to improve the effectiveness of the h-adaptive process. Results are presented for the Burgers Equation using large time steps on a problem which exhibits merging and steepening fronts. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1997), S. 977-986 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: sequential function approximation ; interpolation functions ; optimization ; parallel direct search ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A computational method for the solution of differential equations is proposed. With this method an accurate approximation is built by incremental additions of optimal local basis functions. The parallel direct search software package (PDS), that supports parallel objective function evaluations, is used to solve the associated optimization problem efficiently. The advantage of the method is that, although it resembles adaptive methods in computational mechanics, an a priori grid is not necessary. Moreover, the traditional matrix construction and evaluations are avoided. Computational cost is reduced while efficiency is enhanced by the low-dimensional parallel-executed optimization and parallel function evaluations. In addition, the method should be applicable to a broad class of interpolation functions. Results and global convergence rates obtained for one- and two-dimensional boundary value problems are satisfactorily compared to those obtained by the conventional Galerkin finite element method. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1997), S. 999-1008 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: optimization ; sensitivity analysis ; constraint approximation ; non-linear analysis ; finite element method ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: For the finite element non-linear analysis of engineering problems combined with an optimization method, two techniques - a semi-analytical sensitivity method and bi-point constraint approximation - have been proposed. To validate the proposed methods, a raft foundation on a soil medium has been analysed and the results have been compared. From the numerical results, it has been found that, for non-linear analysis, the semi-analytical sensitivity method is more efficient than the finite difference method and the bi-point approximation gives results which compare favourably with the finite element results. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 40 (1997), S. 777-796 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: finite element method ; force method ; reanalysis ; eigenvalue ; structural variation ; optimization ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a force-based finite element method that involves eigen-space transformation of element stiffness matrices in the first analysis. In each subsequent analysis (‘reanalysis’) associated with structural variations, the solution obtained previously is modified making use of intrinsic properties of eigen solutions and avoiding the time-consuming task of solving a large system of equations. The structural variations may involve changes in material properties, birth or death of elements, or change in boundary conditions. Numerical examples are presented to compare the accuracy and computational efficiency of the proposed method with the displacement-based finite element method. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 40 (1997), S. 2653-2664 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: groundwater transport ; non-equilibrium sorption ; Laplace transformation ; finite element ; parallel algorithm ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Groundwater transport of contaminants undergoing rate-limited or non-equilibrium sorption onto the solid matrix is often described by the dual-porosity or two-domain model, whereby the rate-limited reaction occurs between a mobile and an immobile region. When the sorption reaction is represented by a first-order kinetic relationship, the equation takes the form of a convection-dispersion partial differential equation with an integral term describing the mass transfer between the two regions. An efficient solution algorithm for this type of problems consists in the transformation of the original equation into the Laplace space and subsequent numerical solution of the resulting steady-state equation in the complex space. The exploitation of the Laplace transform to solve the time dependency restricts the application of the technique to linear advection and dispersion terms, while non-linear reactions can be accommodated in particular cases only. This approach has the advantage that it is easily parallelizable, and is therefore proposed in this paper as an efficient algorithm for the parallelization in time of these types of integrodifferential equations.The parallel efficiency of PFELT has been tested on a Cray T3D parallel computer for three sample problems of size N=1071, 3721, and 15 275, respectively, where N is the number of nodal mesh points. The speed-ups obtained vary from 1·98, with two processors, to 39·93 with 64 processors, for the most favorable case. This corresponds to a percentage of parallel work greater than 98 per cent, and a parallel efficiency of more than 60 per cent in the best case, showing the good performance achievable with this algorithm. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 40 (1997), S. 655-687 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: crashworthiness ; multibody dynamics ; flexible structures ; simulation ; design ; optimization ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Different formulations based on multibody dynamics are shown to be suitable for the development of a methodology for the impact simulation and crashworthiness design of railway vehicles. The proposed design methodology comprises different computer-aided tools of increasing complexity and accuracy which can be used with greater advantage and efficiency in the different design stages of railway stock. In general, the crashworthiness design methods and associated multibody dynamic tools which are presented in this paper require information to be obtained from numerical or experimental crush tests of specific structural components, subassemblies and critical energy absorption devices normally located in car extremities. This hybrid feature lends to the present design process various efficiency gains as a result of a better understanding of the crash and different collapse mechanisms and ease of use. To access the merits of the present methodologies some new designs are discussed and the application of the proposed numerical tools is illustrated for different structural configurations of car extremities. A formulation for the sensitivity analysis and optimization of planar constrained mechanical systems is also presented. An example of crashworthiness design of an end underframe model of a railway car is solved to demonstrate the use of the methodology. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 40 (1997), S. 937-951 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: finite element ; assumed strain formulation ; Mindlin/Reissner ; plate bending ; triangular ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper, a six-node triangular C0 plate bending element is developed by the assumed strain formulation. The sampled transverse shear strains in the element are chosen such that the latter has a favourable constraint index of shear locking and the strains are optimized with respect to a linear pure bending displacement/rotation field. It happens that the optimal strains are the mean strains along the element edges and medians. Numerical examples reveal that the element is free from shear locking and passes all the patch tests for plate bending elements. Moreover, the element accuracy is close to that of a state-of-the-art seven-node assumed strain element. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 40 (1997), S. 3463-3475 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: control volume ; finite element ; creep ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents the novel application of a vertex-centred control volume numerical scheme commonly known as the control volume finite element method to creep problems. The discretization procedure is described in detail and is valid for both structured and unstructured grids without alteration to the formulation. This enables complex geometries to be modelled which overcomes one of the perceived drawbacks of the control volume solution techniques. The example chosen to illustrate the control volume finite element method concerns modelling the mechano-sorptive creep which occurs during the drying of timber. The numerical results are benchmarked against previously published numerical results and a finite element solution. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 40 (1997), S. 4239-4257 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: patch test ; laminate ; composite ; finite element ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new patch test is proposed for laminated finite elements. Two single-element tests are presented which establish the necessary conditions for convergence of incompatible laminated elements. These conditions are applied to a family of incompatible laminated elements recently developed by the authors. A method for applying these conditions to establish a general isoparametric formulation is given. Numerical results from several multielement patch tests performed on these elements are discussed. Additional numerical examples that support the findings of these patch tests are also presented. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 40 (1997), S. 4313-4339 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: finite element ; stress modes ; classification ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A classification method is presented to classify stress modes in assumed stress fields of hybrid finite element based on the eigenvalue examination and the concept of natural deformation modes. It is assumed that there only exist m (=n-r) natural deformation modes in a hybrid finite element which has n degrees of freedom and r rigid-body modes. For a hybrid element, stress modes in various assumed stress fields proposed by different researchers can be classified into m stress mode groups corresponding to m natural deformation modes and a zero-energy stress mode group corresponding to rigid-body modes by the m natural deformation modes. It is proved that if the flexibility matrix [H] is a diagonal matrix, the classification of stress modes is unique. Each stress mode group, except the zero-energy stress mode group, contains many stress modes that are interchangeable in an assumed stress field and do not cause any kinematic deformation modes in the element. A necessary and sufficient condition for avoiding kinematic deformation modes in a hybrid element is also presented. By means of the m classified stress mode groups and the necessary and sufficient condition, assumed stress fields with the minimum number of stress modes can be constructed and the resulting elements are free from kinematic deformation modes. Moreover, an assumed stress field can be constructed according to the problem to be solved. As examples, 2-D, 4-node plane element and 3-D, 8-node solid element are discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 433-450 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: mesh partitioning ; finite elements ; parallel computing ; optimization ; heuristics ; frontal method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: We address the problem of automatic partitioning of unstructured finite element meshes in the context of parallel numerical algorithms based on domain decomposition. A two-step approach is proposed, which combines a direct partitioning scheme with a non-deterministic procedure of combinatorial optimization. In contrast with previously published experiments with non-deterministic heuristics, the optimization step is shown to produce high-quality decompositions at a reasonable compute cost. We also show that the optimization approach can accommodate complex topological constraints and minimization objectives. This is illustrated by considering the particular case of topologically one-dimensional partitions, as well as load balancing of frontal subdomain solvers. Finally, the optimization procedure produces, in most cases, decompositions endowed with geometrically smooth interfaces. This contrasts with available partitioning schemes, and is crucial to some modern numerical techniques based on domain decomposition and a Lagrange multiplier treatment of the interface conditions.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 531-548 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: fuzzy set ; finite element ; plasticity ; geotechnical ; reliability index ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper, an elastoplastic analysis based on fuzzy mathematics and using finite element method will be described. The Drucker-Prager yield criterion and the elasto-plastic matrix are fuzzified for the non-linear analyses which adopt the initial stress method for the solution. A numerical example is given to illustrate the possible variations in the displacements and the extent of plastic zones at the discrete membership functions. A reliability index of a membership grade based on the concept of non-probabilistic entropy is also proposed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 969-987 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: finite element ; creep cracks ; cyclic loads ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This work addresses finite element (FE) modelling of creep cracks under reversed and cyclic loads in steels. A constitutive model based on the creep hardening surface developed by Murakami and Ohno has been selected for this purpose. This model is particularly accurate for describing creep under reversed and cyclic loads and requires no additional material constants. An FE algorithm for this model has been derived and implemented into a research code FVP. The algorithm is verified by comparing the numerical predictions with closed form solutions for simple geometries and loading configurations. FE predictions are compared with experimental data for a stationary crack in a compact tension specimen. The stress and strain fields in the vicinity of a crack under a sustained load are compared with those for the intermediate unloading case. Several integral fracture parameters are investigated as to their appropriateness for describing creep cracks under reversed and cyclic loads.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 1021-1030 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: optimization ; finite element ; magnetostatic ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper, we present an improvement of the optimization technique of the moving asymptotes applied to a class of magnetostatic design problem. Our approach includes, among other aspects, an active set strategy which turns possible to find feasible points during the iterative process. We present some numerical results obtained on real-life case studies where the functions are computed by a complex finite-element routine.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 1721-1738 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: probabilistic analysis ; optimization ; safety index ; structural reliability ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The objective of this paper is to conduct reliability-based structural optimization in a multidisciplinary environment. An efficient reliability analysis is developed by expanding the limit functions in terms of intermediate design variables. The design constraints are approximated using multivariate splines in searching for the optimum. The reduction in computational cost realized in safety index calculation and optimization are demonstrated through several structural problems. This paper presents safety index computation, analytical sensitivity analysis of reliability constraints and optimization using truss, frame and plate examples.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 2265-2281 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: explicit and implicit time integration ; stability ; trapezoidal rule ; structural dynamics ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A simple explicit solution technique for problems in structural dynamics, based on a Modified Trapezoidal rule Method (MTM) approximation of the governing ordinary differential equations, is developed. The resulting conditionally stable explicit method (MTM) can be easily implemented and is extremely simple to use. Particular attention is focused herein on the concept of numerical stability of the proposed method for a free-vibrational response of a linear undamped Single-Degree-Of-Freedom system (SDOF). To examine the effectiveness, strengths, and limitations of MTM, error analyses for the natural period, the displacement, the velocity and the associated phase angle for a free undamped simple mass-spring system are derived and compared with Modified Euler Method (MEM) and the well-known Newmark Beta Method (NBM). Numerical examples for a SDOF system and a Multi-Degree-Of-Freedom (MDOF) system are presented to illustrate the strengths and the limitations of the proposed method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 2241-2263 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Green element ; boundary element ; finite element ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper discusses an element-by-element approach of implementing the Boundary Element Method (BEM) which offers substantial savings in computing resource, enables handling of a wider range of problems including non-linear ones, and at the same time preserves the second-order accuracy associated with the method. Essentially, by this approach, herein called the Green Element Method (GEM), the singular integral theory of BEM is retained except that its implementation is carried out in a fashion similar to that of the Finite Element Method (FEM). Whereas the solution procedure of BEM couples the information of all nodes in the computational domain so that the global coefficient matrix is dense and full and as such difficult to invert, that of GEM, on the other hand, involves only nodes that share common elements so that the global coefficient matrix is sparse and banded and as such easy to invert. Thus, GEM has the advantage of being more computationally efficient than BEM. In addition, GEM makes the singular integral theory more flexible and versatile in the sense that GEM readily accommodates spatial variability of medium and flow parameters (e.g., flow in heterogeneous media), while other known numerical features of BEM - its second-order accuracy and ability to readily handle problems with singularities are retained by GEM.A number of schemes is incorporated into the basic Green element formulation and these schemes are examined with the goal of identifying optimum schemes of the formulation. These schemes include the use of linear and quadratic interpolation functions on triangular and rectangular elements. We found that linear elements offer acceptable accuracy and computational effort. Comparison of the modified fully implicit scheme against the generalized two-level scheme shows that the modified fully implicit scheme with weight of about 1·25 offers a marginally better approximation of the temporal derivative. The Newton-Raphson scheme is easily incoporated into GEM and provides excellent results for the time-dependent non-linear Boussinesq problem. Comparison of GEM with conventional BEM is done on various numerical examples, and it is observed that, for comparable accuracy, GEM uses less computing time. In fact, from the numerical simulations carried out, GEM uses between 15 and 45 per cent of the simulation time of BEM.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 2573-2601 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: finite element ; mesh generation ; ray casting ; solids ; tetrahedral mesh ; hexahedral mesh ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Three-dimensional (3-D) finite element mesh generation has been the target of automation due to the complexities associated with generating and visualizing the mesh. A fully automatic 3-D mesh generation method is developed. The method is capable of meshing CSG solid models. It is based on modifying the classical ray-casting technique to meet the requirements of mesh generation. The modifications include the utilization of the element size in the casting process, the utilization of 3-D space box enclosures, and the casting of ray segments (rays with finite length). The method begins by casting ray segments into the solid. Based on the intersections between the segments and the solid boundary, the solid is discretized into cells arranged in a structure. The cell structure stores neighbourhood relations between its cells. Each cell is meshed with valid finite elements. Mesh continuity between cells is achieved via the neighbourhood relations. The last step is to process the boundary elements to represent closely the boundary. The method has been tested and applied to a number of solid models. Sample examples are presented.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 451-467 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: finite element ; control volume ; timber drying ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Drying is a process which involves heat and mass transfer both inside the porous material, where a phase change in moisture occurs from the liquid to the gaseous state, and in the external boundary layer of the convected hot dry air, which heats the porous medium. The equations which govern this process consist of three tightly coupled, highly non-linear partial differential equations for the unknown system variables of moisture content, temperature and pressure. Due to the inherently complex boundary conditions and intricate physical geometries in any practical drying problem, an analytical solution is not possible. In order to obtain a transient drying solution it is necessary to resort to a numerical technique. The numerical solution techniques which were employed in this research were the finite element method and the control volume method. The transient numerical results were compared and contrasted for two timber drying problems, first, at a dry bulb temperature of 50°C, and secondly, at 80°C, both cases being below the boiling point of water.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 1361-1398 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Voronoi cell ; finite element ; thermoelasticity ; micropolar ; heterogeneous ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper, a new ‘Voronoi cell finite element model’ is developed for solving steady-state heat conduction and micropolar thermoelastic stress analysis problems in arbitrary heterogeneous materials. The method is based on the natural discretization of a multiple phase domain into basic structural elements by Dirichlet Tessellation. Tessellation process results in a network of polygons called Voronoi polygons. In this paper, formulations are developed for treating these polygons as elements in a finite element mesh. Furthermore, a composite Voronoi cell finite element model is developed to account for the presence of a second phase inclusion within a polygonal element. Various numerical examples are executed for validating the effectiveness of this model in the analysis of the temperature and stress fields for micropolar elastic materials. Effective material properties are derived for microstructures containing different distributions of second phase.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 3723-3743 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Soil-structure interaction ; infinite element ; finite element ; function space ; Gauss-Laguerre quadrature ; impedance function ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents three axisymmetric infinite elements for the elastodynamic problems in a multi-layered half-space. They are the horizontal, the vertical and the corner infinite elements that are developed by using the wave functions in the function spaces derived from approximate expressions of the analytical solutions. An efficient integration procedure is proposed for calculating the element matrices involving multiple wave components. Numerical example analyses are presented for rigid disks on homogeneous and layered half-spaces, and for an embedded caisson. The numerical results obtained show the effectiveness of the proposed infinite elements.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 1951-1965 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: optimization ; thermoelasticity ; topology ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents the development of a computational model for the topology optimization problem, using a material distribution approach, of a 2-D linear-elastic solid subjected to thermal loads, with a compliance objective function and an isoperimetric constraint on volume. Defining formally the augmented Lagrangian associated with the optimization problem, the optimality conditions are derived analytically. The results of analysis are implemented in a computer code to produce numerical solutions for the optimal topology, considering the temperature distribution independent of design. The design optimization problem is solved via a sequence of linearized subproblems. The computational model developed is tested in example problems. The influence of both the temperature and the finite element model on the optimal solution obtained is analysed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 2083-2099 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: rate- and temperature-dependency ; finite strain ; finite element ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The deformation behaviour of a rectangular block under tension is investigated for a rate- and temperature-dependent solid using the finite element method. Isotropic behaviour is assumed and the effect of deformation-induced heat generation is studied in conjunction with heat conduction. Localization into diffuse necking is examined by applying the instability criterion defined for the particular rate-dependent behaviour. The influence of different thermal boundary conditions on the deformation mode considered, is demonstrated by means of parametric studies.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 3969-3987 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: contact ; metal forming ; consistent penalty ; friction ; finite element ; viscoplastic ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A methodology is presented for enforcing a contact constraint between a viscoplastic workpiece and the tooling which deforms it. The algorithm is based on a consistent penalty approach wherein an elemental discretization permits elimination of contact tractions prior to solution for the velocity field. When written in rate form, the new algorithm allows contact constraints to be embedded in a viscoplastic formulation without altering the structure of the global matrix equation. Examples are presented to illustrate its use in metal forming simulations.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 399-419 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: flaw identification ; boundary element method ; inverse analysis ; crack problems ; optimization ; sensitivity analysis ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper a new boundary element formulation is presented for the identification of the location and size of internal flaws in two-dimensional structures. An introduction to inverse analysis is given, with special reference to methods of flaw identification, along with a brief review of the optimization methods employed. Both the standard boundary element and the dual boundary element method are presented, with the dual boundary element method proposed as the basis for the new formulation. The flaw identification method is presented, along with the computation of the boundary displacement and traction derivatives and the specialized analytical integration used for cracked boundaries. Examples are given to demonstrate the accuracy of the sensitivity values and the performance of flaw location.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 3695-3718 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: plates ; shells ; subdomain coupling ; finite element ; global/local ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new method for analysing plate and shell structures with two or more independently modelled finite element subdomains is presented, assessed, and demonstrated. This method provides a means of coupling local and global finite element models whose nodes do not coincide along their common interface. In general, the method provides a means of coupling structural components (e.g., wing and fuselage) which may have been modelled by different analysts. In both cases, the need for transition modelling, which is often tedious and complicated, is eliminated. The coupling is accomplished through an interface for which three formulations are considered and presented. These formulations are: collocation, discrete least-squares, and hybrid variational. Several benchmark problems are analysed and it is shown that the hybrid variational formulation provides the most accurate solutions.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 1757-1776 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: finite volume ; finite element ; elasticity ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A Finite Volume (FV) procedure is described for solving the elastic solid mechanics equations in three dimensions on an unstructured mesh, for bodies undergoing thermal or mechanical loads. The FV procedure is developed in parallel with the conventional FE Galerkin procedure so that the differences in each approach may be clearly distinguished. The matrix form of the FV procedure is described, and is implemented in parallel with the FE procedure, both for two-dimensional quadrilateral and three-dimensional brick meshes. The FV and FE procedures are then compared against a range of benchmark problems that test the basic capability of the FV technique. It is shown to be approximately as accurate as the FE procedure on similar meshes, though its system matrix set-up time is twice as long for a node by node set-up procedure.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 1967-1984 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: shape optimization ; finite element ; electromagnet design ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A strategy for the efficient solution of non-linear shape optimization problems is developed. This strategy employs an integrated element-by-element approach to the solution of the governing partial differential equations, and, more particularly, to the computation of the necessary gradients of the objective function and constraints using an adjoint formulation. This proves to be a very efficient strategy and also is relatively easy to implement, because the local effect of design changes can be exploited. The method is tested with an application involving the design of the shape of electromagnet poles in order to obtain a desired field in the interpolar region.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 40 (1997), S. 1213-1230 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: metal forming ; preform design ; forging ; sensitivity analysis ; optimization ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An optimization algorithm for preform die shape design in metal-forming processes is developed in this paper. The preform die shapes are represented by cubic B-spline curves. The control points of the B-spline are used as the design variables. The optimization objective is to reduce the difference between the realized and desired final forging shapes. The sensitivities of the objective function with respect to the design variables are developed in detail. The numerical examples show that the optimization method and the sensitivity analysis developed in this paper are very useful and the design results are satisfactory. Importantly, the preform die shapes designed by this method are easily manufacturable and can be implemented in practical metal-forming operations. This optimization method and the sensitivity analysis can also be applied in the preform design of complex industrial metal-forming problems. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 40 (1997), S. 1505-1524 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: linkages ; synthesis ; position problems ; optimization ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The present paper describes a procedure for the optimal dimensional synthesis of mechanisms which is based on the solution of non-linear position problems. Planar mechanisms are modelled very easily by means of finite elements of bi-hinged rod type. The judicious choice of constraint conditions makes possible the solution of classical position problems: initial, finite-displacement, deformed and static-equilibrium problems, as well as the main types of dimensional synthesis: path generation, functions, rigid body guidance, mixed, and multiple. A single synthesis error function applies to all these types, and moreover is general since it is valid for mechanisms of any configuration. This function is based on the idea that the best mechanism for the given synthesis conditions is the one that least needs to be deformed when it is obliged to satisfy them exactly, to which end the elastic deformation of the elements is permitted. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 40 (1997), S. 2775-2790 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: large rotation ; large deformation ; finite element ; plate element ; multibody dynamics ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this investigation, an absolute nodal co-ordinate dynamic formulation is developed for the large deformations and rotations of three-dimensional plate elements. In this formulation, no infinitesimal or finite rotations are used as nodal co-ordinates, instead global displacements and slopes are used as the plate coordinates. Using this interpretation of the plate coordinates the new method does not require the use of co-ordinate transformation to define the global inertia properties of the plates. The resulting mass matrix is the same constant matrix that appears in linear structural dynamics. The stiffness matrix, on the other hand, is a non-linear function of the nodal co-ordinates of the plate even in the case of a linear elastic problem. It is demonstrated in this paper that, unlike the incremental finite element formulations, the proposed method leads to an exact modelling of the rigid body inertia when the plate element moves as a rigid body. It is also demonstrated that by using the proposed method the conventional plate element shape function has a complete set of rigid body modes that can describe an exact arbitrary rigid body displacement. Using this fact, plate elements in the proposed new formulation can be considered as isoparametric elements. As a consequence, an arbitrary rigid body motion of the element results in zero strain. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 40 (1997), S. 165-188 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: engineering design ; optimization ; discrete variables ; numerical methods ; test problems ; evaluation of methods ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Continuous-discrete variable non-linear optimization problems are defined and categorized into six different types. These include a full range of problems from continuous to purely discrete and non-differentiable. Methods for solution of these problems are studied and their characteristics are catalogued. The branch and bound, simulated annealing and genetic algorithms are found to be the most general methods for solving discrete problems. After some enhancements, these and two other methods are implemented into a program for certain applications. Several example problems are solved to study performance of the methods. It is concluded that solution of the mixed variable non-linear optimization problems usually requires considerable more computational effort compared to the continuous variable optimization problems. In addition, there is no guarantee that the best solution has been obtained; however, good practical solutions are usually obtained. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 40 (1997), S. 1525-1550 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: adjoint problem ; discrete curvature ; finite element method ; free surface flow ; optimization ; quasi-Newton method ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Optimal shape design approach is applied to numerical computation of a model potential free boundary value problem. The problem is discretized using the finite element method. To test the approach the problem is formulated in both velocity potential and stream function formulation and four different finite element discretizations are used. Associated minimization problem is solved using the quasi-Newton method. Gradient of the cost function is computed by solving the algebraic adjoint equation. Gravity and surface tension forces are included in the model. Viability of the method is showed by solving problems with important effects of gravity and surface tension forces. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 40 (1997), S. 1839-1856 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: explicit ; hybrid ; stabilization ; plate/shell ; finite element ; eighteen node ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper, the explicit hybrid stabilization method is employed to formulate stabilization vectors for the uniformly reduced integrated eighteen-node solid element. An assumed contravariant stress is devised based on the strain associated with the commutable mechanisms of a geometrically regular element. It will be seen that the stabilization vectors can be derived and programmed explicitly without resorting to numerical integration loops. Admissible matrix formulation is employed in evaluating the flexibility matrix which becomes diagonal and thus induces no inversion cost. The element accuracy is comparable with other state-of-the-art nine-node shell and eighteen-node solid elements. FORTRAN subroutines for constructing the stabilization vectors are presented. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 40 (1997), S. 2325-2341 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: SPH ; explicit time integration ; stability ; stress points ; staggered ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this work, the stress-point approach, which was developed to address tension instability and improve accuracy in Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) methods, is further extended and applied for one-dimensional (1-D) problems. Details of the implementation of the stress-point method are also given. A stability analysis reveals a reduction in the critical time step by a factor of 1/√2 when the stress points are located at the extremes of the SPH particle. An elementary damage law is also introduced into the 1-D formulation. Application to a 1-D impact problem indicates far less oscillation in the pressure at the interface for coarse meshes than with the standard SPH formulation. Damage predictions and backface velocity histories for a bar appear to be quite reasonable as well. In general, applications to elastic and inelastic 1-D problems are very encouraging. The stress-point approach produces stable and accurate results. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 40 (1997), S. 3815-3837 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Maxwell's equations ; wave equation ; finite element ; vector finite element ; Whitney element ; grid relaxation ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The Time Domain Vector Finite Element Method is a promising new approach for solving Maxwell's equations on unstructured triangular grids. This method is sensitive to the quality, or condition, of the grid. In this study grid pre-conditioning techniques, such as edge swapping, Laplacian smoothing, and energy minimization, are shown to improve the accuracy of the solution and also reduce the overall computational effort. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 40 (1997), S. 3767-3783 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: acoustic fluid ; boundary element ; fluid-structure ; retarded potential ; stability ; transient ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The Retarded Potential (RP) method, which is a boundary element technique and non-local in both space and time, is employed to discretize the fluid domain for the analysis of transient fluid-structure interaction problems. The retarded potential analysis program RPFS is coupled to the ABAQUS non-linear finite element code to form ABAQUS/RPFS. The standard RP is inherently unstable for time steps below a critical time step that is equal to the maximum distance in the fluid divided by the wave speed. A technique referred to as the Figueiredo method is used to convert the standard RP differential-delay equations for the fluid to simply delay equations, which are more stable. The Figueiredo approach extends the stability range of the standard RP by a factor of approximately 10-20, but this time step is still not small enough to be useful for analysis. Digital signal processing methods are used to further stablize the response of the fluid by removing the oscillating high-frequency noise in the time histories of the solution without introducing phase shifting or any significant damping. Stability of the coupled system is achieved by not extrapolating the structural accelerations. ABAQUS/RPFS is applied to both a rigid and elastic sphere subjected to a plane wave, and the results using the full time histories required are completely stable and quite accurate. With this procedure, the retarded potential method may yet prove to be a valuable analysis tool for transient fluid-structure interaction problems. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 40 (1997), S. 1785-1800 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: finite element ; shell ; drilling rotation ; hybrid stress ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A 4-node hybrid stress quadrilateral shell element with 3 rotational d.o.f.s per node is presented. The mid-surface displacement of the element is founded on Allman's rotation. The equal-rotation mode intrinsic to the rotation is suppressed by a stabilization vector. The assumed stress field and the stabilization scalar is chosen such that membrane locking can be avoided. Computational efficiency of the element is improved by employing orthogonal stress modes and admissible matrix formulation. Popular benchmark tests are attempted and the results are found to be satisfactory. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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