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  • 2010-2014  (30,454)
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  • 1
    Keywords: land management ; Amazonia ; global change
    Description / Table of Contents: The Carbiocial Project investigates viable carbon-optimized land management strategies for maintaining tropical ecosystem services under land use change and changing climate conditions in Southern Amazonia – a hotspot of global change. The project aims at understanding the vital natural processes and socio-economic driving forces in the region and develops strategies to enhance and protect carbon stocks in the recently deforested agroscapes of Central/Northern Mato Grosso and South Pará. That is why Carbiocial analyzes and models soil, water and climate as well as agro-economics, social and political transformations. Based on detailed storylines, the project aims at identifying possible entry-points for a necessary change in local and regional production patterns, considering local livelihoods as well as the present national and global economic, legal and political situation. This book gives an overview of the first results of the multi-disciplinary Carbiocial Project by publishing the main presentations, held on the Carbiocial Status Conference, on October 7-8, 2013, in Cuiabá. In sixteen chapters the authors elucidate the project‘s current state of knowledge, illustrating adapted methods for regional modeling and promising strategies for the Amazon development. | Contents --- Stefan Hohnwald & Gerhard Gerold: Carbon-Optimized Land Management Research for the Southern Amazon-Geographical and Organizational Settings of the Carbiocial-Carbioma Project Consortium --- Philip M. Fearnside, Aurora M. Yanai & Claudia S. M. N. Vitel: Modeling Baselines for REDD Projects in Amazonia: Is the Carbon Real? --- Jens Boy, Charlotte Schumann, Simone Strey, Robert Strey, Georg Guggenberger & Regine Schönenberg: Digging Deeper – Biographic Interviews as a Promising Tool for the Joint Dissemination of Natural- and Social Science Results in REDD Contexts --- Carlos E. P. Cerri, Thalita F. Abbruzzini, Carolina B. Brandani, Mariana R. Durigan & Denise Signor: Soil Carbon Stocks and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agrosystems in Brazil --- Karl M. Wantzen, Malte Unger, Eduardo G. Couto, Ricardo S. S. Amorim, Karina P. Peña & Ulrich Irmler: Carbon Farming: Enriching Tropical Farm Soils with Organic Matter --- Alphonce C. Guzha, Ricardo S. S. Amorim, Rodolfo Nóbrega, Gabriele Lamparter, Kristof Kovacs, Norma Bertão & Gerhard Gerold: Impacts of Land Cover and Climate Change on Hydrology and Hydrochemistry in Selected Catchments in Southern Amazonia: Preliminary Analysis and Results --- Marcus Schindewolf, Daniela Schönke, Ricardo S. S. Amorim & Jürgen Schmidt: Effects of Contour Banks and No-Till Measures on Run-Off and Sediment Yield in Campo Verde Region, Mato Grosso --- Alessandra R. Gomes, César G. Diniz & Cláudio A. Almeida: Amazon Regional Center (INPE/CRA) Actions for Brazilian Amazon Forest: TerraClass and Capacity Building Projects --- Patrick Hostert, Tobia Lakes, Hannes Müller, Florian Gollnow & Letícia B. V. Hissa: Land-Use Monitoring and Change Detection --- Jürgen Böhner, Helge Dietrich, Klaus Fraedrich, Tobias Kawohl, Markus Kilian, Valerio Lucarini & Frank Lunkeit: Development and Implementation of a Hierarchical Model Chain for Modelling Regional Climate Variability and Climate Change Over Southern Amazonia --- Claas Nendel, Hermann Jungkunst & Adriano M. R. Figueiredo: Intercol and Steps Towards a Simplified DSS --- Neli A. de Mello-Théry & Paulo R. Cunha: Environmental Policies and Forest Code: Changes and Repercussions on the Agriculture in Mato Grosso --- Regine Schönenberg, Korbinian Hartberger & Charlotte Schumann: Challenges and Chances of Social Transformation for GHG-Optimized Land- and Natural Resource Management Strategies: Stakeholder-Dialogues as Prerequisite for the Elaboration of Applicable Results --- José H. Benatti & Luly R. da Cunha Fischer: Land Use Regulations in the State of Pará: An Introductory Approach of Its Guidelines --- Martin Coy, Michael Klingler, Matthias Siebold & Thomas Berger: Socio-Economic Regional Change and Agro-Economic Development Along the BR-163 --- Edna Castro: Deforestation Along the BR-163: Socio-Environmental Conflicts and Ignored Governmental Politics
    Pages: Online-Ressource (174 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9783863951382
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Unknown
    Göttingen : Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Keywords: landscape ; tourism
    Description / Table of Contents: Im vorliegenden Band werden ausgewählte Facetten der Landschaftsinterpretation und des Tourismus beleuchtet. Die angeführten Fallbeispiele fokussieren dabei nicht nur verschiedenartige Räume (z. B. Mittel- und Hochgebirge, pazifische Inselwelt), sondern sie entstammen auch mannigfaltigen Themenfeldern (z. B. Kultur- und Naturtourismus, Inszenierungsstrategien, Reiseerziehung). In ihrer Gesamtheit spiegeln die Beiträge der einzelnen Autorinnen und Autoren das breite Interesse tourismusassoziierter Forschung und Praxis wider. Trotz der inhaltlichen Vielfalt implizieren die Ausarbeitungen die Aspekte „Bildung“ und „Wissensvermittlung“ als Leitgedanken im Rahmen der nachhaltigen Inwertsetzung natur- und kulturräumlicher Ressourcen.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (178 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9783863951672
    Language: German
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  • 3
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    Growth and change 26 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The basic premise of this article is that the historic location determinants literature is unduly pessimistic regarding the economic prospects of rural areas. Most historic location research has treated rural areas as homogeneous regions. This study demonstrates that rural counties should be treated as differentiated sets of economic environments rather than as an aggregate. The locational potential of specific industries differs dramatically among differentiated rural regions. When examined in this way, a number of high-growth industries surface as having development potential under specified rural conditions. In addition this work raises serious questions about the adequacy of product life-cycle theory (Erickson 1976) and high-technology filtering-down theory (Glasmeier 1991) in identifying the variables critical to industrial location. This work indicates that neither small size nor remoteness is as limiting as suggested by earlier research.
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  • 4
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    Growth and change 26 (1995), S. 0 
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  • 5
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    Growth and change 26 (1995), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Nonstationary behavior in regional economies must be recognized and categorized before activity indicators can be properly used in analyses. The nonstationary behavior of gross product by one-digit industry and personal income from all of the 50 states is examined. Tests to discriminate between stochastic and deterministic trends are pursued and the results indicate that the former dominate the latter. State-nation linkages in the presence of stochastic trends are explored and it is shown that stable, long-term relationships between nonstationary state and national outputs are rare at both the industry and aggregate levels.
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  • 6
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    Growth and change 26 (1995), S. 0 
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  • 7
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    Growth and change 26 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Tax Increment Financing (TIF) is a popular yet controversial tool that allows local governments to use property tax revenue to fund the public costs of economic development. Since TIF gives one local government the power to affect the tax bases of the overlapping jurisdictions, there is uncertainty and argument on the part of government officials and taxpayers as to who really finances the program. To evaluate the alternative contentions, this paper presents a general methodology that identifies which taxpayers in which locations fund the TIF's expenditures, and sets forward the conditions under which such a local economic development policy can be beneficial to taxpayers. The paper applies the model to study the TIF program currently active in downtown Des Moines, Iowa. The evidence indicates that the taxpayers in the entire metropolitan area subsidized the downtown activities in the early years, but now pay lower property tax rates due to the city's TIF-financed urban revitalization program.
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  • 8
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    Growth and change 15 (1984), S. 0 
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  • 9
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    Growth and change 15 (1984), S. 0 
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  • 10
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    Growth and change 15 (1984), S. 0 
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  • 11
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    Growth and change 15 (1984), S. 0 
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  • 12
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    Growth and change 15 (1984), S. 0 
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  • 13
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    Growth and change 15 (1984), S. 0 
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  • 14
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    Growth and change 15 (1984), S. 0 
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  • 15
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    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 16
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    Growth and change 15 (1984), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Be It Ever So Humble
 Stephen Merrett with Fred Gray, Owner-Occupation in Britain.Life in the Barriadas
 Susan Lobo, A House of My Own: Social Organization in the Squatter Settlements of Lima, Peru.More about Unemployment
 Philip L. Martin, Labor Displacement and Public Policy.From Goods to Services
 Thomas M. Stanback, Jr. and Thierry J. Noyelle, Cities in Transition: Changing Job Structures in Atlanta, Denver, Buffalo, Phoenix, Columbus (Ohio), Nashville, and Charlotte.Supply-side Housing Program
 James P. Zais, Raymond J. Struyk, and Thomas Thibodeau, Housing Assistance for Older Americans: The Reagan Prescription.Four Case Studies
 Richard Hellman and Caroline J. C. Hellman, The Competitive Economics of Nuclear and Coal Power.Canada and the United States
 Gary Sands, Land-Office Business: Land and Housing Prices in Rapidly Growing Metropolitan Areas.Internal Cleavages
 Kent A. Price, ed., Regional Conflict and National Policy.Development from Below
 Guy Gran, Development by People: Citizen Construction of a Just World.Also of Interest
 Robert E. Looney, Saudi Arabia's Development Potentid: Application of an Islamic Growth Model.Dean E. Mann, ed., Environmental Policy Implementation: Planning and Management Options and Their Consequences.Michael Marien, ed., Future Sumey Annual, 1980–81: A Guide to the Recent Literature of Trends, Forecasts, and Policy Proposals.William H. Miernyk, Regional Analysis and Regional Policy.Caròl A. OConnor, A Sort of Utopia: Scarsdule, 1891–1981.
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  • 17
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    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 18
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    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 19
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    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 20
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    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 21
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    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 22
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    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 23
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    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 24
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    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 25
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    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book Review in this ArticleE. Owen Smith, ed., Trade Unions in the Developed EconomiesNorman Walzer and Glenn W. Fisher, Cities, Suburbs, and Property TuxesStephen Steinberg, The Ethnic Myth: Race, Ethnicity, and Class in AmericaW. Patrick Beaton, John H. Weyland, and Nancy C. Newman, Energy Forecasting for Planners: Transportation ModelsRobert Emil Botsch, We Shall Not Overcome: Populism and Southern Blue-Collar WorkersRichard C. Carlson, Willis W. Harman, and Peter Schwartz, Energy Futures, Human Values, and Lifestyles: A New Look at the Energy CrisisK. J. Button, A. D. Pearman, and A. S. Fowkes, Car Ownership Modelling and ForecastingFred C. Shapiro, Radwaste: A Reporter's Investigation of a Growing Nuclear MenaceDonald Appleyard, Livable Streets
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  • 26
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    Growth and change 15 (1984), S. 0 
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  • 27
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    Growth and change 15 (1984), S. 0 
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  • 28
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    Growth and change 15 (1984), S. 0 
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  • 29
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    Growth and change 15 (1984), S. 0 
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  • 30
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    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 31
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    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book Review in this ArticleRalph M. Kramer, Voluntary Agencies in the Welfare State.Boris S. Pushkarev with Jeffrey M. Zupan and Robert S. Cumella, Urban Rail in America: An Exploration of Criteria for Fixed-Guideway Transit.Jon Van Til, Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities.Robert Orr Whyte and Pauline Whyte, The Women of Rural Asia.William P. Browne and Don F. Hadwiger, eds., Rural Policy Problems: Changing Dimensions.Alan Lewis, The Psychology of Taxation.A. G. Aganbegyan, ed., Regional Studies for Planning and Projecting: The Siberian Experience.Yusuf J. Ahmad and Frank G. Müller, eds., Integrated Physical, Socio-economic, and Environmental PlanningBela Balassa, Development Strategies in Semi-industrial Economies.Steven C. Ballard et al., Water and Western Energy: Impacts, Issues, and ChoicesDennis Bloodworth, The Messiah and the Mandarins: Mao Tsetung and the Ironies of Power.Landrum R. Bolling with Craig Smith, Private Foreign Aid: U.S. Philanthropy for Relief and Development.Coralie Bryant and Louise G. White, Managing Development in the Third World.V. Bulmer-Thomas, Input-Output Analysis in Developing Countries: Sources, Methods, and Applications.Robert W. Burchell and David Listokin, eds., Energy and Land Use.Canada, Department of Regional Economic Expansion, A Guide to Regional Multiplier EstimationMichael J. Carter and William H. Leahy, eds., New Directions in Labor Economics and Industrial Relations.E. William Colglazier, Jr., ed., The Politics of Nuclear Waste.Martin Counihan, A Dictionary of Energy.
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  • 32
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    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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    Growth and change 29 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Over the last twenty-five years local governments in the United States and Canada have increasingly used impact fees and other development exactions as methods of financing capital and infrastructure requirements mandated by residential growth. While several studies have examined the effects of impact fees on housing and land prices, rigorous empirical analysis of their effects on residential development is lacking. In this paper a sample of all municipalities in DuPage County, Illinois from 1977 through 1992 is used to examine the effects of impact fees on the rate of residential development. The empirical results show that impact fees reduce rates of residential development by more than 25 percent.
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    Growth and change 28 (1997), S. 0 
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    Notes: Although flexible specialization is regarded as one of the hallmarks of industrial districts, its consequences for firm performance have not attracted much empirical attention. Using event-history data on a complete population of textile-clothing firms in Baden-Württemberg in the Reutlingen (Germany) district from 1946 to 1993, this paper tests the proposition that specialized firms have a survival advantage over more integrated firms. Logistic regression models of failure probabilities show that, contrary to predictions derived from the district model, horizontally and vertically integrated firms have outlived more specialized firms. This study demonstrates the importance of dynamic research designs that incorporate information on strategic differences in a complete population of district firms, observed over an extended time frame.
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    Growth and change 28 (1997), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Nuclear power plants can theoretically influence property values through a number of different channels. The public perception of risk associated with the potential hazard from the operation of a nuclear reactor and the storage of nuclear waste may lead to lower bids on properties in close proximity to the plant. In contrast, workers at the plant may be less concerned with any potential hazards, and may actually value being in proximity to the workplace. Hence, one cannot a priori sign the distance gradient of homes in the vicinity of a nuclear power plant. In this study, a hedonic model coupled with geographic information system (GIS) techniques is used to estimate housing price surfaces around two nuclear power plants in California. The use of GIS software allows more potential influences to housing prices to be accurately incorporated than previously included in hedonic studies. Based on the evidence from the plants chosen, these findings do not support the contention that negative imagery surrounding nuclear power plants or stored nuclear waste has a significant detrimental influence on residential home prices in the immediate vicinity of these facilities.
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    Growth and change 29 (1998), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Previously it was reported that regional variations in well-being (poverty, per capita income, and family income) among Appalachian counties did not originate from regional variations in urbanization, but from regional differences in well-being among nonmetropolitan counties. It was argued that southern Appalachian counties had higher levels of well-being at the end of the 1980s because nonmetropolian counties in southern Appalachia experienced greater economic growth during the 1980s than did nonmetropolitan counties in other Appalachian regions. In this paper these data are reanalyzed to test to what extent the original findings are affected by the presence (and failure to control) spatial autocorrelation. Using a spatial lag model it is shown that correcting for spatial autocorrelation statistically altered the original results. However, substantively, the conclusions from the original analysis did not change: regional differences in county well-being in Appalachia are largely the product of regional differences among nonmetropolitan counties, even after correcting the model for spatial autocorrelation.
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    Growth and change 29 (1998), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Data on production and management practices across firms are scarce.Therefore studies of rural and urban industrial development have usually abstracted from this issue or have invoked product cycle theory to explain comparative urban and rural productive ingenuity. Several qualitative studies of rural production have contradicted the product cycle hypotheses, but attempts to generalize these results have not succeeded. An attempt is made here to test the product cycle explanation of industrial location using the registry of firms with ISO 9000 certification in nine southern states. These data suggest a bifurcation of rural counties. Urban and rural counties containing certified firms have been much more likely to increase the number of such firms, but in those counties without certified firms the probability of new certified firms has declined
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    Growth and change 29 (1998), S. 0 
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    Notes: The effects of consolidation in the banking sector on employment are analyzed using data from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation's Statistics on Banking. Previous efficiency studies of consolidation find that there is no relationship between consolidation and non-interest expenses (a proxy for employment). This study finds a negative relationship between consolidation and employment. It also finds no positive employment effects in states that were net beneficiaries of the savings and loan (S&L) bailout.
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    Growth and change 29 (1998), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Procedures for tracking and forecasting economic conditions in regional economies have evolved significantly over the last 30 years. Much of this evolution has followed developments in macroeconomics, where techniques for tracking/forecasting key economic variables have tended to originate. This technique adoption and adaptation process continues today, as developments in the technique adoption and adaptation process continues today, as developments in the modeling of cointegrated macroeconomic time series have begun to appear in the regional modeling and forecasting literature. This paper presents an effort at modeling a segment of a regional economy using the cointegration testing procedures suggested by Johansen and Jusilius (1990) to develop a forecasting model for manufacturing employment in Milwaukee, WI. The paper demonstrates how Vector Error Correction (VEC) modeling can lead to gains in the accuracy of local manufacturing employment forecasts relative to more traditional VAR models in either levels or first-differenced form. In the process, it demonstrates procedures for developing a relatively simple VEC model that reveals something about the structure of the local manufacturing sector, including possible linkages to the national economy. This information can assist local policy makers in anticipating and adapting to business cycle-related fluctuations in this critical sector of the local economy.
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    Growth and change 29 (1998), S. 0 
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    Notes: It is generally agreed that in a larger, more diversified, economy, leakages are weaker, and multipliers, greater. But how great are the differences? And how significant are the effects of diversity, relative to other factors? These questions are examined using two applied general equilibrium models, one for the Quebec metropolitan area, and the other for the Montreal area. Both models, identical in format, were calibrated from regional social accounting matrices based on the same methods and data sources. By simulating the economic impact of identical exogenous shocks on each of the two economies, it was possible to quantify the differences in the values of the multipliers: they are quite variable, ranging from 8 percent to 33 percent when induced consumption effects are taken into account, and from 2 percent to 27 percent otherwise. In general, differences are smaller for demand shocks that include a substantial fraction of direct labor and other factor income. Controlled simulation experiments show that neither the share of income paid to resident households, nor the households’ propensities to consume seem to play a critical role. So it appears likely that the key factor is indeed size and the diversity of productive capacities, as it is reflected in local suppliers’ market shares.
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    Growth and change 29 (1998), S. 0 
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    Notes: The convergence hypothesis from neoclassical growth theory is examined for per capita incomes of counties within a large subnational region, the Great Plans. Convergence of the β and σ varieties are considered. The former describes the tendency for economies with low per capita incomes in an initial period to grow faster than those with higher incomes. The latter describes the tendency for the dispersion of incomes to fall over time and eventually stabilize. Total per capita incomes across the region show a β convergence speed over the past quarter century roughly equal to that found for activity measures in previous analyses of nation groups, continental regions, and states of the U.S. As concerns σ convergence, the dispersion of total per capita incomes in the region stabilized during the past decade. However, when transfer payments and dividends, interest, and rents are deducted from income, β convergence speeds drop markedly and the dispersion of incomes rises over the study period.
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    Growth and change 29 (1998), S. 0 
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    Notes: Schoenberger, Erica, The Cultural Crisis of the FirmMacDonald, Gordon J.; Nielson, Daniel L. and Stern, Marc A., Latin American Environmental Policy in International PerspectiveWilliams, Colin C., Consumer Services and Economic DevelopmentHealey, Patsy; Khakee, Abdul; Motte, Alain and Needham, Barrie, Making Strategic Spatial Plans: Innovation in EuropeWebber, Michael J. and Rigby, David L., The Golden Age Illusion, Rethinking Postwar CapitalismRuigrok, Winfried and van Tulder, Rob, The Logic of International RestructuringSchoenberger, Erica, The Cultural Crisis of the Firm
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    Growth and change 29 (1998), S. 0 
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    Notes: With tax increment financing (TIF) a municipality pays for economic development expenditures out of future increases in tax collections. If the development expenditures are the sole cause of the increased tax collections, TIF is a fair and reasonable policy. If not, TIF can distort choices and redistribute resources. This paper develops an economic model of TIF as a choice by the sponsoring municipality with an impact on an overlying government. The analytic framework isolates the impact of key variables, permits analysis of the payoff from TIF to each government, and helps inform discussions about equity. The model clearly shows that while the special nature of TIF causes it to favor projects that generate significant tax revenue, that revenue need not be truly incremental with respect to the project alone, and projects therefore need not be efficient to be financially viable to municipalities. In fact, the projects that best fit the goals of TIF legislation may be impossible to finance through TIF. Alternative government programs may be required to help towns develop areas most in need.
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    Growth and change 28 (1997), S. 0 
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    Notes: This paper explores the effect of plant profitability on the closure decision in multi-locational manufacturing firms where the firm is selecting between different sites undertaking similar production activities. The paper draws upon a new interview survey of large multi-locational manufacturing firms. Analysis of the interview data shows that plant profitability is the key to understanding only one-third to one-half of selective closures and that decisions taken by subsidiaries are more likely to rely on plant profitability measures than decisions taken at the corporate head office. In analyzing a regional economy, a poor level of plant profitability is indicative of a plant at risk of closure but the absence of such a characteristic is not necessarily an indication of an assured future for a plant.
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    Growth and change 28 (1997), S. 0 
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    Growth and change 28 (1997), S. 0 
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    Notes: This paper focuses on cyclical and regional variations in vacancy dynamics in labor markets with persistent imbalances between demand and supply. In particular the so-called matching approach is used to investigate labor market efficiency across regions and over the business cycle. In this matching approach the relationship between the flow of filled vacancies and regional stocks of unemployed job seekers and vacant jobs is specified in a “search production” function. The matching approach is applied to the Dutch labor market, which is characterized by strong disequilibria and persistent regional differences in unemployment and vacancy rates. To explore the development of these regional imbalances from a demand side perspective, the dynamic structure of regional data on vacancies is analyzed over the business cycle. The movements of vacancy duration and the change in the vacancy stock over time appear to be similar across Dutch regions. Moreover, an investigation of the structural causes of regional variations in vacancy duration via shift-share analysis makes clear that regional differences in sectoral composition of unfilled vacancies do not contribute to regional differences in vacancy duration in the period 1989–93. Estimation results of a matching model reveal that there are no region-specific differences in labor market efficiency to produce filled vacancies. The ratio of vacancies to unemployment appears to be the critical determinant of the matching process in the Dutch regions. Another general (non region-specific) finding is that the estimated labor market efficiency increases during recessionary and recovery periods while it decreases during an economic boom.
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    Growth and change 28 (1997), S. 0 
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    Growth and change 28 (1997), S. 0 
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    Notes: A major controversy during the debate over the North American Free Trade Agreement focused on the impact of NAFTA on Mexico's environment. This paper examines the evidence of impact specifically on Mexico's environmental policy. Criteria of impact are developed, and comparisons made for three periods: before 1990 as the baseline period; 1990-93 when NAFTA was being negotiated; and beginning in 1994 when NAFTA came into effect. Much evidence indicates that Mexico's environmental policymaking and enforcement did improve in the early 1990s while NAFTA was being debated. Some evidence also suggests that the NAFTA-influenced environmental commitment was sustained during the 1995 financial crisis. Thus, it is concluded that NAFTA has contributed significantly to Mexico's environmental policy.
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    Growth and change 28 (1997), S. 0 
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    Notes: This paper develops a model of the relationship between the solid waste recycling activities of industrial-commercial-institutional (ICI) firms and two sets of explanatory variables: characteristics of the firm and characteristics of the waste materials. The model is tested for six types of waste material (paper, paperboard, plastic, glass, wood, and metal) using logistic regression analysis and drawing on waste quantity and composition data collected from a sample of over 400 ICI firms in metropolitan Toronto. The percentage of firms recycling materials ranged from a high of 46 percent for paperboard to a low of 8 percent for plastics. In all of the models tested, quantity of waste material produced was found to be a significant explanatory variable in determining whether a firm will recycle that material. Other variables which were found to be significant in explaining recycling of some, but not all, material types were floor space of the firm, and type of economic activity. Despite theoretical support for its inclusion, employment was not found to be significant in any of the models.
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    Growth and change 26 (1995), S. 0 
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    Growth and change 26 (1995), S. 0 
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    Notes: A semi-structural VAR time-series model was used to examine movements in Flint Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) employment levels and determine how area employment was affected by movements in different sectors of the U.S. economy. Flint was chosen because in 1958 over 50 percent of the area's population was employed by the transportation industry, the majority in automobile production, and therefore Flint should be considered as a company town prototype for this modeling technique. Due to the dependency of this area's employment base on the automotive industry and the highly volatile nature of area employment levels, the Choleski decomposition was used instead of the structural Bernanke method.It was found that the effects of movements in the automotive industry were a major impact on aggregate area employment as well as on virtually all manufacturing sectors. These results are more robust than those for the Detroit Metropolitan Statistical Area (PSA)/〉. This is due primarily to Flint's greater degree of area dependency on the automotive-industry.
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    Growth and change 26 (1995), S. 0 
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    Notes: The persistence of the grass balds of the southern Appalachians represents an ecological enigma and a conservation dilemma. These high altitude treeless expanses, well known to native Americans and later grazed by white settlers, are now undergoing rapid succession which threatens a unique community of plants and animals. Whatever the balds' origin and in spite of the apparent antiquity of some, much of the botanical literature insists that they are largely an artifact of relatively recent human disturbance, and, except for rare plant preservation, deserve only limited conservation effort. Such an interpretation lacks both a historical perspective and an appreciation of the possible dynamic nature of this community. The presence of both rare, endemic plants and northern relicts requiring open habitat suggests a long evolutionary history. Also, balds that are still grazed today have maintained both their biota and size. We suggest that some balds are indeed ancient and were maintained during the late Pleistocene by mammalian herbivores. Excavations at Saltville, Virginia and elsewhere reveal the presence of up to 20 species of large herbivores, including mammoth, mastodon, bison, horse, tapir, musk ox, and ground sloth until 10,000 years ago. Thereafter, the mountains supported bison, elk, and deer until European settlement. It is likely that, as in many other parts of the world, this special natural community is the result of long-term plant-animal interactions and thus worthy of preservation. Such preservation might best be affected by the use of wild and/or domestic herbivores.
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    Growth and change 26 (1995), S. 0 
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    Notes: The lack of success with the endangered species approach to conserving biodiversity has led to calls for programs that are designed to maintain viable populations of species before they become endangered. While wildlife preserves are an important component of biodiversity conservation, effective protection of species will often take place on land that is used primarily for purposes other than wildlife habitat. The suitability of these lands as wildlife habitat can be influenced by government programs. An important example of a program affecting agricultural land use is the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), which is the largest land retirement program in US. history. The expected down-sizing of the program in the mid 90s sharpens the need for improved targeting if the program is to continue to provide wildlife benefits. This paper studies how well the current CRP fares as a biodiversity conservation program and suggests possible ways to target the CRP to conserve wildlife habitat. A methodology for tackling this task in Oregon is outlined.
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    Growth and change 26 (1995), S. 0 
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    Notes: Spatial scarcities are integral to basic models that account for the organization of land use, including wilderness. The purpose of this paper is to consider the evaluation of wilderness from the perspective of spatial scarcity. Spatial scarcity usually can be taken as relative depending upon scale of analysis. At the more local scale, the relative scarcities of competing land uses are relevant to wilderness evaluation while at larger national and global scales scarcities in certain wilderness qualities may be more important. The paper begins with a brief review of existing approaches to evaluating wilderness and lays out an explicitly spatial approach to the problem. Then, local scale evaluation is considered in the context of von Thunen types of land use transition models which concern relative scarcity payments, or rents. The paper also takes up larger geographic scales and uses the concept of spatial scarcity in linking the hedonic and travel cost models of wilderness evaluation with central place theory in the consideration of wilderness potential.
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    Growth and change 26 (1995), S. 0 
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    Notes: Nongovernmental organizations frequently receive donations of land that have unknown characteristics. This paper presents an analytical model of the option to preserve such land. The nongovernmental organizations' option value arises from the option to preserve or sell the land to generate funds for other preservation projects. We show that die preservation option is equivalent to an option that allows the nongovernmental organization to choose between he maximum of the market value of the land and the preservation value of the land. From the resulting closed from solution of the option to preserve, we perform comparative statics showing how the relevant factors (preservation value of the land, the development value of the land, the length of the that the option is available, and the uncertainty surrounding the relative values of preservation and development) influence the value of the preservation option. In addition, to the basic model, we present three model modifications. The first examines the effects of costly preservation and costly nonpreservation. In the second extension, we examine the effects of freeriding modeled by a continuous variable. In the final modification, we relax the assumption of the fixed survey period and show the optimal development date.
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    Growth and change 26 (1995), S. 0 
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    Notes: Does public infrastructure affect state output? This paper uses both a Cobb-Douglas and a translog production function to examine the impact of public infrastructure spending on state output. Like labor and private capital, the stock of public capital is considered to be an input into the production process. The data are based on Alicia Munnell's work and were provided by the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. Unlike many of the earlier studies employing Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) techniques, this analysis employs estimating methods that take advantage of the longitudinal nature of the data set. While these methods lend support to the public capitol hypothesis, there is evidence that studies relying on OLS have reported a coefficient on public capital that is upward biased. This paper, which controls for heterogeneity in the data, finds the coefficient on public capital to be smaller than that presented in previous studies. This finding has important policy implications. It indicates that while investment in public capital may have a positive impact on the private sector, this impact will be much smaller than predicted by previous studies.
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    Notes: This article reviews methodological issues confronting authors and users of economic impact studies of public colleges and universities. Questions addressed include the following: How should economic impact of regional public colleges and universities be defined? What considerations should govern the definition or the geographical study area? How should tax support of publicly supported institutions be addressed? The article includes perspectives from recent literature considering these questions from both short-term and long-term perspectives. Resolution of these issues depends upon careful delineation and communication of the alternative states of world between which the hypothetical impact is measured.
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    Notes: Competitiveness can be defined as the ability of an economy to maintain stable or increasing market shares in an economic activity while sustaining stable or increasing living shares for those who participate in it. Government policy in all countries has strong effects on competitiveness. With the turn away from a Cold War economy the Clinton Administration has pursued a technology policy explicitly linked to the quest for heightened national competitiveness. It is based on a rejection of Reagan-Bush era analyses of the competitiveness problem, which centered on cost reduction in industry. There are many different forms of technology policy for competitiveness, however. Some center on labor quality, while others center on technological spillovers between industries. An effective policy should promote technological spillovers in the economy. All such policies, moreover, are only effective if they are organized and governed properly. The Clinton-Gore policy has many different programs and methods of governance. This paper argues that it should reinforce the regional level of organization of technology policy formulation and implementation.
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    Notes: This paper outlines a conventional method of constructing regional capital stocks using investment and depreciation data. The method was used to estimate annual capital stocks for twenty (two-digit SIC) manufacturing industries in the nine census regions of the US. between 1955 and 1989. The novelty of the paper is the disaggregated capital stock data generated. Those data reveal that the industrial distribution of capital is becoming increasingly similar among regions of the U.S. They also show the familiar snowbelt-sunbelt shift of manufacturing capacity. Statistical tests establish that the redistribution of regional net capital stocks between 1955 and 1989 is significant in sixteen of twenty industries and that in ten of these sectors the most pronounced shifts in capacity occurred before the early 1970s. As investment moved away from the old manufacturing heartland, the age of capital in the mid Atlantic and east north central states increased and the age structure of capital stocks became relatively youthful in the west. Age pyramids reveal that regional variations in the age distribution of capital and the average age of capital were greater in 1989 than in 1955. Models of embodied technological change claim that the age of capital is a useful surrogate of best-practice technology.
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    Notes: This paper examines whether economic valuation methods are capable of meaningfully measuring the value of the wilderness in monetary terms. Although non-monetary valuation methods are often important in policy making arenas, this paper focuses on monetary methods. Three questions are examined to determine if these economic valuation methods can contribute to the development of wilderness policy. First, are the valuation methods which have been developed by economists capable of expressing in dollar terms the value of all the services which the wilderness supplies? Second, if these valuation methods are not capable of eliciting all the relevant values, are they still useful for public policy purposes? Third, can the valuation methods be modified or can new methods be developed which can measure some of the values which have not been captured by the previously employed methods? The paper reviews existing valuation methods according to these criteria and finds that the ability to value the wilderness is limited by the shortcomings of currently employed techniques. Refinements to existing methods and potential new methods are suggested to further the valuation process.
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    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Superfund: The Political Economy of Environmental Risk. John A. Hird.Sustainable Forestry: Philosophy, Science, and Economics. Chris Maser.One for All: The Logic of Grow Conflict. Russell Hardin.Law, Space, and The Geographies of Power, by N. K. Blomley.The Political Economy of European Monetary Unification edited by Barry Eichengreen and Jeffry Frieden.Economic Integration in the, Western Hemisphere. Roberto Bouzas and Jamie Ros, Editors.China's New Political Economy: The Giant Awakes. by Susumu Yabuki, trans. by Stephen M. Harner.Crisis on the Rio Grande: Poverty, Unemployment, and Economic Development on the Texas-Mexico Border. Dianne C. Betts and Daniel J. Slottje, with Jesus Vargas-Garcia.Appalachia's Path to Dependency. Paul Sdstrom. Lexington KY.
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    Notes: Novelists Wendell Berry and Edward Abbey consider the natural world in a way most or their predecessors did not: the land itself as a complex character which deserves the respect of its human inhabitants. “Cultivating Wilderness” presents an overview or this relationship in Abbey's and Berry's fiction relating not only how the authors contrast characters attuned to the land and its patterns with others who arc “out of sync” with the natural world, but also how both ferry and Abbey deal with the interaction or human and natural communities—especially in a “modern world” which seemingly prefers to control nature and eradicate mystery. While it is not the role of fiction to offer blueprints for economic, environmental, or social policies, the novels and short stories of Wendell Berry and Ed Abbey do address important issues and eloquently call for a new paradigm for human behavior—at individual, community, and national levels—within and toward the natural world.I felt, rather than knew, with a sudden keen taste and appetite, what it was to be a farmer in Islandia. I sensed the absorbing interest of the immediate task that also is integrated with rill the other tasks of one's life into a rounded whole, because one's land und one's farm is larger than oneself, reaching from a past long before one began into a future long after one is dead—but all of it one's own.
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    Notes: Wildlife management, surface mining, and regional planning historically have had conflicting missions. The cooperative public/private venture which created the Robinson Forest and Cyprus-Amax Wildlife Management Areas is presented as an example of how a regional perspective encourages a symbiotic relationship among these Functions. Wildlife management areas, as either an interim or final land use. are shown to incorporate development concepts which benefit the general public, the coal industry, and the environment. Examining the regional pattern or wildlife management areas and refuges confirms the appropriateness of the subject site for this use. It is suggested that the pattern of mined lands can be studied to identify other sites with potential to provide linkages between wildlife habitat areas and encourage reclamation of such sites to the “fish and wildlife” postmining land use. Such reclamation strategies should be pursued within a long-term planning framework. More research is needed to recreate specific habitat types on drastically disturbed land and planning is needed to assure that sensitive habitats or species arc located away from zones likely to undergo future development. Use of geographic information systems to integrate existing environmental information could make such studies more effective.
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    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Economic Theory for Environmentalists. By John Gowdy and Sabine O'Hara.The Environmental Imagination: Thoreau, Nature Writing, and the Formation of American Culture. by Lawrence Buell.Wild Forests: Conservation Biology and Public Policy. William S. Alverson, Walter Kuhlmann and Donald M. Waller.Social Theory and the Global Environment. edited by Michael Redclift and Ted Benton.At Risk: Natural Hazards, People's Vulnerability, and Disasters. by Piers Blaikie, Terry Cannon, Ian Davis, and Ben Wisner.‘Viva’: Women and Popular Protest in Latin America. edited by Sarah A. Radeliffe and Salk WestwoodMoney, Power and Space. edited by Stuart Corbridge, Ron Martin and Nigel Thrift.Managing Geographic Information Systems by Nancy J. Obermeyer and Jeffrey K. Pinto.
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    Notes: This paper examines the impact of the local and national economy, and the rate of return on competing assets, on land prices in the urban fringe of the Scattle Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area (PMSA). The data are derived from a set of nearly all land sales in King County Washington between 1969 and 1984. The size of the data set allows for the neutralization of site specific influences by examining the monthly mean price of unimproved land. The results show that, like other traditional investments, land prices are sensitive to factors such as inflation and interest rates. Population pressures and local economic conditions influence urban fringe prices as well. Land further from the urban core is less sensitive to these impacts, presumably because it is too far away from economic activity to be considered for its value in future urban uses.
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    Notes: Regional studies has reemerged in recent decades as an important area of geographic analysis. In contrast to the traditional regional school which offers static descriptions of particular places and people, reconstructed regional geography approaches the region as a dynamic process where social relations are linked to spatial structures. Reconstructed regional geography, however, has largely neglected gender as a social category and focuses on class as the fundamental social relation under capitalism. This paper demonstrates how regions are constructed through social processes which include gender as well as class. Historical and contemporary analyses of women and household economic strategies in rural Appalachia illustrate the intersection of gender, place, and scale. Specifically, employment and poverty conditions are examined using county-level data and household strategies are analyzed through intensive interviews with West Virginia women. This paper concludes that gender relations at the household, subregional, and regional scales are critical to the analysis of social and spatial processes in regional geography.
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    Notes: Regional scientists have long attempted to develop meaningful definitions and measures of economic diversity and diversification, and to establish functional relationships between diversity, diversification, and economic performance. The multiplicity of definitions and measures explains, in part, the confusion about these relationships. A framework that sorts out the overlaps, contradictions, and gaps of the various definitions and measures IS needed. Such a framework would explicitly address the question, “What is the relationship between a region's changing economic structure and performance?” In this paper it is suggested that an input-output model that incorporates elements of portfolio theory be used as the integrating framework for analysis.
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    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Out of Control: Global Turmoil on the Eve of the 21st Century. by Zbigniew Brzezinski.Reworking Modernity: Capitalisms and Symbolic Discontent by Allan Pred and Michael J. Watts.NowHere: Space, Time and Modernity. by Roger Friedland and Deirdre Boden.Rules and Choice in Economics. by Viktor J. Vanberg.European Cites Towards 2000: Profiles, Policies and Prospects. Edited by Alan Harding, Jon Dawson, Richard Evans, and Michael Parkinson.Against All Odds: Rural Community in the Information Age. By John C. Allen and Don A. Dillman.Sustainable Development of Small Island Economies. Hiroshi Kakazu.Full Circles: Geographies of Women over the Life Course by Cindi Katz and Jan Monk (editors).Stemming Middle-class Decline: The Challenges To Economic Development Planning. Nancey Green Leigh.The Other Australia: Experiences of Migration. by Brian Murphy.The Challenge of European Integration: Internal and External Problems of Trade and Money, edited by Berhanu Abegaz, Patricia Dillon, David H. Feldman, and Paul F. Whiteley.
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    Notes: In this paper, the social being in the spatiality of the production process is addressed. Spatiality, following Soja (1989), means the ceaseless and recursive dialectical interplay amongst time, space, and the social being. The production process, as a specific set of social relations, comprises both the tasks associated with productive labor and the regulations that organize the extraction of surplus value. The social being as worker is located within the various sets of power relations in the workplace, and workers as social beings position themselves within and amongst the numerous sets of social relations that are part of the production process. Distributions of power are negotiated through labor and mediated by other sets of social relations in specific places as well as the historical and material conditions of the lives of individual workers and their employment at a firm. This conceptual argument is demonstrated by drawing on information gathered in multiple-depth interviews with women employed as franchise housekeepers, personal experience as a franchise housekeeper, and structured interviews with managers, owners, and head office personnel in housekeeping services franchises.
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    Notes: This article conducts a time series cross-sectional analysis of Latin American countries over the period of 1982–1988; it examines the relationship between regime type (civilian/military) and polity type (democratic/authoritarian) on one hand, and economic growth on the other, taking advantage of a specially designed econometric method and the availability of large economic and political data sets. The conclusion from this study is that the economy grows faster under a civilian government than under a military government, and both political rights and civil liberties contribute to growth.
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    Notes: . This note is an empirical study that further develops existing analysis by McHugh and Gober published in this journal (1992). The note follows McHugh and Gober by using annual state-to-state migration flow data from Internal Revenue Service records and measures of migration efficiency in analyzing the U.S. interstate migration system. It extends the analysis to a longer period, however—1975 to 1992. This note enhances McHugh and Gober's analysis by extending our knowledge of changes in U.S. migration patterns into the 1990s. But it also suggests modifications to some of their conclusions. First, the note concludes that the emergence of a new pattern of population redistribution in the U.S. in the 1980s, as reported by McHugh and Gober, was indeed significant, but that it was transitory. Second, the note's analysis does not support McHugh and Gober's conclusion of a fairly strong inverse relationship between migration effectiveness and economic expansions and contractions.
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    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:The Transformation of Communist Systems: Economic Reform Since the 1950S. by Bernard Chavance.Postcommunist Economic Transformation: Essays in Honor of Gregory Grossman. by Robert W. Campbell (ed.).
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    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Women's Work
 Phyllis Andors, The Unfinished Liberation of Chinese Women, 1949–1980.Costs of Change
 Larry Sawers and William K. Tabb, eds., Sunbelt/Snowbelt: Urban Development and Regional Restructuring.Main Street, U.S.A.
 Harley E. Johansen and Glenn V. Fuguitt, The Changing Rural Village in America: Demographic and Economic Trends since 1950.What Is Dangerous?
 Mary Douglas and Aaron Wildavsky, Risk and Culture: An Essay on the Selection of Technological and Environmental Dangers.Becoming Oriented
 Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. Ma, China: The Geography of Development and Modernization.Immigrants and Citizens
 Demetrios G. Papademetriou and Mark J. Miller, eds., The Unavoidable Issue: U.S. Immigration Policy in the 1980s.The Rising South
 Robert J. Newman, Growth in the American South: Changing Regional Employment and Wage Patterns in the 1960s and 1970s.Into the Nineties
 Anthony Downs, Rental Housing in the 1980s.
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    Notes: Book Review in this ArticleDuncan Sim, Change in the City Centre.Naomi Black and Ann Baker Cottrell, eds., Women and World Change: Equity Issues in Development.Raymond C. Scheppach and Everett M. Ehrlich, eds., Energy-Policy Analysis and Congressional ActionBrian Bayliss, Planning and Control in the Transport SectorRobert W. Lake, The New Suburbanites: Race and Housing in the SuburbsCarl H. Reidel, ed., New England Prospects: Critical Choices in a Time of ChangeJohn Cathie, The Political Economy of Food AidMichael N. Danielson and Jameson W. Doig, New York: The Politics of Urban Regional Development.Oran R. Young, Natural Resources and the State: The Political Economy of Resource Management.Albert O. Hirschman, Shifting Involvements: Private Interest and Public ActionDavid Listokin et al., Landmarks Preservation and the Property Tax: Assessing Landmark Buildings for Real Taxation Purposes.Richard H. Sabot, ed., Migration and the Labor Market in Developing CountriesDavid W. Countryman and Denise M. Sofranko, eds., Guiding Land Use Decisions: Planning and Management for Forests and RecreationJudith A. Martin and David A. Lanegran, Where We Live: The Residential Districts of Minneapolis and Saint Paul
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    Notes: Book Review in this ArticleRonald G. Ehrenberg and Paul L. Schumann, Longer Hours or More Jobs? An Investigation of Amending Hours Legislation to Create EmploymentDaniel Swartzman, Richard A. Liroff, and Kevin G. Croke, Cost-Benefit Analysis and Environmental Regulations: Politics, Ethics, and Methods.Suzanne Keller, ed., Building for Women.Herman L. Boschken, Land Use Conflicts: Organizational Design and Resource Management.Robert G. Healy and James L. Short, The Market for Rural Land: Trends, Issues, Policies.Seymour Warkov and Judith W. Meyer, Solar Diffusion and Public Incentives.Michael H. Lang, Gentrification amid Urban Decline: Strategies for America's Older Cities.Alan L. Sorkin, Economic Aspects of Natural Hazards.Clement Cottingham, ed., Race, Poverty, and the Urban Underclass.Thomas M. Stanback, Jr., et al., Services: The New Economy.Richard C. Rich, ed., The Politics of Urban Public Services.M. C. Ricklefs, A History of Modern Indonesia: c. 1300 to the Present.Lloyd Rodwin, Cities and City Planning.Julian B. Roebuck and Mark Hickson III, The Southern Redneck: A Phenomenological Class Study.J. Michael Ross and William M. Berg, “I Respectfully Disagree with the Judge's Order”: The Boston School Desegregation Controversy.Gundars Rudzitis, Residential Locution Determinants of the Older PopulationFrank H. Stephen, ed., The Performance of Labor-Managed Firms.George Sternlieb, James W. Hughes, and Connie 0. Hughes, Demographic Trends and Economic Reality: Planning and Markets in the 80's.Robert P. Taylor, Rural Energy Development in China.George S. Tolley, Vinod Thomas, and Chung Ming Wong, Agricultural Price Policies and the Developing Countries.G. P. Tottle, ed., Use of Computers for National Development-Agriculture: An Annotated Bibliography.Noel D. Uri, Dimensions of Energy Economics.Bruce A. Weber and Robert E. Howell, eds., Coping with Rapid Growth in Rural Communities.Sidney Weintraub and Stanley R. Ross, “Temporary” Alien Workers in the United States: Designing Policy from Fact and Opinion.Robert Woods, Theoretical Population Geography.
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    Notes: Several recent studies have challenged the conventional notion that raising the minimum wage has negative labor market consequences. In particular, most recent minimum wage research has considered teen employment, with virtually no examination of unemployment rates. Given the conflicting findings in the recent literature, this study reconsiders this issue by examining the minimum wage's influence on teen unemployment rates. The empirical analysis considers state data from the latter 1980s, a unique period where many states raised their minimum wage above the federal level. The results suggest that both a greater minimum wage rate and greater minimum wage coverage increase teen unemployment rates. Further evidence suggests that employment declines outweigh teen labor force reductions, suggesting that increases in unemployment are primarily caused by labor demand shifts. Thus, policy makers should weigh these costs in deciding future minimum wage hikes.
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    Notes: The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of transportation investment on the Korean economy using the dynamic Computable General Equilibrium model. The result of the counterfactual analysis shows that infrastructure investment policy has the advantage of economic growth, but the disadvantage of price inflation. The elasticities of infrastructure investment with respect to GDP, export, private utility, and inflation depend on institutional restrictions on the domestic inflow of foreign capital and financing alternatives for infrastructure projects. The growth effect of transportation investment would be maximized if regulations on inflow of foreign capital to the private sector were lifted. On the other hand, the effect of transportation investment on inflation would be minimized if transportation investment expenditure were completely financed by tax revenues.
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    Notes: Book review in this article:The Death of Distance: How the Commltnications Revolution Will Change Our Lives. By Frances Cairncross.The Dynamics of Industrial Location: the Factory, the Firm and the Production System. By Roger Hayter.The Japanese City. Edited by P.P. Karan and Kristin Stapleton.Globalization and Neoliberalism: the Caribbean Context. edited by Thomas Klak.Regions And The World Economy: The Coming Shape Of Global Production, Competition And Political Order. By Allen J. Scott.
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