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  • Articles  (185,266)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GENETICS OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION IN YEAST: Connections to the RNA Polymerase II CTD (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 1-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Transcriptional regulation is important in all eukaryotic organisms for cell growth, development, and responses to environmental change. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or bakers' yeast, has provided a powerful system for genetic analysis of transcriptional regulation, and findings from the study of this model system have proven broadly applicable to higher organisms. Transcriptional regulation requires the interactions of regulatory proteins with various components of the transcription machinery. Recently, genetic analysis of a diverse set of transcriptional regulatory responses has converged with studies of the function of the RNA polymerase II carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) to reveal regulatory roles for proteins associated with the CTD. These proteins, designated Srb/mediator proteins, are broadly involved in both positive and negative regulatory responses in vivo. This review focuses on the connections between genetic analysis of transcriptional regulation and the functions of the Srb/mediator proteins associated with the RNA polymerase II CTD.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.1
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    LEFT-RIGHT ASYMMETRY IN ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 53-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Most animal species exhibit left-right asymmetry in their body plans and show a strong bias for one handedness over the other. The mechanism of handedness choice, recognized as an intriguing problem over a century ago, is still a mystery. However, from recent advances in understanding when and how asymmetry arises in both invertebrates and vertebrates, developmental pathways for establishment and maintenance of left-right differences are beginning to take shape, and speculations can be made on the initial choice mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.53
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MICROTUBULE POLYMERIZATION DYNAMICS (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 83-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The polymerization dynamics of microtubules are central to their biological functions. Polymerization dynamics allow microtubules to adopt spatial arrangements that can change rapidly in response to cellular needs and, in some cases, to perform mechanical work. Microtubules utilize the energy of GTP hydrolysis to fuel a unique polymerization mechanism termed dynamic instability. In this review, we first describe progress toward understanding the mechanism of dynamic instability of pure tubulin and then discuss the function and regulation of microtubule dynamic instability in living cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.83
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MITOCHONDRIAL PREPROTEIN TRANSLOCASE (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 25-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondria import most of their proteins from the cytosol. Dynamic protein complexes in the mitochondrial outer and inner membranes are responsible for the specific recognition and membrane translocation of preproteins. The preprotein translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane contains several import receptors and a general import pore. The preprotein translocase of the inner membrane consists of a channel interacting with preproteins in transit and an import motor that includes the matrix heat shock protein Hsp70. Acidic patches of import components are thought to guide the import of positively charged signal sequences (acid chain hypothesis). Energy input is derived from the inner membrane potential and ATP. Proteins in the mitochondrial matrix are required for proteolytic processing and folding of imported proteins. The dynamic nature of the membrane translocase permits sorting of preproteins at distinct stages of the import pathway.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.25
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MOLECULAR AND FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF CADHERIN-BASED ADHERENS JUNCTIONS (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 119-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Adherens junctions are specialized forms of cadherin-based adhesive contacts important for tissue organization in developing and adult organisms. Cadherins form protein complexes with cytoplasmic proteins (catenins) that convert the specific, homophilic-binding capacity of the extracellular domain into stable cell adhesion. The extracellular domains of cadherins form parallel dimers that possess intrinsic homophilic-binding activity. Cytoplasmic interactions can influence the function of the ectodomain by a number of potential mechanisms, including redistribution of binding sites into clusters, providing cytoskeletal anchorage, and mediating physiological regulation of cadherin function. Adherens junctions are likely to serve specific, specialized functions beyond the basic adhesive process. These functions include coupling cytoskeletal force generation to strongly adherent sites on the cell surface and the regulation of intracellular signaling events.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.119
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE ACTIN CYTOSKELETON IN THE DROSOPHILA OVARY (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 147-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The Drosophila ovary provides a favorable model system in which to study cellular morphogenesis. The development of a mature egg involves a syncytium of 16 germline cells and over 1000 somatically derived follicle cells. Intercellular transport, stable intercellular bridges, cell migrations, cell shape changes, and specific subcellular localization of many embryonic patterning determinants contribute to egg development and require a dynamic cytoskeleton. We discuss many of the recent genetic and cell biological studies that have led to insights into how the actin cytoskeleton is assembled and regulated during the morphogenesis of the Drosophila egg.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.147
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE LIN-12/Notch SIGNALING PATHWAY AND ITS REGULATION (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 333-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Notch, LIN-12, and GLP-1 are receptors that mediate a broad range of cell interactions during Drosophila and nematode development. Signaling by these receptors relies on a conserved pathway with three core components: DSL ligand, LNG receptor, and a CSL effector that links the receptor to its transcriptional response. Although key functional regions have been identified in each class of proteins, the mechanism for signal transduction is not yet understood. Diverse regulatory mechanisms influence signaling by the LIN-12/Notch pathway. Inductive signaling relies on the synthesis of ligand and receptor in distinct but neighboring cells. By contrast, lateral signaling leads to the transformation of equivalent cells that express both ligand and receptor into nonequivalent cells that express either ligand or receptor. This transformation appears to rely on regulatory feedback loops within the LIN-12/Notch pathway. In addition, the pathway can be regulated by intrinsic factors that are asymmetrically segregated during cell division or by extrinsic cues via other signaling pathways. Specificity in the pathway does not appear to reside in the particular ligand or receptor used for a given cell-cell interaction. The existence of multiple ligands and receptors may have evolved from the stringent demands placed upon the regulation of genes encoding them.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.333
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    IMPLICATIONS OF ATOMIC-RESOLUTION STRUCTURES FOR CELL ADHESION (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 363-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Molecules involved in cell adhesion processes are often both structurally and functionally modular, with subdomains that are members of large protein families. Recently, high-resolution structures have been determined for representative members of many of these families including fragments of integrins, cadherins, fibronectin-like domains, and immunoglobulin-like domains. These structures have enhanced our understanding of cell adhesion processes at several levels. In almost all cases, ligand-binding sites have been visualized and provide insight into how these molecules mediate biologically important interactions. Metal-binding sites have been identified and characterized, allowing assessment of the role of bound ions in cell adhesion processes. Many of these structures serve as templates for modeling homologous domains in other proteins or, when the structure of a fragment consisting of more than one domain is determined, the structure of multidomain arrays of homologous domains. Knowledge of atomic structure also allows rational design of drugs that either mimic or target specific binding sites. In many cases, high-resolution structures have revealed unexpected relationships that pose questions about the evolutionary origin of specific domains. This review briefly describes several recently determined structures of cell adhesion molecules, summarizes some of the main results of each structure, and highlights common features of different systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.363
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BACTERIAL CELL DIVISION (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 395-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Bacteria usually divide by building a central septum across the middle of the cell. This review focuses on recent results indicating that the tubulin-like FtsZ protein plays a central role in cytokinesis as a major component of a contractile cytoskeleton. Assembly of this cytoskeletal element abutting the membrane is a key point for regulation. The characterization of FtsZ homologues in Mycoplasmas, Archaea, and chloroplasts implies that the constriction mechanism is conserved and that FtsZ can constrict in the absence of peptidoglycan synthesis. In most Eubacteria, the internal cytoskeleton must also regulate synthesis of septal peptidoglycan. The Escherichia coli septum-specific penicillin-binding protein 3 (PBP3) forms a complex with other enzymes involved in murein metabolism, suggesting a centrally located transmembrane complex capable of splicing multiple new strands of peptidoglycan into the cell wall. Important questions remain about the spatial and temporal control of bacterial division.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.395
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NEURAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULES OF THE IMMUNOGLOBULIN SUPERFAMILY: Role in Axon Growth and Guidance (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 425-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract NCAM, L1, and DCC-immunoglobulin cell adhesion molecules (Ig CAMs)-are widely expressed during development. Many workers have dismissed a role for such molecules in the control of axonal growth and guidance because they do not show highly restricted expression patterns. Yet evidence from a number of model systems suggests all three CAMs play a role in the development of specific projections in the nervous system. For example, there is a reduction in mossy fiber tracts in the hippocampus of mice that lack NCAM, a requirement for DCC in the response of commissural neurons to a floor plate-derived chemoattractant, and a loss of corticospinal tracts in humans who carry mutations in the L1 gene. The above paradox might be explained by the observation that differential post-translational processing can modulate CAMs function and that alternative splicing can generate functionally distinct isoforms of a CAM. Activation of the FGF tyrosine kinase receptor is required for the responses stimulated by NCAM and L1, and the importance of regulated tyrosine phosphorylation for growth and guidance is underscored by the involvement of receptor tyrosine phosphatases in this process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.425
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CELLULAR FUNCTIONS REGULATED BY SRC FAMILY KINASES (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 513-609 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Src family protein tyrosine kinases are activated following engagement of many different classes of cellular receptors and participate in signaling pathways that control a diverse spectrum of receptor-induced biological activities. While several of these kinases have evolved to play distinct roles in specific receptor pathways, there is considerable redundancy in the functions of these kinases, both with respect to the receptor pathways that activate these kinases and the downstream effectors that mediate their biological activities. This chapter reviews the evidence implicating Src family kinases in specific receptor pathways and describes the mechanisms leading to their activation, the targets that interact with these kinases, and the biological events that they regulate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.513
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE TWO-COMPONENT SIGNALING PATHWAY OF BACTERIAL CHEMOTAXIS: A Molecular View of Signal Transduction by Receptors, Kinases, and Adaptation Enzymes (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 457-512 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The chemosensory pathway of bacterial chemotaxis has become a paradigm for the two-component superfamily of receptor-regulated phosphorylation pathways. This simple pathway illustrates many of the fundamental principles and unanswered questions in the field of signaling biology. A molecular description of pathway function has progressed rapidly because it is accessible to diverse structural, biochemical, and genetic approaches. As a result, structures are emerging for most of the pathway elements, biochemical studies are elucidating the mechanisms of key signaling events, and genetic methods are revealing the intermolecular interactions that transmit information between components. Recent advances include (a) the first molecular picture of a conformational transmembrane signal in a cell surface receptor, (b) four new structures of kinase domains and adaptation enzymes, and (c) significant new insights into the mechanisms of receptor-mediated kinase regulation, receptor adaptation, and the phospho-activation of signaling proteins. Overall, the chemosensory pathway and the propulsion system it regulates provide an ideal system in which to probe molecular principles underlying complex cellular signaling and behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.457
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FORMATION AND FUNCTION OF SPEMANN'S ORGANIZER (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 611-667 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The organizer is formed in an equatorial sector of the blastula stage amphibian embryo by cells that have responded to two maternal agents: a general meso-endoderm inducer (involving the TFG-beta signaling pathway) and a dorsal modifier (probably involving the Wnt signaling pathway). The meso-endoderm inducer is secreted by most vegetal cells, those containing maternal materials that had been localized in the vegetal hemisphere of the oocyte during oogenesis. As a consequence of the inducer's distribution and action, the competence domains of prospective ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm are established in an animal-to-vegetal order in the blastula. The dorsal modifier signal is secreted by a sector of cells of the animal and vegetal hemispheres on one side of the blastula. These cells contain maternal materials transported there in the first cell cycle from the vegetal pole of the egg along microtubules aligned by cortical rotation. The Nieuwkoop center is the region of blastula cells secreting both maternal signals, and hence specifying the organizer in an equatorial sector. Final steps of organizer formation at the late blastula or early gastrula stage may involve locally secreted zygotic signals as well. At the gastrula stage, the organizer secretes a variety of zygotic proteins that act as antagonists to various members of the BMP and Wnt families of ligands, which are secreted by cells of the competence domains surrounding the organizer. BMPs and Wnts favor ventral development, and cells near the organizer are protected from these agents by the organizer's inducers. The nearby cells are derepressed in their inherent capacity for dorsal development, which is apparent in the neural induction of the ectoderm, dorsalization of the mesoderm, and anteriorization of the endoderm. The organizer also engages in extensive specialized morphogenesis, which brings it within range of responsive cell groups. It also self-differentiates to a variety of axial tissues of the body.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.611
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    LIGHT CONTROL OF PLANT DEVELOPMENT (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 203-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To grow and develop optimally, all organisms need to perceive and process information from both their biotic and abiotic surroundings. A particularly important environmental cue is light, to which organisms respond in many different ways. Because they are photosynthetic and non-motile, plants need to be especially plastic in response to their light environment. The diverse responses of plants to light require sophisticated sensing of its intensity, direction, duration, and wavelength. The action spectra of light responses provided assays to identify three photoreceptor systems absorbing in the red/far-red, blue/near-ultraviolet, and ultraviolet spectral ranges. Following absorption of light, photoreceptors interact with other signal transduction elements, which eventually leads to many molecular and morphological responses. While a complete signal transduction cascade is not known yet, molecular genetic studies using the model plant Arabidopsis have led to substantial progress in dissecting the signal transduction network. Important gains have been made in determining the function of the photoreceptors, the terminal response pathways, and the intervening signal transduction components.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.203
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ADIPOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION AND LEPTIN EXPRESSION (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 231-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Adipose tissue has long been known to house the largest energy reserves in the animal body. Recent research indicates that in addition to this role, the adipocyte functions as a global regulator of energy metabolism. Adipose tissue is exquisitely sensitive to a variety of endocrine and paracrine signals, e.g. insulin, glucagon, glucocorticoids, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), that combine to control both the secretion of other regulatory factors and the recruitment and differentiation of new adipocytes. The process of adipocyte differentiation is controlled by a cascade of transcription factors, most notably those of the C/EBP and PPAR families, which combine to regulate each other and to control the expression of adipocyte-specific genes. One such gene, i.e. the obese gene, was recently identified and found to encode a hormone, referred to as leptin, that plays a major role in the regulation of energy intake and expenditure. The hormonal and transcriptional control of adipocyte differentiation is discussed, as is the role of leptin and other factors secreted by the adipocyte that participate in the regulation of adipose homeostasis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.231
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ASSEMBLY AND ENLARGEMENT OF THE PRIMARY CELL WALL IN PLANTS (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 171-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Growing plant cells are shaped by an extensible wall that is a complex amalgam of cellulose microfibrils bonded noncovalently to a matrix of hemicelluloses, pectins, and structural proteins. Cellulose is synthesized by complexes in the plasma membrane and is extruded as a self-assembling microfibril, whereas the matrix polymers are secreted by the Golgi apparatus and become integrated into the wall network by poorly understood mechanisms. The growing wall is under high tensile stress from cell turgor and is able to enlarge by a combination of stress relaxation and polymer creep. A pH-dependent mechanism of wall loosening, known as acid growth, is characteristic of growing walls and is mediated by a group of unusual wall proteins called expansins. Expansins appear to disrupt the noncovalent bonding of matrix hemicelluloses to the microfibril, thereby allowing the wall to yield to the mechanical forces generated by cell turgor. Other wall enzymes, such as (1 4) beta-glucanases and pectinases, may make the wall more responsive to expansin-mediated wall creep, whereas pectin methylesterases and peroxidases may alter the wall so as to make it resistant to expansin-mediated creep.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.171
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A WEAK HUMAN MLR LOCUS MAPPING AT THE RIGHT OF A CROSSING-OVER BETWEEN HLA-D, Bf AND GLO (1978)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 5 (1978), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An unexpected MLR reaction has been observed between three HLA-identical sibs; it consists of a bidirectional positive MLR between identical female twins and a sister. No argument for a lymphoid mosaic could be found, although twins were frequent in the family; similary no HLA-A/B or HLA-B/D recombinant could be demonstrated.The MLR, although weak, was highly reproducible. PLTs could be raised between the sibs, without an apparent segregation in this family nor in five other families, but such PLTs discriminated well between the positive and negative controls. In the absence of any proof that such a weak MLR locus could be on another chromosome than chromosome 6, two lines of argument are indirect evidences that such a locus could be indeed on chromosome 6: one of the sibs differs from the two others for two markers outside HLA-D-DR-Bf: glyoxalate (GLO) and red blood group P.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1978.tb00667.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    RESTRICTED EXPRESSION OF LW ANTIGEN ON SUBSETS OF HUMAN B AND T LYMPHOCYTES (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 11 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: NIM-M8 is a monoclonla IgM antibody, specific for the LWab antigen as shown by its reaction with red cells of all donors except those lacking LWa, LWb and LWab. Indirect immunofluorescent staining and cell sorter analyses have shown that LWab is present on a subpopulation of human lymphoctes. Cell fractionation studies indicate that subsets of both B and T cells express LWab and it may, therefore, provide a further marker for heterogeneity in these lymphocyte populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1984.tb00816.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SHORT COMMUNICATIONS: THE Wrb ANTIGEN IN Sta-POSITIVE AND DANTU-POSITIVE HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 11 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Immunoprecipitation using a monoclonal antibody showed that the Wrb antigen is present on the abnormal (δ-α) hybrid sialoglycoprotein of Sta-positive human erythrocytes but not on the abnormal (δ-α) hybrid sialoglycoprotein of Dantu-positive erythrocytes. These results provide further information regarding the nature and location of the Wrb antigen on the normal erythrocyte sialoglycoprotein α.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1984.tb00822.x
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY IN THE BABOON (PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS): EXAMINATION OF STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ADULT AND FETAL LYMPHOID CELLS (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 11 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We studied structural and functional characteristics of lymphocytes from adult and fetal baboons (Papio cynocephalus). Flow cytometry with monoclonal antibodies to human lymphocyte antigens and plant lectins was used to define expression of surface antigens on lymphocytes from adult and 140 day fetal baboons (term = 180 days). Major T cell antigenic determinants on adult and fetal baboon lymphocytes were the Tp50, Tp32-45, and p45 glycoproteins detected by monoclonal reagents T11, OKT8, and OKT10 respectively. Baboon T lymphocytes did not react with the OKT3/anti-Leu4 or OKT4/ anti-Leu3a reagents which detect, respectively, Tp19-29 and Tp55, major surface glycoproteins on human T lymphocytes. OKT6, which identifies the human TL antigen equivalent on thymocytes, did not react with baboon thymocytes. These data demonstrate major evolutionary divergence between human and baboon T lymphocytes. By contrast, baboon lymphocytes resembled human peripheral lymphocytes in reactivities with several non-T cell reagents. Lectin binding studies revealed substantially fewer peanut agglutinin-and wheat germ agglutinin-binding cells in suspensions of baboon fetal splenocytes and adult peripheral lymphocytes compared with fetal thymocytes. Thereffore, maturation of baboon T lymphocytes is associated with loss of surface carbohydrate structures that bind these lectins. Adult and fetal baboon lymphocytes resembled human and murine lymphocytes in their capabilities to respond to mitogens and to produce interleukin-2. As in oter species, adult, but not fetal baboon lymphocytes, mediated NK activity against a variety of nucleated target cells. Despite divergence in lymphocyte antigen epression, babbon lymphocyte functional development colsely parallels that seen in humans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    GENETIC STUDY OF TUNISIAN BERBERS. I. Gm, Am AND Km IMMUNOGLOBULIN ALLOTYPES AND ABO BLOOD GROUPS (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 11 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The Gm, Am and Km immunoglobulin allotypes and ABO blood groups were studied in three groups of Tunisian Berbers.The results showed that the actual Berbers of Tunisia present certain heterogeneity and their ancestors were probably the first inhabitants of North Africa. Indeed, although their Gm-Am haplotypes are mainly Caucasoid, some of them are typically African.The group of Kesra village, the most Caucasoid, shows frequencies of Gm-Am haplotypes very close to those of South European populations, particularly the Spanish, who are probably of the same origin. The gene frequencies of the ABO groups in the three Berber groups were similar to those recorded in European populations with a relatively high frequency of the O genes typical of the Berbers.
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    H - 2 ANTIGENS OF CERTAIN t AND NON-t MICE REACT WITH THE SAME MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 11 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Monoclonal antibody 212.i.4.2 mediated complement-dependent lysis of spleen and lymph node cells carrying the tw1, tw12, tw71, t6, tw73, and tLub1 haplotypes, while cells from mice carrying 11 other t haplotypes were not lysed. The antibody also detected an epitope controlled by genes in the H-2Dd region of non-t mice. A molecule of 46,000 molecular weight was immunoprecipitated by 212.i.4.2 from detergent extracts of 125I-labelled spleen cells of +/tw12 and B10.D2 mice. The H-2dm2 mutation did not alter the expression of the epitope recognized by 212.i.4.2. However, the H-2dm1 mutation decreased the reactivity of lymphoid cells with the antibody in cytotoxicity tests, and 212.i.4.2 immunoprecipitated little or no protein from extracts of B10.D2(R106) spleen cells which carry the H-2dm1 mutation.
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    AN INTERESTING MONOCLONAL ANTI-N PRODUCED FOLLOWING IMMUNIZATION WITH HUMAN GROUP O, NN ERYTHROCYTES (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 11 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Spleen cells from Balb/c mice given multiple injections of intact human erythrocytes (group O, NN) were fused with NS1 myeloma cells. Culture fluids from the resulting hybrid cells were screened for agglutinating antibody against a panel of erythrocytes. One cell line, 2/23, secreted an IgM antibody which reacted more strongly with NN than with MM cells. Neuraminidase or papain treatment of erythrocytes abolished agglutination whereas trypsin treatment did not. Reactions with U-erythrocytes of different MN phenotypes confirmed the anti-N specificity of monoclonal antibody 2/23. This is the first report of monoclonal anti-N stimulated by the immunization of mice with intact erythrocytes.
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    VARIATION IN H-2 ANTIGEN EXPRESSION ON LYMPHOMYELOID CELLS IN SEMI-ALLOGENEIC IRRADIATION CHIMERAS (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 11 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Spleen cells from 30 individual murine irradiation chimeras of the type (P1 x P2)F1→ P1 were compared in a rosetting assay for H-2K and H-2D cell surface antigen expression with normal (P1 x P2)F1 hybrid controls. Eleven out of the 30 chimeras were in the normal range, but the other 19 differed from F1 controls by 4- to 100-fold in endpoint titre for at least one H-2K or H-2D antigen. Every possible class of variation was found, i.e. up or down variation of H-2K or H-2D antigens of P1 or P2 type. This evidence, together with data from T6 chromosome marker experiments which also showed full reconstitution of lethally irradiated P1 recipients by (P1 x P2)F1 donor lymphomyloid stem cells, suggested that incomplete reconstitution was not the cause of H-2 antigenic variation.Low expression of P2 H-2 antigens on spleen cells derived from (P1 x P2)F1→ P1 chimeras was investigated further. Fifteen lethally irradiated (P1 x P2)F1 recipients of bone marrow cells from two such chimeras were all of normal F1 H-2 phenotype when tested 10-12 weeks after reconstitution, thus excluding stable, low P2 H-2-expressing variant F1 stem cells as a cause of the phenomenon. If P1 recipients were hyperimmunized against P2 cells before lethal irradiation and reconstitution with (P1 x P2)F1 stem cells, there were significantly fewer Till-McCulloch colonies in their spleens 10 days after reconstitution than in spleens of unimmunized controls. Also 〉 90% of immunized recients died by 6 weeks after stem cell injection but two survivors both showed very low levels of P2 H-2K and H-2D antigens. These results together with previously published evidence of anti-P2 Tc cell activity and P2 skin graft rejection in (P1 x P2)F1→ P1 chimeras suggested that residual anti-P2 immunological capability in lethally irradiated P1 recipients may be associated with low P2 H-2 expression on their F1-derived spleen cells, although the mechanism does not involve selection of stable, variant F1 stem cells. The mechanism(s) of other classes of variation in H-2 expression in (P1 x P2)F1→ P1 chimeras were not investigated.
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    H-2 CONTROL OF POLYADENYLATED mRNA PRODUCTION IN THE SPLEEN OF MICE INJECTED WITH BRUCELLA ANTIGENS (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 11 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: RNA was extracted from the splenocytes of Brucella abortus antigen stimulated mice and of control mice. The proportion of chromatographically separated polyadenylated 11.2S mRNA, was determined. With the technique used, only stimulated mice exhibited significant amounts of this RNA species. The highest level was reached 1 day after the stimulation, and the decay from this level presented an oscillatory form during the 4 weeks following the injection.In two different genetic backgrounds, H-2b mice did not respond to the stimulus, in contrast to H-2a and H-2f mice. H-2b/H-2f heterozygotes behaved roughly as intermediate between H-2b and H-2f mice. This genetic control seems to parallel the genetic control of some Brucella-induced, thymus-dependent events previously described.
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 11 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Book Reviews in this ArticleR. WITKOWSKI and O. PROKOP: Genetik erblicher Syndrome und Mgbildungen. Worterbuch fur die Familienberatung.
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    GENETIC CONTROL OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO HAEMOGLOBIN (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 11 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Monoclonal anti-Ia inhibition experiments were conducted to confirm and extend genetic mapping data of I-A gene control of immunity to human haemoglobin (Hb). It was found that the Aβ gene is of critical importance in conferring immunity to the α-chain and β-chain subunits of Hb. A possible involvement of I-E region genes in B10.D2 mice to β-chain is discussed. Through the use of an α-chain specific T cell clone data, is obtained indicating that an intact Ia.8+ Aβ chain is necessary for antigen presentation in vitro.
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    PHENOTYPES OF THE FOURTH COMPLEMENT COMPONENT (C4) IN BLACK AMERICANS FROM THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 10 (1983), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: C4 is composed of two tightly linked genes (C4A and C4B) lying within the major histocompatibility complex of chromosome 6 that can be demonstrated by agarose gel electrophoresis. Seven alleles and five alleles at the C4A and C4B loci, respectively, were detected in 169 black individuals from the southeastern United States. Furthermore, the phenotypic frequencies of C4A6, C4A5, C4A4, C4B4, C4B3, and C4BQO were significantly different between black and white Americans.
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    GENETIC LINKAGE OF SUBGROUP C ROUS SARCOMA VIRUS-INDUCED TUMOR EXPRESSION IN CHICKENS TO THE IR-GAT LOCUS OF THE B COMPLEX (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 10 (1983), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two B complex genotypes, B1B1 and B19B19, of outbred line S1, were tested for low and high immune response to GAT, from which four recombinants were recovered: B1B1 GAT-hi and lo, and B19B19 GAT-hi and -lo. Also included in the study were birds of B2B2 genotype with an intermediate level of immune response to GAT.A total of 225 birds of these groups were challenged with the Bryan strain of Rous Sarcoma virus subgroup C, RSV (RAV-7), by inoculation into the wing web at five weeks of age. The B1B1 genotype had the lowest percentage of regressors (17.6%), B19B19 had the highest (42.2%), and the B2B2 genotype was intermediate (23.7%). Combining the results of GAT response over the B1B1 and B19B19 genotypes, 14.0% of GAT-lo and 37.8% of GAT-hi regressed their tumours, respectively. The highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) difference between the combined GAT-hi and -lo groups would suggest that the Rs locus controlling tumour regression induced by the subgroup C virus is closely linked to the region controlling immune response to GAT, but the data also provides evidence that the B-F region of the B complex also plays an important role in RSV-induced tumour regression.
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    STUDIES OF CONGENITALLY IMMUNOLOGICALLY MUTANT NEW ZEALAND MICE: VIII. CELL-SURFACE PHENOTYPE OF SPLEEN CELLS OF Xid AND NUDE MICE (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 10 (1983), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Surface immunoglobulin on spleen cells from NZB and NZB/W mice and congenic mice bearing the nude or X-linked immune defective (Xid) gene was examined by flow microfluorometry with regard to both the frequency of positive cells and density expressed on the cell. These data indicate that although the frequency of unseparated sIg+ B lymphocytes is equivalent among all of these groups of mice, the densities of sIgM and sIgD are different. Spleen cells from these mice were also separated by free-flow electrophoresis and analyzed in a similar manner. This analysis demonstrated the absence of a subpopulation of B lymphocytes with a low electrophoretic mobility and low expression of sIgM. These studies suggest that maturational and/or activation states of the B cells in mice bearing the Xid or nude genes are different from those seen in the parent strains of mice. Such alterations in cell-surface antigens correlate with differences in the natural history of immunopathology of the autoimmune disease in these congenic colonies of New Zealand mice.
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    IMMUNOGLOBULIN (Gm) ALLOTYPE FREQUENCIES IN PATIENTS WITH GIANT CELL ARTERITIS AND POLYMYALGIA RHEUMATICA (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 10 (1983), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Fifty-five Caucasoid patients with polymalgia rheumatica (PMR) or giant cell arteritis (GCA) were immunoglobulin (Gm) allotyped for this study. Forty-four of these patients had been previously HLA-A,B,C and DR locus allotyped. The incidence of the immunoglobulin allotypic marker Glm(2) was significantly increased in the GCA group (50.00% v. controls 18.75%, P= 〈0.01). There was a similar but insignificant rise of this Gm marker in the PMR group (27.24% v. 18.75%, NS). The increase in Glm(2) in the GCA group was not accompanied by a corresponding rise in the number of people homozygous for Glm(2), i.e., all the increase could be attributed to patients with the Glm(1,2,3): G3m(5,10,21) phenotype.
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    A GENE MAPPING BETWEEN THE S AND D REGIONS OF THE H-2 COMPLEX INFLUENCES RESISTANCE TO TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS INFECTIONS OF MICE (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 10 (1983), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The strains B 10.S(7R), B 10.S(23 R) and B 10.S(24R), all thought to be genetically identical, differ in levels of susceptibility to infection with Trichinella spiralis. In a series of nine independent experiments, B 10.S(7R) was shown to be more susceptible than the other two strains. In another series of seven experiments, the strain B 10.A(18R) was shown to be more susceptible to infection with T. spiralis than the strains B 10.S(21R) or B 10.BAR-5, all of which were thought to share common H-2 alleles. These results indicate that a gene mapping between the S and D loci influences susceptibility to infection with T. spiralis. Typing of these strains for Qa and Tl loci rule out the possibility of a double crossover accounting for the differences observed. The new gene is designated Ts-2. Previously published data have also been reinterpreted and another gene Ts-1 is shown to be associated with the Aβ locus. When the d allele is expressed at the Ts-2 locus, strains of mice expressing s, q, f or b alleles at Ts-1 are rendered more susceptible to infection.
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 10 (1983), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE MAJOR HISTOCOPATIBILITY COMPLEX OF THE RAT (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 10 (1983), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1983.tb00804.x
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    IgG AND IgA HEAVY CHAIN ALLOTYPES IN TYPE 1 DIABETES (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 10 (1983), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: IgG and IgA heavy chain allotypes were determined in the sera of 483 Caucasian Type 1 diabetes patients and 503 Caucasian healthy controls. There was no significant difference between patients and controls neither on the level of Gm phenotype frequencies nor on the level of Gm three-locus and two-locus haplotype frequencies. A selective IgA deficiency was found in 14 patients (2.9%) but in none of the control individuals (P〈10-4).
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    LATENT IMMUNOGLOBULIN G (Gm) ALLOTYPES: OCCURRENCE IN THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID IN SOME NEUROPATHOLOGICAL STATES (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 10 (1983), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Gm allotypes were detected and quantitated by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in paired serum and CSF samples from patients suffering from various neurological diseases. Of 115 patients with neurological disorders (65 MS and 50 others), seven subjects displayed one or two allotypes in their CSF which were absent in serum. The Gm phenotype in the patient's serum allowed us to infer the genotype without the need of familial data. A comparison of the regression curves obtained in RIA from the unexpected allotype in CSF and the counterpart in a normal serum pool argued for an identity of the Gm antigen carried by both inhibitory molecules. The unexpected allotype(s) in CSF can be considered as the product of a latent Gm gene which may be activated by either immune perturbations due to the disease per se or some particular immune regulations in the central nervous system.
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 10 (1983), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:N. Catsimpoolas; Cell Analysis. Plenum Publishing CorpJ.W.Shay: Techniques In Somatic Cell Genetics
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    THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX OF RHESUS MONKEYS, RhLA: XV. CHEMICAL CHARACTRIZATIONS OF DR LOCUS ANTIGENS AND ANTIGEN 48 (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 10 (1983), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Immunoprecipitaon studies of the rhesus monkey major histocompatibility system have shown that the RhLA-DR locus codes for class II antigens with molecular features that are homologous to the class II antigens coded for by the human HLA-dR locus, The products of another alloantigenic RhLA-linked locus of the rhesus monkey, called ‘48’, is provisionally characterized as a class I system.
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    BOOK REVIEW (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 10 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1983.tb01020.x
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    HUMAN ‘Ia’ ANTIGEN POPULATIONS DEFINED BY MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 10 (1983), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The relationships between the antigens recognized by four monoclonal anti-human ‘Ia’-like antibodies were investigated using sequential immunoprecipitation and capping techniques. Two of the antibodies were ‘monomorphic’ and have previously been shown to recognize epitopes in which carbohydrate residues are involved, whereas the two ‘polymorphic’ antibodies recognized protein-defined epitopes—one of these epitopes being present on MB+DR- molecules. In the absence of an indisputable anti-DR monoclonal antibody, it was not possible to conclusively verify which ‘Ia’-encoded antigens were detected by the anti-‘Ia’-like monoclonal antibodies. Nevertheless, several firm conclusions could be drawn: (a) so-called ‘monomorphic’ antibodies do not necessarily react with all ‘Ia’ molecules encoded by a single locus—from the results using the two monomorphic antibodies, B5.1 and 3F1.1, described herein, two populations of antigens being B5.1+3F1.1+ and B5.1+3F1.1- were identified; (b) cross-reactivity of a polymorphic determinant expressed on antigenically-separable ‘Ia’ molecules was noted—using the two polymorphic antibodies, 26.1 and F5C9, molecules which were 26.1+F5C9+ and 26.1-F5C9+ were identified; and (c) the data clearly point to the existence of at least two loci coding for ‘Ia’-like antigens (one of which may or may not be the HLA-DR locus). Given that polymorphisms can now include protein- and carbohydrate-defined epitopes, that cross-reactions occur and that the definition of DR itself by monoclonal antibodies is not clear, the complexity of the human ‘Ia’ antgens is apparent.
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    HLA IN FAMILIAL HODGKIN'S DISEASE (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 10 (1983), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We report HLA genotypes in four familial cases of Hodgkin's disease (HD), Nodular Sclerosis (NS) histological subtype, where all patients showed B18 antigen. This finding, although statistically not supported, confirms the possible correlation between HD and B18 antigen which carries a high relative risk in international data.
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    T- LYMPHOCYTE RECOGNITION OF SPERM-WHALE MYOGLOBIN. RECOGNITION OF SYNTHETIC PEPTIDES CARRYING ANTIGENIC SITE 5 BY MYOGLOBIN-PRIMED T-CELLS (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 10 (1983), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Previous studies from this laboratory have resulted in the determination of the antigenic structure of sperm-whale myoglobin (Mb). In the present work, we have investigated the fine specificity requirements for T-cell recognition of one of the Mb antigenic sites (antigenic site 5). The antigenic site (peptide 145-153) and seven progressively longer peptides, increasing in length stepwise by two residues at a time, up to 22 residues in length (peptide 132-153), were synthesized. In addition, four truncated peptides were synthesized with intentional deletions at Tyr- 151 and Ala- 144. The T-cell recognition of these purified synthetic peptides was examined here in detail in three strains of mice (BALB/cByJ, B10.D2/n and SJL/J). Mb-primed mice afforded T-cells which proliferated to smaller peptides (two or four residues longer than the site; i.e. peptides 145-153 and 143-153) and more so to the longer peptides 135-153 and 132-153 and to Mb. No response was obtained to the truncated peptides, thus underscoring the fine specificity T-cells. No response was obtained also to intermediate-sized peptides. The latter result, due to an unfavourable mode of folding, suggested a conformational dependency in T-lymphocyte recognition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1983.tb01026.x
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    IMMUNOGLOBULIN ALLOTYPES IN ABORIGINAL POPULATIONS OF THE TAIMIR PENINSULA (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 10 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Serum blood samples from 563 of the total 700 Nganasans, members of the isolate in the northern-most part of Siberia were tested for G1m, (z,a,x,f), G2m (n), G3m (g,b0,b1,b3,b5,s,t), and km (1) allotypic determinants. Additionally, 78 Yenisey Samoyeds (Entsi) who are the Nganasan's western neighbours were studied. Both populations are remarkable for high frequency of ‘Northern Oriental’Gm (za;.;b0b3b5st) which appears to be the most frequent haplotype in the Nganasans (0.486), and is the second frequent in Yenisey Samoyeds (0.276). The Gm (f;b) generalized haplotype which used to be considered as an indicator of Caucasian gene flow occurred in the Nganasans in the very low frequency of 0.008, versus 0.045 revealed in adjoining Yenisey Samoyeds. Both populations also differ in the frequency of Km1 which is two times lower in the Nganasans (0.048), than in Yenisey Samoyeds (0.103). When segregation ratios for the Gm locus were inspected in 67 Nganasan families, no apparent deviations from Mendelian expectations, and no recombinant phenotypes were observed.
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    GENETIC CONTROL OF PQ PROLONGATION OF THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM IN THE MOUSE IMMUNIZED WITH THE KILLED GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 10 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Genetic control of PQ prolongation of the electrocardiogram (ECG) in the mouse, immunized with killed group A streptococci, was studied by using various congenic mice. Mice of H-2a, H-2k and H-2f haplotypes showed high frequencies of PQ prolongation, while haplotypes of H-2b, H-2d and H-2s showed low frequencies of PQ prolongation. Studies using various recombinant mice revealed that at least one immune-associated (Ir) gene mapped in the left side of the I-B subregion. High responsiveness of F1 hybrids of H-2b and H-2d, as well as B1O.A(5R) and B10.A(3R), suggests the existence of a complementing gene. In addition, the differences between C3H and CKB, as well as differences between C3H.SW and CWB, indicate that another Ir gene maps in the immunoglobulin heavy chain (Igh) coding loci. Repeated injections of anti-I-J or anti-I-A antisera also modified this PQ prolongation. These results suggested that both the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and immunoglobulin (Igh) loci seem to be playing important roles in the pathogenesis of PQ prolongation.
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    OVARIAN DEFECT IN RATS CARRYING THE GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION COMPLEX (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 10 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The growth and reproduction complex contains recessive genes (grc) which influence body weight and gonadal development. Homozygous males are sterile, and they have an arrest of spermatogenesis at the primary spermatocyte stage. Homozygous females are fertile but have a reduced reproductive capacity. The data presented in this paper show that the latter defect is associated with a decrease in the relative number of secondary ovarian follicles and an increase in the number of atretic follicles. This finding indicates that most of the primary follicles do not mature properly. Thus, the genetic defect in gametogenesis controlled by the grc appears to occur at the same stage of development in both females and males.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1983.tb01017.x
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    CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES: Engines, Clocks, and Microprocessors (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 261-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) play a well-established role in the regulation of the eukaryotic cell division cycle and have also been implicated in the control of gene transcription and other processes. Cdk activity is governed by a complex network of regulatory subunits and phosphorylation events whose precise effects on Cdk conformation have been revealed by recent crystallographic studies. In the cell, these regulatory mechanisms generate an interlinked series of Cdk oscillators that trigger the events of cell division.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.261
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    INITIATION OF DNA REPLICATION IN EUKARYOTIC CELLS (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 293-332 
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    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The recent identification of proteins that recognize origins of DNA replication and control the initiation of eukaryotic DNA replication has provided critical molecular tools to dissect this process. Dynamic changes in the assembly and disassembly of protein complexes at origins are important for the initiation of DNA replication and occur throughout the cell cycle. Herein, we review the key proteins required for the initiation of DNA replication, their involvement in the protein complex assembly at replication origins, and how the cell cycle machinery regulates this process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.293
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    NUCLEAR ASSEMBLY (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 669-695 
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    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We review old and new insights into the structure of the nuclear envelope and the components responsible for its dynamic reassembly during mitosis. New information is coming to light about several of the proteins that mediate nuclear reassembly. These proteins include the lamins and their emerging relationship with proteins such as otefin and the MAN antigens: peripheral proteins that might participate in lamina structure. There are four identified proteins localized to the inner nuclear membrane: the lamina-associated proteins LAP1 and LAP2, emerin, and the lamin B receptor (LBR). LBR can interact independently with lamin B and a chromodomain protein, Hp1, and appears to be a central player in targeting nuclear membranes to chromatin. Intermediates in the assembly of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) can now be studied biochemically and visualized by high resolution scanning electron microscopy. We discuss the possibility that the filament-forming proteins Tpr/p270, NuMA, and perhaps actin may have roles in nuclear assembly.
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    PLANT CELL MORPHOGENESIS: Plasma Membrane Interactions with the Cytoskeleton and Cell Wall (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 697-743 
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    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Because plants are composed of immobile cells, plant morphogenesis requires mechanisms allowing precise control of cell expansion and cell division patterns. Cortical domains, localized in response to directional cues, are of central importance in establishing cell polarity, orienting cell division, and determining daughter cell fates in a wide variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Such domains consist of localized macromolecular complexes that, in plant cells, provide spatial control of cell expansion and cell division functions. The role of the cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, and targeted secretion to the cell wall in the spatial regulation of cell morphogenesis in plants is discussed in light of recent results from model organisms, including brown algal zygotes (e.g. Fucus). A general model, emphasizing the importance of cortical sites and targeted secretion, is proposed for morphogenesis in higher plant cells based on current knowledge and principles derived from analysis of the establishment of a stable cortical asymmetry in Fucus. The model illustrates mechanisms to direct the orientation of an asymmetric division resulting in daughter cells with different fates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.697
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    STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND REGULATION OF THE VACUOLAR (H+)-ATPase (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 779-808 
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    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The vacuolar (H+)-ATPases (or V-ATPases) function in the acidification of intracellular compartments in eukaryotic cells. The V-ATPases are multisubunit complexes composed of two functional domains. The peripheral V1 domain, a 500-kDa complex responsible for ATP hydrolysis, contains at least eight different subunits of molecular weight 70-13 (subunits A-H). The integral V0 domain, a 250-kDa complex, functions in proton translocation and contains at least five different subunits of molecular weight 100-17 (subunits a-d). Biochemical and genetic analysis has been used to identify subunits and residues involved in nucleotide binding and hydrolysis, proton translocation, and coupling of these activities. Several mechanisms have been implicated in the regulation of vacuolar acidification in vivo, including control of pump density, regulation of assembly of V1 and V0 domains, disulfide bond formation, activator or inhibitor proteins, and regulation of counterion conductance. Recent information concerning targeting and regulation of V-ATPases has also been obtained.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.779
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    THE DESIGN PLAN OF KINESIN MOTORS (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 745-777 
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    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The kinesin superfamily comprises a large and structurally diverse group of microtubule-based motor proteins that produce a variety of force-generating activities within cells. This review addresses how the structures of kinesin proteins provide clues as to their biological functions and motile properties. We discuss structural features common to all kinesin motors, as well as specialized features that enable subfamilies of related motors to carry out specialized activities. We also discuss how the kinesin motor domain uses chemical energy from ATP hydrolysis to move along microtubules.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.745
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    NATURALLY OCCURRING PRIMARY DEFICIENCIES OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 15 (1997), S. 93-124 
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    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Naturally occurring genetic disorders of the immune system provide many models for the study of its development and function. In a way, their analysis complements the information provided by the generation of genetic defects in mice created using homologous recombination techniques. In this review, the recent findings made in three areas are focused upon deficiencies in T cell differentiation and in T lymphocyte activation, and on the control process of peripheral immune response.
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    Fc RECEPTOR BIOLOGY (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 15 (1997), S. 203-234 
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    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This review deals with membrane Fc receptors (FcR) of the immunoglobulin superfamily. It is focused on the mechanisms by which FcR trigger and regulate biological responses of cells on which they are expressed. FcR deliver signals when they are aggregated at the cell surface. The aggregation of FcR having immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) activates sequentially src family tyrosine kinases and syk family tyrosine kinases that connect transduced signals to common activation pathways shared with other receptors. FcR with ITAMs elicit cell activation, endocytosis, and phagocytosis. The nature of responses depends primarily on the cell type. The aggregation of FcR without ITAM does not trigger cell activation. Most of these FcR internalize their ligands, which can be endocytosed, phagocytosed, or transcytosed. The fate of internalized receptor-ligand complexes depends on defined sequences in the intracytoplasmic domain of the receptors. The coaggregation of different FcR results in positive or negative cooperation. Some FcR without ITAM use FcR with ITAM as signal transduction subunits. The coaggregation of antigen receptors or of FcR having ITAMs with FcR having immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motifs (ITIMs) negatively regulates cell activation. FcR therefore appear as the subunits of multichain receptors whose constitution is not predetermined and which deliver adaptative messages as a function of the environment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.15.1.203
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    INDUCTION OF TH1 AND TH2 CD4+ T CELL RESPONSES:The Alternative Approaches (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 15 (1997), S. 297-322 
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    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract T helper lymphocytes can be divided into two distinct subsets of effector cells based on their functional capabilities and the profile of cytokines they produce. The Th1 subset of CD4+ T cells secretes cytokines usually associated with inflammation, such as IFN-gamma and TNF and induces cell-mediated immune responses. The Th2 subset produces cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-5 that help B cells to proliferate and differentiate and is associated with humoral-type immune responses. The selective differentiation of either subset is established during priming and can be significantly influenced by a variety of factors. One of these factors, the cytokine environment, has been put forward as the major variable influencing Th development and is already well reviewed by others. Instead, in the current review, we focus on some of the alternative approaches for skewing Th1/Th2 responses. Specifically, we discuss the effects on Th priming of (a) using altered peptide ligands as antigens, (b) varying the dose of antigen, and (c) altering costimulatory signals. The potential importance of each of these variables to influence immune responses to pathogens in vivo is discussed throughout.
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    HUMAN CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE RESPONSES TO EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTION (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 15 (1997), S. 405-431 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) provides one of the most informative systems with which to study cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in humans. The virus establishes a highly immunogenic growth-transforming infection of B lymphocytes, associated with the coordinate expression of six virus-coded nuclear antigens (EBNAs 1, 2, 3A, 3B, 3C, -LP) and two latent membrane proteins (LMPs 1 and 2). This elicits both primary and memory CT8+ CTL responses that are markedly skewed toward HLA allele-specific epitopes drawn from the EBNA3A, 3B, 3C subset of latent proteins, with reactivities to other antigens being generally much less frequent. This heirarchy of immunodominance among the different latent proteins may at least partly reflect their differential accessibility to the HLA class I-processing pathway. Furthermore, CTLs to some of the immunodominant epitopes involve highly conserved T cell receptor (TCR) usage, a level of focusing which evidence suggests could have immunopathological consequences from cross-reactive recognition of other target structures. EBV is associated with a range of human tumors, and there is increasing interest in the possibility of targeting such malignancies using virus-specific CTLs. The dramatic reversal of EBV-driven lymphoproliferations in bone marrow transplant patients following CTL infusion demonstrates the potential of this approach, and here we discuss prospects for its extension to other EBV-positive tumors in which the immunodominant EBNA3A, 3B, 3C proteins are not expressed.
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    MOUSE CD1-SPECIFIC NK1 T CELLS:Development, Specificity, and Function (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 15 (1997), S. 535-562 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract NK1 T cells are a specialized population of alpha/beta T cells that coexpress receptors of the NK lineage and have the unique potential to very rapidly secrete large amounts of cytokines, providing early help for effector cells and regulating the Th1 or Th2 differentiation of some immune responses. NK1 T cells express a restricted TCR repertoire made of an invariant TCR alpha chain, Valpha14-Jalpha281, associated with polyclonal Vbeta8, Vbeta7, and Vbeta2 TCR beta chains. NK1 T cells recognize the products of the conserved family of MHC class I-like CD1 genes, apparently in the absence of foreign antigens. Thus, this novel regulatory pathway, which straddles the innate and the adaptive immune systems, is unique in that its activation may not require associative recognition of antigen. Here, we review the specificity and function of mouse NK1 T cells, and we discuss the relationship of this lineage to mainstream T cells and NK cells.
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    gp130 AND THE INTERLEUKIN-6 FAMILY OF CYTOKINES (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 15 (1997), S. 797-819 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Receptors for most interleukins and cytokines that regulate immune and hematopoietic systems belong to the class I cytokine receptor family. These molecules form multichain receptor complexes in order to exhibit high-affinity binding to, and mediate biological functions of, their respective cytokines. In most cases, these functional receptor complexes share common signal transducing receptor components that are also in the class I cytokine receptor family, i.e. gp130, common beta, and common gamma molecules. Interleukin-6 and related cytokines, interleukin-11, leukemia inhibitory factor, oncostatin M, ciliary neurotrophic factor, and cardiotrophin-1 are all pleiotropic and exhibit overlapping biological functions. Functional receptor complexes for this interleukin-6 family of cytokines share gp130 as a component critical for signal transduction. Unlike cytokines sharing common beta and common gamma chains that mainly function in hematopoietic and lymphoid cell systems, the interleukin-6 family of cytokines function extensively outside these systems as well, e.g. from the cardiovascular to the nervous system, owing to ubiquitously expressed gp130. Stimulation of cells with the interleukin-6 family of cytokines triggers homo- or hetero-dimerization of gp130. Although gp130 and its dimer partners possess no intrinsic tyrosine kinase domain, the dimerization of gp130 leads to activation of associated cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases and subsequent modification of transcription factors. This paper reviews recent progress in the study of the interleukin-6 family of cytokines and gp130.
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    Structural Basis of Antibody Function (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 1 (1983), S. 87-115 
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    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.iy.01.040183.000511
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    Immunobiology of Tissue Transplantation: A Return to the Passenger Leukocyte Concept (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 1 (1983), S. 143-173 
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    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.iy.01.040183.001043
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    Mediators of Inflammation (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 1 (1983), S. 335-359 
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    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.iy.01.040183.002003
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    Regulation of B-Cell Growth and Differentiation by Soluble Factors (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 1 (1983), S. 307-327 
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    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.iy.01.040183.001515
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    Immunoregulatory T-Cell Pathways (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 1 (1983), S. 439-461 
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    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.iy.01.040183.002255
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    Genes of the Major Histocompatibility Complex of the Mouse (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 1 (1983), S. 529-568 
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    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.iy.01.040183.002525
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    THE G CELL (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 59 (1997), S. 273-298 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract The study of gastrin continues to serve as an excellent model for gastrointestinal regulatory processes. This review highlights some recent advances in the field by outlining gastrin biosynthesis, summarizing current understanding of gastrin receptors, describing the regulation of gastrin release, and discussing the clinical implications of gastrin in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease. Emphasis is on three emerging areas of gastrin research: the novel finding that one of gastrin's posttranslational processing intermediates has biological activity distinct from that of the mature peptide; elucidation of gastrin's signal transduction mechanisms that mediate the trophic effects of the peptide; and the role of gastrin in peptic ulcer disease pathogenesis secondary to Helicobacter pylori infection.
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    BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF ANGIOTENSIN AND ITS RECEPTORS (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 59 (1997), S. 395-412 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Angiotensin receptors are present in a number of organs and systems including heart, kidney, gonad, and placenta; pituitary and adrenal glands; the peripheral vessels, and the central nervous system. This octapeptide exerts diverse effects that include induction of cell hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia and a stimulation of hormone synthesis and ion transport in the heart, kidney, and adrenal, primarily through type 1 (AT1) receptors. In the kidney, several heterogeneous cell populations-endothelial, epithelial, and vascular-carry AT1 receptors. Some studies suggest that AT2 receptors are also functional, but the cell type carrying this receptor and the nature of its specific function have not been fully elucidated. Although studies indicate that AT1 receptors are affected in response to physiological and pathophysiological manipulations, the functional significance of these modulations remains largely uncertain. Nevertheless, recent human genetic studies indicate that polymorphisms in AT1 receptors, as well as in other angiotensin-related genes, have significant impact on organ remodeling processes of the heart and the kidney.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.59.1.395
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    CHEMICAL ACTIVATORS OF SENSORY NEURONS (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 59 (1997), S. 457-482 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chemical activation of sensory neurons plays an important role in the somatosensory system. The actions of both endogenous mediators such as excitatory amino acids, acetylcholine, bradykinin, and ATP, as well as selective exogenous activators of nociceptive sensory neurons are reviewed. The physiological significance of these mediators in both nociception and other types of sensation are discussed.
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    CONTROL OF M-CURRENT (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 59 (1997), S. 483-504 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract M-current is a non-inactivating potassium current found in many neuronal cell types. In each cell type, it is dominant in controlling membrane excitability by being the only sustained current in the range of action potential initiation. It can be modulated by a large array of receptor types, and the modulation can occur either by suppression or enhancement. Modulation of M-current has dramatic effects on neuronal excitability. This review discusses the numerous second messenger pathways that converge on regulation of this current: in particular, two forms of regulation of the M-current, receptor-mediated modulation and the control of macroscopic current amplitude by intracellular calcium. Both types of regulation are discussed with reference to the modulation of single-channel gating properties.
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    REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY HYPERTONICITY1 (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 59 (1997), S. 437-455 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Adaptation of cells to hypertonicity often involves changes in gene expression. Since the concentration of salt in the interstitial fluid surrounding renal inner medullary cells varies with operation of the renal concentrating mechanism and generally is very high, the adaptive mechanisms of these cells are of special interest. Renal medullary cells compensate for hypertonicity by accumulating variable amounts of compatible organic osmolytes, including sorbitol, myo-inositol, glycine betaine, and taurine. In this review we consider how these solutes help relieve the stress of hypertonicity and the nature of transporters and enzymes responsible for their variable accumulation. We emphasize recent developments concerning the molecular basis for osmotic regulation of these genes, including identification and characterization of osmotic response elements. Although osmotic stresses are much smaller in other parts of the body than in the renal medulla, similar mechanisms operate throughout, yielding important physiological and pathophysiological consequences.
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    SPATIAL RELATIONSHIPS IN EARLY SIGNALING EVENTS OF FLOW-MEDIATED ENDOTHELIAL MECHANOTRANSDUCTION (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 59 (1997), S. 527-549 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Blood flow interactions with the vascular endothelium represent a specialized example of mechanical regulation of cell function that has important physiological and pathological cardiovascular consequences. The endothelial monolayer in vivo acts as a signal transduction interface for forces associated with flowing blood (hemodynamic forces) in the acute regulation of artery tone and chronic structural remodeling of arteries, including the pathology of atherosclerosis. Mechanisms related to spatial relationships at the cell surfaces and throughout the cell that influence flow-mediated endothelial mechanotransduction are discussed. In particular, flow-mediated ion channel activation and cytoskeletal dynamics are considered in relation to topographic analyses of the luminal and abluminal surfaces of living endothelial cells.
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    SPECIAL TOPIC: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MECHANOTRANSDUCTION (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 59 (1997), S. 573-574 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.59.1.573
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    THE CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR RESPONSE OF CARDIAC MYOCYTES TO MECHANICAL STRESS (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 59 (1997), S. 551-571 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract External load plays a critical role in determining muscle mass and its phenotype in cardiac myocytes. Cardiac myocytes have the ability to sense mechanical stretch and convert it into intracellular growth signals, which lead to hypertrophy. Mechanical stretch of cardiac myocytes in vitro causes activation of multiple second messenger systems that are very similar to growth factor-induced cell signaling systems. Stretch of neonatal rat cardiac myocytes stimulates a rapid secretion of angiotensin II which, together with other growth factors, mediates stretch-induced hypertrophic responses in vitro. In this review, various cell signaling mechanisms initiated by mechanical stress on cardiac myocytes are summarized with emphasis on potential mechanosensing mechanisms and the relationship between mechanical loading and the cardiac renin-angiotensin system.
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    Spinal and Trigeminal Mechanisms of Nociception (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Neuroscience 6 (1983), S. 381-418 
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    ISSN: 0147-006X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.06.030183.002121
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    Cellular Processes of Learning and Memory in the Mammalian CNS (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Neuroscience 6 (1983), S. 447-491 
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    ISSN: 0147-006X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.06.030183.002311
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    Central Neural Integration for the Control of Autonomic Responses Associated with Emotion (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Neuroscience 7 (1984), S. 43-65 
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    ISSN: 0147-006X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.07.030184.000355
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    Cell Death in Invertebrate Nervous Systems (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Neuroscience 7 (1984), S. 171-188 
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    ISSN: 0147-006X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.07.030184.001131
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    The Neural Basis of Language (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Neuroscience 7 (1984), S. 127-147 
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    ISSN: 0147-006X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.07.030184.001015
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    Endogenous Opioids: Biology and Function (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Neuroscience 7 (1984), S. 223-255 
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    ISSN: 0147-006X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.07.030184.001255
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    The Analysis of Stereopsis (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Neuroscience 7 (1984), S. 379-412 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.07.030184.002115
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    Magnocellular Neurosecretory System (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Neuroscience 6 (1983), S. 357-380 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.06.030183.002041
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    Isolation and Reconstitution of Neuronal ION Transport Proteins (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Neuroscience 6 (1983), S. 419-446 
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    ISSN: 0147-006X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.06.030183.002223
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    Experimental Approaches to Understanding the Role of Protein Phosphorylation in the Regulation of Neuronal Function (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Neuroscience 6 (1983), S. 493-525 
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    ISSN: 0147-006X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.06.030183.002425
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    Development of the Superior Colliculus (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Neuroscience 7 (1984), S. 95-125 
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    ISSN: 0147-006X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Proteolysis in Neuropeptide Processing and Other Neural Functions (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Neuroscience 7 (1984), S. 189-222 
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    ISSN: 0147-006X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.07.030184.001201
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    Intracerebral Neural Implants: Neuronal Replacement and Reconstruction of Damaged Circuitries (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Neuroscience 7 (1984), S. 279-308 
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    ISSN: 0147-006X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    My Scientific Odyssey (1977)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 39 (1977), S. 1-20 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ph.39.030177.000245
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    Ion Transport in Membranes: Incorporation of Biological Ion-Translocating Proteins in Model Membrane Systems (1977)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 39 (1977), S. 19-49 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ph.39.030177.000315
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    Lymph Formation and Flow (1977)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 39 (1977), S. 73-95 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Biophysical Analyses of Blood Vessel Walls and Blood Flow (1977)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 39 (1977), S. 51-71 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
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    Actions of Hormones on the Kidney (1977)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 39 (1977), S. 97-133 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Gastrointestinal Hormones and their Functions (1977)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 39 (1977), S. 135-158 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
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    Heterogeneity of Nephron Function (1977)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 39 (1977), S. 159-184 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Regulation of Body Fluids (1977)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 39 (1977), S. 185-200 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Heart: Excitation-Contraction Coupling (1977)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 39 (1977), S. 201-220 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Cardiovascular Adaptations to Physical Training (1977)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 39 (1977), S. 221-251 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Growth and Development of the Lung: Fetal and Postnatal (1977)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 39 (1977), S. 253-276 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Cardiac Dynamics (1977)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 39 (1977), S. 277-299 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Lipids and Lipid Metabolism (1977)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 39 (1977), S. 301-321 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Mechanisms of Hepatic Bile Formation (1977)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 39 (1977), S. 323-347 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ph.39.030177.001543
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    The Thyroid and Its Control (1977)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 39 (1977), S. 349-371 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    The Digestive Enzymes of the Pancreas: A Mixture of Inconstant Proportions (1977)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 39 (1977), S. 373-389 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
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