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  • Computer Science  (58,244)
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  • Books  (5)
  • Articles  (58,239)
  • Data
Source
Keywords
Publisher
Language
Years
  • 2010-2014
  • 2005-2009
  • 1995-1999  (22,277)
  • 1980-1984  (19,404)
  • 1975-1979  (9,921)
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Year
Journal
Topic
  • 1
    Unknown
    Linear algebra, rational approximation, and orthogonal polynomials (1997)
    Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier
    Details
    Keywords: DDC 512/.72 ; LC QA242 ; Algebras, Linear ; Euclidean algorithm ; Orthogonal polynomials ; Pade´ approximant
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xvii, 446 pages)
    ISBN: 9780444828729
    URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/publication?issn=1570579X&volume=6
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Unknown
    Open Source : kurz & gut (1999)
    Köln : O'Reilly
    Details
    Keywords: Open Source
    Pages: Online-Ressource (59 Seiten)
    Edition: 1. Aufl.
    ISBN: 3897212226
    URL: http://www.oreilly.de/german/freebooks/os_tb/
    Language: German
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  • 3
    Unknown
    Learning Debian GNU/Linux (1999)
    Beijing : O'Reilly
    Details
    Keywords: Debian GNU/LINUX
    Pages: Online-Ressource (343 Seiten)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 1565927052
    URL: http://www.oreilly.de/catalog/debian/chapter/
    Language: English
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  • 4
    Unknown
    Projection methods for systems of equations (1997)
    Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier Science
    Details
    Keywords: DDC 512.9/42 ; LC QA214 ; Equations, Simultaneous - Numerical solutions ; Iterative methods (Mathematics)
    Pages: Online-Ressource (vii, 400 pages)
    ISBN: 9780444827777
    URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/publication?issn=1570579X&volume=7
    Language: English
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  • 5
    Unknown
    DocBook : the definitive guide (1999)
    Beijing : O'Reilly
    Details
    Keywords: DocBook
    Pages: Online-Ressource (635 Seiten)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 1565925807
    URL: http://www.oreilly.de/catalog/docbook/chapter/book/docbook.html
    Language: English
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    News (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00120
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diary (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00121
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Representing diverse mathematical problems using neural networks in hybrid intelligent systems (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: In recent years, artificial neural networks have attracted considerable attention as candidates for novel computational systems. Computer scientists and engineers are developing neural networks as representational and computational models for problem solving: neural networks are expected to produce new solutions or alternatives to existing models. This paper demonstrates the flexibility of neural networks for modeling and solving diverse mathematical problems including Taylor series expansion, Weierstrass’s first approximation theorem, linear programming with single and multiple objectives, and fuzzy mathematical programming. Neural network representations of such mathematical problems may make it possible to overcome existing limitations, to find new solutions or alternatives to existing models, and to achieve synergistic effects through hybridization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00118
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparing neural network approximations for different functional forms (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper examines the capacity of feedforward neural networks (NNs) to approximate certain functional forms. Its purpose is to show that the theoretical property of ‘universal approximation’, which provides the basic rationale behind the NN approach, should not be interpreted too literally. The most important issue considered involves the number of hidden layers in the network. We show that for a number of interesting functional forms better generalization is possible with more than one hidden layer, despite theoretical results to the contrary. Our experiments constitute a useful set of counter-examples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00096
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  • 10
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    Electronic Resource
    Book Reviews (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: John McCardle, Neural Network Systems Techniques and Applications
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00090
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An interactive tool for knowledge base refinement (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: We present a tool that combines two main trends of knowledge base refinement. The first is the construction of interactive knowledge acquisition tools and the second is the development of machine learning methods that automate this procedure. The tool presented here is interactive and gives experts the ability to evaluate an expert system and provide their own diagnoses on specific problems, when the expert system behaves erroneously. We also present a database scheme that supports the collection of specific instances. The second aspect of the tool is that knowledge base refinement and machine learning methods can be applied to the database, in order to automate the procedure refining the knowledge base. In this paper we examine the application of inductive learning algorithms within the proposed framework. Our main goal is to encourage the experts to evaluate expert systems and to introduce new knowledge, based on their experience.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00087
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editorial (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00113
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Integrating symbolic and numerical features for fault prediction and diagnosis by an expert system (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper addresses the topic of a predictive task after integration of symbolic and numerical features by a hybrid diagnostic expert system. The online interaction of information and knowledge from various sources is achieved after successful combination of different development environments, tools and programs. The system infers using cooperatively dynamic modelling information, online sensor information, and stored knowledge in the knowledge base.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00114
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A hybrid knowledge-based system applied to epidemic screening (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Although many knowledge-based systems (KBSs) focus on single-paradigm approaches to encoding knowledge (such as production rules), experts rarely use a single type of knowledge in solving a problem. More often, an expert will apply a number of reasoning mechanisms. In recent years, rule-based reasoning (RBR), case-based reasoning (CBR) and model-based reasoning (MBR) have emerged as important and complementary reasoning methodologies in artificial intelligence. For complex problem solving, it is useful to integrate RBR, CBR and MBR. In this paper, a hybrid KBS which integrates a deductive RBR system, an inductive CBR system and a quantitative MBR system is proposed for epidemic screening. The system has been tested using real data, and results are encouraging.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00116
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic recurrent neural networks for a hybrid intelligent decision support system for the metallurgical industry (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Knowledge-based modeling and implementation of the various manufacturing processes represent an intensive research area. It is known that it is difficult to analyze the mechanisms of many industrial production processes and build dynamic models by employing classical methods for intelligent systems in manufacturing. This paper describes how to use dynamic recurrent neural networks to provide the model base of a hybrid intelligent system for the metallurgical industry with a quality control model. The hybrid system extracts the features of image sequences obtained through the vision detection subsystem and employs a dynamic recurrent neural network to assess and predict the product qualities to further coordinate the entire production process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00115
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Proposing an architectural framework of a hybrid knowledge-based system for production rescheduling (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: An architectural configuration of a knowledge-based system for production rescheduling reported in this paper uncovers a number of points of interest to practitioners as well as researchers. The study shows that knowledge-based methods applied to production rescheduling are a valuable approach for manufacturers to manage production disturbances and deliver customer orders on time. Very often, developing an effective scheduling system whilst solving some problems requires an appropriate combination of a rigorous analysis of the production system state and the rules of thumb used by the human scheduler. In the actual performance of this hybrid system, an expert simulation system was used to produce new schedules that fit the real production environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00119
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    AI in the next millennium (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00103
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expert knowledge acquisition and the unwilling expert: a knowledge engineering perspective (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Expert systems are an evolving technology with the potential to make human expertise widely and cheaply available. The literature describing the development of expert systems generally assumes that experts willingly give up their knowledge. This is unrealistic and may be a reason why most expert system projects fail. This paper explores the problem of unwilling experts from the perspective of a knowledge engineer building an expert system. The link between knowledge and organizational power is established and human motivation theories are discussed. Finally, a new motivational approach is introduced to help the knowledge engineer deal with unwilling experts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00104
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A knowledge sorting process for a product design expert system (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Knowledge sorting is one way to organize the knowledge acquired from the domain expert(s) and various sources. Well-organized knowledge representation will make rule extraction much easier. This paper describes a knowledge sorting process that was developed to facilitate the rule extraction for a product design expert system. The process capitalizes on the relationships between design attributes and factors, dependent and independent variables, and consists of three stages: identification of knowledge sources, generation of taxonomic trees, and organization of acquired knowledge. An example applies the sorting process to the development of an expert system for the design of wood head golf clubs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00106
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The rise and ‘fall’ of expert systems in medicine (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper represents a personal perspective on the last 13 years of research in medical artificial intelligence and expert systems, and describes the progress of the discipline from its inception to its current status. The challenges faced by researchers are examined, and it is argued that (despite the claims) theoretical and technical limitations are not the major barriers to the successful implementation of medical artificial intelligence and expert systems, but rather more complex professional and organizational issues are at stake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00107
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A function-centered framework for reasoning about system failure at multiple levels of abstraction (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper presents the knowledge organization for a simulation subsystem that is a component of a comprehensive expert system for failure modes and effects analysis. Organizing the simulation subsystem’s knowledge base around a function-centered ontology produces an architecture that facilitates reasoning about an engineering design at multiple levels of abstraction and throughout the life-cycle of the design. Moreover, the resulting architecture provides the capability for incorporating computer-aided analysis and design tools early on into the conceptual design of an engineering system before a commitment is made to a specific technology to implement the system’s behavior. The result is an expert system simulation knowledge source that can be used to reason about the effects of system failures based on conceptual designs, i.e. designs in which commitments to an underlying technology to achieve the system’s function have not yet been made but computer-aided assistance for reasoning about the system’s potential failure modes and effects is useful.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00105
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Connectionist variable binding (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Variable binding has long been a challenge to connectionists. Attempts to perform variable binding using localist and distributed connectionist representations are discussed, and problems inherent in each type of representation are outlined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00108
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  • 23
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    Electronic Resource
    Book Reviews (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Books reviewed:Daniel Kustrin, Neural Network Analysis, Architectures and ApplicationsSimon O’Keefe, Fuzzy and Neural Approaches in EngineeringJohn McCardle, Neural Network Systems Techniques and Application
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00109
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  • 24
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    The Department of Trade and Industry’s Smart Systems for Decision Makers initiative (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00110
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  • 25
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    News (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00111
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  • 26
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    Diary (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00112
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  • 27
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    Foreword (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00094
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  • 28
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    Symbol processing — a challenge for neural networks? (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00095
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  • 29
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    Extending CLIPS to support temporal representation and reasoning (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Applications using expert systems for monitoring and control problems often require the ability to represent temporal knowledge and to apply reasoning based on that knowledge. Incorporating temporal representation and reasoning into expert systems leads to two problems in development: dealing with an implied temporal order of events using a non-procedural tool; and maintaining the large number of temporal relations that can occur among facts in the knowledge base. In this paper we explore these problems by using an expert system shell, CLIPS (C Language Integrated Production System), to create temporal relations using common knowledge-based constructs. We also build an extension to CLIPS through a user-defined function which generates the temporal relations from those facts. We use the extension to create and maintain temporal relations in a workflow application that monitors and controls an engineering design change review process. We also propose a solution to ensure truth maintenance among temporally related facts that links our temporal extension to the CLIPS facility for truth maintenance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00097
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  • 30
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    News (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00101
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  • 31
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    Development of a fuzzy push delivery scheme for Internet sites (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Push technology is the term recently linked with Web-based products to indicate the built-in capability of the software package to deliver relevant information to the user automatically. In this paper, a fuzzy push delivery scheme is described which ‘observes’ the movements of the user within the Web pages and then evaluates the personal interests and preferences of the user. With the information available from the fuzzy scheme, Web site information favoured by visitors can be ‘pushed’ to them without even being requested. To verify the feasibility of the concept, a Web site with various shopping spots has been developed with built-in functions to detect the time of stay in various sites by visitors . Output from the proposed fuzzy scheme is compared with the perception of the interest level given by the visitors themselves for its evaluation. The built-in feature of the scheme can significantly enhance the functionality and attractiveness of the Web site involved and hence improve its competitiveness in the global market. The development of the proposed scheme and its evaluation in an emulated Internet environment are covered in the paper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00099
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  • 32
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    An online expert system for fault diagnosis in hydraulic systems (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Fault diagnosis has become increasingly important for industrial automation and many approaches have been investigated for the online diagnostic task. This work demonstrates a new online expert system for dynamic industrial automated processes. The emphasis of this diagnostic system lies in the functions provided for fault detection, prediction, compensation and diagnosis. The system uses experiential knowledge cooperatively with scientific knowledge in a new interactive formation. It is developed in two parts using the DASYLab software for the numerical computations and the KPWin development tool for the symbolic representations. The system was developed in collaboration with the company Automation Systems S.A., which specializes in hydraulic systems, and is used for fault detection in production machines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00100
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  • 33
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    Facilitating the use of multi-attribute utility theory in expert systems:an aid for identifying the right relative importance weights of attributes (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: In general, expert system applications to real cases involve making decisions, i.e. selecting a suitable action among a set of possible alternative actions. A well-known standard method for modelling decision problems is the so-called multi-attribute utility theory (MAUT), a method in which the alternatives are viewed in terms of their attributes. A set of attributes are identified and a specific value and a suitable relative importance weight are assigned to each attribute. However, it is not easy for the expert to quantify the relative importance weight of an attribute: this assignment entails a certain abstraction activity from the expert and, as is well known, experts have difficulty in providing their knowledge in abstract and general terms. In order to overcome this difficulty we propose a method for automatically inferring relative importance weights from a set of specific action sequences. An action sequence is a list in chronological order of the actions executed by the expert when facing specific cases of decision problems. Providing action sequences requires no other effort but remembering specific episodes, and this task is much easier for experts than having to directly provide precise numbers expressing relative importance weights. Moreover in many cases action sequences are already stored in suitable records. Consider, for example, the list of medical tests executed on a given patient, a list included in the patient clinical record stored in the clinical database of a hospital. On the basis of these considerations the proposed method should be useful for designers of expert systems which face problems of choosing the right action among a set of alternative actions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00098
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    Diary (1999)
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
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    Editorial (1999)
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    Hybrid artificial intelligence approach to urban planning (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Knowledge-based modeling and implementation of the various urban planning processes represent an intensive research area. This paper presents a hybrid artificial intelligence system using a knowledge-based approach, neural networks and fuzzy logic that automates the decision-making process in urban planning. The system is used for developing urban development alternatives based on real-world data. Results show that, by integrating knowledge-based systems, artificial neural networks and fuzzy systems, the system achieves improvements in the implementation of each respective system as well as an increase in the breadth of functionality within the application. With this approach, the best of three technologies can be compiled together to solve complex urban problems. We discuss the structure of the combined technologies, as well as providing examples of its application in the field of urban development.
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    ICADS: Intelligent Car Audio Design System for product planning (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper describes the development of a system, ICADS (Intelligent Car Audio Design System), that can be used to effectively support product development engineers in car audio product design. We have demonstrated the use of expert system technology and the technique of quality function deployment (QFD) in supporting car audio design planning. QFD is applied as a knowledge acquisition method in this study to support car audio design teams in the development of products in a structured way that relates market demand via engineering specifications to parts specifications. We believe that other industries can use a similar approach for developing an expert system that can support product design planning.
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    An actor model for rule-based systems (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Our research originates from a study of the possibilities of integrating rules and objects in knowledge-based systems. In the present work, we are interested in the interactionist perspective of an object. The stepwise reasoning of a diagnostic expert system, possibly involving subgoaling and interactions with the environment, can be easily codified by means of production rules over proposition literals. This set of rules can be graphically represented in a network manner denoting the relations between the rules. The individual nodes in the network can be expressed by means of autonomous objects and their relations, interpreted as possible communications between them. The objects are given a structure and a proper behaviour and cooperate for performing logical reasoning by means of forward and backward chaining inference processes. Therefore, designing this system implies addressing several basic issues such as inter-object communications and their synchronization. The problem here is not necessarily to develop a great intelligence locally but to develop strong networks of good communicators. This approach belongs to the interactionist representation current, where objects are called actors. In principle, the actors may carry out computation in parallel and provide a conceptual foundation for massively concurrent object-oriented paradigms. From this point of view, a system allowing for the simultaneous investigation of several rules and premises in the forward or the backward chaining would be significantly more efficient.
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    Book Reviews (1997)
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    Expert systems 14 (1997), S. 0 
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    Notes: Russell, Stuart and Norvig, Peter Artificial Intelligence: A Modern ApproachEdwards, Alistair, D.N. (ed.) Extra-Ordinary Human-Computer Interaction: Interfaces for Users with DisabilitiesVacca, John R. VRML: Bringing Virtual Reality to the Internet
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    REDSIEX: A Cooperative Network of Expert Systems with Blackboard Architectures (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 14 (1997), S. 0 
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    Notes: The blackboard architecture, originally developed for the system that permits the comprehension of language, HEARSAY II, has later been used in a great variety of domains and in various environments for the construction of systems. From the classic architecture of HEARSAY II, many applications, generalizations, extensions and refinements have been developed. In this paper we present REDSIEX, (RED de SIstemas EXpertos) which is a network of expert systems within a blackboard architecture, for the cooperation solution of distributed problems. The REDSIEX system inherits various of the elements defined by the architecture of HEARSAY II and incorporates new components and organization. These produce a very characteristic and exclusive global work style in the solution of problems, within a conceptual framework of emergent control. The main structural and functional characteristics of REDSIEX are discussed.
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    An Intelligent Business Advisor System for Stock Investment (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 14 (1997), S. 0 
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    Notes: This paper presents an intelligent system to assist small investors to determine stock trend signals for investment in stock business. A pilot system is built providing three main categories of technical and analysis theories, namely momentum, moving average, and support/resistance line. It has extensive graphic interface design to facilitate the usage of the system. For novice investors, the system is associated with tutoring features and it supports analysis study of the rationale behind some system recommendations. Skilful investors can explore the various theories for the prediction by means of adjusting the weightings, combinations and even some independent variables allocated by the intelligent system. General users can therefore formulate their investment strategies upon system recommendations under different investment criteria accordingly.
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    Using the CARMEN’s framework to model and acquire knowledge (1997)
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    Expert systems 14 (1997), S. 0 
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    Notes: The manner in which CARMEN (Constraints And Rules Management ENgine), an operational expert system generator developed as part of the ESPRIT project ITHACA, models and acquires knowledge is discussed. Central to CARMEN are three types of control entities (TASKs, MKSs and BKSs) which are used to describe problem-solving at the knowledge-use level. Modeling of domain knowledge is done both at the deep and surface levels. The Integrity Checking Task (or ICT) is used to illustrate the manner in which CARMEN works. We conclude the paper with a comparison of CARMEN with other approaches in knowledge modeling.
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    Scalability in Formal Concept Analysis (1999)
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    Computational intelligence 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    Notes: Formal Concept Analysis is a symbolic learning technique derived from mathematical algebra and order theory. The technique has been applied to a broad range of knowledge representation and exploration tasks in a number of domains. Most recorded applications of Formal Concept Analysis deal with a small number of objects and attributes, in which case the complexity of the algorithms used for indexing and retrieving data is not a significant issue. However, when Formal Concept Analysis is applied to exploration of a large numbers of objects and attributes, the size of the data makes issues of complexity and scalability crucial.This paper presents the results of experiments carried out with a set of 4,000 medical discharge summaries in which were recognized 1,962 attributes from the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS). In this domain, the objects are medical documents (4,000) and the attributes are UMLS terms extracted from the documents (1,962). When Formal Concept Analysis is used to iteratively analyze and visualize these data, complexity and scalability become critically important.Although the amount of data used in this experiment is small compared with the size of primary memory in modern computers, the results are still important because the probability distributions that determine the efficiencies are likely to remain stable as the size of the data is increased.Our work presents two outcomes. First, we present a methodology for exploring knowledge in text documents using Formal Concept Analysis by employing conceptual scales created as the result of direct manipulation of a line diagram. The conceptual scales lead to small derived purified contexts that are represented using nested line diagrams. Second, we present an algorithm for the fast determination of purified contexts from compressed representation of the large formal context. Our work draws on existing encoding and compression techniques to show how rudimentary data analysis can lead to substantial efficiency improvements in knowledge visualization.
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    Inferring dependencies from relations: a conceptual clustering approach (1999)
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    Computational intelligence 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    Notes: In this paper we consider two related types of data dependencies that can hold in a relation: conjunctive implication rules between attribute-value pairs, and functional dependencies. We present a conceptual clustering approach that can be used, with some small modifications, for inferring a cover for both types of dependencies. The approach consists of two steps. First, a particular clustered representation of the relation, called concept (or Galois) lattice, is built. Then, a cover is extracted from the lattice built in the earlier step. Our main emphasis is on the second step. We study the computational complexity of the proposed approach and present an experimental comparison with other methods that confirms its validity. The results of the experiments show that our algorithm for extracting implication rules from concept lattices clearly outperforms an earlier algorithm, and suggest that the overall lattice-based approach to inferring functional dependencies from relations can be seen as an alternative to traditional methods.
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    Constructing and Utilizing a Model of User Preferences in Collaborative Consultation Dialogues (1999)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    Notes: A natural language collaborative consultation system must take user preferences into account. A model of user preferences allows a system to appropriately evaluate alternatives using criteria of importance to the user. Additionally, decision research suggests both that an accurate model of user preferences could enable the system to improve a user's decision-making by ensuring that all important alternatives are considered, and that such a model of user preferences must be built dynamically by observing the user's actions during the decision-making process. This paper presents two strategies: one for dynamically recognizing user preferences during the course of a collaborative planning dialogue and the other for exploiting the model of user preferences to detect suboptimal solutions and suggest better alternatives. Our recognition strategy utilizes not only the utterances themselves but also characteristics of the dialogue in developing a model of user preferences. Our generation strategy takes into account both the strength of a preference and the closeness of a potential match in evaluating actions in the user's plan and suggesting better alternatives. By modeling and utilizing user preferences, our system is able to fulfill its role as a collaborative agent.
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    Compiling Ramification Constraints into Effect Axioms (1999)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    Notes: We present a method to derive a solution to the combined frame and ramification problems for certain classes of theories of action written in the situation calculus. The theories of action considered include the causal laws of the domain, in the form of a set of effect axioms, as well as a set of ramification state constraints. The causal laws state the direct effects that actions have on the world, and ramification state constraints allow one to derive indirect effects of actions on the domain.To solve the combined frame and ramification problems, the causal laws and ramification state constraints are replaced by a set of successor state axioms. Given a state of the world, these axioms uniquely determine the truth value of dynamic properties after an action is performed. In this article, we extend previous work by formulating an approach for the mechanical generation of these successor state axioms. We make use of the notions of implicate and support that have been developed in the context of propositional theories. The approach works for classes of syntactically restricted sets of ramification state constraints.
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    Knowledge Retrieval, Use and Storage for Efficiency (1999)
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    Computational intelligence 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    Notes: The Knowledge Retrieval, Use and Storage for Efficiency (KRUSE) symposiums aim at providing a forum for research related to efficient processing and management of complex information and knowledge. This special issue presents selected articles from the KURSE'97 symposium held in Vancouver, Canada. In this introductory article we describe the goals of KRUSE and present some background topics that are fundamental to the articles herein. In particular, we provide an overview of partial order theory, formal concept analysis and taxonomic encoding. We also outline the articles that follow.
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    A Temporal Knowledge Representation Approach Based on Elementary Calculus (1997)
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    Computational intelligence 13 (1997), S. 0 
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    Notes: The standard AI method for representing temporal information in a first-order logic is to directly associate the information with a time point or interval via a relation. We present a new paradigm for temporal knowledge representation. All point-based temporal information is translated to real-valued functions in the Cartesian plane. For example, information that is true/false at a point becomes a 0–1 function. Other types of information, such as velocity, are directly represented with real-valued functions. The unique feature of the proposed approach is the use of the Riemann integral to represent interval-based information. Our approach is based on the fact that what is true at every point in an interval completely determines what is true over the interval. We conclude with a formal presentation of a first-order logic that is based on the proposed representation.
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    Types of Contexts and Their Role in Multimodal Communication (1997)
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    Notes: In this paper the idea is presented that human communication is carried through messages that are the result of the integration of a set of communicative acts, some of which are, in a traditional view, contextual phenomena with respect to a main (linguistic) communication act. A formalization of the notion of communicative situation is attempted, which eliminates the distinction between context and main communication acts. The ideas presented in this paper come from a re-thinking of a prototype implemented in 1989 for the ESPRIT Project 527, CFID whose main features are presented in Section 4.
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    Extending Conceptual Definitions with Default Knowledge (1997)
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    Notes: In description logics, default knowledge is exclusively treated as incidental rules. However, as few concepts are definable using only strict knowledge, imposing strict definitions leads to terminological knowledge bases that mostly contain partially defined concepts. This is a real problem because such concepts can only be inserted as leaves of the terminology. Moreover, instance recognition is biased as these concepts must be explicitly mentioned as properties of these instances. It follows that partially defined concepts are described with necessary but not sufficient conditions. As a solution to these problems, we propose to integrate defaults in concept definitions and we argue that this is essential for our diagnosis application. We introduce a description language ALεδ with default(δ) and exception(ε) connectives. The cornerstone of our approach is the introduction of a definitional point of view where a default can be part of a concept definition, whereas in the classical inheritance one it is only viewed as a weak implication. We go on to describe a map between the definition of a concept and its inherited properties, and we show that the combination of these definitional and inheritance levels considerably improves the capabilities of classification processes. In particular this allows us to distinguish sure from probable instances and typical from exceptional instances. Finally we provide a specific operation, object refinement, which consists in enlarging object descriptions with exceptions in order to find additional concepts the object is an instance of. This operation is useful for our diagnosis application.
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    Abstractional Concept Mapping: A Foundational Model for Analogical Reasoning (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Computational intelligence 13 (1997), S. 0 
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    Notes: We present a mathematical model providing a formal basis for analogical reasoning, referred to as abstractional concept mapping. The approach provides a formal basis for all comparison–based reasoning (e.g., literal similarity, analogy, metaphor, and scientific models) in that given any two descriptions in first–order logic, arbitrary comparisons of similarity are representable as first–order theories (referred to as “comparison theories”), dependent only on the notion of logical truth and not on domain–specific heuristics or particular features of the knowledge representation.
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    A Critical Reexamination of Default Logic, Autoepistemic Logic, and Only Knowing (1997)
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    Notes: Fifteen years of work on nonmonotonic logic has certainly increased our understanding of the area. However, given a problem in which nonmonotonic reasoning is called for, it is far from clear how one should go about modeling the problem using the various approaches. We explore this issue in the context on two of the best–known approaches, Reiter's default logic and Moore's autoepistemic logic, as well as two related notions of “only knowing,” due to Halpern and Moses and to Levesque. In particular, we return to the original technical definitions given in these papers and examine the extent to which they capture the intuitions they were designed to capture.
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    Diary (1999)
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    Editorial (1997)
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    Database Based Reasoning for Real Time Monitoring and Data Analysis in Intensive Care Units (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 14 (1997), S. 0 
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    Notes: The complexity of the monitored data available in modern intensive care units (ICUs) means that they are best processed, for presentation to medical staff, by expert system techniques. This article describes an expert system that has an appropriately designed inference engine, handling the temporal considerations inherent in monitoring and manages data acquisition via a Medical Information Bus. Also, we will describe how we extended our monitoring system in ICUs by writing an interface allowing communication in dynamic SQL with a relational database management system. The extended system facilitates both permanent filing of case data and the use of filed data by the rules of the expert system, and allows automatic intelligent screening of data prior to permanent filing so as to ensure data reliability.
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    News (1997)
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    A Measurement Framework that Supports Evaluation of Knowledge Engineering Products (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
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    Notes: In this paper, we stress the importance of considering evaluation from an overall viewpoint in order to product higher quality Knowledge-based Systems (KBS), that is, measuring attributes of products generated throughout the entire system life cycle rather than the final system alone. A framework for measuring typical products obtained during the development phases is proposed here. This measurement framework includes the definition of the products and the definition of attributes that characterize these products. The attributes are ordered as a multilevel hierarchy. The aim of the measurement framework proposed is to facilitate the application of measurement plans to KBS, using associated metrics. When building this environment, we sought to unify other work in the field of KBS evaluation.
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    Intelligent Scheduling with GUESS (Generically Used Expert Scheduling System): Development and Testing Results (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
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    Notes: Scheduling is a prevalent function that is omnipresent throughout many industries and applications (Pinedo, 1995; Morton & Pentico, 1993; Zweben & Fox, 1994; Brown & Scherer, 1995). A great need exists for developing scheduling toolkits that can be generically applied to a number of different scheduling problems. To meet this need, more research is warranted for developing a state-of-the-art generic constraint problem-solver as related to scheduling. This paper discusses the development and testing of the Generically Used Expert Scheduling System (GUESS).
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    News (1997)
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    An Analysis of Knowledge Acquisition Roles and Participants (1997)
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    Notes: Much recent research effort in the field of knowledge acquisition (KA) has focussed on extending knowledge acquisition techniques and processes to include a wider array of participants and knowledge sources in a variety of knowledge acquisition scenarios. As the domain of expert systems applications and research has expanded, techniques have been developed to acquire and incorporate knowledge from groups of experts and from various sources such as text, video, and audio tapes. However, the dominant participant-role model remains that of the knowledge engineer eliciting knowledge from one or more human experts. This conceptual gap has contributed to the major divisions in the KA field between researchers interested in manual KA and those developing tools for automated KA. This article considers the wide variety of possible KA scenarios and presents a meta-view of KA participants and the roles they may assume.We suggest that it is more appropriate to think of knowledge acquisition participants as playing one or more roles. These include knowledge sources, agents and targets for KA processes. We also present a participant model drawn from research in decision support systems that more accurately characterizes the diversity of the entities participating in the KA process. This view is more inclusive as it allows us to consider both human-human and human-computer KA interactions as well as the whole variety of knowledge sources and targets. A careful consideration of the meta-view and its associated role-participant mappings also yields the new ideas of the elemental and composite role and the multi-role entity. These new constructs are then used to identify areas where research is currently needed and to generate specific research issues. Taken altogether, this view allows a more flexible consideration of the many possible combinations that can and frequently do occur in actual KA situations.
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    DEC starts Al marketing drive (1984)
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    Training, education, courses, seminars (1984)
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    Letter to the Editor (1984)
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    IMPACT 1984: The fifth generation and expert systems considered (1984)
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    Expert Systems interview: Alex d'Agapeyeff (1984)
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    Development of an expert system (1984)
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    An intelligent operator aid for dynamic route planning (1984)
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    Notes: Abstract: This paper considers an application of decision aiding for maritime operations, viz the design of an intelligent operator aid for dynamic route planning. The limitations of some existing methods are discussed and an Al approach is proposed that combines algorithmic and heuristic processing elements within an embedded system. The aid consists of three elements: a intelligent front end, a route planner and an explanation facility.
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    An expert system for federal tax planning (1984)
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    Expert systems 1 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Recent developments in a subarea of computer science called artificial intelligence have included the creation of expert systems that are capable of solving difficult applications problems which require expert knowledge for their solution. Such expert systems have been found to be useful in a number of applications (e.g. medicine, biochemistry and mineral exploration). In this paper the author presents an expert system for solving problems concerning income and transfer tax planning for individuals In developing this system, a theoretical structure and a set of decision rules were specified and then programmed into a rule-based system that had previously been used for medical diagnosis (Mycin [1]) Once the system was developed, its problem-solving capabilities were refined and verified by a panel of tax experts using a blind verification procedure. This verification step demonstrated that an expert system could be developed in that domain.
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    INDEX (1984)
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    Hazard: an expert system for screening environmental chemicals on carcinogenicity (1984)
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    Expert systems 1 (1984), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    Notes: Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to design an expert system or an intelligent procedure' that purports to screen hazard potentials of environmental chemicals on the basis of structure-activity relationships in the study of chemical carcinogenesis, particularly with respect to analysing the current state of known structural information about chemical carcinogens and predicting the possible carcinogenicity of untested chemicals An analysis of a computerised database of known carcinogens (knowledge base) is being performed using the structure-activity trees in order to test the validity of the tree as a classification scheme (inference engine) and to evaluate trends or patterns that may exist between chemical structure and specificity for target tissue, route of administration, and animal species. Practical applications of the structure-activity tree depend on its eventual validation as a predictor of carcinogenic activity.
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    A letter from the publisher (1984)
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    News (1984)
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    Japanese work in expert systems (1984)
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    Notes: Abstract: Activities concerning expert systems in Japan are outlined. Expert systems are receiving increasing attention in Japan, together with fifth-generation computers. Rather than describing the details of individual systems, a variety of expert systems are briefly introduced with their aims and features.
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    ISIS—a knowledge-based system for factory scheduling (1984)
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    Notes: Abstract: Analysis of the job shop scheduling domain has indicated that the crux of the scheduling problem is the determination and satisfaction of a large variety of constraints. Schedules are influenced by such diverse and conflicting factors as due date requirements, cost restrictions, production levels, machine capabilities and substitutability, alternative production processes, order characteristics, resource requirements, and resource availability. This paper describes ISIS, a scheduling system capable of incorporating all relevant constraints in the construction of job shop schedules. We examine both the representation of constraints within ISIS, and the manner in which these constraints are used in conducting a constraint-directed search for an acceptable schedule. The important issues relating to the relaxation of constraints are addressed. Finally, the interactive scheduling facilities provided by ISIS are considered.
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    Evaluating civil claims: an expert systems approach (1984)
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    Expert systems and artificial intelligence move offshore (1984)
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    The role of expert systems in producing log interpretation software (1984)
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    Notes: Abstract: Log interpretation science is a controversial and rapidly changing domain. Designing interpretation models is a highly experimental process which involves trials with a computer program as an integral part of the design. Therefore conventional software engineering techniques, which require a complete specification of the problem before the program is written, are often not applicable or fail to produce high quality software. The development of expert systems has provided the techniques, tools, and capabilities to let us seek alternate methods to produce log interpretation software: exploratory programming environments and automatic programming systems. An exploratory programming environment combines the power of interactive graphics and programming tools to merge the design and programming tasks into a single process where model and program develop together. An automatic programming system will embody the knowledge of the programming process and of some log interpretation heuristics to produce log processing programs from interactive specifications expressed in familiar terms. These facilities will allow log interpretation model designers, who are non-computer specialists, to produce high quality software as the end result of a model design.
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    Award for Prolog pioneer (1984)
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    Artificial Intelligence and Productivity (1984)
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    Introduction for computer professionals (1984)
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    Recent articles (1984)
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    Case Based Diagnosis and Repair of Software Faults (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 14 (1997), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Software debugging (the diagnosis and repair of faults in software) can be a difficult and time consuming problem. In many cases a problem which can take an inexperienced developer a long time to correct can be quickly identified and corrected by a more experienced one. This is often because they have seen that problem (or a similar one) before. In this paper we present a system (called WATSON) which automatically constructs an explanation of the fault and a repair strategy from a library of partial repair models. This system exploits Case Based Reasoning (CBR) technology to perform this construction. The paper introduces the concepts behind CBR before going on to describe the components of the WATSON system. It then illustrates, by example, how WATSON constructs a diagnosis and repair model from the case databases.
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    News (1997)
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    Diary (1997)
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    Editorial (1997)
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    A Pattern-Based Approach Using Compound Unit Recognition and Its Hybridization with Rule-Based Translation (1999)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper describes a compound unit (CU) recognizer as a pattern-based approach and its hybridization with rule-based translation. A compound unit is a combined concept including collocations, idioms, and compound nouns. CU recognition reduces part of speech ambiguities by combining several words into a unit and consequently lessening the parsing load. It also provides pretranslated natural equivalents. Our focus in this paper is to obtain flexibility and efficiency from pattern-based machine translation, and high-quality translation by hybridization. A modified trie, our search index structure using “method” strategy is used to manage heterogeneous property of the constituents. Syntactic verification is integrated to obtain precise CU recognition by means of pruning wrongly recognized units that are caused by improper variable hypotheses. The experimental result with verification shows that the precision of CU recognition is increased to 99.69% with 31 CFG rules on the cyclic trie structure for 1,268 Wall Street Journal articles of the Penn Treebank. Another experiment with CU recognition also shows that it raises the understandability of translation for Web documents.
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    English-Thai Translation: Initial Experiments with a Multiphase Translation System (1999)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    Notes: A multiphase machine translation approach, Generate and Repair Machine Translation (GRMT), is proposed. GRMT is designed to generate accurate translations that focus primarily on retaining the linguistic meaning of the source language sentence. GRMT presently incorporates a limited multilingual translation capability. The central idea behind the GRMT approach is to generate a translationcandidate (TC) by quick and dirty machine translation (QDMT), then investigate the accuracy of that TC by translation candidate evaluation (TCE), and, if necessary, revise the translation in the repair and iterate (RI) phase. To demonstrate the GRMT approach, a translation system that translates from English to Thai has been developed. This paper presents the design characteristics and some experimental results of QDMT and also the initial design, some experiments, and proposed ideas behind TCE and RI.
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    Decomposing and Solving Timetabling Constraint Networks (1997)
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    Computational intelligence 13 (1997), S. 0 
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    Notes: The binary version of the school timetabling (STT) problem is a real-world example of a constraint network that includes only constraints of inequality. A new and useful representation for this real-world problem, the STT_Grid, leads to a generic decomposition technique. The paper presents proofs of necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a solution to decomposed STT_Grids. The decomposition procedure is of low enough complexity to be practical for large problems, such as a real-world high school.To test the decomposition approach, a typical high school was analyzed and used as a model for generating STT_Grids of various sizes. Experiments were conducted to test the difficulty of large STT networks and their solution by decomposition. The experimental results show that the decomposition procedure enables the solution of large STT_Grids (620 variables for a real school) in reasonable time. The constraint network of a typical STT_Grid is sparse and belongs to the class of easy problems. Still, due to the sizes of STTs, good constraint satisfaction problem search techniques (i.e., BackJumping and ForwardChecking) do not terminate in reasonable times for STT_Grids that are larger than 300 variables.
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    Regularity-based Perceptual Grouping (1997)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 13 (1997), S. 0 
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper investigates perceptual grouping from a logical point of view, defining a grouping interpretation as a particular kind of logical expression, and then developing an explicit inference theory in terms of such expressions. First, a regularity-based interpretation language is presented, in which an observed configuration is characterized in terms of the regularities(special configurational classes, e.g. nonaccidental properties) it obeys. The most preferred interpretation in such a system is shown to be the most-regular (maximum “codimension”) model the observed configuration obeys, which is also the unique model in which it is generic(typical). Inference then reduces to a straiightforward exercise in LogicProgramming. Because generic model assignment involves negation, this reduction requires that a version of the Closed World Assumption (CWA) be adopted.Next, this entire regularity-based machinery is generalized to the grouping problem: here an interpretation is a hierarchical recursive) version of a model called a parse tree.For a given number of dots and a fixed choice of regularity set, it is possible to explicitly enumerate the complete set of possible grouping interpretations, partially ordered by their degree of regularity (codimension). The most preferred interpretation is the one with maximum codimension (i.e., the most regular interpretation), which we call the qualitative parse. An efficient procedure (worst case $O(n^2)$) for finding the qualitative parse is presented. The qualitative parse has a unique epistemic status: given a choice of regularity set, it is the only grouping interpretation that both (a) is maximally regular, and (b) satisfies the CWA. This unique status, it is argued, accounts for the perceptually compelling quality of the qualitative parse.
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    Aggregation in Natural Language Generation (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The content of real-world databases, knowledge bases, database models, and formal specifications is often highly redundant and needs to be aggregated before these representations can be successfully paraphrased into natural language. To generate natural language from these representations, a number of processes must be carried out, one of which is sentence planning where the task of aggregation is carried out. Aggregation, which has been called ellipsis or coordination in Linguistics, is the process that removes redundancies during generation of a natural language discourse, without losing any information.The article describes a set of corpus studies that focus on aggregation, provides a set of aggregation rules, and finally, shows how these rules are implemented in a couple of prototype systems. We develop further the concept of aggregation and discuss it in connection with the growing literature on the subject. This work offers a new tool for the sentence planning phase of natural language generation systems.
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    Title Index for Volume 15 (1999)
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    Introduction to the Special Issue on PACLING '97 (1999)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    Retrieving Domain-Specific Collocations by Co-occurrences and Word Order Constraints (1999)
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    Computational intelligence 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: In this paper, we describe a method for automatically retrieving collocations from large text corpora. This method comprises the following stages: (1) extracting strings of characters as units of collocations, and (2) extracting recurrent combinations of strings as collocations. Through this method, various types of domain-specific collocations can be retrieved simultaneously. This method is practical because it uses plain text with no specific-language-dependent information, such as lexical knowledge and parts of speech. Experimental results using English and Japanese text corpora show that the method is equally applicable to both languages.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00085
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  • 96
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    Cooperative Understanding of Utterances and Gestures in a Dialogue-Based Problem Solving System (1999)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 15 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A dialogue plays an important role in learning how to solve a problem and form a concept. We are developing a problem solving and knowledge acquisition system based on co-reference between drill texts and dialogue with a teacher, focusing on first-grade mathematics. This paper presents a method of cooperative understanding of utterances and gestures within dialogue. We first describe our system design principles, which provide the basis for the integration of multimodal information during a dialogue. We define a principle of complementarity, explain its implementation, and describe the architecture of the problem solving system. We then show how to integrate our algorithms for utterance and gesture analysis within that software architecture. A feature-based approach is used for gesture recognition, derived from a sequence of images arising during the cooperative analysis of utterances. We conclude with an evaluation of the system against the design principles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00089
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  • 97
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    Default Reasoning and Generics (1997)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 13 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: There are numerous logical formalisms capable of drawing conclusions using default rules. Such systems, however, do not normally determine where the default rules come from; i.e., what it is that makes Birds flya good rule, but Birds drive trucksa bad one.Generic sentences such as Birds fly are often used informally to describe default rules. I propose to take this characterization seriously, and claim that a default rule is adequate if the corresponding generic sentence is true. Thus, if we know that Tweety is a bird, we may conclude by default that Tweety flies, just in case Birds fly is a true sentence.In this paper, a quantificational account of the semantics of generic sentences is presented. It is argued that a generic sentence is evaluated not in isolation, but with respect to a set of relevant alternatives. For example, Mammals bear live young is true because among mammals that bear live young, lay eggs, undergo mitosis, or engage in some alternative form of procreation, the majority bear live young. Since male mammals do not procreate in any form, they do not count. Some properties of alternatives are presented, and their interactions with the phenomena of focus and presupposition is investigated.It is shown how this account of generics can be used to characterize adequate default reasoning systems, and several desirable properties of such systems are proved. The problems of the automatic acquisition of rules from natural language are discussed. Because rules are often explicitly expressed as generics, it is argued that the interpretation of generic sentences plays a crucial role in this endeavor, and it is shown how the theory presented here can facilitate such interpretation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00050
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  • 98
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    Conversational Actions and Discourse Situations (1997)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 13 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: We use the idea that actions performed in a conversation become part of the common ground as the basis for a model of context that reconciles in a general and systematic fashion the differences between the theories of discourse context used for reference resolution, intention recognition, and dialogue management. We start from the treatment of anaphoric accessibility developed in discourse representation theory (DRT), and we show first how to obtain a discourse model that, while preserving DRT's basic ideas about referential accessibility, includes information about the occurrence of speech acts and their relations. Next, we show how the different kinds of ‘structure’ that play a role in conversation—discourse segmentation, turn-taking, and grounding—can be formulated in terms of information about speech acts, and use this same information as the basis for a model of the interpretation of fragmentary input.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00042
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  • 99
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    An Informal Semantic Analysis of Motion Verbs Based on Physical Primitives (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Computational intelligence 13 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A representation scheme for verbs and prepositions specifying path and locative information is developed. The representation emphasizes the implementability of the underlying semantic primitives. The primitives pertain to mechanical characteristics such as geometric relationships among objects, force or motion characteristics implied by verbs, and their prepositional modifiers. This representation has been used to animate the performance of tasks underlying natural language imperatives.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00034
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  • 100
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    AI Can Rival Control Theory for Goal Achievement in a Challenging Dynamical System (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 15 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Nonlinear dynamical systems are notoriously difficult to control. The Acrobot is an under-actuated double pendulum in a gravitational field. Under most driving schemes the Acrobot exhibits chaotic behavior. But with careful applications of energy it is possible to gradually pump the system so as to swing it over its supporting joint. This swing-up task is of current interest to control theory researchers.Conventional notions of AI planning are not easily extended to domains with interacting continuously varying quantities. Such continuous domains are often dynamic; important properties change over time even when no action is taken. Noise and error propagation can preclude accurately characterizing the effects of actions or predicting the trajectory of an undisturbed system through time. A plan must be a conditional action policy or a control strategy that carefully nudges the system as it strays from a desired course. Automatically generating such plans or action strategies is the subject of this research.An AI system successfully learns to perform the swing-up task using an approach called explanation-based control (EBC). The approach combines a plausible qualitative domain theory with empirical observation. Results are in some respects superior to the known control theory strategies. Of particular importance to AI is EBC's notion of a “plan” or “strategy” and its method for automatic synthesis. Experimental evidence confirms EBC's ability and generality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00097
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