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  • 1
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-05
    Beschreibung: Some policymakers believe that academic R&D generates insufficient economic benefits. However, they often exclude the long-term and multi-dimensional impacts that are mediated through the activities of companies, students or policymakers. This case study, which is mainly interview-based, traces and characterises such impacts applying the technological innovation systems approach to the case of a physics professor. Multi-dimensional impacts are revealed in the areas of catalysis, biomaterials and research policy. Impacts on the development, social capital and search processes are continuous and cumulative, while impacts on resource mobilisation and legitimation follow upon these. Entrepreneurial experimentation and market formation are impacted in later stages, sometimes with decade-long time lags. The impact is often subtle, deeply intertwined with the action of others, and it unfolds in sequences of impact. Implications are drawn for research policy, emphasising the importance of accounting for indirect impacts in order to understand the full effect of academic R&D.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
    Digitale ISSN: 1471-5430
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-05
    Beschreibung: Despite the potential environmental and economic benefits of carbon capture and storage (CCS), many factors limit its prospects for implementation, including economic feasibility, geologic and legal constraints, risk uncertainties, and public acceptance. This study focuses on the challenge of public acceptance and support by analyzing survey data on publis attitudes toward CCS implementation in the coal-intensive state of Indiana. It was determined that specific information that defined individuals’ general world views can be used to predict support or opposition for CCS implementation. However, additional analysis found that specific attitudes about potential CCS risks and benefits are also significantly correlated with support or opposition to CCS implementation. These variables include: the respondents’ impressions of the potential dangers associated with CCS; attitudes about the potential for CCS implementation to bring jobs to the local economy; and the amount of fear of a CCS facility near their home or community.
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-05
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-05
    Beschreibung: Patients are increasingly involved in agenda setting in health research policy, but little is known about whether or not patients’ topics are translated into a funding programme and taken up by researchers. A qualitative evaluation of nine multi-stakeholder agenda-setting projects in the Netherlands was conducted. Document study and 54 semi-structured interviews with stakeholders were undertaken. Three strategies for the translation of research agendas into research programmes were identified: first, one-on-one translation; second, agendas were used to adapt general policies; and third, no translation. A number of factors, facilitating or impeding this translation, were identified, relating to the context or the process of programming and implementation. Context appeared to be crucial: positive attitudes towards patient involvement, good relations between stakeholders and supportive characteristics of organizations. Patient involvement was rarely sustained during programming and implementation. These insights contribute to more effective procedures for programming and implementing research agendas.
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-05
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
    Digitale ISSN: 1471-5430
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-05
    Beschreibung: Strategic research consortia as policy instruments for research coordination have been on the rise for more than a decade. Despite their rising popularity as coordination structures, there has been little comparative analysis of the actual coordination approaches such consortia develop. In order to enhance our understanding of consortia as coordination structures, this paper makes a systematic and in-depth comparison of the coordination approaches of two Dutch consortia. The analysis shows that research consortia coordinate their activities in very different ways. A consortium’s coordination approach turns out to be strongly influenced by its internal characteristics. The observed influence of internal consortium characteristics implies that the eventual coordination approach of consortia will not always match the rationale behind a policy measure to support these consortia. We recommend policy-makers to foster strategic research consortia with a heterogeneous composition that have organised sufficient flexibility for reacting to unforeseen developments.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Oxford University Press
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-04
    Beschreibung: This paper addresses the political dimensions of nanotechnology and related nanophenomena, by conducting a systematic and detailed analysis of the linguistic practices in Swedish government documents. A total of 180 documents (1985–2011) referring to nano are analysed with regard to the types of phenomena referred to in terms of nano and what is said about these nanophenomena. More precisely, the lexical and grammatical context of nano in sentences is explored. Based on these linguistic patterns, general themes are identified, for example, knowledge, support, innovation, benefits, competence and competition, application, risk, and regulation. Based on the findings, the conclusion is drawn that government discourse on nano is political in three senses: it is articulated by politicians; it formulates matters of collective concern; and it expresses and promotes specific social interests, rather than others, namely, government support of an allegedly uniform nanofield.
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-04
    Beschreibung: Public health research is overtly orientated towards influencing policy and yet, despite official commitments to ‘evidence-based policy’, most analyses conclude that the impact of public health research has been limited. Based on an analysis of post-1997 UK policy statements and interviews with 112 key actors, this paper argues that the failure of ‘evidence-based’ policy to emerge relates to the fact it is ideas, not evidence, which travel between research and policy, and that these malleable entities are translated as they move between actors. By unpacking six factors that appear to have shaped the ‘interplay of ideas’ about health inequalities, this paper draws attention to the ways in which policy influences research (as well as vice versa). The paper argues that two distinct ‘idea-types’ are evident within the data, each of which helps explain the difficulties in achieving ‘evidence-based’ policy responses to health inequalities: ‘institutionalised ideas’ and ‘chameleonic ideas’.
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-04
    Beschreibung: Brazil is among the world’s largest producers of biofuels. This situation stimulates agreements and strategic alliances for cooperation between countries where biofuel feedstocks are scarce and those where they are abundant. Thus, this study aims to analyze the strategic alliances for cooperation between countries for biofuel production. This research study was conducted using information from the website of the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and national and international journals, on strategic alliances for cooperation between Brazil and other countries for biofuel production since 2006. It is known that those involved in the strengthening of strategic alliances for cooperation, can work together through the formation of co-marketing alliances, can contribute to the global development of the biofuel industry. They can also extend this development to other agribusiness chains. Finally, co-marketing alliances lead to actions that benefit all countries and participants in the biofuel production chain, as well as society as a whole.
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-04
    Beschreibung: This paper presents a methodological approach to the identification of potential priority areas to support the creation of policies for research cooperation. The analysis of national research capabilities is an important prerequisite in the development of research policies, in particular for developing strategies for international collaboration. In the past, the identification of a country’s research capabilities was often based on only a few indicators. Here a methodology is presented that takes a broad view of a country’s research and technology base and applies it to Australia, New Zealand and Singapore. The methodology for the identification of research capabilities is based on a multi-dimensional approach that takes into account existing information and communication technologies research and technology development groups based on their size and quality, the interests of the researchers based on interviews and national industry characteristics to identify the economic collaboration potential in thematic areas.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
    Digitale ISSN: 1471-5430
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 11
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-04
    Beschreibung: This paper explores how institutional frameworks compromised the potential for public engagement on clinical xenotransplantation in Australia. Through critical discourse analysis, these limitations are exposed through two factors: the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Act, which limits public consultation to being responsive; and the terms of reference provided to the Xenotransplantation Working Party, which constrained their consultative practices. These findings contribute towards understandings of public participatory practices by examining how frameworks that exist prior to public involvement, including institutional acts and terms of reference, can marginalize the publics and continue to give authority to those voices that already hold privilege. As a result, there is a need to alter how public consultation is framed in the NHMRC Act, which will provide an opportunity to reframe and improve consultative practices and potentially facilitate meaningful discursive public debate and engagement on scientific matters in Australia.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 12
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-04
    Beschreibung: The literature analyzing the spatial distribution of scientific and technological production in Brazil identifies differences in the regional distribution of scientific and technological resources. In this paper, we contribute to this discussion, by analyzing the dynamics of the production of new scientific knowledge in the states that contributed the most to national scientific production in the period 2000–10: Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais and Rio Grande do Sul, also known as the ‘scientific quartet’. Our hypothesis is that even with federal policies aimed at the expansion and decentralization of the production of new scientific knowledge, this production is still strongly anchored in the ‘scientific quartet’. We further identify a concentration of scientific production in three major areas of knowledge: agricultural, biological and health sciences.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 13
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-04
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 14
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-04
    Beschreibung: In assessing the performance of academic research, there is a growing interest in combining excellence with impact criteria. A frequently encountered belief is that impact should be understood in terms of new firms and patents. Others argue that academic R&D generates impacts that greatly exceed such commercialization efforts by academic researchers. The tension between these two beliefs reveals a risk that the criteria for assessing the impact of academic R&D, including criteria for allocating performance-based funding, may neglect vital aspects of how science is made useful. With insights gained from a comprehensive analysis of a well-reputed academic body, Chalmers Energy Initiative, we address this risk with the aim of contributing to the eventual design of an evidence-based science policy with appropriate evaluation routines.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 15
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-04
    Beschreibung: The governance of science is driven by the need to maintain public trust in conditions where scientific advance may challenge important societal values. As the traditional reliance on scientific expertise as a source of governance legitimacy has proved less efficacious, so new forms of governance have emerged, in particular public engagement and, most lately, bioethics. This paper explores the extent to which public bioethics is evolving its modus operandi in order to enhance its political utility and hence extend its governance territory. Using the case of human/animal chimeras, it shows how bioethics has begun to create governance problems to which it has the ethical and policy answers. In so doing, bioethics is evolving a new role where it actively promotes its own agenda through its construction of a specialist mediating function in the governance of science to complement its existing role of the passive interpretation of the agenda of others.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 16
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Oxford University Press
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-04
    Beschreibung: Bioterrorism has become increasingly salient in security discourse in part because of perceived changes in the capacity and geography of life science research. Yet its salience is founded upon a framing of changes in science and security that does not always take into consideration the somewhat slippery concept of ‘tacit knowledge’, something poorly understood, disparately conceptualised and often marginalised in discussions on state and non-state biological weapons programmes. This paper looks at how changes in science and technology—particularly the evolution of information and communications technology—has contributed to the partial erosion of aspects of tacit knowledge and the implications for the biological weapons regime. This paper concludes by arguing that the marginalisation of tacit knowledge weakens our understanding of the difficulties encountered in biological weapons programmes and can result in distorted perceptions of the threat posed by dual-use biotechnology in the 21st century.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
    Digitale ISSN: 1471-5430
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 17
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Oxford University Press
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-04
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
    Digitale ISSN: 1471-5430
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 18
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-04
    Beschreibung: This paper analyses public support for government spending on science and technology (S&T) and its determinants. It constructs hypotheses based on previous findings from two streams of research: public preferences for government spending and public understanding of science. Using data from a large national survey in Spain, it develops multivariate models to test the relevance of various predictors of public support for government spending on S&T. Findings identify several variables that are clear and consistent predictors of public support for government spending on S&T: the respondent’s educational level, interest and participation in science, knowledge of science, and positive values and views of S&T. However, the effects of other variables also related to general attitudes towards science are less clearly associated with support for government spending on S&T.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 19
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-05
    Beschreibung: This paper proposes an in-depth analysis of some of the constraints on case studies conducted at French university hospital services, aiming to better understand R&D in their services. We begin with an analysis of the intangibility of inputs (knowledge and information) and outputs that confirms the difficulty in recognizing innovations based on the social sciences and humanities. This empirical study verified that there was a diversity of actors who contributed to the generation and increase of the stock of knowledge. Concerning R&D funding, it is noted that R&D in services is not always planned in terms of a formal project. Finally, one could argue that advances in research allow the recognition of different relationships at the same time as the boundaries of R&D in services are expanded, allowing a better measurement of its results.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 20
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-05
    Beschreibung: Government-funded research collaborations have received increased attention in science and engineering policies. Public support programs designed to encourage group research efforts by university research centers may have direct/indirect effects on the way they build cross-disciplinary linkages and research collaboration networks. We present empirical evidence on how the group research support program affects the formation of research collaboration networks. This study utilized a method of network analysis as an evaluation tool to address whether the Science/Engineering Research Center program, the first government-sponsored university research center program in Korea, has been successful in forming research collaboration networks that promote cross-disciplinary group research activities. The results shows that the research collaboration networks are implemented by the group research support program as intended. They lead to relational dynamics which promote dissemination of knowledge across a broad range of research fields and combine research activities related to the different science and engineering capabilities and expertise.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
    Digitale ISSN: 1471-5430
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 21
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-05
    Beschreibung: Crop research sectors in many countries are facing reduced public support with public breeding programs being gradually replaced by private ones. This paper explores the UK experience with the privatization of wheat breeding that began in 1987. The analysis presented in this paper is based on interviews with sixteen experts currently involved in wheat research breeding in the UK. Taking a snapshot of UK wheat research today, it would be easy to conclude that the UK sector made a smooth transition from public to private breeding. However, this is not the case. The UK faced many challenges in establishing an integrated wheat innovation system and has only recently developed policies and funding processes that have enabled upstream public scientists to work with private wheat breeding industry. As policy makers around the world contemplate the privatization of crop breeding, important lessons can be drawn from the UK crop research funding model.
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 22
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-05
    Beschreibung: Transdisciplinary research aims to integrate scientific knowledge and societal perspectives. Although transdisciplinarity increasingly plays a role in science, practical implications remain largely unreported in literature. A dialogue is common strategy in this type of research to stimulate mutual learning between scientists and societal stakeholders. This paper presents a four-year dialogue, using tailor-made interventions, between scientists in an interdisciplinary animal welfare research program and societal stakeholders. The dialogue aimed to encourage the scientists to move from a monodisciplinary approach to a more transdisciplinary one. Three learning phases were identified and described along with elements that worked as either barriers or facilitators of learning. We argue that this learning process can be shortened by starting with team building and the design of a shared research project after which individual experiments can be planned. Additional practical strategies are discussed.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
    Digitale ISSN: 1471-5430
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 23
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-05
    Beschreibung: Universities throughout the USA have adopted family-friendly policies to enable life and career balance and to encourage the attraction and retention of women scientists. Although family-leave policies are designed to provide job protection for parents and ensure that faculty can remain productive scholars, it is unclear whether or not formal family-leave policies have played a positive role in areas of academic productivity such as publishing and teaching. This research investigates the relationships between university family-leave policies and productivity among faculty in six fields of science using responses from a national survey of 1,598 faculty at 150 research universities and data from status of women reports and faculty handbooks. The hierarchical multi-level analysis indicates that generous formal family-leave policies, on-site childcare, and spousal hiring policies differently affect the productivity of women and men academic scientists.
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 24
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-05
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
    Digitale ISSN: 1471-5430
    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 25
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Oxford University Press
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-15
    Beschreibung: Nanotechnology has engendered much debate. This article asks how we can best approach nanotechnology regulation and aims to separate out the risk rhetoric from the regulatory realities. It argues that any discussion of nanotechnology regulation requires us to traverse three fundamentally distinct languages: the language of ‘nanotechnology’ as a public policy phenomenon; the language of ‘nanotechnologies’ as a set of multiple scientific frontiers; and the language of regulation. These three languages co-exist and have a profound influence in framing policy debates. Nanotechnology needs to be understood as a brand as well as in terms of scientific frontiers. This article suggests that society now confronts a number of pressing regulatory challenges. These include: moving past the language game; filling scientific knowledge gaps; strengthening standards; articulating regulatory gaps; finding the right risk–reward balance; regulating in an optimum manner; and achieving appropriate transparency.
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 26
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-15
    Beschreibung: This study analyzes variations that occurred between individual and contextual factors in an individual’s acceptance of science and technology (S&T). Acceptance of S&T is not fully determined by individual thought. Rather, it is also determined by social context. Hence, an individual’s acceptance could be explained by both individual and contextual predictors, rather than by just one or the other predictor. Based on data collected from 31,390 respondents in 34 countries, we applied multilevel modeling to test the effects of individual and contextual factors on individuals’ acceptance of S&T. For the predictors required for the multilevel analysis in explaining the acceptance of S&T, we adopted perceived risk/benefit, knowledge, and affective image at the individual level, and economic state (gross domestic product per capita), religiosity, and post-materialism at the contextual level.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 27
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-15
    Beschreibung: The US National Institutes of Health distributed US$10 billion of American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) research funds among principal investigators (PIs) in 2009–10. We studied how well the program created and retained jobs. To analyze the distribution of ARRA funding among PIs, we categorized them on the basis of their history of research funding, and the type of funding (ARRA and non-ARRA), each received in 2009 and 2010. These classifications provide insights into who received ARRA funding and how many research PI jobs were created or retained. We found that most recipients of ARRA awards already had grants and that new and retained PIs received relatively small shares of ARRA funds. Of 13,000 PIs, only 3,000 were created or retained, while the other 10,000 received additional funding. The ARRA was more efficient in creating PIs than the comparable budget doubling period. But, the PI job effect did not last.
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 28
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-15
    Beschreibung: National and international organisations have implemented governance mechanisms to address a diversity of ethical, security and policy challenges raised by advances in research and innovation. These challenges become particularly complex when research or innovations are considered ‘dual-use’, i.e. can lead to both beneficial and harmful uses, and in particular, civilian (peaceful) and military (hostile) applications. While many countries have mechanisms (i.e. export controls) to govern the transfer of dual-use technology (e.g. nuclear, cryptography), it is much less clear how dual-use research from across the range of academic disciplines can or should be governed. Using the Canadian research and policy context as case study, this paper will first, examine the governance mechanisms currently in place to mitigate the negative implications of dual-use research and innovation; second, compare these with other relevant international governance contexts; and finally, propose some ways forward (i.e. a risk analysis approach) for developing more robust governance mechanisms.
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  • 29
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-15
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 30
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-15
    Beschreibung: Recent changes in national science policies have seen a strong swing towards demand-side policies whereby national innovation systems are harnessed as a means of achieving economic growth. In this paper, we analyse more than a decade of change within New Zealand science policy—a period during which economic arguments and priorities have become increasingly dominant. In particular, we examine the relative shifts in stakeholder power relations embodied in the changes, a subject that is not generally considered in science policy and innovation studies. Researchers are increasingly disempowered as the policy agency becomes the ‘driver’ of innovation in a demand-led scenario. A likely consequence of these changes is that the boundary between science and consultancy will become harder to distinguish. We argue that the potential ethical and accountability consequences of these changes have yet to be fully explored or addressed within science policy.
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  • 31
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-15
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 32
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-15
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 33
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-15
    Beschreibung: People and governments tend to have shorter time horizons when faced with economic uncertainty. Scientific discoveries and technological innovations requiring long-term commitment and investment are thus likely to suffer from higher rates of future discounting in times of economic insecurity. At the same time, governments are pressed for counter-cyclical measures in economic downturns, since recessions create large demands for compensatory spending for people and sectors at risk. This study explores how government investment in science and technology responds to economic downturns with a panel analysis of the data from 21 OECD nations for the period 1981–2011. Drawing on the varieties of capitalism (VoC) theory, the study explores how institutional complementarities underlying different regimes of political economy influence the downturn behavior of government-funded R&D. The empirical evidence presented here is largely supportive of the VoC conjecture, showing that government R&D funding is distinctly counter-cyclical in coordinated market economies.
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  • 34
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-15
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 35
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-15
    Beschreibung: A growing number of studies of science, technology and innovation policy are taking argumentative practices as a privileged unit of analysis. Underpinning this development is the observation that, empirically, science, technology and innovation policies are often formulated and implemented through bargaining between competing coalitions of actors. I put this claim to practice by examining the recent emergence of translational research and translational medicine as central priority in the biomedical policy of the USA and Germany. Drawing on document analysis and semi-structured interviews with thirty-five biomedical researchers and policy-makers, I find that a specific group of actors, clinician-scientists, have successfully built a coalition concerned with increasing institutional support for their profession by claiming their role as privileged leaders of translational research initiatives. In doing so, they have simultaneously shaped the research agendas and institutional practices associated with translational research.
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  • 36
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Oxford University Press
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-15
    Beschreibung: The European Research Council (ERC), which was introduced in the Seventh Framework Programme, implements radically new principles in the Framework Programme. This paper develops a methodological framework for measuring the effects of the ERC on the European research funding landscape and presents empirical findings. It maps three analytically separate but closely related dimensions: the research policy, institutional, and organisational dimensions, all of which are pertinent to a study of the effects of the ERC. The paper notes that the ERC has prompted a number of significant changes in EU research funding policy. At the institutional level, the ERC has rapidly gained legitimacy and status in the context of European research policy and its scientific and scholarly constituencies, both of which are important prerequisites for its influence on a broader scale. At the organisational level, its effects are fewer and are partially overshadowed by developments in the European Research Area.
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  • 37
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-15
    Beschreibung: This paper considers university–industry relations, identifying the heterogeneity of academic knowledge with respect to economic growth and analysing its implication for the working of the academic mode of knowledge governance. It provides unique historical evidence on the differentiated effects of academic spillovers, using professorial chairs distinguished by disciplinary field, as a proxy, for the total factor productivity growth. The results shed light on the impacts of the various disciplines on economic growth. The increase in the number of chairs in engineering and chemistry contributed most to the growth in the total factor productivity. This is consistent with the historical context, characterized by the radical transformation of a backward agricultural economy into a highly industrialized, prosperous one. The results of this analysis stress the need to control and direct the composition of the bundle of types of knowledge generated by the academic system with the support of public subsidies.
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  • 38
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-15
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 39
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-15
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 40
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-04-11
    Beschreibung: This paper seeks to contribute to a better understanding of the complex dynamics that shape the contribution of research to policy and innovation processes that address ‘competing claims’ on natural resources and their management. Research in the context of competing claims requires strategies that: (1) can cope with high uncertainty and unpredictability; (2) are concerned with understanding the multiple dimensions of the issue at stake; (3) can facilitate change across different scales and levels; (4) include collaboration with different actors and stakeholders; and (5) may imply new roles for research and researchers. This paper reviews and builds upon research approaches to address these challenges. These research approaches are combined in a framework for dynamic research configurations that aims to stimulate reflection among researchers and to promote more embedded, context-sensitive and flexible research strategies.
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  • 41
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-04-11
    Beschreibung: Biotechnology is a young, but important industry in South Africa. As elsewhere, entrepreneurship is considered crucial to unlocking the growth potential of biotechnology. This paper is novel in that it assesses the first structured attempts in South Africa to equip scientists to build a bridge between the science of biotechnology and the commercialisation of knowledge in this field. Employing case study methods, the bio-entrepreneurship training programme at Cape Biotech is evaluated. The main objective of the programme is to support and facilitate the development of business skills necessary for sustainable biotechnology ventures, and the development of bio-entrepreneurs and future business managers. The programme is evaluated against its objectives from the perspectives of the participants and against the backdrop of their understanding of bio-entrepreneurship, their views on the prospects for South Africa’s biotechnology industry, and their assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of this industry in the Western Cape region.
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  • 42
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-04-11
    Beschreibung: In principle, the installation of emissions abatement technology (otherwise known as scrubbers) on ships would reduce air pollution and premature deaths from disease and allow vessels to save costs by continuing to burn cheap high-sulphur residual fuel oil. But very few scrubbers have been installed. A recent House of Commons Select Committee Inquiry was unable to decide between the competing technical claims of scrubber manufacturers and ship operators, over whether scrubber technology was sufficiently ‘mature’ for present installation. From the perspective of science and technology studies, this paper draws on interviews with stakeholders and written and oral evidence to the committee to argue that this was a dispute, which foregrounded technical arguments for investment decisions that were actually being taken on economic grounds. Where scientific/technical closure is a matter of communal understanding rather than technical demonstration, technical doubt can be used instrumentally for economic reasons to delay closure.
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  • 43
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-04-11
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 44
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-04-11
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 45
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Oxford University Press
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-04-11
    Beschreibung: Since the contribution of Cohen et al. ( Management Science , 2002, 48: 1–23), it is well established that linkages between engineering firms and public research organisations serve to both suggest new R&D projects and comple existing projects. However, the literature has little to say about whether these two types of outcomes are linked or independent effects. Drawing on theories of organisational learning and empirical analysis of data on Swedish engineering firms, this paper establishes that the occurrence of useful impulses to further R&D is inherently linked to the achievement of objectives related to a firm’s ongoing R&D projects. This connection is, however, mediated by the character of the project objective. Compared to linkages where objectives of exploration and exploitation are balanced, the connection between serendipitous learning and the achievement of established R&D objectives is stronger when these objectives are oriented towards exploration and weaker when objectives are oriented towards exploitation.
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  • 46
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-04-11
    Beschreibung: This paper explores a global trend where universities are collaborating with government, industry and civil society to advance the sustainable transformation of a specific geographical area or societal sub-system. With empirical evidence, we argue that this function of ‘co-creation for sustainability’ could be interpreted as the seeds of an emerging, new mission for the university. We demonstrate that this still evolving mission differs significantly from the economic focus of the third mission and conventional technology transfer practices, which we argue, should be critically examined. After defining five channels through which a university can fulfil the emerging mission, we analyse two frontrunner ‘transformative institutions’ engaged in co-creating social, technical and environmental transformations in pursuit of materialising sustainable development in a specific city. This study seeks to add to the debate on the third mission and triple-helix partnerships. It does so by incorporating sustainable development and place-based co-creation with government, industry and civil society.
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  • 47
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-04-11
    Beschreibung: Drawing on data from 212 national key laboratories in China, this paper examines the impact of openness on both scientific and technological innovation at laboratory level. The results of the estimation of negative binomial regression models indicate that links with industry, international collaboration, and the employment of non-permanent staff are all curvilinearly related to the level of a laboratory’s scientific innovation measured by its publications. Links with industry have a U-shaped relationship, while those involving international collaboration and the employment of non-permanent staff have an inverted U-shaped relationship with a laboratory’s level of scientific innovation. Links with industry, international collaboration, and employment of non-permanent staff are all associated with a laboratory’s level of technological innovation, which is measured by patents. Links with industry and international collaboration have an inverted U-shaped relationship, while employment of non-permanent staff has a negatively linear relationship with a laboratory’s technological innovation. This paper also examines the relationship between scientific and technological innovations.
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  • 48
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-04-11
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 49
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-04-11
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 50
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-04-11
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  • 51
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-04-11
    Beschreibung: To foster strong connections between knowledge and policy action, science–policy interfaces, and the information they produce and exchange, need to be credible, relevant and legitimate. Though this is widely accepted, there has been less emphasis on the problem of trade-offs between these attributes, and how the trade-offs manifest themselves in practice. Based on empirical material on biodiversity-related science–policy interfaces, we identify four major potential trade-offs: first, personal time trade-off: interfacing versus doing other activities; secondly, a clarity–complexity trade-off: simple messages versus communicating uncertainty; thirdly, a speed–quality trade-off: timely outputs versus in-depth quality assessment; and finally, push–pull trade-off: supply-driven versus demand-driven research. Trade-offs are dynamic, vary through policy cycles, and evolve with changing contexts or internal dynamics between actors at the science–policy interface. We outline ways of easing the tensions inherent in trade-offs, but stress that appropriate solutions must be determined on a case-by-case basis.
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  • 52
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-04-11
    Beschreibung: When generic drugs were introduced into the Brazilian market, the main aim was to decrease prices and minimize public health expenditure. However, in addition to this effect, this policy brought about unintended changes to the industrial structure. In this paper, we evaluate the unplanned impacts from the introduction of generic drugs, particularly with respect to the business scale and innovation. Our main results show a large increase in market share in favor of domestic companies, but just a small increase in R&D expenditure and innovation within those companies. Such an increase in the business scale represented a window of opportunity for national firms, but the recent mergers and acquisitions by foreign firms have challenged their position. The weak competitiveness of domestic firms stems from their poor technological capabilities, which are an outcome of a successful ‘demand pull’ industrial policy without the support of a ‘technological’ industrial policy.
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  • 53
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-04-11
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 54
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Oxford University Press
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-04-11
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 55
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Oxford University Press
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-04-11
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 56
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-08
    Beschreibung: In 1972 the United States Congress established the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) as a small analytical agency to become better informed about implications of new and emerging technologies. OTA’s principal products—technology assessments—were designed to inform congressional deliberations and debates about issues that involved science and technology dimensions but without recommending specific policy actions. OTA's unique governance by a bicameral and bipartisan board of House and Senate Members helped ensure that issues the agency addressed were tightly aligned with the congressional agenda and that assessments were undertaken with partisan and other stakeholder bias minimized. For 23 years OTA completed reports on virtually all science and technology subject faced by the Congress until the agency's annual appropriation of funds to operate was eliminated in 1995 as one of a series of budget austerity measures. This paper recaps the OTA experience and recent efforts to fill the gap since OTA's closure.
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  • 57
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-08
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  • 58
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-08
    Beschreibung: This paper explores the importance of early-career characteristics of academic inventors and how they affect their patenting activity. Using a novel dataset on 555 UK academic inventors, we find that the quality of the first invention is the best predictor for subsequent participation in the patenting process. We further find evidence for a positive training effect whereby researchers who were trained at universities that had already established commercialisation units patent more. In addition, researchers who gained their first patenting experience in industry are able to benefit from stronger knowledge flows and receive more citations than their purely academic peers.
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  • 59
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-08
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  • 60
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-08
    Beschreibung: The Experimental Technology Incentives Program (ETIP) was conceived by the White House in the early 1970s as an innovative response to the perception that the productivity of federally funded R&D needed to be improved. The program conducted studies and ‘policy experiments’ with US government agencies during the period 1972–80 to develop and demonstrate the use of experiments as a tool for managing innovation policy development. The objective was to provide government agencies with a low-risk and effective policy tool, specifically to provide substantial information on the expected performance of a proposed change before making a full-implementation decision. However, such a sophisticated approach was ahead of both a broad recognition of the need for more efficient policy development tools and the internal government capabilities to effectively use this policy development instrument. Thus, ETIP was terminated after 10 years of operation.
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  • 61
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-08
    Beschreibung: This paper examines how the resources of the Line of Business (LB) Program of the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) leveraged academic research to develop understanding of science and technology policy and to point to new directions for both research and policy. The paper provides an overview and discussion of the birth and death of the FTC LB Program and its unique LB data, the innovation research using the LB data, and the legacy of the program.
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  • 62
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-08
    Beschreibung: This paper argues in favor of four criteria for assessing the performance of the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) within the Executive Office of the US President: trying to killing bad ideas (and sometimes succeeding), mobilizing expertise and confidence to support crisis response, identifying new issues and developing presidential policy initiatives, and catalyzing and coordinating multi-agency science and technology activities, especially in response to presidential goals. These criteria are illustrated with episodes from OSTP’s history. They place OSTP in a variety of roles, ranging from disinterested broker of expertise to policy entrepreneur, but always as an agent of the President. Although a full assessment using these criteria may not be feasible due to data limitations, their identification is nonetheless valuable in order to spark scholarly debate and further research and to support planning by OSTP staff and their interlocutors inside and outside of government.
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  • 63
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-08
    Beschreibung: The analysis of how research contributes to society typically focuses on the study of those transactions that are mediated through formal legal instruments (research contracts, patent licensing and the creation of companies). Research has shown, however, that informal means of technology transfer are also important. This paper explores the importance of informal collaborations and provides evidence of the extent to which informal collaborations between researchers and non-academic partners take place informally in the social sciences and humanities (SSH). Data is obtained from two studies on knowledge exchange involving researchers working in the SSH area of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research. We show that informal collaborations not officially recorded by the organisation are much more common than formal agreements and that many collaborations remain informal over time. We explore the causes of such prevalence of informality and discuss its policy implications.
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  • 64
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-08
    Beschreibung: International collaboration in research activities has been highlighted because it offers higher productivity and has a greater impact than non-international collaboration. Given the importance of international collaboration, researchers make strategic decisions on their collaboration modes in the light of their environments and the expected trade-offs, since long-distance research collaboration entails both costs and benefits. By using national data at the project level, this paper examines the possible factors in international collaboration in various research areas, mainly focusing on research activities by universities. Our empirical results suggest that substantial financial and attentional resources, academic excellence, individual motivation, and active informal communication play significant roles in accomplishing international collaboration. Additionally, this paper refines the understanding of the role of communication and policy in ensuring the most effective use of research resources, helping research managers to promote collaboration in an appropriate decision-making context.
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  • 65
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-08
    Beschreibung: The US National Science Foundation’s (NSF’s) Division of Policy Research and Analysis (PRA) supported academic research related to, among many other things, measurement of the returns to private and public R&D, during the early 1980s. The findings from this body of research became a foundation for a number of technology and innovation policies promulgated in the aftermath of the US productivity slowdown in the 1970s, and, as we suggest in this paper, a foundation for many contemporary technology and innovation policy initiatives. We argue that there are lessons to be learned from PRA’s successes from its sponsorship of research in this area, and we suggest one possible area of future emphasis for NSF’s ongoing Science of Science and Innovation Policy program.
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  • 66
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-08
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 67
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Oxford University Press
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-08
    Beschreibung: There have been four major innovation organization policy moments for the US federal government driven by the demands of politics and technology since World War II: first, the immediate post-war period where the Cold War helped drive a basic research model for new and expanded science agencies; second, the Sputnik aftermath with the formation of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and scaled up funding for science; third, the competitiveness era ‘valley of death’ programs of the 1980s, and finally, a recent energy technology shift driven by energy and climate demands. Some are advocating a fifth: advanced manufacturing. In that lengthy evolution, what lessons have we learned about the design of federal innovation organizations? What are the institutional elements in the ‘new generation’ innovation policy programs now developing or under consideration? The focus is on the evolving federal agency role: what innovation stages is it organized around within the innovation pipeline and how does it link to other innovation actors?.
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  • 68
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-08
    Beschreibung: This paper analyses the performance of a research programme that sought to address issues of innovation in the water industry through the application of synthetic biology approaches to water problems. We use this analysis to re-imagine the problem of innovation in the UK water sector. Using textual, observational and interview data, we examine how a series of discourses have, over time, become firmly connected in the context of water innovation. Discourses include: conceptualisation of public actors as consumers who are ignorant of the complexities of water and its true value; and the primacy of market-based mechanisms to produce innovation. We show how these discourses shaped the expectations of academic and industry actors as they sought to use synthetic biology as a solution to industrial problems. Expecting innovation barriers of a certain form, these actors helped to construct the very thing they sought to dismantle.
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  • 69
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-08
    Beschreibung: UK science and policy networks increasingly advocate ‘upstream public engagement’, that is, early public deliberation around potentially controversial science and technology. In the last two decades, neuroscience has advanced considerably, and non-medical uses of brain imaging technologies (BIT) are now raising substantial concerns. The 2010 Brain Imaging Dialogue (BID) brought together scientists, health practitioners, sociologists, philosophers, ethicists, religious representatives, citizens, policy-makers and legal experts to deliberate on non-medical uses of BIT. I present the BID as a community of inquiry that sought to stimulate policy deliberation in Scotland. The paper tells the story of the process from the perspective of the public engagement practitioners who organised it, drawing lessons about the community of inquiry method and concluding with reflections on the challenges of connecting upstream engagement to ongoing policy-making. Taking cues from practitioners’ experiences, I propose an institutional mechanism for the uptake of outputs from deliberative processes.
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  • 70
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-08
    Beschreibung: The concept of regional strategy has been imported from the field of strategic management without reflecting on its specificities. This paper offers a holistic approach, which integrates all the elements a regional strategy should take into account around three core questions regarding: the strategy objectives (‘what for?’); the strategic positioning and its bases (‘what?’); and the process of formulating the strategy (‘how?’ and ‘who?’). This framework is applied to identify and analyse the strategies developed in the Basque Country over the last 30 years. The Basque Country is of great interest as it epitomizes the experience of old industrialized European regions that were ravaged by the economic crisis of the 1970s and have since achieved a considerable economic success. It is also a good example of the dual process that has taken place in Europe, involving top-down decentralization and the transfer of powers from national to supranational institutions.
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 71
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-06-13
    Beschreibung: Emerging science and technology are expected to provide important contributions to developing future goods and services. Accordingly investment in respective research activities is increasing globally. However, emerging science and technology also raise a wide range of concerns that relate to economic development and social justice, and to their not intended societal, environmental or economic impacts. Against this background a need for new frameworks for integrated assessment of emerging science and technologies has emerged. Recent developments towards this end are presented and discussed in this special section.
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    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 72
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-06-13
    Beschreibung: Synthetic biology is an emerging interdisciplinary domain that focuses on the design of biological parts and systems. Despite its envisaged contribution to tackling various global challenges, there is uncertainty regarding potential impacts, benefits and risks of synthetic biology. Assessments can facilitate policy-making and technology governance as a means to both addressing and potentially decreasing uncertainty. In this respect, public engagement has been recommended to improve the societal accountability of techno-scientific development, as well as been criticised for potentially restricting innovative behaviour. Germany faces a challenging conflict: there is considerable potential to develop synthetic biology but public opinion is generally critical towards genetic modification. This paper reviews the nature and purpose of synthetic biology assessments in Germany and analyses their role in the policy-making processes. Overall, the current state of assessments seems to be characterised by a rather early stage of development and a lack of participatory approaches.
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 73
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-06-13
    Beschreibung: Responsible research and innovation (RRI) is about an interactive and comprehensive development of new technologies, also addressing social needs and ethical issues. But how do these ambitions of RRI relate to the practice of technological innovations? Nanotechnology is currently a large-scale techno-scientific development that offers many chances and opportunities but also raises concerns. Focusing on the issues of power, information (asymmetries) and responsibility we will describe the Dutch policy, assessments and debates on nanotechnology in general and on nanofood in particular. RRI assumes a willingness of all stakeholders to share or communicate information, but the case of nanofood exemplifies that industry can be reluctant to do this because of the fear that discussions will take a ‘wrong direction’. We conclude that information asymmetries can be a principal problem for a more inclusive nanofood development and that policies that wish to strengthen RRI should take this into account.
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  • 74
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-06-13
    Beschreibung: Assessments of emerging science and technologies can assist actors to anticipate and influence techno-scientific development. Although the importance of contextual factors in techno-scientific development has been stressed, the extent to which economic, societal and political trends are integrated into assessment practices is unknown. Focusing on a number of such trends, this paper shows that there are clear differences in how trends are being addressed in different techno-scientific domains. Maturity, developmental speed and societal awareness of techno-scientific domains, as well as associated impacts thereof, seem to influence the consideration of trends in assessments. Furthermore, both the extent and quality of trend reflection seem to be related to the methodological approaches applied in conducting assessments, including the use of participatory approaches, temporal orientations and the transparency of assessment processes in general.
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  • 75
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-06-13
    Beschreibung: There is a reasonably settled consensus within the innovation community that science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) research is more ‘useful’ to societies than other types of research, notably social sciences and humanities (SSH) research. Our paper questions this assumption, and seeks to empirically test whether STEM researchers’ practices make their research more useful than that of SSH researchers. A critical reading of the discussion around SSH research supports developing a taxonomy of differences. This is tested using a database of 1,583 researchers from the Spanish Council for Scientific Research. Results do not support the view that SSH research is less useful than STEM research, even if differences are found in the nature of both transfer practices and their research users. The assumption that STEM research is more useful than SSH research needs revision if research policy is to properly focus on research which is useful for society.
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  • 76
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-06-13
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 77
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-06-13
    Beschreibung: Alongside substantial biofuel development over the past decade, a vast number of assessments have also been produced. These have had an important influence upon biofuel discourse, policy and development, but they also vary in their methods, scope and quality. This makes it difficult to identify and evaluate assessments and to coordinate knowledge in a useful way. We applied a systematic evaluative framework to a set of ‘key’ assessments and conducted a workshop with expert producers and users to consider the quality and value of biofuel assessments. It was suggested that a more integrated approach to assessment is needed, perhaps with the establishment of a committee to integrate findings. Such a ‘findings-level’ approach to integration differs from the ‘data-level’ approach often found in the literature, and may present a more appropriate means of integrating knowledge gained in biofuel assessments to inform policy.
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  • 78
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-06-13
    Beschreibung: A major theme in the debate on Proposition 71, the 2004 California ballot initiative in which voters approved US$3 billion in state funding for stem cell research, was the tension between values-based opposition to the use of embryos in medical research and a focus on the potential health benefits of stem cell therapies. Using a dataset that combines individual-level voting intention data from three Field Poll pre-election surveys and county-level data, the present study finds that moral opposition to Proposition 71 decreased as the local prevalence of chronic diseases and the proportion of elderly residents in respondents’ counties increased. The paper argues that this finding reflects an increase in the salience of the possible benefits of stem cell research that was driven by local conditions, and concludes with a discussion of the implications of this dynamic for the democratic governance of regenerative medicine in the context of an aging society.
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  • 79
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-06-13
    Beschreibung: This paper presents comparative work from the EST-Frame project on technology appraisal. It focuses on studies of ‘advisory domains’ (more or less distinct traditions for assessment of technologies, such as risk analysis, foresight and ethical assessments). The purpose of the study was to increase the understanding of current assessments in order to identify whether more integrated approaches were needed. We present an analytic approach for studying assessments across advisory domains and present findings from our analytic studies, showing differences in methodological characteristics across the domains. We discuss how the domains partially overlap and identify gaps. We show how most of the selected assessments address technology trajectories and science, technology and innovation policies, and few address specific applications. Finally, we argue that quality control is important for the legitimacy of advice on emerging science and technologies and that the domains are important in this respect.
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  • 80
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-06-13
    Beschreibung: Recent studies altering the host range of the H5N1 bird flu virus have refueled intense debates over the potential misuse of academic life science research. To curtail the bioterrorism threat, it has been suggested that dissemination of the research results and methodology should be restricted. However, doubts have been raised over the suitability and effectiveness of this measure. Using the H5N1 studies as an example, this paper summarizes the main arguments of the debate. Particular attention is paid to the issue of the tacit knowledge required to replicate published life science research results, which has so far received limited attention. Taking into account the importance of tacit knowledge for life science research, it is argued that preventing publication of the methodology does not decrease the threat of bioterrorism.
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  • 81
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-06-13
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 82
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-06-13
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 83
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-06-13
    Beschreibung: In what ways are experts involved in policy development, and with what results? This paper attempts to answer these questions through a structured review of the academic literature, focusing on the identification of ‘methodologies’ of expert involvement, and on analying the subsequent policy impact of those exercises. Coding was applied to 103 articles, revealing that only a small range of methods has been utilised, that method choice is infrequently justified, and with little evidence of evaluation (either of the expert involvement process or of policy impact). We argue that robust evaluative processes are necessary to refine the efficacy of involvement processes (and the accuracy with which involvement methods are aligned to specific types of policy questions) and to document policy translation of outcomes. We therefore propose a framework to identify appropriate consultation methods for specific policy questions, and suggest some criteria for reporting expert involvement processes in the future.
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  • 84
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Oxford University Press
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-06-13
    Beschreibung: The National Science Board and the US Congress want more federal research to be transformative research . Until now, discussion of what this really means has mostly focused on research, per se , and has not addressed innovation as a complex system. ‘Transformation’ describes changes in society and the economy, not merely changes in science and technology. It entails connections among individuals, institutions, and between research, development, and nascent applications. Serious efforts to transform are totally radical: they span the totality of the innovative process to produce actually radical outcomes, rather than maintain potentially radical activities. Transformative innovation is specifically organized to realize concrete visions of change beyond the research community. Programs that seek to do this cannot rely upon faith in serendipity, but must be strategic. They cannot avoid politics, but must embrace it. Being totally radical about innovation means creating the social conditions within which new technologies can thrive.
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  • 85
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-06-13
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  • 86
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Oxford University Press
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-06-13
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 87
    Publikationsdatum: 1978-04-01
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 88
    Publikationsdatum: 1977-06-01
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 89
    Publikationsdatum: 1977-04-01
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 90
    Publikationsdatum: 1978-02-01
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 91
    Publikationsdatum: 1977-06-01
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 92
    Publikationsdatum: 1998-12-01
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  • 93
    Publikationsdatum: 1977-04-01
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 94
    Publikationsdatum: 1995-12-01
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 95
    Publikationsdatum: 1998-10-01
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  • 96
    Publikationsdatum: 1997-02-01
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  • 97
    Publikationsdatum: 1995-06-01
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 98
    Publikationsdatum: 1995-10-01
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 99
    Publikationsdatum: 1995-02-01
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    Thema: Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
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  • 100
    Publikationsdatum: 1984-12-01
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